FlyBase Allele Report: Dmel\tra[1]

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\tra¹

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

FlyBase ID

FBal0017004

Feature type

allele

Associated gene

Dmel\tra

Associated Insertion(s)

Carried in Construct

Also Known As

tra

Key Links

Allele class

amorphic allele - genetic evidence

Mutagen

spontaneous

Nature of the Allele

Allele class

amorphic allele - genetic evidence

(Oliver et al., 1993, Belote et al., 1989)

Mutagen

spontaneous

(Butler et al., 1986)

Progenitor genotype

Cytology

Description

Deletion of the entire coding region.

(Yuan and Belote, 1995)

Approximately 1kb deletion in the 0 to -2kb region.

(Butler et al., 1986)

results from about 1 kb deletions which remove most or all of the tra locus.

Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Curation Data

Type

Location

Additional Notes

References

Variant Molecular Consequences

Associated Sequence Data

DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank

DNA sequence

Protein sequence

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Expression Data

Reporter Expression

Additional Information

Statement

Reference

Marker for

Reflects expression of

Reporter construct used in assay

Human Disease Associations

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease

Interaction

References

Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease-implicated variant(s)

Phenotypic Data

Phenotypic Class

Phenotype Manifest In

adult brain & neuron | medial | female

(Kimura et al., 2005)

adult brain | female (with Df(3L)st-j7)

(Cachero et al., 2010)

adult fruitless pMP-e (female) neuron | ectopic | female

(Kimura et al., 2008)

adult posterior midgut epithelium | female limited | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^NP7397

(Hudry et al., 2016)

fusome

(Hinson and Nagoshi, 1999)

germline cell

(Nagoshi et al., 1995)

gonad

(Hinson and Nagoshi, 1999, Horabin et al., 1995)

gonadal sheath proper primordium | female

(DeFalco et al., 2003)

hub cell (with Df(3L)st-j7)

(Le Bras and Van Doren, 2006)

nurse cell ring canal

(Hinson and Nagoshi, 1999)

serotonergic neuron

(Billeter et al., 2006)

spectrosome

(Hinson and Nagoshi, 1999)

Detailed Description

Statement

Reference

tra¹/Df(3L)st-j7 females show sensitivity to starvation, as compared to controls.

(Wat et al., 2021)

Under control conditions, tra¹ adult posterior midgut clones are significantly smaller in females only, as compared to control clones.

Under control conditions, tra^KO.Cherry/tra¹ transheterozygotes and tra^KO.Cherry/tra¹ transheterozygotes that also express tra^UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^esg-NP7397 during adulthood do not show significant changes in the adult posterior midgut mitotic index in females, as compared to controls.

(Hudry et al., 2016)

The pseudo-testes of XX tra¹/Df(3L)st-j7 animals are atrophic.

(Yang et al., 2012)

tra¹/Df(3L)st-j7 XX animals have a complete transformation in their brain neuropil morphology to that normally seen males. There is no difference in the size of the the "male-enlarged region" (MER) in the brains of tra¹/Df(3L)st-j7 XX and XY animals compared to control males.

(Cachero et al., 2010)

Homozygous tra¹ XX animals show hight rates of courtship behaviour, comparable to those shown by wild-type males.

P1 neurons are formed in the brains of both XX and XY tra¹ homozygotes (these neurons are normally only found in male brains in the wild type).

(Kimura et al., 2008)

tra¹ mutant females develop `male' specific serotonergic neurons in an identical pattern as in wild-type males.

(Billeter et al., 2006)

tra¹/Df(3L)st-j7 mutant gonads are masculinised with regard to hub formation (germline stem cell niche formation).

(Le Bras and Van Doren, 2006)

In mutant females "neurons medially located, just above antennal lobe" (mALs) persist and have male-like bilateral projections.

(Kimura et al., 2005)

Male-specific somatic gonadal precursors appear to be present in the posterior somatic gonad of both male and female stage 15 tra¹ mutants in a manner comparable to wild-type males. These precursors are not present in wild-type females.

(DeFalco et al., 2003)

Chromosomal females homozygous for tra¹ differentiate as males.

(Waterbury et al., 2000)

XX tra¹/tra⁴ animals develop as pseudomales. Three categories of gonad are seen. Approximately 50% of pseudomales have 'atrophic' gonads, which contain no differentiating germ cells (spectrosomes, fusomes and ring canals are not seen). The remainder of gonads contain germ cells which initiate gametogenic differentiation (spectrosomes and fusomes are seen). 19% of these gonads are 'non-oogenic', and in most of these cases the germ cells are connected by multibranched fusomes containing actin (a spermatogenic characteristic). The remaining 33% of gonads are 'oogenic'.

(Hinson and Nagoshi, 1999)

The histological structures of the terminal segment of homozygous females are studied: some internal organisation and muscles patterns are male like. Homozygous males show no significant changes in the internal organisation of the terminal segment.

(Acharyya and Chatterjee, 1998)

Heat induced expression in X/X tra¹/tra¹ tra^hs.PBa and X/Y tra¹/tra¹ tra^hs.PBa mutants during the temperature-sensitive period (shortly before puparium formation and into early metamorphosis) abolishes male behaviour. These mutants exhibit a female body (except for the CNS) and have a female pheromone pattern. They show indiscriminate mating behaviour, suggesting they are unable to discriminate among their sexual partners (these 'females' will mate with M.domestica males). X/X tra¹/tra¹ tra^hs.PBa females are fertile. Heat induced expression during the temperature-sensitive period abolishes male behaviour and allows partial recovery of female behaviour in the X/X mutants, the X/Y mutants show some female behaviour. Heat induced expression before and after, but not during, the temperature-sensitive period in X/X mutants does not abolish male behaviour. Irrespective of the heat-shock regimen all flies have a female pattern of pheromones. By introducing dsx^D, X/X and X/Y flies now have a male body and male pheromone pattern, these flies are unattractive to males but will still court both sexes.

(Arthur et al., 1998)

Heterozygous females are fertile, heat induced expression of tra^hs.PBa does not affect fertility. When mated females exhibit normal sperm storage. Homozygous females are 'female' with a male CNS, exhibit male behavior and are sterile, heat induced expression of tra^hs.PBa restores female behaviour and fertility. Mated females exhibit abnormal sperm transport. Homozygous males are 'female' with a male CNS, exhibit male behavior and are sterile, heat induced expression of tra^hs.PBa allows a female sexual phenotype, female behaviour but flies are sterile. Mated 'females' exhibit abnormal sperm transport.

(Arthur et al., 1998)

The gonads of XX hemizygotes contain many small undifferentiated germ cells.

(Horabin et al., 1995)

Less than half of XX tra¹/tra⁴ mutant pseudomales produce gonads with the most severe group 1 pseudotestes phenotype. The remaining pseudomales have a less severe phenotype, with viable germ cells. otu¹⁰ and Df(1)otu-PΔ1 cause an increase in severity of this phenotype: over 70% of the resulting gonads were of group 1. An increase in otu activity in XX otu^hs.PN, tra¹/tra⁴ leads to elongated pseudotestes categorized as having a group 3 phenotype.

(Nagoshi et al., 1995)

X/X; tra¹/tra¹ gonads of first instar larvae are mostly male-like in size and morphology. Some germ cells degenerate while others appear spermatogenic.

(Steinmann-Zwicky, 1994)

30% of XX and 56% of XY dsx¹ tra¹ double homozygous flies show male-specific courtship when paired with mature virgin females.

(Taylor et al., 1994)

Males can transfer sperm to females when mating.

(Chapman et al., 1993)

Females exhibit segment spanning muscles in the fifth abdominal segment indicative of a transformation to the male specific phenotype. Somatic development of males is unaffected.

(Taylor, 1992)

Transforms females to normal-appearing males (sex-combs, normal external and internal male genitalia, normal courtship and mating). Testes are very small, but are of normal colour and shape.

(Sturtevant, 1944)

External Data

Linkouts

Interactions

Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors

Phenotypic Class

Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

tra¹/Df(3L)st-j7, Phf7^UASp.cYa, Scer\GAL4^{VP16.nanos.UTR} has abnormal sex-determination | female phenotype, enhanceable by HP1D3csd[+]/HP1D3csd^f07323

(Yang, 2021)

NOT Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

tra¹/Df(3L)st-j7 has abnormal sex-determination | female phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4^{VP16.nanos.UTR}/Phf7^N.UASp

(Yang, 2021)

Sxl^F1.hs, Sxl^f1, tra¹ has abnormal sex-determination phenotype, non-enhanceable by snf^+t5.5

(Cline et al., 1999)

Suppressed by

Statement

Reference

tra¹/Df(3L)st-j7 has abnormal sex-determination | female phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4^{VP16.nanos.UTR}/Phf7^UASp.cYa

(Yang, 2021)

tra¹/Df(3L)st-j7, Phf7^UASp.cYa, Scer\GAL4^{VP16.nanos.UTR} has abnormal sex-determination | female phenotype, suppressible | partially by HP1D3csd^{UAS.ORF.GW.Tag:HA}, Scer\GAL4^{VP16.nanos.UTR}

(Yang, 2021)

NOT suppressed by

Statement

Reference

tra¹/Df(3L)st-j7 has abnormal sex-determination | female phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^{VP16.nanos.UTR}/Phf7^N.UASp

(Yang, 2021)

NOT Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

Sxl^F1.hs, tra¹, Sxl^f1, snf^+t5.5 is a non-enhancer of abnormal sex-determination phenotype of snf^+t5.5

(Cline et al., 1999)

Sxl^F1.hs, tra¹, Sxl^f1, snf^+t5.5 is a non-enhancer of lethal | male phenotype of snf^+t5.5

(Cline et al., 1999)

Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

tra¹ is a suppressor of lethal | dominant | male limited phenotype of Sxl^M6

(Cline et al., 1999)

Other

Statement

Reference

tra¹/Df(3L)st-j7, Phf7^UASp.cYa, Scer\GAL4^{VP16.nanos.UTR} has abnormal sex-determination | female phenotype

(Yang, 2021)

otu^hs.PN, tra¹ has abnormal sex-determination | recessive phenotype

(Hinson and Nagoshi, 1999)

otu^104.H, tra¹ has abnormal sex-determination | recessive phenotype

(Hinson and Nagoshi, 1999)

fru¹, tra¹ has abnormal courtship behavior phenotype

(Ryner et al., 1996)

Phenotype Manifest In

Other

Statement

Reference

otu^hs.PN, tra¹ has gonad phenotype

(Hinson and Nagoshi, 1999)

otu^104.H, tra¹ has gonad phenotype

(Hinson and Nagoshi, 1999)

fru¹, tra¹ has muscle cell of male abdominal 5 muscle phenotype

(Ryner et al., 1996)

Additional Comments

Genetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

Expression of Phf7^EY03023 under the control of Scer\GAL4^{nos.UTR.T:Hsim\VP16} rescues the size and morphology of 6% of the gonads of XX tra¹/Df(3L)st-j7 animals to a wild-type looking pseudo-testis. These rescued pseudo-testes contain late-stage sperm, including sperm tails and condensed chromatin.

(Yang et al., 2012)

The addition of up to three copies of P{snf⁺,dhd⁺} to Sxl^f1/Y;Sxl^F1.hs, tra¹ partially feminised males does not enhance the feminisation or lethality phenotypes seen in these flies. The addition of snf¹ completely suppresses the male-specific lethality seen in Sxl^M6/Y males. If the snf does is increased by the addition of one or more copies of P{snf⁺,dhd⁺}, the lethality returns.

(Cline et al., 1999)

XX tra¹/tra⁴ pseudomales that are also homozygous for ovo^D1rv23 show an increase in the frequency of atrophic gonads compared to XX tra¹/tra⁴ pseudomales. Non-oogenic gonads, with spectrosomes and multibranched fusomes are also seen (at the same frequency as XX tra¹/tra⁴ pseudomales). XX tra¹/tra⁴ pseudomales that are also homozygous for Df(1)otu-PΔ1 show an increase in the frequency of atrophic gonads and a decrease in the frequency of oogenic gonads compared to XX tra¹/tra⁴ pseudomales. Non-oogenic gonads, with spectrosomes and multibranched fusomes are seen at the same frequency as XX tra¹/tra⁴ pseudomales. XX tra¹/tra⁴ pseudomales that are also homozygous for Sxl^f5 show a decrease in the frequency of oogenic gonads and an increase in the frequency of non-oogenic gonads compared to XX tra¹/tra⁴ pseudomales. Atrophic gonads are seen at the same frequency as XX tra¹/tra⁴ pseudomales. XX tra¹/tra⁴ pseudomales that are also carrying otu^hs.PN and raised at 20-25^oC are 2 to 3 times longer than normal. Expression of otu^hs.PN partially rescues XX tra¹/tra⁴ pseudomales; 88% of the gonads are 'feminised' and show a developmental progression of gametogenic stages, which can be divided into three sections corresponding to germarial regions 1-3 in normal oogenesis. Section I includes the most apical portion of the pseudomale testis and contains gametogenic stages characteristic of germarial region 1 in ovaries. A group of cells containing spectrosomes is localised at the distal tip. Clusters of cells connected by branched fusomes are located immediately adjacent to the distal cells. The fusomes have disappeared in section II and differentiation of the ring canals continues. In section II, the pseudomale germ cells have differentiated to postgermarial stages. The germ cell clusters contain thick ring canals and the nuclei are large. Oogenic gonads are not seen in XX tra¹/tra⁴ pseudomales carrying otu^hs.PN that are also homozygous for ovo^D1rv23 or Sxl^f5. In each case the frequency of non-oogenic gonads is increased compared to XX tra¹/tra⁴ pseudomales also homozygous for ovo^D1rv23 or Sxl^f5 respectively. Almost 90% of gonads are oogenic in newly eclosed XX tra¹/tra⁴ pseudomales that are also carrying otu^104.H. The level of feminisation is markedly reduced 7-10 days after eclosion. The feminisation of XX tra¹/tra⁴ gonads by otu^104.H is blocked if they are also carrying Df(1)otu-PΔ1.

(Hinson and Nagoshi, 1999)

fru¹ tra¹ double mutants have an abnormal Muscle of Lawrence, like that of fru¹ males, males also chain vigorously.

(Ryner et al., 1996)

Xenogenetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

Complementation and Rescue Data

Rescued by

tra¹/Df(3L)st-j7 is rescued by tra^F.U2af50

(Evans and Cline, 2007)

Df(3L)st-E48/tra¹ is rescued by tra^+t3.8

(Butler et al., 1986)

tra¹ is rescued by tra^+t3.8

(Butler et al., 1986)

Partially rescued by

tra¹/Df(3L)st-j7 is partially rescued by tra^F.Hsp83

(Evans and Cline, 2007)

tra¹ is partially rescued by tra^F.Hsp83

(Waterbury et al., 2000)

tra¹ is partially rescued by tra^RB

(McKeown et al., 1987)

Comments

tra^F.Hsp83 is able to feminise the soma of tra¹ chromosomal females and at least partially restores fertility without heat shock.

(Waterbury et al., 2000)

Images (0)

Mutant

Wild-type

Stocks (4)

675

106034

102014

tra¹ ; Tp(2;3)Me, Me¹ Sb^sbd-l

101894

Dp(1;Y)Bar^S / w^a ; st¹ tra¹ / TM2, Ubx¹³⁰ e^s

Notes on Origin

Discoverer

Sturtevant.

A.H. Sturtevant.

(Sturtevant, 1944)

Comments

Homozygous XX flies have no Yp1, Yp2 or Yp3 proteins in the haemolymph. Heterozygous flies also homozygous for tra2^OTF have a trace of these proteins in the haemolymph.

(Ota et al., 1981)

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (3)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

tra

(Russell and Kaiser, 1994, Belote et al., 1989, Ota et al., 1981)

tra1

(Bhaskar et al., 2022)

tra¹

(Wat et al., 2021, Yang, 2021, Sato et al., 2019, Grmai et al., 2018, Hudry et al., 2016, Kohl et al., 2013, Yang et al., 2012, Cachero et al., 2010, Kimura et al., 2008, Evans and Cline, 2007, Goldman and Arbeitman, 2007, Billeter et al., 2006, Le Bras and Van Doren, 2006, Lee et al., 2006, Svensson et al., 2003, Lee et al., 2002)

Name Synonyms

Secondary FlyBase IDs

References (53)

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