Allele Dmel\rl¹

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\rl¹	Species	D. melanogaster
Name		FlyBase ID	FBal0014587
Feature type	allele	Associated gene	Dmel\rl

Allele class	loss of function allele, hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence
Mutagen	spontaneous
Recent Updates
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
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Nature of the Allele
Allele class	hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence (Duttaroy et al., 1997, Lorenzen et al., 2001) loss of function allele (Biggs et al., 1994)
Mutagen	spontaneous
Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Type Location Additional Notes References
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Progenitor genotype
Nature of the lesion	Statement Reference
Carried on aberration	C(2R)RM-VHK1
Cytology
Phenotypic Data
Phenotypic Class
	chemical sensitive (Duttaroy et al., 1997) lethal \| partially (with Df(2R)PRF) (Lu et al., 2000) neurophysiology defective \| recessive (Wairkar et al., 2009) radiation sensitive (Duttaroy et al., 1997) viable (Zhang et al., 1999, Lorenzen et al., 2001, Thackeray et al., 1998) visible (Ashton-Beaucage et al., 2010, Lorenzen et al., 2001, Baker et al., 2002, Kumar et al., 2003, Lee et al., 2002) visible (with Df(2R)PRF) (Lu et al., 2000) visible \| recessive (Zhang et al., 1999, Brunner et al., 1994, Lim et al., 1999)
Phenotype Manifest In
	bract (with rl^10a) (del Alamo et al., 2002) cone cell (Kumar et al., 2003) eye (Zhang et al., 1999, Brunner et al., 1994, Ashton-Beaucage et al., 2010, Lim et al., 1999, Lu et al., 2000) ommatidium (Lim et al., 1999, Kumar et al., 2003) photoreceptor cell (Lim et al., 1999) photoreceptor cell R1 (Brunner et al., 1994) photoreceptor cell R2 (Brunner et al., 1994) photoreceptor cell R3 (Brunner et al., 1994) photoreceptor cell R4 (Brunner et al., 1994) photoreceptor cell R5 (Brunner et al., 1994) photoreceptor cell R6 (Brunner et al., 1994) photoreceptor cell R7 (Brunner et al., 1994) rhabdomere (Kumar et al., 2003) wing (Zhang et al., 1999, Brunner et al., 1994, Lim et al., 1999, Lu et al., 2000) wing blade (Lee et al., 2002) wing vein (Ashton-Beaucage et al., 2010, Lim et al., 1999) wing vein L3 (Lu et al., 2000) wing vein L4 (Brunner et al., 1994, Lu et al., 2000, Lorenzen et al., 2001, Baker et al., 2002) wing vein L5 (Lu et al., 2000)
Detailed Description
	Statement Reference Homozygotes have a mild rough eye phenotype and show loss of wing vein material. (Ashton-Beaucage et al., 2010) Evoked excitatory junction potentials at neuromuscular junctions are decreased in rl[1] homozygous larvae. (Wairkar et al., 2009) Homozygotes have a rough eye phenotype, with fewer rhabdomeres per ommatidium (6.04 +/- 1.09) compared to wild type (6.99 +/- 0.07). The number of cone cells is reduced at the pupal stage compared to wild type and the development of the eye is disordered at the third larval instar. (Kumar et al., 2003) Homozygotes often have gaps in wing vein 4. (Baker et al., 2002) rl¹/rl^10a legs show a complete lack of bracts. (del Alamo et al., 2002) Homozygotes have rolled and frayed wing blades. (Lee et al., 2002) Wing vein L4 is thinned or disrupted distal to the posterior crossvein. (Lorenzen et al., 2001) Approximately 88% of rl¹/Df(2R)PRF hemizygotes eclose compared to their heterozygous siblings at 18^oC. Surviving adults have reduced eyes, rolled wings which may be blistered and defects in wing veins L3, L4 and L5. (Lu et al., 2000) The extra wing vein and eye phenotypes of rl^Su23/+ flies are significantly enhanced by rl¹. rl^Su14/rl¹ flies occasionally have extra wing vein material. (Lim et al., 1999) rl¹ in transheterozygous combination with rl^41-1, rl^A3-2, rl^21-1, rl^Z3, rl^Z7 or rl¹⁹ produces flies with rough eyes and bent wings. (Zhang et al., 1999) Mild impact on R7 formation: 22% of ommatidia lack R7 cells. Double mutants with sl¹ or sl² show phenotypes very close to that of rl¹ alone. (Thackeray et al., 1998) Hypersensitivity to oxidative stress (paraquat) and ionising radiation. (Duttaroy et al., 1997) rl¹ hemizygotes have rough eyes and bent down wings. Sections through the eye reveal a lack of most R7 cells and a reduced number of outer photoreceptor cells. A central portion of the L4 wing vein is missing. (Brunner et al., 1994) rl¹/Df(2R)rl10a strongly enhances the wing phenotype of Egfr^t1/Egfr^f37, N^55e11/+ and vvl^M3, and of alleles of ast, rho, vn, Vno, tt, and Abruptex alleles of N. rl¹/Df(2R)rl10a suppresses the wing phenotype of Egfr^E3 and of alleles of Ras64B, ci, net and px. (Diaz-Benjumea and Hafen, 1994) Mutation has no effect on rho^hs.sev rough eye phenotype. (Freeman, 1994) viable, RK2. wing edges rolled downward; margins somewhat frayed; L4 interrupted distal to posterior crossvein. Eyes small, dark and rough. Most extreme at 26^oC, less extreme above and below that temperature (Lakovaara, 1963). Temperature sensitive period for eye phenotype during larval stages with most sensitive stage about 60 hr after hatching, i.e., at the beginning of the third instar (Hackman and Lakovaara, 1966). Effects of dosage of rl and rl⁺ on eye pigment deposition investigated by Lakovaara (1966).
External Data
Linkouts
Interactions
	Show the genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
Phenotypic Class
Enhanced by
Statement Reference rl¹/Df(2R)PRF has lethal phenotype, enhanceable by Su(var)205²⁰⁵/Su(var)205[+] (Lu et al., 2000) rl¹/Df(2R)PRF has visible phenotype, enhanceable by Su(var)205²⁰⁵/Su(var)205[+] (Lu et al., 2000) rl¹ has visible phenotype, enhanceable by Egfr^t1 (Price et al., 1997) rl¹ has visible phenotype, enhanceable by mago¹/mago[+] (Ashton-Beaucage et al., 2010) rl¹ has visible phenotype, enhanceable by mago³/mago[+] (Ashton-Beaucage et al., 2010) rl¹ has visible phenotype, enhanceable by msk[+]/msk² (Lorenzen et al., 2001) rl¹ has visible phenotype, enhanceable by msk[+]/msk⁵ (Lorenzen et al., 2001) rl¹ has visible phenotype, enhanceable by msk¹/msk[+] (Lorenzen et al., 2001) rl^13R/rl¹ has visible phenotype, enhanceable by sag^13L/sag[+] (Zhang et al., 1999)
Suppressed by
Statement Reference rl¹ has neurophysiology defective \| recessive phenotype, suppressible by Atg1³/Atg1³ (Wairkar et al., 2009)
NOT Enhancer of
Statement Reference rl[+]/rl¹ is a non-enhancer of visible phenotype of Scer\GAL4^en-e16E, kermit^GS2053 (Djiane and Mlodzik, 2010)
Suppressor of
Statement Reference rl[+], rl¹, phl[+], phl¹² is a suppressor \| partially of small body \| pupal stage phenotype of Nf1^E2 (Walker et al., 2006) rl[+]/rl¹ is a suppressor \| partially of increased cell number \| adult stage phenotype of sl² (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011) rl[+]/rl¹ is a suppressor of visible \| dominant phenotype of Egfr^E1 (Ashton-Beaucage et al., 2010) rl¹/rl¹ is a suppressor of neurophysiology defective \| recessive phenotype of Atg1³ (Wairkar et al., 2009, Wairkar et al., 2009)
NOT Suppressor of
Statement Reference rl[+]/rl¹ is a non-suppressor of visible phenotype of Scer\GAL4^en-e16E, kermit^GS2053 (Djiane and Mlodzik, 2010)
Phenotype Manifest In
Enhanced by
Statement Reference rl¹ has adult head & microchaeta phenotype, enhanceable by Egfr^t1 (Price et al., 1997) rl¹ has eye phenotype, enhanceable by mago¹/mago[+] (Ashton-Beaucage et al., 2010) rl¹ has eye phenotype, enhanceable by mago³/mago[+] (Ashton-Beaucage et al., 2010) rl¹ has eye phenotype, enhanceable by Su(var)205²⁰⁵/Su(var)205[+] (Lu et al., 2000) rl¹ has ocellus phenotype, enhanceable by Egfr^t1 (Price et al., 1997) rl¹ has prothoracic leg phenotype, enhanceable by Egfr^t1 (Price et al., 1997) rl¹ has wing phenotype, enhanceable by Egfr^t1 (Price et al., 1997) rl¹ has wing phenotype, enhanceable by Su(var)205²⁰⁵/Su(var)205[+] (Lu et al., 2000) rl¹ has wing vein L3 phenotype, enhanceable by Su(var)205²⁰⁵/Su(var)205[+] (Lu et al., 2000) rl¹ has wing vein L4 phenotype, enhanceable by msk[+]/msk² (Lorenzen et al., 2001) rl¹ has wing vein L4 phenotype, enhanceable by msk[+]/msk⁵ (Lorenzen et al., 2001) rl¹ has wing vein L4 phenotype, enhanceable by msk¹/msk[+] (Lorenzen et al., 2001) rl¹ has wing vein L5 phenotype, enhanceable by Su(var)205²⁰⁵/Su(var)205[+] (Lu et al., 2000) rl¹ has wing vein phenotype, enhanceable by mago¹/mago[+] (Ashton-Beaucage et al., 2010) rl¹ has wing vein phenotype, enhanceable by mago³/mago[+] (Ashton-Beaucage et al., 2010) rl^13R/rl¹ has eye phenotype, enhanceable by sag^13L/sag[+] (Zhang et al., 1999)
Suppressed by
Statement Reference rl¹ has phenotype, suppressible by bs⁰³²⁶⁷ (Roch et al., 1998)
NOT suppressed by
Statement Reference rl¹ has phenotype, non-suppressible by su(Hw)² (Lindsley and Grell, 1968)
Enhancer of
Statement Reference rl¹ is an enhancer of eye phenotype of asp¹ (Inoue and Glover, 1998) rl¹ is an enhancer of eye phenotype of asp^DD3 (Inoue and Glover, 1998) rl¹ is an enhancer of phenotype of gro¹ (Price et al., 1997) rl¹ is an enhancer of wing phenotype of asp¹ (Inoue and Glover, 1998) rl¹ is an enhancer of wing phenotype of asp^DD3 (Inoue and Glover, 1998)
NOT Enhancer of
Statement Reference rl[+]/rl¹ is a non-enhancer of wing hair phenotype of Scer\GAL4^en-e16E, kermit^GS2053 (Djiane and Mlodzik, 2010) rl¹ is a non-enhancer of phenotype of Doa⁷/Doa^HD (Yun et al., 2000) rl¹ is a non-enhancer of phenotype of Doa^HD/Doa^Dem (Yun et al., 2000)
Suppressor of
Statement Reference rl[+]/rl¹ is a suppressor \| partially of photoreceptor cell R7 \| adult stage phenotype of sl² (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011) rl[+]/rl¹ is a suppressor of eye phenotype of PDZ-GEF^EP388, Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF/Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF (Lee et al., 2002) rl[+]/rl¹ is a suppressor of eye photoreceptor cell \| ectopic phenotype of PDZ-GEF^EP388, Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF/Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF (Lee et al., 2002) rl[+]/rl¹ is a suppressor of ommatidium phenotype of PDZ-GEF^EP388, Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF/Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF (Lee et al., 2002) rl[+]/rl¹ is a suppressor of wing vein \| ectopic phenotype of Egfr^E1 (Ashton-Beaucage et al., 2010) rl¹/rl¹ is a suppressor \| partially of neuromuscular junction \| larval stage phenotype of Atg1³ (Wairkar et al., 2009, Wairkar et al., 2009) rl¹/rl¹⁰ is a suppressor of phenotype of tor^11D (Brunner et al., 1994)
NOT Suppressor of
Statement Reference rl[+]/rl¹ is a non-suppressor of wing hair phenotype of Scer\GAL4^en-e16E, kermit^GS2053 (Djiane and Mlodzik, 2010) rl¹/rl¹ is a non-suppressor of axon & motor neuron \| larval stage phenotype of Atg1³ (Wairkar et al., 2009, Wairkar et al., 2009) rl¹ is a non-suppressor of phenotype of Doa⁷/Doa^HD (Yun et al., 2000) rl¹ is a non-suppressor of phenotype of Doa^HD/Doa^Dem (Yun et al., 2000)
Other
Statement Reference Egfr^f11, rl¹ has wing vein L4 phenotype (Brunner et al., 1994, Brunner et al., 1994)
Additional Comments
Genetic Interactions
Statement Reference One copy of rl[1] partially suppresses the percentage of sl[2] mutant ommatidia that contain extra R7 photoreceptors. (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011) The extra wing vein phenotype seen in Egfr[E1]/+ flies is dominantly suppressed by rl[1]. The loss of wing veins and rough eye phenotype seen in rl[1] homozygotes is dominantly enhanced by mago[1] and by mago[3]. (Ashton-Beaucage et al., 2010) The structural defects seen in the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) of Atg1[3] homozygous larvae are almost completely suppressed by rl[1]/rl[1]: synaptic density and apposition of pre and post synaptic components are restored and NMJ size is partially restored. Despite the fact that evoked excitatory junction potentials at larval NMJs are decreased in both rl[1] homozygous and Atg1[3] homozygous larvae, this phenotype is not see in rl[1] Atg1[3] double homozygotes. The accumulation of synaptic material in the axons of of motor neurons in Atg1[3] homozygous larvae is not suppressed by rl[1]/rl[1]. (Wairkar et al., 2009) The rough eye phenotype, irregular ommatidial array and increased photoreceptor cell number caused by expression of Gef26^EP388 under the control of Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF are strongly suppressed by rl¹/+. (Lee et al., 2002) Enhancing effect of msk¹ and msk² on the rl¹ phenotype is marked and that of msk⁵ is dramatic. (Lorenzen et al., 2001) The rate of eclosion of rl¹/Df(2R)PRF flies at 18^oC is nearly halved by the presence of Su(var)205²⁰⁵. The eye and wing defects of surviving adults are enhanced. (Lu et al., 2000) The eye phenotype of rl¹/rl^13R flies is dominantly enhanced by sag^13L. (Zhang et al., 1999) rl¹ recessively enhances the eye and wing defects associated with the asp¹/asp^DD3 mutant. The brain neuroblast mitotic index of double mutants with asp¹ is generally as for asp¹ mutants alone. The rl¹; asp¹ double mutant also displays an increase in the number of mitotic figures that show lagging chromatids at anaphase, and a low frequency of abnormal mitotic figures where the telomeric ends of chromosomes appear to remain in contact, forming daisy chains. The frequency of aneuploid and polyploid figures is significantly increased compared to asp¹ single mutants. (Inoue and Glover, 1998) Egfr^t1 enhances the bristle, ocellar, wing and limb phenotypes of homozygotes. Bristle hyperplasia, ocellus enlargement and ocellus fusion are enhanced. Wings are notched, wing margins are hairier and have ectopic vein material. Legs are fused and bifurcated. (Price et al., 1997) rl¹/rl¹⁰ suppresses the mutant phenotype of embryos derived from tor^11D mothers. Double mutants of rl¹ and Egfr^f11 show disruption of the longitudinal vein L4. (Brunner et al., 1994)
Xenogenetic Interactions
Statement Reference
Complementation & Rescue Data
Partially rescued by	rl¹ is partially rescued by rl^hs.T:Hsim\gD (Kumar et al., 2003) rl¹ is partially rescued by rl^{hs.T:Scer\GAL4,T:Hsim\VP16,T:Hsim\gD} (Kumar et al., 2003) rl¹ is partially rescued by rl^{hs.T:SV40\nls2,T:Hsim\gD} (Kumar et al., 2003) rl¹ is partially rescued by rl^{hs.T:SV40\nls2,T:Scer\GAL4,T:Hsim\VP16,T:Hsim\gD} (Kumar et al., 2003)
Comments	rl¹ lethal in combination with all lethal alleles except rl⁶, with which it is fully viable and exhibits a rl phenotype.
Stocks ( 6 )
Bloomington	386 rl¹ 1051 lt¹ rl¹ 1056 lt¹ rl¹ stw³
Kyoto	105883 rl¹ 106184 lt¹ rl¹ 106187 lt¹ rl¹ stw³
Notes on Origin
Discoverer	Bridges, 23rd June 1922.

Comments
	Weak rl allele. (Biggs et al., 1994) Phenotypes of rl mutants fall into an allelic series: Df(2R)rl10a/rl¹ >= rl⁹/rl¹ > rl^la8/rl¹ > rl¹⁰/rl¹ > rl¹/rl¹. (Diaz-Benjumea and Hafen, 1994)
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Other Crossreferences

Linkouts

Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 1 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	rl¹ (Walker et al., 2006, Lee et al., 2002, Davis et al., 2008, Wairkar et al., 2009, Djiane and Mlodzik, 2010, Ashton-Beaucage et al., 2010, Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)
Name Synonym
Secondary FlyBase IDs

References ( 29 )

Generate a list of	All references relating to this allele ( 29 )

List References by type	Research paper ( 27 ) Book ( 2 )
Recent research papers ( 1 )
	Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011, PLoS ONE 6(11): e28067 Insulin Receptor-Mediated Signaling via Phospholipase C-γ Regulates Growth and Differentiation in Drosophila. [FBrf0216849] Show all research papers ...

Allele Dmel\rl1

Allele Dmel\rl¹