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Allele Dmel\f^36a

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\f36a	Species	D. melanogaster
Name		FlyBase ID	FBal0003950
Feature type	allele	Associated gene	Dmel\f
Allele class	amorphic allele - genetic evidence
Mutagen	spontaneous
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Nature of the Allele
Allele class	amorphic allele - genetic evidence (Petersen et al., 1994)
Mutagen	spontaneous (Hoover et al., 1993)
Mutations Mapped to the Genome
Type Location Additional Notes References
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name D17529
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Progenitor genotype
Nature of the lesion	Statement Reference Insertion of a full length springer element at nucleotide 16513 within the coding region of the PRD repeat in the opposite orientation to the f gene. (Hoover et al., 1993) Single springer insert in the third exon. (Ishimaru and Saigo, 1993) A member of the right-hand group of alleles. Contains a 3.0 kb insertion 2.5 kb to the right of the reference SalI site (McLachlan, 1986).
Caused by insertion	springer{}f36a (Ishimaru and Saigo, 1993, Tilney et al., 2003, Tilney et al., 2004, Hoover et al., 1993)
Cytology
Phenotypic Data
Phenotypic Class
	visible (Dickinson and Thatcher, 1997, Tilney et al., 2000, Lindsley and Zimm, 1992, He and Adler, 2002)
Phenotype Manifest In
	arista (He and Adler, 2002) chaeta (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992) denticle (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) denticle belt (Dickinson and Thatcher, 1997) macrochaeta (Petersen et al., 1994, Guild et al., 2003, Lankenau et al., 1996, Hoover et al., 1993, Tilney et al., 1995, Tilney et al., 1996) macrochaeta & actin filament (Tilney et al., 1998) mesothoracic dorsal trichome (Hoover et al., 1993) metathoracic dorsal trichome (Hoover et al., 1993) microchaeta (Dickinson and Thatcher, 1997, Tilney et al., 2004, Tilney et al., 2000, Hoover et al., 1993, Tilney et al., 1995, Tilney et al., 1996) microchaeta & actin filament (Tilney et al., 2000, Tilney et al., 2003) prothoracic dorsal trichome (Hoover et al., 1993) trichome (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992) wing hair (Guild et al., 2005)
Detailed Description
	Statement Reference The cuticles of f36a mutants show thin, crooked, abnormal denticles. (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) The wing hairs of f36a mutants show a 12-14% reduction in length compared to wild-type hairs. The f36a mutant hairs are less rigid than in wild type and appear to lie on the surface of the wing. (Guild et al., 2005) Bristles are shorter and thicker in f36a mutant flies than in wild type. These mutant bristles lie flat over the surface of the thorax, instead of pointing away from the thorax, as in wild type. (Tilney et al., 2004) In f36a mutants, the adult bristles are on average only 50% as long as the wild-type. Most are twisted or deformed and in some cases exhibit forked tips. These bristles tend to be larger in diameter than in wild-type or sn3 mutants. Some show an irregular longitudinal fluting along a portion of their length, although the ridges are not evenly spaced. In other regions, large numbers of short ridges, appearing at all angles relative to the longitudinal axis are found. Some of these short (2-10υm in length) ridges connect to other ridges at the tapered tips. (Guild et al., 2003) Longitudinal actin bundles in the bristle cells of f36a mutants are flattened against the plasma membrane in an aberrant rectangular shape. The bundles lack the f cross-linker and contain fewer filaments than in wild type. However, the packing of the mutant filaments is hexagonal, like in wild type. (Tilney et al., 2003) The arista laterals are shorter than normal and weakly curved in mutant flies. (He and Adler, 2002) Actin bundles in the bristles of homozygous flies are tiny compared to wild type, the largest containing only 50 filaments compared to the wild-type 500-700 filaments per bundle. The filament bundles occupy only about one third of the area occupied by wild-type bundles. The bristles are approximately 56% the length of wild-type bristles. Although there are patches in the actin bundles of heterozygous bristles where the filaments are hexagonally packed, most of the filaments show more diffuse packing. The filament bundles occupy about two thirds of the area occupied by wild-type bundles. The bristles are similar in length to wild-type bristles. (Tilney et al., 2000) The number of membrane-associated actin bundles in homozygous newly emerged bristles is higher than in wild-type flies. Most of these bundles fail to aggregate and subsequently disappear. The diameter of the actin bundles at the tip of homozygous fully emerged bristles is smaller than in wild-type. Actin bundles in heterozygous bristles are more variable in thickness than in wild-type, with many appearing somewhat swollen and less compact than in wild-type flies. The number of actin filaments per bundle is always less than in wild-type bundles of the same diameter. (Tilney et al., 1998) Larvae exhibit an intermediate bristle phenotype within the denticles of all rows. Dorsal surface of the first abdominal segment instead of being long are short, fat, often spindle shaped and apparently branched, fused or duplicated laterally. (Dickinson and Thatcher, 1997) Actin bundles have a smaller diameter than normal in f36a bristles. (Tilney et al., 1996) Macrochaetae are very short and malformed. Microchaetae are also shorter than normal, and in some cases their bases just outside the socket are enlarged. Trichomes are often forked. Actin bundles within the bristle cells are much smaller than normal. (Tilney et al., 1995) Large bristles are twisted, gnarled and sometimes branched. In 36hr pupae, wild type and mutant are similar, bristles are embedded in extracellular matrix and filled with microtubules. By 40hrs, the fiber bundles that in wild type are formed at intervals around the perimeter of the bristle are absent in mutants. The thickening of the outside edge of the bristle, in positions coincident with the fiber bundles in wild type, still occurs in mutants. (Petersen et al., 1994) The frequency of yunspecified-f36a clones produced by mitotic recombination during larval growth is greater in flies derived from crosses of yunspecified f36a D.melanogaster females to D.melanogaster males than in flies derived from crosses of yunspecified f36a D.melanogaster females to D.simulans males. (Sanchez et al., 1994) Extreme f phenotype affecting the macrochaetae, microchaetae and trichomes. (Hoover et al., 1993) Chaetae and trichomes strongly affected. Extreme effect of f36a on trichomes makes it the most useful allele as a cell marker in cuticular spots produced by somatic exchange. (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
External Data
Linkouts
Interactions
	Show the genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
Phenotypic Class
Other
Statement Reference f36a, sn3 has visible phenotype (Fei et al., 2002)
Phenotype Manifest In
Enhanced by
Statement Reference f36a, m1, sn3 has abdominal dorsal trichome phenotype, enhanceable by shaV15 (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) f36a, m1, sn3 has abdominal dorsal trichome phenotype, enhanceable by WASp3 (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) f36a, m1, sn3 has denticle phenotype, enhanceable by shaV15 (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) f36a, m1, sn3 has denticle phenotype, enhanceable by WASp3 (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) f36a, m1 has denticle phenotype, enhanceable by sn3 (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) f36a has denticle phenotype, enhanceable by m1 (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) f36a has macrochaeta phenotype, enhanceable by sn3 (Guild et al., 2003) f36a has microchaeta & actin filament phenotype, enhanceable by sn3 (Tilney et al., 2003) f36a has microchaeta phenotype, enhanceable by sn3 (Tilney et al., 2004)
NOT Enhanced by
Statement Reference f36a has arista phenotype, non-enhanceable by sn3 (He and Adler, 2002)
NOT suppressed by
Statement Reference f36a has arista phenotype, non-suppressible by sn3 (He and Adler, 2002) f36a has phenotype, non-suppressible by su(Hw)2 (Lindsley and Grell, 1968)
Enhancer of
Statement Reference f36a is an enhancer of denticle phenotype of m1 (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) f36a is an enhancer of denticle phenotype of m1, sn3 (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) f36a is an enhancer of macrochaeta phenotype of sn3 (Guild et al., 2003) f36a is an enhancer of microchaeta & actin filament phenotype of sn3 (Tilney et al., 2003) f36a is an enhancer of microchaeta phenotype of sn3 (Tilney et al., 2004)
NOT Enhancer of
Statement Reference f36a is a non-enhancer of arista phenotype of sn3 (He and Adler, 2002)
Suppressor of
Statement Reference f36a is a suppressor | partially of wing hair phenotype of strbunspecified (Lee and Adler, 2002)
NOT Suppressor of
Statement Reference f36a is a non-suppressor of arista phenotype of sn3 (He and Adler, 2002)
Other
Statement Reference f36a, m1, sn3 has abdominal dorsal trichome phenotype (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) f36a, sn3 has ocellar bristle phenotype (Fei et al., 2002)
Additional Comments
Genetic Interactions
Statement Reference The denticles of m1, f36a mutants show splitting in addition to the defects seen in either single mutant. sn3, m1, f36a triple mutants have small, highly misshapen denticles that are more affected than those of m1, f36a or m1, sn3 double mutants. sn3, m1, f36a; shaV15 and sn3, m1, f36a; WASp3 quadruple mutants show further impairment to denticle formation compared to sn3, m1, f36a triple mutants, with mutants exhibiting regions of naked cuticle where denticles lie in wild-type animals. The dorsal hairs on the abdominal segments of sn3, m1, f36a triple mutants are severly reduced in size, and in some cases, hairs are abrogated leaving abnormal naked regions. This phenotype is more severe in sn3, m1, f36a; WASp3 quadruple mutants and is even more severe in sn3, m1, f36a; shaV15 mutants in which most dorsal hairs are absent, leaving naked cuticle. (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) pixL17, f36a clones induced in the wing disc 27 hours before larval wandering rarely survive to the adult wing. Those that do display a strong reduction in cell number but not cell size. (Coelho et al., 2005) sn3, f36a double mutants have bristles that are short, like f36a mutants, and twisted, like sn3 mutants. (Tilney et al., 2004) In f36a sn3 double mutants, bristle ridges of length more than 10υm (45% of wild-type length) are not found. Instead, a variety of short ridges 3-10υm in length are found. Some of these are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bristle, whereas others are perpendicular or oblique. These ridges are seldom connected to one another but terminate freely on the surface. (Guild et al., 2003) In f36a, sn3 double mutants, bristle cells contain tiny rafts of membrane-attached actin filament clusters, which consist of a monolayer of filament. This is a more extreme phenotype than that observed with either of the single mutants. When these f36a, sn3 mutant cells are treated with jasplakinolide, large clusters of actin filaments appear internally, most of which run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bristle. These clusters have an irregular shape and have a liquid ordered packing of filaments, instead of wild-type hexagonal packing. (Tilney et al., 2003) sn3 f36a double mutants have ocellar bristles which are shorter and have a smaller volume than normal. (Fei et al., 2002) The arista lateral phenotype of sn3 f36a double mutants is not substantially stronger than either single mutant. Double mutant arista laterals are thinner than wild type. At a low frequency, branched laterals are seen. The mutant laterals start to extend at the normal time, but their rate of extension is slower than normal. (He and Adler, 2002) Only 2% of postvertical bristles are split in sn3 f36a flies. The frequency of split bristles is increased by injection of cytochalasin D. Bristle elongation in sn3 f36a flies is more sensitive to vinblastine than in wild-type flies. (Geng et al., 2000)
Xenogenetic Interactions
Statement Reference
Complementation & Rescue Data
Rescued by	f36a is rescued by f+t13 (Petersen et al., 1994)
Partially rescued by	f36a is partially rescued by fsu(Hw)bs (Lankenau et al., 1996) f36a is partially rescued by ftLa (Lankenau et al., 1996)
Comments	The f36a bristle phenotype is almost completely rescued by ftLa, with only a few thoracic bristles remaining slightly kinked. f36a is partially rescued by fsu(Hw)bs, giving a f1 phenotype. (Lankenau et al., 1996)
Stocks ( 52 )
Bloomington	43 f36a 2191 f36a; P{f+13}44C/CyO 2176 g2 ifB2 f36a/FM7c 2177 g2 ifk27e f36a/FM7c 2228 f36a; P{f+13}87D/TM3, Sb1
Kyoto	105696 f36a 102044 Df(1)sc19, f36a / FM6 102040 In(1)sc8, f36a 106685 g2 ifB2 f36a/FM7c 106686 g2 ifk27e f36a/FM7c 102024 y1 acHw-1 f36a / FM6 107618 y1 w1 sn3 f36a
	More stocks available...
Notes on Origin
Discoverer	Ives, 27th Jan. 1936.
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Other Crossreferences
Linkouts
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 1 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	f36a (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006, Fei et al., 2002, Guild et al., 2005, Tilney et al., 2004)
Name Synonym
Secondary FlyBase IDs
References ( 30 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this allele ( 30 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 27 ) Abstract  ( 1 ) Book  ( 2 )
Recent research papers (0)
	All research papers listed in FlyBase were published before 2011 Show research papers ...