Allele Dmel\fog⁴

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\fog⁴	Species	D. melanogaster
Name		FlyBase ID	FBal0004133
Feature type	allele	Associated gene	Dmel\fog
Also Known As	fog^4a6

Allele class	amorphic allele - genetic evidence, loss of function allele
Mutagen	ethyl methanesulfonate
Recent Updates
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
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Nature of the Allele
Allele class	amorphic allele - genetic evidence (Sweeton et al., 1991) loss of function allele (Costa et al., 1994, Morize et al., 1998)
Mutagen	ethyl methanesulfonate (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987)
Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Type Location Additional Notes References
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Progenitor genotype
Nature of the lesion	Statement Reference
Cytology
Phenotypic Data
Phenotypic Class
	lethal \| embryonic stage \| recessive (Costa et al., 1994, Drysdale et al., 1993, Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987)
Phenotype Manifest In
	amnioproctodeal invagination (Costa et al., 1994) embryonic/larval hindgut \| embryonic stage (Wu and Lengyel, 1998) extended germ band embryo (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987) Malpighian tubule (Wu and Lengyel, 1998) mesoderm (Oda and Tsukita, 2001) posterior embryonic/larval midgut \| embryonic stage (Wu and Lengyel, 1998) posterior endoderm (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987) posterior midgut primordium (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987, Leptin et al., 1992) presumptive embryonic salivary gland (Nikolaidou, 2004) ventral furrow (Costa et al., 1994, Morize et al., 1998)
Detailed Description
	Statement Reference The salivary gland cells fail to internalised in mutant embryos. (Nikolaidou, 2004) Mutant embryos show defects in the apical constriction of cells seen during mesoderm invagination. They lack the normal two constriction phases seen in wild-type embryos and instead show weak, asynchronous cell shape changes. (Oda and Tsukita, 2001) Embryos injected with cholera toxin exhibit apical flattening. Heat induced ectopic expression of fog^hs.PM causes a widened ventral furrow. (Morize et al., 1998) Mutant embryos lack posterior midgut, Malpighian tubules and hindgut. None of the posterior gut primordia invaginate. (Wu and Lengyel, 1998) Ventral furrow and posterior midgut invaginations fail to form normally. The posterior midgut primordium fails to invaginate. While the first phase of constrictions near the ventral midline proceeds fairly normally, cells in more lateral regions show variable defects. Constrictions fail or are delayed, and although ventral furrow formation is on average delayed by about 4 minutes, almost all of the mesodermal precursors are eventually internalized. (Costa et al., 1994) Defective in gonad assembly. (Warrior, 1994) Muscle pattern wild type within constraints imposed by alterations in body plan. Muscles contractile and vigorous. (Drysdale et al., 1993) Embryos fail to form a posterior midgut. (Leptin et al., 1992) Cellular blastoderm and gastrulation initiation are normal. Normal expression of twi suggesting no abnormalities in dorsal-ventral patterning. Rapid phase of constriction is absent: many cells in midventral domain never constrict and twi expressing cells are brought into the invagination whether or not they constrict. No invagination of the posterior midgut. (Sweeton et al., 1991) fog⁴ mutant embryos are normal at the cellular blastoderm stage, and gastrulation starts normally. The posterior midgut does not form, and the germband does not elongate but forms a series of transverse ventral folds. Homozygous germline clones give viable embryos. (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987)
External Data
Linkouts
Interactions
	Show the genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
Phenotypic Class
Other
Statement Reference RhoGEF2^4.1, fog⁴/fog[+] has visible phenotype (Nikolaidou and Barrett, 2004, Nikolaidou, 2004) RhoGEF2^4.1/RhoGEF2[+], fog⁴ has visible \| dominant phenotype (Nikolaidou, 2004, Nikolaidou and Barrett, 2004) RhoGEF2^6.5, fog⁴/fog[+] has visible phenotype (Nikolaidou and Barrett, 2004) RhoGEF2^6.5/RhoGEF2[+], fog⁴ has visible \| dominant phenotype (Nikolaidou and Barrett, 2004)
Phenotype Manifest In
Other
Statement Reference RhoGEF2^4.1, fog⁴ has wing phenotype (Nikolaidou and Barrett, 2004, Nikolaidou, 2004) RhoGEF2^4.1/RhoGEF2[+], fog⁴ has wing phenotype (Nikolaidou, 2004, Nikolaidou and Barrett, 2004) RhoGEF2^6.5, fog⁴ has wing phenotype (Nikolaidou and Barrett, 2004) RhoGEF2^6.5/RhoGEF2[+], fog⁴ has wing phenotype (Nikolaidou and Barrett, 2004)
Additional Comments
Genetic Interactions
Statement Reference fog⁴/+ ; RhoGEF2^4.1/+ animals have wing defects. (Nikolaidou, 2004) 6% of fog⁴/+ ; RhoGEF2^4.1/+ animals have wing defects. 16% of fog⁴/+ ; RhoGEF2^6.5/+ animals have wing defects. (Nikolaidou and Barrett, 2004)
Xenogenetic Interactions
Statement Reference
Complementation & Rescue Data
Rescued by	fog⁴ is rescued by fog^+t12.8 (Costa et al., 1994) fog⁴ is rescued by fog^+tAE (Costa et al., 1994) fog⁴ is rescued by fog^hs.PM (Morize et al., 1998)
Comments	Ubiquitous fog^hs.PM expression during the late blastoderm and early gastrula stages rescues the final cuticle phenotype of embryos. Heat shocking during stages 6 and 7 provided the greatest degree of rescue. (Morize et al., 1998) Phenotype and lethality rescued by both fog^+tAE and fog^+t12.8. (Costa et al., 1994)
Stocks ( 0 )

Notes on Origin
Discoverer

External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Other Crossreferences

Linkouts

Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 5 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	4A6 (Zusman et al., 1985) fog⁴ fog^4a6 (Nikolaidou, 2004, Nikolaidou and Barrett, 2004, Oda and Tsukita, 2001, Lammel and Saumweber, 2000, Oda et al., 1998, Wu and Lengyel, 1998, Morize et al., 1998, Costa et al., 1994, Leptin et al., 1992, Sweeton et al., 1991, Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987, ) fog^4a (Warrior, 1994)
Name Synonym	folded gastrulation 4A6 (Fuse et al., 2003)
Secondary FlyBase IDs

References ( 17 )
Research paper	Nikolaidou and Barrett, 2004, Curr. Biol. 14(20): 1822--1826 A Rho GTPase signaling pathway is used reiteratively in epithelial folding and potentially selects the outcome of Rho activation. [FBrf0188478] Fuse et al., 2003, Curr. Biol. 13(11): 947--954 Heterotrimeric g proteins regulate daughter cell size asymmetry in Drosophila neuroblast divisions. [FBrf0159715] Oda and Tsukita, 2001, J. Cell Sci. 114(3): 493--501 Real-time imaging of cell-cell adherens junctions reveals that Drosophila mesoderm invagination begins with two phases of apical constriction of cells. [FBrf0134707] Lammel and Saumweber, 2000, Dev. Genes Evol. 210(11): 525--535 X-linked loci of Drosophila melanogaster causing defects in the morphology of the embryonic salivary glands. [FBrf0134551] Morize et al., 1998, Development 125(4): 589--597 Hyperactivation of the folded gastrulation pathway induces specific cell shape changes. [FBrf0100749] Oda et al., 1998, Dev. Biol. 203(2): 435--450 Dynamic behavior of the cadherin-based cell-cell adhesion system during Drosophila gastrulation. [FBrf0105289] Wu and Lengyel, 1998, Development 125(13): 2433--2442 Role of caudal in hindgut specification and gastrulation suggests homology between Drosophila amnioproctodeal invagination and vertebrate blastopore. [FBrf0103067] Costa et al., 1994, Cell 76(6): 1075--1089 A putative cell signal encoded by the folded gastrulation gene coordinates cell shape changes during Drosophila gastrulation. [FBrf0068458] Warrior, 1994, Dev. Biol. 166(1): 180--194 Primordial germ cell migration and the assembly of the Drosophila embryonic gonad. [FBrf0076121] Drysdale et al., 1993, Rouxs Arch. Dev. Biol. 202(5): 276--295 Genes required for embryonic muscle development in Drosophila melanogaster: A survey of the X chromosome. [FBrf0059320] Leptin et al., 1992, Stern, Ingham, 1992: 23--31 Mechanisms of early Drosophila mesoderm formation. [FBrf0055855] Sweeton et al., 1991, Development 112(3): 775--789 Gastrulation in Drosophila: the formation of the ventral furrow and posterior midgut invaginations. [FBrf0053816] Zusman et al., 1985, D. I. S. 61: 217--218 Report of new mutants. [FBrf0042290] Zusman and Wieschaus, 1985, Dev. Biol. 111: 359--371 Requirements for zygotic gene activity during gastrulation in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0042370] Wieschaus et al., 1984, Dev. Biol. 104: 172--186 Kruppel, a gene whose activity is required early in the zygotic genome for normal embryonic segmentation. [FBrf0040717]
Supplementary material	Nikolaidou, 2004, Curr. Biol. 14(20): [title not yet available] [FBrf0188479]
Stock list	Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987, D. I. S. 66: 209--269 Tubingen mutants and stock list. [FBrf0045941]

Allele Dmel\fog4

Allele Dmel\fog⁴