Allele Dmel\ltd¹

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\ltd¹	Species	D. melanogaster
Name		FlyBase ID	FBal0011737
Feature type	allele	Associated gene	Dmel\ltd

Map ( GBrowse )
Allele class
Mutagen	spontaneous
Recent Updates
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
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Nature of the Allele
Allele class
Mutagen	spontaneous
Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Type Location Additional Notes References point mutation 2R:5,066,689..5,066,689 comment=Mutation is in the common exon of the predicted ltd transcripts and eliminates the C-terminal 203 amino acid region. Position of mutation on reference sequence inferred by FlyBase curator based on author statement. evidence=experimental na_change=C5066689G pr_change=Y183\|ltd-PA,Y484\|ltd-PB,Y186\|ltd-PE,Y20\|lt d-PD,Y186@\|ltd-PC reported_na_change=C?G reported_pr_change=??@ (Ma et al., 2004)
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Progenitor genotype
Nature of the lesion	Statement Reference Amino acid replacement: ??@. Nucleotide substitution: C?G. Mutation is in the common exon of the predicted CG8024 transcripts and eliminates the C-terminal 203 amino acid region. (Ma et al., 2004)
Cytology
Phenotypic Data
Phenotypic Class
	eye color defective (Cheli et al., 2010, Cheli et al., 2010)
Phenotype Manifest In
	eye photoreceptor cell & pigment granule (Ma et al., 2004) Malpighian tubule ocellus pigment granule pigment cell primary pigment cell pigment granule (Ma et al., 2004) secondary pigment cell pigment granule (Ma et al., 2004) tertiary pigment cell pigment granule (Ma et al., 2004)
Detailed Description
	Statement Reference Mutant flies show a significant decrease in ommochrome pigment levels and some reduction in drosopterin pigment levels compared to wild type. (Harris et al., 2011) Mutant flies have reduced red pigment in the eye compared to controls. (Cheli et al., 2010, Cheli et al., 2010) The primary pigment cells in ltd¹ flies lack the large electron-lucent xanthommatin granules seen in wild type, while the granules in the secondary and tertiary pigment cells are fewer in number than normal and abnormal in shape and density of their content. The photoreceptor cells lack the small xanthommatin pigment granules seen in wild type. (Ma et al., 2004) Uptake of kynurenine, which is produced in the fat body, by the Malpighian tubes, where it is converted to 3-hydrokynurenine, is defective; similar defect seen in eye discs. Sullivan and Sullivan postulate that ltd is a transport mutant that prevents the substrate kynurenine from reaching the sites of its conversion to ommochrome. (Sullivan and Sullivan, 1975) Exhibits reduced levels of phenoazinone synthetase, an enzyme involved in the condensation of 3OH kynurenine molecules to xanthommatin, as do other mutants deficient in ommochrome synthesis. (Phillips et al., 1973) Administration of 3 hydroxykynurenine without effect on eye colour. (Sullivan et al., 1973) Studied phenotypic interaction with other eye-color mutants. (Reedy and Cavalier, 1971) Deficient in ommochrome synthesis. Lack detectable levels of 3OH kynurenine despite normal levels of kynurenine hydroxylase activity. (Phillips et al., 1970) Eye colour: clear, light, translucent yellowish pink; resembles lt¹ but is lighter, darkens with age. Ocellus colour: colourless. Malpighian tubule colour: colourless.
External Data
Linkouts
Interactions
	Show the genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
Phenotypic Class
Enhanced by
Statement Reference ltd¹ has eye color defective phenotype, enhanceable by aux^Scer\UAS.cHa/Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF/Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF (Cheli et al., 2010) ltd¹ has eye color defective phenotype, enhanceable by blos1^ex2 (Cheli et al., 2010)
Enhancer of
Statement Reference ltd¹/ltd[+] is an enhancer of visible phenotype of Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF/Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF, bchs^EP2299 (Simonsen et al., 2007) ltd¹ is an enhancer of eye color defective phenotype of blos1^ex2 (Cheli et al., 2010) ltd¹ is an enhancer of eye color defective phenotype of p^p (Falcon-Perez et al., 2007) ltd¹ is an enhancer of eye color defective phenotype of p^snb (Falcon-Perez et al., 2007) ltd¹ is an enhancer of visible phenotype of p^p (Falcon-Perez et al., 2007) ltd¹ is an enhancer of visible phenotype of p^snb (Falcon-Perez et al., 2007)
Other
Statement Reference g¹, ltd¹ has eye color defective phenotype (Silva and Mensua, 1985, Silva and Mensua, 1985) ltd¹, rb¹ has eye color defective phenotype (Silva and Mensua, 1985, Silva and Mensua, 1985)
Phenotype Manifest In
NOT suppressed by
Statement Reference ltd¹ has phenotype, non-suppressible by su(Hw)² (Lindsley and Grell, 1968)
Enhancer of
Statement Reference ltd¹/ltd[+] is an enhancer of eye phenotype of Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF/Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF, bchs^EP2299 (Simonsen et al., 2007) ltd¹ is an enhancer of pigment cell phenotype of p^snb (Falcon-Perez et al., 2007)
Other
Statement Reference g¹, ltd¹ has pigment cell phenotype (Silva and Mensua, 1985, Silva and Mensua, 1985) ltd¹, rb¹ has pigment cell phenotype (Silva and Mensua, 1985, Silva and Mensua, 1985)
Additional Comments
Genetic Interactions
Statement Reference The reduction in ommochrome pigment levels that is seen in ltd[1] flies is not affected by HPS4[W515X]. (Harris et al., 2011) The reduction in red pigment in the eye seen in ltd[1] blos1[ex2] double mutants is more severe than that seen in either single mutant. (Cheli et al., 2010) Expression of aux[Scer\UAS.cHa] under the control of Scer\GAL4[GMR.PF] enhances the loss of red eye pigment that is seen in ltd[1] flies. (Cheli et al., 2010) Eye colour: ltd¹; p^snb eyes are lighter and have significantly reduced levels of red pigment compared to either single mutant. (Falcon-Perez et al., 2007) The level of pteridine eye pigments in ltd¹ ; ca¹ double mutant flies resembles that seen in ca¹ single mutants. The level of pteridine eye pigments in g¹ ; ltd¹ or rb¹ ; ltd¹ double mutant flies are significantly lower than that of the corresponding single mutants. (Ma et al., 2004) Eye colour: nearly white, with rb¹. Eye colour: nearly white, with g¹. Pale eye color due to the absence of pteridines and brown pigment. (Silva and Mensua, 1985)
Xenogenetic Interactions
Statement Reference
Complementation & Rescue Data
Rescued by	ltd¹ is rescued by Scer\GAL4^da.G32/ltd^rab.Scer\UAS (Ma et al., 2004)
Comments
Stocks ( 5 )
Bloomington	338 ltd¹ 429 ptc^tuf-1 ltd¹ 389 S¹ wg^Sp-1 ab² ltd¹/SM5
Kyoto	105856 ltd¹ 105908 ptc^tuf-1 ltd¹
Notes on Origin
Discoverer

External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Other Crossreferences

Linkouts

Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 3 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	lightoid¹ (Simonsen et al., 2007) ltd¹ (Falcon-Perez et al., 2007, Harris et al., 2011, Cheli et al., 2010, Cheli et al., 2010) unnamed (Silva and Mensua, 1985)
Name Synonym
Secondary FlyBase IDs

References ( 15 )
Research paper	Harris et al., 2011, J. Cell Biol. 194(1): 77--87 Cargo sorting to lysosome-related organelles regulates siRNA-mediated gene silencing. [FBrf0214287] Cheli et al., 2010, Hum. Mol. Genet. 19(5): 861--878 Genetic modifiers of abnormal organelle biogenesis in a Drosophila model of BLOC-1 deficiency. [FBrf0209903] Falcon-Perez et al., 2007, Traffic 8(2): 154--168 The Drosophila Pigmentation Gene pink (p) Encodes a Homologue of Human Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome 5 (HPS5). [FBrf0192474] Simonsen et al., 2007, Genetics 176(2): 1283--1297 Genetic modifiers of the Drosophila blue cheese gene link defects in lysosomal transport with decreased life span and altered ubiquitinated-protein profiles. [FBrf0201586] Ma et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101(32): 11652--11657 Lightoid and Claret: a rab GTPase and its putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor in biogenesis of Drosophila eye pigment granules. [FBrf0180621] Orr and Irving, 1997, Evolution 51(6): 1877--1885 The genetics of adaptation: The genetic basis of resistance to wasp parasitism in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0100696] Tearle, 1991, Genet. Res. (Camb.) 57: 257--266 Tissue specific effects of ommochrome pathway mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0054090] Silva and Mensua, 1985, D. I. S. 61: 156 Synergistic effects between eye-color genes of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0042242] Sullivan and Sullivan, 1975, Biochem. Genet. 13: 603--613 Transport defects as the physiological basis for eye color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0027147] Phillips et al., 1973, Genetics 73(1): 45--56 Terminal synthesis of xanthommatin in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0025065] Sullivan et al., 1973, Genetics 75: 651--661 Developmental and genetic studies on kynurenine hydroxylase from Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0025087] Reedy and Cavalier, 1971, J. Hered. 62: 131--134 Epistasis in eye colors of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0022892] Phillips et al., 1970, Biochem. Genet. 4: 481--487 Terminal synthesis of xanthommatin in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0021146]
Supplementary material	Cheli et al., 2010, Hum. Mol. Genet. 19(5): Supplementary Data. [FBrf0210495]
Book	Lindsley and Grell, 1968, Publs Carnegie Instn 627: 469pp Genetic variations of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0020044]

Allele Dmel\ltd1

Allele Dmel\ltd¹