Allele Dmel\gcm^N7-4

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\gcm^N7-4	Species	D. melanogaster
Name		FlyBase ID	FBal0045750
Feature type	allele	Associated gene	Dmel\gcm
Also Known As	glide/gcm^N7-4, glide^N7-4

Map ( GBrowse )
Allele class	loss of function allele, amorphic allele - genetic evidence
Mutagen	diepoxybutane
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
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Nature of the Allele
Allele class	amorphic allele - genetic evidence (Jones et al., 1995, Udolph et al., 2001) loss of function allele (Bernardoni et al., 1997)
Mutagen	diepoxybutane (Jones et al., 1995, Vincent et al., 1996)
Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Type Location Additional Notes References point mutation 2L:9,581,315..9,581,315 evidence=experimental pr_change=C93S na_change=G9581315C (Miller et al., 1998)
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Progenitor genotype
Nature of the lesion	Statement Reference Nucleotide substitution: G to C. Amino acid replacement: C93S. (Miller et al., 1998)
Cytology
Phenotypic Data
Phenotypic Class
	lethal \| recessive (Bernardoni et al., 1997, Ricard et al., 2001) neuroanatomy defective (Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001) neuroanatomy defective \| recessive \| somatic clone (Viktorin et al., 2011) neurophysiology defective (Ragone et al., 2003) visible (with gcm^Pyx) (van de Bor et al., 2002)
Phenotype Manifest In
	abdominal lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5 & scolopidial ligament cell & stage 16 embryo (Inbal et al., 2004) central nervous system (Jones et al., 1995) CNS glial cell (Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001) commissure (Ragone et al., 2003) crystal cell (Bataille et al., 2005) embryonic/larval glial cell (Jones et al., 1995, Vincent et al., 1996) embryonic neuroblast (Bernardoni et al., 1999) glial cell (Ragone et al., 2003) glial cell \| somatic clone (Viktorin et al., 2011) glioblast (Bernardoni et al., 1999) hemocyte (Bernardoni et al., 1997) lch5 ligament attachment cell \| embryonic stage 16 (Inbal et al., 2004) longitudinal connective (Ragone et al., 2003, Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001) longitudinal connective \| embryonic stage (Vincent et al., 1996) mesothoracic tergum & macrochaeta \| supernumerary (with gcm^Pyx) (van de Bor et al., 2002) nerve \| embryonic stage (Vincent et al., 1996) neuroblast NB6-4 \| ectopic (Bernardoni et al., 1999) subperineurial glial cell (Udolph et al., 2001) ventral longitudinal muscle \| embryonic stage (with Df(2L)132) (Soustelle et al., 2004) wing & neuron \| supernumerary \| somatic clone (van de Bor et al., 2000) wing & thecogen cell \| somatic clone (van de Bor et al., 2000)
Detailed Description
	Statement Reference Homozygous gcm[N7-4] neuroblast clones consistently show a loss of glial cells. However, axonal patterns in those clones appear normal. (Viktorin et al., 2011) Stage 17 homozygous embryos show a complete loss of the blood brain barrier (assayed by studying dextran uptake in living embryos). (Stork et al., 2008) gcm^N7-4 mutants exhibit a marked increase in the number of crystal cells. This phenotype is not enhanced when combined with Df(2L)200. (Bataille et al., 2005) The lch5 chordotonal organs of stage 16 gcm^N7-4 mutant lack scolopidial ligament cells and ligament attachment cells. The resulting lch5 chordotonal organs are not fully stretched and have shorter than normal cap cells. (Inbal et al., 2004) In early stage 17 gcm^N7-4/Df(2L)132 embryos, some ventral longitudinal muscles bypass their target tendon cells, cross the ventral midline and attach to muscles on the opposite side. This phenotype is not seen in gcm^N7-4 homozygotes. (Soustelle et al., 2004) Mutant cells lack most glial cells. In the ventral cord these cells are completely absent, occasionally 3 cells on average are seen throughout the whole ventral cord, compared to the 60 cells per neuromere seen in wild-type. This leads to major defects in axonal guidance and fasciculation, resulting in an overall lack of nerve cord condensation. Mutant embryos show a loss of some longitudinal fascicles. Only one or two most medial of the three Fas2 staining fascicles are seen in a number of segments. Moreover some axons abnormally cross the midline. Other phenotypers are also seen. Longitudinal connectives are thin and interrupted, commissures appear fused and the ventral cord fails to condense. (Ragone et al., 2003) Homozygous clones do not show bristle phenotypes. gcm^Pyx/gcm^N7-4 adults have the same phenotype as gcm^Pyx/+ flies (extra macrochaetae on the notum). (van de Bor et al., 2002) Lateral glial cells of the embryonic central nervous system are almost entirely absent. Longitudinal connective shows breaks in stage 15 embryos. (Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001) The subperineurial glial cells are absent from the embryonic CNS. (Udolph et al., 2001) The number of glial cells along wing vein L1 is drastically reduced in homozygous clones that affect the anterior wing margin. The few glial cells that are seen in the mutant territory are not themselves mutant (these wild-type glial cells are likely to have differentiated distally to the clone and subsequently migrated into the clone). Clones that affect wing vein L3 show similar effects. No homozygous mutant glial cells are ever seen in homozygous clones in the wing. Supernumerary neurons are also seen along the L3 vein in wing clones. One supernumerary neuron is seen when the L3-1, L3-3 or L3-v sensory organ alone is mutated, whereas no supernumerary neurons are seen in clones affecting the L3-2 sensory organ. (van de Bor et al., 2000) The number of neuroblasts increases in gcm^N7-4 embryos. In stage 11 embryos, the first division of the 6-4 stem cell divides to produce 2 neuroblasts, instead of one neuroblast and a glioblast. In gcm^N7-4/gcm³⁴ embryos many glioblasts are transformed into neuroblasts. (Bernardoni et al., 1999) One-third of hemocytes are missing in mutant embryos. gcm^N7-4/gcm³⁴ embryos have fewer hemocytes than normal, and the hemocytes show little migration compared to wild-type. (Bernardoni et al., 1997) Homozygous embryos exhibit a drastic reduction in the number of glial cells. Longitudinal fibres are partially or completely interrupted in several segments and the peripheral nerves exhibit defects. (Vincent et al., 1996) Embryos exhibit severe pathway defects and almost completely lack glia. (Jones et al., 1995)
External Data
Linkouts
Interactions
	Show the genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
Phenotypic Class
Suppressor of
Statement Reference gcm^N7-4/gcm[+] is a suppressor of increased cell number \| embryonic stage phenotype of ago³, slmb⁰⁰²⁹⁵ (Ho et al., 2009)
Phenotype Manifest In
Suppressed by
Statement Reference gcm^N7-4 has CNS glial cell phenotype, suppressible by gcm2^Scer\UAS.cKa/Scer\GAL4^{l(3)31-1-31-1} (Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001)
NOT suppressed by
Statement Reference gcm^N7-4 has subperineurial glial cell phenotype, non-suppressible by N^{Δ242.Scer\UAS}/Scer\GAL4¹⁴⁰⁷ (Udolph et al., 2001)
Suppressor of
Statement Reference gcm^N7-4/gcm[+] is a suppressor of glial cell \| embryonic stage phenotype of ago³, slmb⁰⁰²⁹⁵ (Ho et al., 2009)
Additional Comments
Genetic Interactions
Statement Reference slmb[00295], ago[3], gcm[N7-4] triple mutants results in the absence of almost all glia, as observed in gcm[N7-4] single mutants. One copy of gcm[N7-4] suppresses the increased glial cell number phenotype observed in slmb[00295], ago[3] double mutants. (Ho et al., 2009)
Xenogenetic Interactions
Statement Reference
Complementation & Rescue Data
Rescued by	gcm^N7-4 is rescued by gcm^+t5.6 (Ragone et al., 2003) gcm^N7-4 is rescued by gcm^+t7.6 (Ragone et al., 2003) gcm^N7-4 is rescued by gcm^+t9.6 (Ragone et al., 2003) gcm^N7-4 is rescued by gcm^+t12.6 (Ragone et al., 2003) gcm^N7-4 is rescued by gcm^Scer\UAS.cBa/Scer\GAL4^{l(3)31-1-31-1} (Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001)
Comments	The addition of gcm^+t5.6 to gcm^N7-4 animals leads to the rescue of subperineural glia (SPG), and peripheral glia (PG). The addition of gcm^+t7.6 to gcm^N7-4 animals leads to the rescue of subperineural glia (SPG), peripheral glia (PG), central body glia (CBG) and some longitudinal glia. The addition of gcm^+t9.6 to gcm^N7-4 animals leads to the rescue of most glia. The addition of gcm^+t12.6 to gcm^N7-4 animals leads to the rescue of almost all glia, though gaps are still present along the longitudinal connectives. The extent of rescue in all of these cases is dose dependent. (Ragone et al., 2003)
Stocks ( 1 )
Kyoto	107588 gcm^N7-4 pr¹ cn¹ Bc¹/CyO, amos^Roi-1 cn^* pr⁺
Notes on Origin
Discoverer

External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Other Crossreferences

Linkouts

Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 8 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	gcm (Ding et al., 2011) gcm^N7-4 (Altenhein et al., 2006, Parker et al., 2006, Serpe and O'Connor, 2006, Stork et al., 2008, Ho et al., 2009, Viktorin et al., 2011) gcm^N7.4 (Udolph et al., 2001) gcm^N17 (Schwabe et al., 2005) glide/gcm^N7-4 (van de Bor et al., 2002, Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001, Ragone et al., 2001, van de Bor et al., 2000, Bernardoni et al., 1999, Miller et al., 1998, Bernardoni et al., 1997) glide^N7-4 (Soustelle et al., 2004, Ragone et al., 2003, Vincent et al., 1996) l(2)N7-4 (van de Bor et al., 2002, ) N7-4 (Ricard et al., 2001)
Name Synonym
Secondary FlyBase IDs

References ( 24 )

Generate a list of	All references relating to this allele ( 24 )

List References by type	Research paper ( 24 )
Recent research papers ( 2 )
	Ding et al., 2011, Dev. Dyn. 240(1): 122--134 Glial cell adhesive molecule unzipped mediates axon guidance in Drosophila. [FBrf0212620] Viktorin et al., 2011, Dev. Biol. 356(2): 553--565 Multipotent neural stem cells generate glial cells of the central complex through transit amplifying intermediate progenitors in Drosophila brain development. [FBrf0214495] Show all research papers ...

Allele Dmel\gcmN7-4

Allele Dmel\gcm^N7-4