Allele Dmel\stnA¹²

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\stnA¹²	Species	D. melanogaster
Name		FlyBase ID	FBal0016212
Feature type	allele	Associated gene	Dmel\stnA
Also Known As	stn^13-120

Allele class	hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence
Mutagen	spontaneous
Recent Updates
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
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Nature of the Allele
Allele class	hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence (Petrovich et al., 1993)
Mutagen	spontaneous (Schalet, 1986)
Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Type Location Additional Notes References
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Progenitor genotype
Nature of the lesion	Statement Reference Insertion into ORF1. (Andrews et al., 1996) Doc element insertion. (Andrews et al., 1995)
Caused by insertion	Doc{}stnA¹² (Andrews et al., 1996, Andrews et al., 1995)
Cytology
Phenotypic Data
Phenotypic Class
	behavior defective \| recessive (Petrovich et al., 1993) lethal (Andrews et al., 1995) lethal \| embryonic stage \| recessive (Fergestad et al., 1999) lethal \| recessive (Petrovich et al., 1993, Schalet, 1986) neurophysiology defective (Fergestad et al., 1999) uncoordinated \| embryonic stage \| recessive (Fergestad et al., 1999)
Phenotype Manifest In
	axon terminus (Fergestad et al., 1999) multivesicular body (Fergestad et al., 1999) synaptic vesicle (Fergestad et al., 1999)
Detailed Description
	Statement Reference Mutants die as mature embryos after a failure to hatch, due to lack of coordination. Mutant embryos show normal segmental patterning of the epidermis, muscles and nervous system. Mutant nmjs appear morphologically wild type though the nerve terminals are slightly smaller than normal. In electrophysiological recordings at the embryonic nmj nerve stimulation produces muscle contraction demonstrating that presynaptic depolarization evokes transmitter release and that muscle excitation-secretion response is intact. However evoked EJC peak amplitudes are significantly reduced and the release of neurotransmitter at mutant synapses is markedly asynchronous due to delayed presynaptic vesicle fusion. Mutants have an impaired ability to synchronously trigger calcium-mediated vesicle fusion. The overall level of neurotransmitter release is reduced. Variability in EJC peak amplitudes is increased, compared to wild type. Transmission fidelity is lost. Calcium sensitivity is unaltered. MEJC frequency is not significantly altered, though amplitude is increased, perhaps because of increased quantity of neurotransmitter in some vesicles. Mutant synapses exhibit severe fatigue after prolonged stimulation. Synapses show decreased synaptic vesicle density and accumulate membrane-recycling intermediates. (Fergestad et al., 1999) Flies heterozygous for stnA¹⁵ and any of the lethal "stn" alleles show either a small or no off transient in ERGs. Flies heterozygous for a ts and a lethal allele of stnA show ERGs with off transient amplitudes between those for stnA⁷ and stnA¹⁵. (Petrovich et al., 1993)
External Data
Linkouts
Interactions
	Show the genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
Phenotypic Class
Suppressed by
Statement Reference stnA¹², stnB¹² has lethal \| recessive \| embryonic stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^4G/Syt1^Scer\UAS.cLa (Fergestad and Broadie, 2001) stnA¹², stnB¹² has lethal \| recessive \| embryonic stage phenotype, suppressible by Syt1^Scer\UAS.cLa/Scer\GAL4¹⁴⁰⁷ (Fergestad and Broadie, 2001)
NOT suppressed by
Statement Reference stnA¹² has lethal \| recessive phenotype, non-suppressible by Su(stn)¹ (Petrovich et al., 1993)
Other
Statement Reference Scer\GAL4^4G, stnA¹², stnB¹², Syt1^Scer\UAS.cLa has viable phenotype (Fergestad and Broadie, 2001, Fergestad and Broadie, 2001, Fergestad and Broadie, 2001) Scer\GAL4¹⁴⁰⁷, stnA¹², stnB¹², Syt1^Scer\UAS.cLa has lethal \| larval stage phenotype (Fergestad and Broadie, 2001, Fergestad and Broadie, 2001, Fergestad and Broadie, 2001) Scer\GAL4^elav-C155, stnA¹², stnA^AB.Scer\UAS, stnB¹², stnB^AB.Scer\UAS has viable phenotype (Estes et al., 2003, Estes et al., 2003) Scer\GAL4^elav-C155, stnA¹², stnA^Scer\UAS.cEa, stnB¹² has lethal phenotype (Estes et al., 2003) Scer\GAL4^elav-C155, stnA¹², stnB¹², stnB^AB.Scer\UAS has viable phenotype (Estes et al., 2003) Scer\GAL4^Mhc.PW, stnA¹², stnA^AB.Scer\UAS, stnB¹², stnB^AB.Scer\UAS has lethal phenotype (Estes et al., 2003, Estes et al., 2003) Scer\GAL4^Mhc.PW, stnA¹², stnB¹², stnB^Scer\UAS.cEa has lethal phenotype (Estes et al., 2003) Scer\GAL4^shi.PS, stnA¹², stnA^AB.Scer\UAS, stnB¹², stnB^AB.Scer\UAS has viable phenotype (Estes et al., 2003, Estes et al., 2003) stnA¹², stnB¹² has lethal \| recessive \| embryonic stage phenotype (Fergestad and Broadie, 2001, Fergestad and Broadie, 2001) stnA¹², stnB¹² has lethal phenotype (Estes et al., 2003, Estes et al., 2003) stnA¹²/stnA¹, stnB¹/stnB¹² has lethal phenotype (Stimson et al., 2001, Stimson et al., 2001)
Phenotype Manifest In
NOT Enhancer of
Statement Reference stnA¹², stnB⁶, stnA⁶, stnB¹² is a non-enhancer of neuromuscular junction phenotype of shi² (Stimson et al., 2001)
Other
Statement Reference stnA¹²/stnA⁶, stnB⁶/stnB¹² has neuromuscular junction & synaptic vesicle phenotype (Stimson et al., 2001, Stimson et al., 2001)
Additional Comments
Genetic Interactions
Statement Reference stnA¹² stnB¹²/Y ("stn^13-120") males do not survive to adulthood. The lethality of stnA¹² stnB¹²/Y ("stn^13-120") animals is not rescued by expression of syt^Scer\UAS.cLa under the control of either Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 or Scer\GAL4^shi.PS. (Estes et al., 2003) stnA¹² stnB¹² ("stn^13-120") mutant embryos show a more than 90% reduction in FM1-43 dye uptake at the neuromuscular junction after stimulus compared to wild type. stnA¹² stnB¹² ("stn^13-120") homozygotes show embryonic lethality. Expression of syt^Scer\UAS.cLa under the control of Scer\GAL4¹⁴⁰⁷ in this background results in approximately 98% of animals hatching at normal times, but they then die as first instar larvae. Expression of syt^Scer\UAS.cLa under the control of Scer\GAL4^4G in the stnA¹² stnB¹² background results in approximately 96% of embryos hatching, although hatching is delayed (animals hatch between 21 and 35 hours after fertilisation. These animals show adult viability. (Fergestad and Broadie, 2001) Synaptic vesicle internalisation at the neuromuscular junction is delayed relative to wild type in stnB⁶/stnB¹² mutants. (Stimson et al., 2001)
Xenogenetic Interactions
Statement Reference
Complementation & Rescue Data
Fails to complement	stnA⁷ (Stimson et al., 1998) stnA¹⁵ (Stimson et al., 1998)
Comments	Expression of the dicistronic P{UAS-stnAB.E} construct (which expresses stnA^AB.Scer\UAS and stnB^AB.Scer\UAS) under the control of either Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 or Scer\GAL4^shi.PS rescues the lethality of stnA¹² stnB¹²/Y ("stn^13-120") animals. Expression of the dicistronic P{UAS-stnAB.E} construct (which expresses stnA^AB.Scer\UAS and stnB^AB.Scer\UAS) under the control of Scer\GAL4^Mhc.PW does not rescue the lethality of stnA¹² stnB¹²/Y ("stn^13-120") animals. Expression of stnB^Scer\UAS.cEa under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 rescues the lethality of stnA¹² stnB¹²/Y ("stn^13-120") animals. Expression of stnB^Scer\UAS.cEa under the control of Scer\GAL4^Mhc.PW does not rescue the lethality of stnA¹² stnB¹²/Y ("stn^13-120") animals. Expression of stnA^Scer\UAS.cEa under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 does not rescue the lethality of stnA¹² stnB¹²/Y ("stn^13-120") animals. (Estes et al., 2003)
Stocks ( 0 )

Notes on Origin
Discoverer	Schalet.
	Induced with: stnB¹². (Fergestad et al., 1999)
Comments
	Used in mosaic analysis to show that the "stn" product is not required for all cell types, but is required in the head for normal active behavior and in the thorax for motor coordination and posture. (Petrovich et al., 1993)
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Other Crossreferences

Linkouts

Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 5 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	l(1)13-120 (Schalet, 1986, ) stn13-120 (Fergestad and Broadie, 1997) stn¹² stn^13-120 (Estes et al., 2003, Stimson et al., 2001, Fergestad and Broadie, 2001, Fergestad et al., 1999, Stimson et al., 1998, Andrews et al., 1996, Andrews et al., 1995, Petrovich et al., 1993, Wall et al., 2005) stnA¹²
Name Synonym
Secondary FlyBase IDs

References ( 11 )
Research paper	Wall et al., 2005, J. Biol. Chem. 280(30): 27670--27678 Effective translation of the second cistron in two Drosophila dicistronic transcripts is determined by the absence of in-frame AUG codons in the first cistron. [FBrf0187804] Estes et al., 2003, Genetics 165(1): 185--196 Functional dissection of a eukaryotic dicistronic gene. Transgenic stonedB, but not stonedA, restores normal synaptic properties to Drosophila stoned mutants. [FBrf0162152] Fergestad and Broadie, 2001, J. Neurosci. 21(4): 1218--1227 Interaction of Stoned and Synaptotagmin in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. [FBrf0134719] Stimson et al., 2001, J. Neurosci. 21(9): 3034--3044 Drosophila stoned proteins regulate the rate and fidelity of synaptic vesicle internalization. [FBrf0135859] Fergestad et al., 1999, J. Neurosci. 19(14): 5847--5860 The stoned proteins regulate synaptic vesicle recycling in the presynaptic terminal. [FBrf0109701] Stimson et al., 1998, J. Neurosci. 18(23): 9638--9649 A product of the Drosophila stoned locus regulates neurotransmitter release. [FBrf0105332] Andrews et al., 1996, Genetics 143(4): 1699--1711 The stoned locus of Drosophila melanogaster produces a dicistronic transcript and encodes two distinct polypeptides. [FBrf0089585] Petrovich et al., 1993, Genetics 133(4): 955--965 A genetic analysis of the stoned locus and its interaction with dunce, shibire and Suppressor of stoned variants of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0058577] Schalet, 1986, Mutat. Res. 163: 115--144 The distribution of and complementation relationships between spontaneous X-linked recessive lethal mutations recovered from crossing long-term laboratory stocks of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0045066]
Abstract	Fergestad and Broadie, 1997, Doe, Hall, 1997: 48 Synaptic characterization of stoned mutants. [FBrf0099207] Andrews et al., 1995, J. Neurogenet. 10(1): 16--17 Molecular analysis of the Drosophila stoned locus. [FBrf0079855]

Allele Dmel\stnA12

Allele Dmel\stnA¹²