Allele Dmel\imd¹

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\imd¹	Species	D. melanogaster
Name		FlyBase ID	FBal0045906
Feature type	allele	Associated gene	Dmel\imd
Also Known As	imd

Map ( GBrowse )
Allele class	hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence
Mutagen
Recent Updates
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
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Nature of the Allele
Allele class	hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence (Georgel et al., 2001, Taylor and Kimbrell, 2007)
Mutagen
Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Type Location Additional Notes References point mutation 2R:14,298,824..14,298,824 comment=Site of nucleotide substitution in mutant inferred by FlyBase based on reported amino acid change. evidence=experimental pr_change=A31V\|imd-PA reported_pr_change=A31V na_change=C14298824T (Georgel et al., 2001)
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Progenitor genotype
Nature of the lesion	Statement Reference Amino acid replacement: A31V. (Georgel et al., 2001)
Cytology
Phenotypic Data
Phenotypic Class
	immune response defective (Georgel et al., 2001, Takehana et al., 2004, Leulier et al., 2000, Bernal and Kimbrell, 2000, Huh et al., 2007, Taylor and Kimbrell, 2007) immune response defective (with Df(2R)1.1) (Georgel et al., 2001) immune response defective (with Df(2R)1.2) (Georgel et al., 2001) immune response defective (with Df(2R)2.1) (Georgel et al., 2001) immune response defective (with Df(2R)2.2) (Georgel et al., 2001) immune response defective (with Df(2R)C5) (Georgel et al., 2001) immune response defective \| recessive (Corbo and Levine, 1996) radiation resistant (Georgel et al., 2001)
Phenotype Manifest In

Detailed Description
	Statement Reference Infection with the S. aureus 'ItaS' mutant causes earlier death than infection with its parent RN4220 strain in imd[1] flies, similar to the findings with wild type flies. (Hashimoto et al., 2009) Mutant flies show reduced survival compared to wild-type flies after exposure to the Gram-negative bacteria E.cloacae. (Huh et al., 2007) imd¹ mutant females are more susceptible post-bacterial-infection than males. spz⁴ mutant males can withstand B.bassiana fungal infection to a greater level than imd¹ mutant females. (Taylor and Kimbrell, 2007) Mutant animals, like wild-type, are significantly less susceptible to P.aeruginosa PA14 virulent strain after infection with the CF5 avirulent strain. (Apidianakis et al., 2005) imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes show 90% lethality in response to infection with M.luteus, compared to no significant lethality in infected wild-type animals. imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes infected with B.subtilis or S.aureus die significantly more rapidly than infected wild-type animals. (Tzou et al., 2002) The survival rate of imd¹ homozygous adults infected by pricking with a mixture of E.coli and M.luteus is significantly lower than that for wild-type but significantly higher than that for imd¹/Df(2R)2.1 flies. The proportion of imd¹ homozygous pupae (24 hours APF) surviving to adulthood after UV irradiation (50,000 μJ/cm²) is significantly higher than for wild-type. (Georgel et al., 2001) After infection with P.carotovorum, the bacteria persist longer in imd¹ mutants than in wild-type. (Basset et al., 2000) 4 days after infection with S. epidermis only 66% of mutant flies survive, compared to over 80% in wild-type. 4 days after infection with M. roseus, 2% of mutant flies survive as compared to 46% in wild-type. (Bernal and Kimbrell, 2000) Mutant adults are susceptible to infection by E.coli (survival rate is reduced after pricking with an infected needle compared to survival rate of control flies). Mutant adults are not highly susceptible to infection by M.luteus. (Leulier et al., 2000) There is not a significant difference in the survival rate between larvae pricked with a sterile needle or a needle coated with Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. (Braun et al., 1998) Homozygotes are highly sensitive to infection, with approximately 80% dying within 5 days after infection with E.cloacae. Severe impairment of the normal immune response. (Corbo and Levine, 1996) Inducibility of all antimicrobial genes by bacterial challenge in imd¹/imd¹; Tl^r3/Tl^rv1 double mutants is severely reduced. Septic injury (pricking with a needle under nonsterile conditions) does not noticeably affect imd¹ homozygote survival, infection with A.fumigatus results 93% survival 3 days postinfection and 3 days postinfection with E. coli there are a few survivors (8% survival). 40% homozygous double mutant flies survive after septic injury but only a few individuals survive 3 days postinfection with E.coli. (Lemaitre et al., 1996)
External Data
Linkouts
Interactions
	Show the genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
Phenotypic Class
Suppressor of
Statement Reference imd¹ is a suppressor of partially lethal - majority die phenotype of PGRP-LF²⁰⁰ (Maillet et al., 2008) imd¹ is a suppressor of visible \| adult stage phenotype of PGRP-LF²⁰⁰ (Maillet et al., 2008)
Other
Statement Reference imd¹, spz⁴ has immune response defective phenotype (Leulier et al., 2000, Leulier et al., 2000) Rel^E20, imd¹ has immune response defective phenotype (Apidianakis et al., 2005, Apidianakis et al., 2005)
Phenotype Manifest In
Suppressor of
Statement Reference imd¹ is a suppressor of wing phenotype of PGRP-LF²⁰⁰ (Maillet et al., 2008)
Additional Comments
Genetic Interactions
Statement Reference imd[1] suppresses the notching phenotypes and low adult viability seen in homozygous PGRP-LF[200] mutants. (Maillet et al., 2008) Rel^E20, imd¹ double mutant animals are equally susceptible to P.aeruginosa PA14 virulent strain after infection with the CF5 avirulent strain. (Apidianakis et al., 2005) Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to M.luteus infection is suppressed by Dpt^Scer\UAS.cTa/Dpt^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32, and partially suppressed by Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa/Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to B.subtilis infection is suppressed by Def^Scer\UAS.cTa/Def^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to S.aureus infection is significantly delayed by Def^Scer\UAS.cTa/Def^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. The addition of a third copy of Def^Scer\UAS.cTa further delays the death of these flies. This protective effect is not enhanced by the presence of Dpt^Scer\UAS.cTa, Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa, CecA1^Scer\UAS.cTa, AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa, or Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to E.coli infection is significantly delayed by AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa/AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32, or AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa/Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32, or AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa/Dpt^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to E.carotorva infection is significantly delayed by AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa/AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to A.tumefaciens infection is significantly delayed by Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa/Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to P.aeruginosa infection is unaffected by expression of Dpt^Scer\UAS.cTa, Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa, CecA1^Scer\UAS.cTa, AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa, Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa, or Def^Scer\UAS.cTa with Scer\GAL4^da.G32. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to infection with N.crassa or F.oxysporum is restored to wild-type levels by Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa/Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. This effect requires at least two copies of Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to A.fumigatus infection is significantly delayed by Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa/Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. This effect requires at least two copies of Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to cuticular deposition of B.bassiana spores is unaffected by expression of Dpt^Scer\UAS.cTa, Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa, CecA1^Scer\UAS.cTa, AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa, Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa, or Def^Scer\UAS.cTa with Scer\GAL4^da.G32. N.crassa does not sporulate on the corpses of imd¹ Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa/imd¹; spz⁴ Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa/spz⁴ Scer\GAL4^da.G32 flies. (Tzou et al., 2002) imd¹; spz⁴ adults are highly susceptible to infection by E.coli or M.luteus (survival rate is reduced after pricking with an infected needle compared to survival rate of control flies). The adults are highly sensitive to natural infection by B.bassiana or injection of A.fumigatus spores. (Leulier et al., 2000) dom[k08108] imd[1] double mutant larvae show a dramatically compromised survival after injury (whether it is a clean injury or an injury combined with infection). (Braun et al., 1998)
Xenogenetic Interactions
Statement Reference
Complementation & Rescue Data
Rescued by	imd¹ is rescued by imd^+t5.1 (Georgel et al., 2001) imd¹ is rescued by imd^Scer\UAS.cGa/Scer\GAL4^hs.PB (Georgel et al., 2001)
Comments	The presence of imd^+t5.1 rescues the survival rate of imd¹ homozygotes infected with a mixture of E.coli and M.luteus to wild-type levels. (Georgel et al., 2001)
Stocks ( 0 )

Notes on Origin
Discoverer
	Arose on: Bc¹. (Corbo and Levine, 1996)
Comments
	Homozygotes show attenuated induction of immunity genes such as CecA1 and Dpt. (Corbo and Levine, 1996) Synthesis of antibacterial peptides is impaired. (Lemaitre et al., 1996) Bacterially challenged larvae exhibit severely impaired expression of the antibacterial peptide genes and survival is decreased. (Lemaitre et al., 1995)
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Other Crossreferences

Linkouts

Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 5 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	imd (Stoven et al., 2003, Takehana et al., 2002, Lee et al., 2001, Leulier et al., 2000, Hedengren et al., 2000, Basset et al., 2000, Braun et al., 1998, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998, Levashina et al., 1998, Nicolas et al., 1998, Lemaitre et al., 1996) IMD (Maillet et al., 2008) imd¹ (Kim et al., 2006, Tsuzuki et al., 2012, Chen et al., 2010, Huh et al., 2007, Mace et al., 2005, Taylor and Kimbrell, 2007, Akhouayri et al., 2011, Neyen et al., 2012, Hashimoto et al., 2009) Imd¹ (Longworth et al., 2012) unnamed (Corbo and Levine, 1996)
Name Synonym
Secondary FlyBase IDs

References ( 36 )

Generate a list of	All references relating to this allele ( 36 )

List References by type	Research paper ( 35 ) Supplementary material ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 4 )
	Longworth et al., 2012, PLoS Genet. 8(4): e1002618 A Shared Role for RBF1 and dCAP-D3 in the Regulation of Transcription with Consequences for Innate Immunity. [FBrf0218058] Neyen et al., 2012, J. Immunol. 189(4): 1886--1897 Tissue- and Ligand-Specific Sensing of Gram-Negative Infection in Drosophila by PGRP-LC Isoforms and PGRP-LE. [FBrf0219094] Tsuzuki et al., 2012, Sci. Rep. 2: 210 Drosophila growth-blocking peptide-like factor mediates acute immune reactions during infectious and non-infectious stress. [FBrf0217467] Akhouayri et al., 2011, PLoS Pathog. 7(10): e1002319 Toll-8/tollo negatively regulates antimicrobial response in the Drosophila respiratory epithelium. [FBrf0216452] Show all research papers ...

Allele Dmel\imd1

Allele Dmel\imd¹