FlyBase Allele Report: Dmel\nkd[2]

nkd²/nkd³ embryos have a strong cuticle phenotype; the cuticles are less than 75% of wild-type length, have two or less complete denticle bands and have an exteriorized head skeleton and noneverted spiracles.

(Rousset et al., 2002)

54% of hemineuromeres have an additional NB 6-4-like cell at the normal position of the NB 7-3 cell in mutant embryos, suggesting a transformation of NB 7-3 to NB 6-4 fate.

(Deshpande et al., 2001)

In homozygous mutant nkd² eyes (generated by somatic clone) the interommatidial bristles normally seen are missing from the first 3-5 ommatidial rows in from the eye margin.

(Rousset et al., 2001)

The gnathal lobes are misformed in mutant embryos.

(Rusch and Kaufman, 2000)

Homozygous embryos have a strong cuticle phenotype; they secrete cuticle with a fully exteriorised head skeleton, widely split filzkorper and residual denticle belts only in segment A3 and/or A5 (or no denticle belts at all), and are typically less than 75% of wild-type length. Phenotypically normal homozygous clones are seen in the wing, leg, thorax, abdomen, haltere and eye. Homozygous and control clones appear with similar frequency in each leg quadrant.

(Zeng et al., 2000)

Homozygous embryos have excess naked cuticle replacing denticle belts in most segments and also have severe head defects.

(Moline et al., 1999)

Mutant embryos show an increase in cell death in a striped pattern in the abdominal epidermis, in the extreme posterior of each segment. The segment borders are shallow and in some cases adjacent segments run together. There is an approximately 6-fold increase in apoptosis in en expressing cells. A slight increase in cell death occurs throughout the segment.

(Pazdera et al., 1998)

Deletion of parts of the epidermis bearing denticles. Muscle fibres form but overall orientation of myotubes is disturbed. Although repeated parts of the epidermis are deleted interactions of the remaining cells at their contact sites provide the positional clues for the formation of attachment sites, indicating the interaction of different parts of the cuticle is essential for the formation of apodemes.

(Buttgereit, 1996)

Number of heart precursor cells is twice that of wild type, moderate cardiac hypertrophy.

(Park et al., 1996)

The entire organization of somatic muscles of the embryo is disrupted and myotubes are scattered along the ectoderm in a disfigured configuration. The longitudinal myotubes, though fused and elongated, are scattered and do not attach at the usual sites. The myotubes may contain more than the usual number of nuclei. As visualized by staining for nau RNA, dorsal and ventral muscle precursors are apparently normally distributed, though the lateral clusters are difficult to see.

(Volk and Vijay Raghavan, 1994)

Nondefective in gonad assembly.

(Warrior, 1994)

Mutant embryos are much smaller than wild-type and typically secrete three complete denticle belts and a variable number of partial belts. Remaining denticles are essentially wild type.

(Bejsovec and Wieschaus, 1993)

Each stripe of hh expression broadened in nkd mutant embryos.

(Lee et al., 1992)

Embryos develop only a few segmental borders in the epidermis.

(Ouellette et al., 1992)

nkd embryos have abnormally wide stripes of hh expression.

(Tabata et al., 1992)

In 16% of nkd² mutants, all denticle belts were removed. In the remaining embryos fragments of denticle belts persisted, mainly in odd segments. The ventral cuticle pattern is nearly wild type in fu⁴¹ nkd² double mutants.

(Limbourg-Bouchon et al., 1991)

Does not interact with RpII140^wimp maternal effect.

(Parkhurst and Ish-Horowicz, 1991)

nkd² embryos had normal wg and arm protein distribution during midembryonic stages but changes were seen in protein accumulation at later stages.

(Riggleman et al., 1990)

The ventral cuticle of nkd² embryos is almost completely devoid of denticles. The head is defective, with abnormal spiracles, and the filzkorper material is very prominent. Irregular segment borders form during germband shortening. At the end of dorsal closure only a few segmental grooves are present. The CNS is very disorganised and the brain often protrudes dorsally rather than being covered by epidermis. The PNS is abnormal.

(Perrimon and Smouse, 1989)

nkd mutant embryos have Keilin's organs, but these often have four or more sensory hairs rather than the normal three. Occasionally extra, discrete organs are seen, so that three organs appear in one segment, usually accompanied by the loss of an organ from an adjacent segment. nkd²/nkd² and nkd²/nkd³ embryos grew in in vivo culture, producing implants containing imaginal discs and all larval tissues. The discs tended to grow as a merged sheet of material. Metamorphosed implants produced adult cuticular structures derived from the eye-antenna discs, leg and wing discs.

(Simcox et al., 1989)

strong allele

External Data

Linkouts

Interactions

Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors

Phenotypic Class

Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

nkd² is an enhancer of visible phenotype of Scer\GAL4^en-e16E, arm^UAS.cWa

(Greaves et al., 1999)

Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

nkd² is a suppressor of visible phenotype of Scer\GAL4^en-e16E, shg^{i.UAS.Tag:SS(aos),Tag:MYC}

(Greaves et al., 1999)

Phenotype Manifest In

Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

nkd² has ventral denticle belt | embryonic stage | absent phenotype, enhanceable by hry¹/hry¹

(Gammons et al., 2020)

nkd² has ventral denticle belt phenotype, enhanceable by tum^AR2

(Jones and Bejsovec, 2005)

nkd² has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, enhanceable by tum^AR2

(Jones and Bejsovec, 2005)

Suppressed by

Statement

Reference

nkd³/nkd² has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, suppressible | partially by nkd::Btau\recoverin^{rEF.UAS.Tag:MYC}/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, suppressible | partially by nkd::Hsap\NKD2^{hEFX2.UAS.Tag:MYC}/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd² has ventral denticle belt phenotype, suppressible by wg[+]/wg^l-17

(Jones and Bejsovec, 2005)

nkd² has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, suppressible by wg[+]/wg^l-17

(Jones and Bejsovec, 2005)

nkd² has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^en-e16E/shi^K44A.UAS

(Moline et al., 1999)

nkd² has embryonic head phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^en-e16E/shi^K44A.UAS

(Moline et al., 1999)

nkd² has ventral denticle belt phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^en-e16E/shi^K44A.UAS

(Moline et al., 1999)

NOT suppressed by

Statement

Reference

nkd³/nkd² has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^da.G32/Mmus\Nkd1^UAS.EGFP

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^da.G32/nkd::Mmus\Nkd1^{f30aa.UAS.EGFP}

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

nkd² is an enhancer of wing phenotype of Scer\GAL4^en-e16E, arm^UAS.cWa

(Greaves et al., 1999)

NOT Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

nkd² is a non-enhancer of phenotype of arm⁴

(Rousset et al., 2001)

Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

nkd²/nkd[+] is a suppressor of leg joint phenotype of ds¹/ds^38k

(Rodriguez, 2004)

nkd²/nkd[+] is a suppressor | partially of tarsal segment phenotype of ds¹/ds^38k

(Rodriguez, 2004)

nkd²/nkd[+] is a suppressor | partially of leg phenotype of ds¹/ds^38k

(Rodriguez, 2004)

nkd² is a suppressor of wing phenotype of Scer\GAL4^en-e16E, shg^{i.UAS.Tag:SS(aos),Tag:MYC}

(Greaves et al., 1999)

NOT Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

nkd² is a non-suppressor of phenotype of arm⁴

(Rousset et al., 2001)

Other

Statement

Reference

hry¹, nkd³/nkd² has ventral denticle belt | embryonic stage phenotype

(Gammons et al., 2020)

Additional Comments

Genetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

h¹/h¹ nkd²/nkd³ double mutant embryos exhibit defective denticle belts.

(Gammons et al., 2020)

The excess naked cuticle phenotype seen in nkd² embryos is enhanced by RacGAP50C^AR2; the double mutant embryos have uniform naked cuticle with no denticle belts at all. The excess naked cuticle phenotype seen in nkd² embryos is partially suppressed by wg^l-17/+. The ability of wg^l-17/+ to suppress the excess naked cuticle phenotype of nkd² embryos is suppressed by RacGAP50C^AR2 or RacGAP50C^DH15; the triple mutant embryos secrete uniform cuticle with no denticle belts.

(Jones and Bejsovec, 2005)

nkd²/+ partially suppresses the leg phenotype of ds^38k/ds¹ flies: tarsal joint formation is completely rescued and the size of the tarsal segments is recovered almost to that of wild type.

(Rodriguez, 2004)

An ectopic NB 7-3 is formed in 76% of hemisegments in gsb^IIX62 ; nkd² embryos.

(Deshpande et al., 2001)

The formation of excess naked cuticle in nkd² embryos is suppressed by the expression of shi^{K44A.Scer\UAS} under the control of Scer\GAL4^en-e16E and the head defect is partially rescued in these embryos.

(Moline et al., 1999)

Xenogenetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

Expression of nkd::Btau\recoverin^{rEF.Scer\UAS.T:Hsap\MYC} under the control of Scer\GAL4^da.G32 largely rescues the cuticle defects of nkd²/nkd³ embryos and adult viability is restored.

Expression of nkd::Hsap\NKD2^{hEFX2.Scer\UAS.T:Hsap\MYC} under the control of Scer\GAL4^da.G32 largely rescues the cuticle defects of nkd²/nkd³ embryos and adult viability is restored.

Expression of Mmus\Nkd1^{Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-EGFP} under the control of Scer\GAL4^da.G32 fails to rescue the cuticle defects of nkd²/nkd³ embryos.

Expression of nkd::Mmus\Nkd1^{f30aa.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-EGFP} under the control of Scer\GAL4^da.G32 fails to rescue the cuticle defects of nkd²/nkd³ embryos.

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

Complementation and Rescue Data

Fails to complement

nkd^04869a

(Zeng et al., 2000)

Rescued by

nkd³/nkd² is rescued by Scer\GAL4^da.G32/nkd^UAS.cZa

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is rescued by nkd^{ΔEFX.UAS.EGFP}/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is rescued by nkd^NBg.UAS.EGFP/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is rescued by nkd^NGA.UAS.EGFP/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is rescued by Scer\GAL4^da.G32/nkd^{NIN4.UAS.EGFP}

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is rescued by nkd^{ΔRB.UAS.Tag:MYC}/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is rescued by nkd^UAS.EGFP/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is rescued by nkd^UAS.Tag:MYC/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is rescued by Scer\GAL4^da.G32/nkd^UAS.cZa

(Rousset et al., 2002)

nkd³/nkd² is rescued by nkd^{D201A.UAS.Tag:MYC}/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Rousset et al., 2002)

nkd² is rescued by nkd^hs.Tag:MYC

(Zeng et al., 2000)

Partially rescued by

nkd³/nkd² is partially rescued by nkd^{D201A.UAS.Tag:MYC}/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is partially rescued by nkd^{NIN3.UAS.EGFP}/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is partially rescued by nkd^{ΔYS.UAS.EGFP}/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is partially rescued by nkd^{ΔR1S.UAS.EGFP}/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is partially rescued by nkd^{Δ30aa.UAS.EGFP}/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is partially rescued by nkd^{NIN3.UAS.EGFP}/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Rousset et al., 2002)

Not rescued by

nkd³/nkd² is not rescued by nkd^{NBam.UAS.EGFP}/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is not rescued by Scer\GAL4^da.G32/nkd^{NR1.UAS.Tag:MYC}

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is not rescued by Scer\GAL4^da.G32/nkd^{ΔBBg.UAS.EGFP}

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is not rescued by Scer\GAL4^da.G32/nkd^{ΔRBg.UAS.EGFP}

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is not rescued by nkd^7H.UAS.EGFP/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is not rescued by nkd^{7H.UAS.Tag:MYC}/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Waldrop et al., 2006)

nkd³/nkd² is not rescued by nkd^EFX.UAS.EGFP/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Rousset et al., 2002)

nkd³/nkd² is not rescued by Scer\GAL4^da.G32/nkd^{R1S.UAS.Tag:MYC}

(Rousset et al., 2002)

nkd³/nkd² is not rescued by nkd^{NBam.UAS.EGFP}/Scer\GAL4^da.G32

(Rousset et al., 2002)

nkd³/nkd² is not rescued by Scer\GAL4^da.G32/nkd^{NR1.UAS.Tag:MYC}

(Rousset et al., 2002)

Comments

Images (0)

Mutant

Wild-type

Stocks (3)

Bloomington

25110

nkd² P{neoFRT}80B/TM3, Sb¹

3095

ru¹ hry¹ Diap1^th-1 st¹ nkd² cu¹ sr¹ e^s ca¹/TM3, Sb¹ Ser¹

Kyoto

106836

ru¹ hry¹ Diap1^th-1 st¹ nkd² cu¹ sr¹ e^s ca¹/TM3, Sb¹ Ser¹

Notes on Origin

Discoverer

Comments

Expression patterns of wg, en, patch, ci and Ubx are similar to those in embryos with ectopic uniform wg expression. The en stripe broadens in the posterior direction. nkd² embryos have same pattern of arm RNA expression as those with uniform wg expression, but different protein distribution, with a high level all over, plus 2 stripes/segment where wg is expressed.

(Noordermeer et al., 1992)

gsb-n protein expression has been studied in nkd² embryos.

(Ouellette et al., 1992)

Mutations in nkd suppress the wg phenotype. The inappropriate specification of naked cuticle requires wg activity.

(Bejsovec and Wieschaus, 1993)

Strong nkd allele.

(Cadigan et al., 1994)

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

naked^7E

(Jackson and Hoffmann, 1994)

nkd^1E89

(Rodriguez, 2004)

nkd²

(Abdou et al., 2011, Gresens and Cook, 2006.12.5)

nkd^7E

(Piepenburg et al., 2000, Greaves et al., 1999, Ursuliak et al., 1997, Ma et al., 1996, Baylies et al., 1995, Mullen and DiNardo, 1995, Cadigan et al., 1994, Edgar et al., 1994, Volk and Vijay Raghavan, 1994, Warrior, 1994, Klingler and Gergen, 1993, Pelaz et al., 1993, Dougan and DiNardo, 1992, Tabata et al., 1992, Heemskerk et al., 1991, Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987)

nkd^IE89

(Rodriguez, 2004)

Name Synonyms

Secondary FlyBase IDs

References (52)

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