Allele Dmel\ds^38k

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\ds^38k	Species	D. melanogaster
Name		FlyBase ID	FBal0028156
Feature type	allele	Created / Updated	2006-08-22/2006-08-22
Associated gene	Dmel\ds

Allele class
Mutagen	spontaneous
Nature of the Allele
Allele class
Mutagen	spontaneous (Curry, 1939, Clark et al., 1995)
Mapped Features and Mutations
Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Progenitor genotype
Nature of the lesion	Statement Reference
Assay mode
Cytology
Phenotypic Data
Phenotypic Class
	lethal \| recessive (Yang et al., 2002) visible (with ds⁰⁵¹⁴²) (Rodriguez, 2004) visible (with ds^33k) (Rodriguez, 2004) visible (with ds^UAO71) (Rodriguez, 2004) visible \| recessive (Rodriguez, 2004) increased cell number \| somatic clone (Garoia et al., 2000) tissue polarity defective (with ds^UAO71) (Simon, 2004) tissue polarity defective \| somatic clone (Rawls et al., 2002)
Phenotype Manifest In
	ommatidium (with ds^UAO71) (Simon, 2004) eye equator (with ds^UAO71) (Simon, 2004) wing (with ds^UAO71) (Rodriguez, 2004) tegula \| ectopic (with ds^UAO71) (Rodriguez, 2004) humeral sclerite \| ectopic (with ds^UAO71) (Rodriguez, 2004) wing hinge (with ds^UAO71) (Rodriguez, 2004) costal vein \| ectopic (with ds^UAO71) (Rodriguez, 2004) wing margin \| anterior \| ectopic (with ds^UAO71) (Rodriguez, 2004) wing \| posterior (with ds^UAO71) (Rodriguez, 2004) wing hinge \| posterior (with ds^UAO71) (Rodriguez, 2004) scutum \| ectopic (with ds^UAO71) (Rodriguez, 2004) scutellum \| ectopic (with ds^UAO71) (Rodriguez, 2004) leg (with ds¹) (Rodriguez, 2004) tarsal segment (with ds¹) (Rodriguez, 2004) joint (with ds¹) (Rodriguez, 2004) wing (with ds⁰⁵¹⁴²) (Rodriguez, 2004) tegula \| ectopic (with ds⁰⁵¹⁴²) (Rodriguez, 2004) humeral sclerite \| ectopic (with ds⁰⁵¹⁴²) (Rodriguez, 2004) wing hinge (with ds⁰⁵¹⁴²) (Rodriguez, 2004) costal vein \| ectopic (with ds⁰⁵¹⁴²) (Rodriguez, 2004) wing margin \| anterior \| ectopic (with ds⁰⁵¹⁴²) (Rodriguez, 2004) wing \| posterior (with ds⁰⁵¹⁴²) (Rodriguez, 2004) wing hinge \| posterior (with ds⁰⁵¹⁴²) (Rodriguez, 2004) scutum \| ectopic (with ds⁰⁵¹⁴²) (Rodriguez, 2004) scutellum \| ectopic (with ds⁰⁵¹⁴²) (Rodriguez, 2004) wing (with ds^33k) (Rodriguez, 2004) tegula \| ectopic (with ds^33k) (Rodriguez, 2004) humeral sclerite \| ectopic (with ds^33k) (Rodriguez, 2004) wing hinge (with ds^33k) (Rodriguez, 2004) costal vein \| ectopic (with ds^33k) (Rodriguez, 2004) wing margin \| anterior \| ectopic (with ds^33k) (Rodriguez, 2004) wing \| posterior (with ds^33k) (Rodriguez, 2004) wing hinge \| posterior (with ds^33k) (Rodriguez, 2004) scutum \| ectopic (with ds^33k) (Rodriguez, 2004) scutellum \| ectopic (with ds^33k) (Rodriguez, 2004) ommatidium \| somatic clone (Rawls et al., 2002) wing (Rodriguez, 2004, Clark et al., 1995) tegula \| ectopic (Rodriguez, 2004) humeral sclerite \| ectopic (Rodriguez, 2004) wing hinge (Rodriguez, 2004) costal vein \| ectopic (Rodriguez, 2004) wing margin \| anterior \| ectopic (Rodriguez, 2004) wing \| posterior (Rodriguez, 2004) wing hinge \| posterior (Rodriguez, 2004) scutum \| ectopic (Rodriguez, 2004) scutellum \| ectopic (Rodriguez, 2004) dorsal mesothoracic disc (Rodriguez, 2004) dorsal mesothoracic disc \| anterior compartment (Rodriguez, 2004) dorsal mesothoracic disc \| posterior compartment (Rodriguez, 2004) leg (Clark et al., 1995) thorax (Clark et al., 1995) eye (Clark et al., 1995) anterior crossvein (Clark et al., 1995)
Detailed Description
	Statement Reference ds^38k/ds¹ has close crossveins; fly short and thick bodied. Homozygote probably like ds^d. RK2. ds^38k/ds¹ flies have an extreme ds phenotype. (Curry, 1939) 40% eclosion rate. In addition to 100% penetrant defects in leg, wing and thorax, rough patches in the eye appear at low frequency. Anterior crossvein is displaced posteriorly. Legs are stubby with a reduced number of tarsal joints. There are duplicated bristles on the notum and the wings are held out stiffly with duplicated crossveins. Flies have difficulty walking, cannot jump or fly, do not reproduce and die within a few days of eclosion. (Clark et al., 1995) ds^38k clones in a M(2)24F¹ background are large like the controls, but cell density is increased. In ds^38k,ft^k07918 clones only epistatic effects of ft^k07918 are seen. (Garoia et al., 2000) The eyes of ds^UAO71/ds^38k escapers have eyes with ommatidia that randomly adopt either dorsal or ventral polarity. (Yang et al., 2002) When homozygous somatic clones are made in the eye, approximately 29% of ommatidia display dorsal ventral inversions, while fewer than 1% of genetically mutant ommatidia display anterior posterior inversions. Inverted equators also occur in 83% of clones. These arise along the equatorial border of the clone rather than within the clone. Also ectopic equators are seen, albeit rarely. In homozygous mutant eyes (generated by mitotic recombination using the "EGUF/hid method"), 31% of ommatidia display dorsal ventral inversions. The endogenous equator is stil evident. When ommatidia are examined that are mosaic (with respect to ds^38k) in the pair of photoreceptor cells, R3 and R4, 77% of the time the mutant cell is R3 and the wild-type cell R4. When the pair R2 and R5 are examined, 65% of the time the mutant cell is R2 and the wild-type cell R5. When the pair R1 and R6 are examined, 73% of the time the mutant cell is R1 and the wild-type cell R6. (Rawls et al., 2002) The dorsal-ventral polarity of ommatidia in ds^38k/ds^UAO71 flies is partially randomised. Defects in anterior-posterior ommatidial polarity or rotation are not seen. Somatic clones of ds^38k in the eye: about 45% of ommatidia inverted on their dorsoventral axes. The clones also show directional nonautonomy, with most ommatidia on the equatorial boundary being inverted (78% in total), but few ommatidia being inverted on the polar boundary (10% total). (Strutt and Strutt, 2002) In approximately 5% of ds^38k homozygous escapers the wing is replaced by a winglet and, posterior to it, a lateral protuberance that looks like an scutum and scutellum. The winglet is composed of proximal anterior structures arranged in a mirror-image duplication. The smallest examples of these winglets consist of a mirror image duplication of anterior hinge structures - the tegula and humeral sclerite. Larger examples also have a rudimentary wing blade consisting of a mirror image duplication of anterior structures - the costa and anterior wing margin. This phenotype is also seen occasionally in ds^38k/ds^33k flies (3 out of 72 heminota), ds^38k/ds⁰⁵¹⁴² (approximately 2% of heminota) and ds^38k/ds^UAO71. In late third instar discs of ds^38k homozygotes with a reduced wing pouch, marker expression indicates that the pouch is entirely within the anterior compartment. This absence of posterior cells in the wing territory can be seen as early as the mid second instar. ds^38k/ds¹ flies have legs with reduced segment size and fusion of the tarsal segments and partial elimination of the tarsal joints. (Rodriguez, 2004) ds^38k/ds^UAO71 flies have disorganised ommatidial polarity; no obvious equator is present. Flies expressing ds^{Scer\UAS.P\T.cSa} under the control of Scer\GAL4^αTub84B.PL in a ds^38k/ds^UAO71 background have a normal overall pattern of polarisation in the eye; an equator can easily be discerned. 97.6% of ommatidia are correctly constructed and rotated in these animals. Expression of ds^{Scer\UAS.P\T.cSa} under the control of Scer\GAL4^fj-VG1 in a ds^38k/ds^UAO71 background results in eyes with disorganised ommatidial polarity. (Simon, 2004)
Interactions
	Show the genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
Phenotypic Class
Other
Statement Reference ds^38k/ds^UAO71, fj^N7/fj^d1 has tissue polarity defective phenotype (Simon, 2004, Simon, 2004) ds^38k, l(2)gd1¹ has lethal \| recessive phenotype (Buratovich and Bryant, 1997, Buratovich and Bryant, 1997) ds^38k, l(2)gd1¹ has hyperplastic \| recessive phenotype (Buratovich and Bryant, 1997, Buratovich and Bryant, 1997)
Phenotype Manifest In
Suppressed by
Statement Reference ds¹/ds^38k has joint phenotype, suppressible by nkd²/nkd[+] (Rodriguez, 2004) ds¹/ds^38k has tarsal segment phenotype, suppressible \| partially by nkd²/nkd[+] (Rodriguez, 2004) ds¹/ds^38k has leg phenotype, suppressible \| partially by nkd²/nkd[+] (Rodriguez, 2004) ds^38k has dorsal mesothoracic disc \| anterior compartment phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^dpp.blk1/wg^{l-12.Scer\UAS} (Rodriguez, 2004) ds^38k has dorsal mesothoracic disc \| posterior compartment phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^dpp.blk1/wg^{l-12.Scer\UAS} (Rodriguez, 2004) ds^38k has dorsal mesothoracic disc phenotype, suppressible \| partially by Scer\GAL4^dpp.blk1/wg^{l-12.Scer\UAS} (Rodriguez, 2004) ds^38k has dorsal mesothoracic disc \| anterior compartment phenotype, suppressible \| partially by dpp^Scer\UAS.cCa/Scer\GAL4^bi-omb-Gal4 (Rodriguez, 2004) ds^38k has dorsal mesothoracic disc \| posterior compartment phenotype, suppressible \| partially by dpp^Scer\UAS.cCa/Scer\GAL4^bi-omb-Gal4 (Rodriguez, 2004)
Enhancer of
Statement Reference ds^38k/ds[+] is an enhancer of crossvein phenotype of fj^d1 (Strutt et al., 2004) ds^38k/ds[+] is an enhancer of wing phenotype of fj^d1 (Strutt et al., 2004) ds^38k/ds[+] is an enhancer of crossvein phenotype of fj^{t14.T:Hsap\GALNT3} (Strutt et al., 2004) ds^38k/ds[+] is an enhancer of wing phenotype of fj^{t14.T:Hsap\GALNT3} (Strutt et al., 2004)
Other
Statement Reference ds^38k/ds^UAO71, fj^N7/fj^d1 has wing blade phenotype (Simon, 2004, Simon, 2004) ds^38k, l(2)gd1¹ has dorsal mesothoracic disc phenotype (Buratovich and Bryant, 1997, Buratovich and Bryant, 1997) ds^38k, l(2)gd1¹ has ventral thoracic disc phenotype (Buratovich and Bryant, 1997, Buratovich and Bryant, 1997) ds^38k, l(2)gd1¹ has dorsal metathoracic disc phenotype (Buratovich and Bryant, 1997, Buratovich and Bryant, 1997) ds^38k, l(2)gd1¹ has eye-antennal disc phenotype (Buratovich and Bryant, 1997, Buratovich and Bryant, 1997)
Additional Comments
Genetic Interactions
Statement Reference Wing discs from l(2)gd1¹, ds^38k double mutants are large and have variable morphology, often with a series of frill-like folds on the edges of the discs. Leg discs are larger and thicker than for l(2)gd1¹ alone. The haltere disc duplicates, triplicates or quadruplicates. The eye antenna disc shows a pair of knob-like structures in the anterior of the antenna field that probably represent presumptive antennae. Animals usually die in the larval or early pupal stage, and never reach the pharate adult stage. Clones double mutant for l(2)gd1¹ and ds^38k form protrusions due to abnormal morphogenesis that might result from an excess of cells. Imaginal discs from ds^38k l(2)gd1¹/l(2)gd1¹ larvae resemble those of ft⁸ l(2)gd1¹/l(2)gd1¹ rather than l(2)gd1¹/l(2)gd1¹ in that wing, haltere, second and third leg discs are duplicated. (Buratovich and Bryant, 1997) The wing shortening phenotype of fj^d1 homozygotes is enhanced by ds^38k/+. Reduction in the distance between anterior and posterior cross-veins in fj^{t14.T:Hsap\GALNT3} flies is enhanced by ds^38k/+. Like ds^38k/ds^UAO71 flies, ds^38k/ds^UAO71; fj^{109-583.Scer\UAS.T:Hsap\GALNT3} ; Scer\GAL4^bi-omb-Gal4 flies have inverted ommatidia scattered throughout their eyes. (Strutt et al., 2004) wg^{l-12.Scer\UAS}; Scer\GAL4^dpp.blk1 suppresses duplication of the wing pouch and prospective notum in ds^38k homozygous wing discs, although the hinge domain is expanded compared with the wild type. Normal anterior-posterior subdivision is also restored in these discs. These animals die before reaching adulthood. dpp^Scer\UAS.cCa; Scer\GAL4^bi-omb-Gal4 does not suppress duplication of the wing pouch and prospective notum in ds^38k homozygous wing discs. However, the resulting discs have an expanded, rather than a reduced wing pouch, and anterior-posterior subdivision of the wing pouch is restored. nkd²/+ partially suppresses the leg phenotype of ds^38k/ds¹ flies: tarsal joint formation is completely rescued and the size of the tarsal segments is recovered almost to that of wild type. (Rodriguez, 2004) ds^38k fj^N7/ds^UAO71 fj^d1 flies have disorganised ommatidial polarity; no obvious equator is present. Flies expressing both fj^Scer\UAS.cZa and ds^{Scer\UAS.P\T.cSa} under the control of Scer\GAL4^αTub84B.PL in a ds^38k fj^N7/ds^UAO71 fj^d1 background have a disorganised ommatidial polarity; no obvious equator is present. Flies expressing ds^{Scer\UAS.P\T.cSa} under the control of Scer\GAL4^αTub84B.PL in a ds^38k fj^N7/ds^UAO71 fj^d1 background have a disorganised ommatidial polarity; no obvious equator is present. Flies expressing fj^Scer\UAS.cZa under the control of Scer\GAL4^αTub84B.PL in a ds^38k fj^N7/ds^UAO71 fj^d1 background have a disorganised ommatidial polarity; no obvious equator is present. Flies expressing ds^{Scer\UAS.P\T.cSa} under the control of Scer\GAL4^fj-VG1 in a ds^UAO71 fj^VG1/ds^38k fj^N7 background have a disorganised ommatidial polarity; the eye contains a clearly perceptible equator in which most of the nearby ommatidia are reversed in polarity and thus point away from the equator. Flies expressing both fj^Scer\UAS.cZa and ds^{Scer\UAS.P\T.cSa} under the control of Scer\GAL4^αTub84B.PL in a ds^38k fj^N7/ds^UAO71 fj^d1 background have normal polarity throughout the wing blade with the exception of a small region along the anterior proximal margin of the wing, where a small swirl is often present. Flies expressing ds^{Scer\UAS.P\T.cSa} under the control of Scer\GAL4^αTub84B.PL in a ds^38k fj^N7/ds^UAO71 fj^d1 background have normal polarity throughout the wing blade with the exception of a small region along the anterior proximal margin of the wing, where a small swirl is often present. (Simon, 2004)
Xenogenetic Interactions
Statement Reference
Complementation & Rescue Data
Comments
Stocks ( 2 )
Bloomington	288 ds^38k/In(2L)Cy, Cy¹ dp^lv2 b¹ pr¹
Kyoto	105836 ds^38k/In(2L)Cy, Cy¹ dp^lv2 b¹ pr¹
Notes on Origin
Discoverer	Waddington, Nov. 1938. Waddington, 1938 Bridges.
	Arose in: a ss^a stock. (Curry, 1939)
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 3 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	ds³⁸ (Zhu and Luo, 2004) ds^38K (Simon, 2004, Strutt and Strutt, 2002, Rawls et al., 2002, Yang et al., 2002, Casal et al., 2006) ds^38k
Name Synonym
Secondary FlyBase IDs

References ( 15 )
Research paper	Casal et al., 2006, Development 133(22): 4561--4572 Two separate molecular systems, Dachsous/Fat and Starry night/Frizzled, act independently to confer planar cell polarity. [FBrf0194266] Cho and Irvine, 2004, Development 131(18): 4489--4500 Action of fat, four-jointed, dachsous and dachs in distal-to-proximal wing signaling. [FBrf0180144] Rodriguez, 2004, Development 131(13): 3195--3206 The dachsous gene, a member of the cadherin family, is required for Wg-dependent pattern formation in the Drosophila wing disc. [FBrf0179415] Simon, 2004, Development 131(24): 6175--6184 Planar cell polarity in the Drosophila eye is directed by graded Four-jointed and Dachsous expression. [FBrf0180187] Strutt et al., 2004, Development 131(4): 881--890 Cleavage and secretion is not required for Four-jointed function in Drosophila patterning. [FBrf0174590] Zhu and Luo, 2004, Neuron 42(1): 63--75 Diverse functions of N-cadherin in dendritic and axonal terminal arborization of olfactory projection neurons. [FBrf0175027] Rawls et al., 2002, Curr. Biol. 12(12): 1021--1026 The cadherins fat and dachsous regulate dorsal/ventral signaling in the Drosophila eye. [FBrf0151238] Strutt and Strutt, 2002, Dev. Cell 3(6): 851--863 Nonautonomous planar polarity patterning in Drosophila: dishevelled-independent functions of frizzled. [FBrf0155678] Yang et al., 2002, Cell 108(5): 675--688 Regulation of frizzled by fat-like cadherins during planar polarity signaling in the Drosophila compound eye. [FBrf0146910] Garoia et al., 2000, Mech. Dev. 94(1-2): 95--109 Cell behaviour of Drosophila fat cadherin mutations in wing development. [FBrf0128473] Buratovich and Bryant, 1997, Genetics 147(2): 657--670 Enhancement of overgrowth by gene interactions in lethal(2)giant discs imaginal discs from Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0098751] Clark et al., 1995, Genes Dev. 9(12): 1530--1542 Dachsous encodes a member of the cadherin superfamily that controls imaginal disc morphogenesis in Drosophila. [FBrf0081626] Lewis, 1945, Genetics 30: 137--166 The relation of repeats to position effect in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0006343] Curry, 1939, D. I. S. 12: 45--47 [New mutants report.] [FBrf0063388]
Book	Lindsley and Grell, 1968, Publs Carnegie Instn 627: 469pp Genetic variations of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0020044]

Allele Dmel\ds38k

Allele Dmel\ds^38k