Allele Dmel\sn³

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\sn³	Species	D. melanogaster
Name		FlyBase ID	FBal0015773
Feature type	allele	Created / Updated	2006-08-22/2006-08-22
Associated gene	Dmel\sn

Allele class
Mutagen	spontaneous
Nature of the Allele
Allele class
Mutagen	spontaneous (Roiha et al., 1988, Cant et al., 1994)
Mapped Features and Mutations
Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Progenitor genotype
Nature of the lesion	Statement Reference 0.3 kb deletion in -0.9 to 0.0 kb; coordinates according to Roiha, Rubin and O'Hare (1988) 0.3kb deletion from 1184bp to 1475bp of the wild-type sequence. This deletion is in the 5' end of the gene, and the coding region is intact. (Paterson and O'Hare, 1991)
Assay mode
Carried on aberration	Dp(1;1)Gr
Cytology
Phenotypic Data
Phenotypic Class
	visible (He and Adler, 2002, Paterson and O'Hare, 1991, O'Hare et al., 1998, Dickinson and Thatcher, 1997) visible \| recessive (Tilney et al., 2000) fertile (Cant et al., 1994) male fertile (Paterson and O'Hare, 1991) female fertile (Paterson and O'Hare, 1991, Roiha et al., 1988, O'Hare et al., 1998)
Phenotype Manifest In
	arista (He and Adler, 2002) microchaeta (Tilney et al., 2000, Tilney et al., 2004, Tilney et al., 1995) macrochaeta (Paterson and O'Hare, 1991, Tilney et al., 1996, Roiha et al., 1988, Cant et al., 1994, O'Hare et al., 1998, Tilney et al., 1995, Guild et al., 2003) microchaeta & actin filament (Tilney et al., 2003) denticle belt (Dickinson and Thatcher, 1997) denticle (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) wing hair (Guild et al., 2005)
Detailed Description
	Statement Reference class 3 - female fertile with gnarled macrochaetae and kinky microchaetae Extreme bristle phenotype, female fertile. (Roiha et al., 1988) Extreme bristle phenotype. (Paterson and O'Hare, 1991) sn⁶⁸/sn³ females have a sn mutant phenotype and are fertile. (Kaufman, 1969) Bristles are gnarled due to disrupted actin filament bundles. (Cant et al., 1994) Macrochaetae are bent, gnarled, twisted and considerably shorter than in wild-type flies. Microchaetae are often irregularly bent, and are shorter and less rigid than in wild-type flies. The ridges and valleys on the surface of the microchaetae are distorted. Actin bundles within the bristle cells are smaller and flatter than normal, and the filaments within them are disordered. (Tilney et al., 1995) Actin bundles are twisted in sn³ bristles. (Tilney et al., 1996) Mutation causes a severe denticle phenotype. Denticles tend to be smaller and have thinner hooks than wild-type denticles. They are also less orderly along each row and sometimes have a floppy appearance. (Dickinson and Thatcher, 1997) Strong bristle phenotype. (O'Hare et al., 1998) Actin bundles in the bristles of heterozygous flies are comparable in number and size to wild type and the area occupied by the filaments is not significantly different from wild type. The filaments are hexagonally packed. The bristles are the same length as in wild-type flies. Bristles of homozygotes are shorter than wild type. (Tilney et al., 2000) The arista laterals are shorter than normal and weakly curved in mutant flies. (He and Adler, 2002) sn³ adults exhibit bent and twisted bristles of normal length. This phenotype is more pronounced in macrochaetes than microchaetes. Each macrochaete flute is not equally spaced nor equal in size and is twisted. Particularly in the lower half of the bristle, a honeycomb of short ridges 5-10υm in length is found, most of which is connected to a major longitudinal ridge. Overall, the ridges and valleys have a collective longitudinal orientation and continuous ridges of over 50υm in length and are common on most bristles, especially near the tip. (Guild et al., 2003) The longitudinal actin bundles of wild-type bristle cells are composed of a hexagonally-packed array of actin filaments that form a triangular shape at the plasma membrane. sn³ mutants lack the fascin cross-bridges that usually form between actin filaments within a bundle. The longitudinal bundles of sn³ bristle cells contain fewer filaments than wild type; these filaments are liquid ordered not hexagonally-packed. These defects cause the bundles to form a rectangular shape that does not extend as far into the cytoplasm as the wild-type triangular bundle. (Tilney et al., 2003) The bristles of sn³ mutants are twisted; bristles can twist either to the right, to the left, or first in one direction and then the other. These mutant bristles have large gaps between flutes, reflecting abnormal distribution of the actin bundles. Apart from where twisting occurs, the curvature of sn³ bristles is similar to wild type. Additionally, sn³ mutant bristles lie flat over the surface of the thorax, instead of pointing away from the thorax, as in wild type. (Tilney et al., 2004) The cuticles of sn[3] mutants show thin, crooked, abnormal denticles. (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) The wing hairs of sn[3] mutants show a 12-14% reduction in length compared to wild-type hairs. Few actin bundles are present in transverse or longitudinal sections taken through sn[3] hairs; rather, the actin filaments are present in an almost diffuse cortical layer. (Guild et al., 2005)
Interactions
	Show the genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
Phenotypic Class
Other
Statement Reference f^36a, sn³ has visible phenotype (Fei et al., 2002)
Phenotype Manifest In
Enhanced by
Statement Reference sn³ has microchaeta & actin filament phenotype, enhanceable by f^36a (Tilney et al., 2003) sn³ has macrochaeta phenotype, enhanceable by f^36a (Guild et al., 2003) sn³ has microchaeta phenotype, enhanceable by f^36a (Tilney et al., 2004) sn³ has denticle phenotype, enhanceable by m¹ (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) m¹, sn³ has denticle phenotype, enhanceable by f^36a (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) f^36a, m¹, sn³ has denticle phenotype, enhanceable by sha^V15 (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) f^36a, m¹, sn³ has abdominal dorsal trichome phenotype, enhanceable by sha^V15 (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) f^36a, m¹, sn³ has denticle phenotype, enhanceable by WASp³ (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) f^36a, m¹, sn³ has abdominal dorsal trichome phenotype, enhanceable by WASp³ (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006)
NOT Enhanced by
Statement Reference sn³ has arista phenotype, non-enhanceable by f^36a (He and Adler, 2002)
NOT suppressed by
Statement Reference sn³ has arista phenotype, non-suppressible by f^36a (He and Adler, 2002) sn³ has phenotype, non-suppressible by su(Hw)² (Lindsley and Grell, 1968)
Enhancer of
Statement Reference sn³ is an enhancer of microchaeta & actin filament phenotype of f^36a (Tilney et al., 2003) sn³ is an enhancer of microchaeta phenotype of f^36a (Tilney et al., 2004) sn³ is an enhancer of macrochaeta phenotype of f^36a (Guild et al., 2003) sn³ is an enhancer of denticle phenotype of m¹ (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) sn³ is an enhancer of denticle phenotype of f^36a, m¹ (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006)
NOT Enhancer of
Statement Reference sn³ is a non-enhancer of arista phenotype of f^36a (He and Adler, 2002)
NOT Suppressor of
Statement Reference sn³ is a non-suppressor of arista phenotype of f^36a (He and Adler, 2002)
Other
Statement Reference f^36a, sn³ has ocellar bristle phenotype (Fei et al., 2002) f^36a, m¹, sn³ has abdominal dorsal trichome phenotype (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006)
Additional Comments
Genetic Interactions
Statement Reference Only 2% of postvertical bristles are split in sn³ f^36a flies. The frequency of split bristles is increased by injection of cytochalasin D. Bristle elongation in sn³ f^36a flies is more sensitive to vinblastine than in wild-type flies. (Geng et al., 2000) The arista lateral phenotype of sn³ f^36a double mutants is not substantially stronger than either single mutant. Double mutant arista laterals are thinner than wild type. At a low frequency, branched laterals are seen. The mutant laterals start to extend at the normal time, but their rate of extension is slower than normal. (He and Adler, 2002) In f^36a sn³ double mutants, bristle ridges of length more than 10υm (45% of wild-type length) are not found. Instead, a variety of short ridges 3-10υm in length are found. Some of these are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bristle, whereas others are perpendicular or oblique. These ridges are seldom connected to one another but terminate freely on the surface. (Guild et al., 2003) In f^36a, sn³ double mutants, bristle cells contain tiny rafts of membrane-attached actin filament clusters, which consist of a monolayer of filament. This is a more extreme phenotype than that observed with either of the single mutants. When these f^36a, sn³ mutant cells are treated with jasplakinolide, large clusters of actin filaments appear internally, most of which run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bristle. These clusters have an irregular shape and have a liquid ordered packing of filaments, instead of wild-type hexagonal packing. (Tilney et al., 2003) sn³, f^36a double mutants have bristles that are short, like f^36a mutants, and twisted, like sn³ mutants. (Tilney et al., 2004) The denticles of m[1], sn[3] mutants show splitting in addition to the defects seen in either single mutant. sn[3], m[1], f[36a] triple mutants have small, highly misshapen denticles that are more affected than those of m[1], f[36a] or m[1], sn[3] double mutants. sn[3], m[1], f[36a]; sha[V15] and sn[3], m[1], f[36a]; WASp[3] quadruple mutants show further impairment to denticle formation compared to sn[3], m[1], f[36a] triple mutants, with mutants exhibiting regions of naked cuticle where denticles lie in wild-type animals. The dorsal hairs on the abdominal segments of sn[3], m[1], f[36a] triple mutants are severly reduced in size, and in some cases, hairs are abrogated leaving abnormal naked regions. This phenotype is more severe in sn[3], m[1], f[36a]; WASp[3] quadruple mutants and is even more severe in sn[3], m[1], f[36a]; sha[V15] mutants in which most dorsal hairs are absent, leaving naked cuticle. (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006) sn[3] f[36a] double mutants have ocellar bristles which are shorter and have a smaller volume than normal. (Fei et al., 2002)
Xenogenetic Interactions
Statement Reference
Complementation & Rescue Data
Comments
Stocks ( 90 )
Bloomington	113 sn³ 147 w¹ sn³ m¹ 1514 w¹ sn³ mit¹ 963 Df(1)KA10, sn³ m¹/FM7c 1740 w¹¹¹⁸ sn³ P{neoFRT}19A
Kyoto	101188 sn³ 105742 sn³ 101202 w¹ sn³ 105758 w¹ sn³ m¹ 101197 w¹ cv¹ sn³ 101205 w¹¹¹⁸ sn³ P{neoFRT}19A 106145 Df(1)KA10, sn³ m¹/FM7c
	More stocks available...
Notes on Origin
Discoverer	Mohr, 11th June 1922.

Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 1 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	sn³ (Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006, Fei et al., 2002, Guild et al., 2005)
Name Synonym
Secondary FlyBase IDs

References ( 28 )

Generate a list of	All references relating to this allele ( 28 )

List References by type	Research paper ( 25 ) Abstract ( 1 ) Book ( 1 ) Stock list ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 1 )
	Chanut-Delalande et al., 2006, PLoS Biol. 4(9): Shavenbaby couples patterning to epidermal cell shape control. [FBrf0191902] Show all research papers ...

Allele Dmel\sn3

Allele Dmel\sn³