Allele Dmel\how^stru-3R-3

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\how^stru-3R-3	Species	D. melanogaster
Name		FlyBase ID	FBal0063752
Feature type	allele	Associated gene	Dmel\how
Also Known As	how^stru

Allele class
Mutagen	X ray
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
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Nature of the Allele
Allele class
Mutagen	X ray (Prout et al., 1997)
Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Type Location Additional Notes References
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Progenitor genotype
Nature of the lesion	Statement Reference
Cytology
Phenotypic Data
Phenotypic Class
	cell cycle defective \| germline clone (Monk et al., 2010) lethal \| embryonic stage \| recessive (Prout et al., 1997) lethal \| recessive (Lo and Frasch, 1997) mitotic cell cycle defective \| embryonic stage \| recessive (Nabel-Rosen et al., 2005) visible \| somatic clone (Prout, 1997.3.19, Prout et al., 1997)
Phenotype Manifest In
	male germline cell \| germline clone (Monk et al., 2010) mesoderm (Nabel-Rosen et al., 2005) spermatocyte cyst \| germline clone (Monk et al., 2010) spermatocyte fusome \| germline clone (Monk et al., 2010) spermatogonial cyst \| germline clone (Monk et al., 2010) tendon cell (Nabel-Rosen et al., 1999) wing \| somatic clone (Prout, 1997.3.19, Prout et al., 1997)
Detailed Description
	Statement Reference Two days after clone induction, how[stru-3R-3] germline stem cells are observed in 38% of testes (compared to control clones being found in 68% of testes). how[stru-3R-3] homozygous germline stem cell clones are completely lost in 5-8 days after clone induction. Germline stem cells lacking how function do not differentiate prematurely into spermatogonia. The morphology of how[stru-3R-3] homozygous mutant two-cell cysts is abnormal; in particular how[stru-3R-3] mutant cells are larger than surrounding wild-type spermatogonia of the equivalent stage. how[stru-3R-3] mutant germline stem cell and spermatogonia clones are larger in size than their wild-type counterparts. Fusomes that connect how[stru-3R-3] sibling cells are larger than comparable wild-type cells. Consistent with their larger size, how[stru-3R-3] mutant spermatogonia contain larger nucleoli than their wild-type counterparts. how[stru-3R-3] mutant spermatogonia contain the correct number of centromeres. In addition, very few of these cells are observed to incorporate BrdU, indicating that they are not endoreplicating. how[stru-3R-3] mutant germline stem cells exhibit a delay in the G2 phase of the cell cycle due to a lack of CycB and are eliminated from the germline via apoptosis. (Monk et al., 2010) Pre-blastoderm development is normal. A delay in mesoderm invagination is seen in zygotic mutant embryos. About 50% of homozygous mutants show defective mesoderm invagination. In most mutant embryos invagination does eventually take place, but is not synchronous; the delamination of the mesoderm cells from the ectoderm is sporadic compared to wild-type. A significantly higher number of mitotic nuclei are seen than in wild-type. Dividing cells are seen in the mesoderm anlage which is mitotically silent in wild-type. No difference is seen in developmental rate between wild-type and mutant embryos. (Nabel-Rosen et al., 2005) Mutants show an increased number of tendon cells at late stages of embryonic development (after muscle binding has occurred) compared to wild type. (Nabel-Rosen et al., 1999) Homozygous clones in the wing produce discrete, round blisters of variable size. These blisters can be located anywhere on the wing. Wing venation is normal. (Prout et al., 1997) Homozygous clones in the wing produce a blistered phenotype. (Prout, 1997.3.19)
External Data
Linkouts
Interactions
	Show the genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
Phenotypic Class
Suppressor of
Statement Reference how^stru-3R-3 is a suppressor of cell cycle defective phenotype of bam^Δ86 (Monk et al., 2010)
Phenotype Manifest In
Suppressor of
Statement Reference how^stru-3R-3 is a suppressor of spermatocyte cyst phenotype of bam^Δ86 (Monk et al., 2010) how^stru-3R-3 is a suppressor of spermatocyte phenotype of bam^Δ86 (Monk et al., 2010)
Additional Comments
Genetic Interactions
Statement Reference A how[stru-3R-3] heterozygous background results in the generation of 8-cell cysts of spermatocytes and suppresses the extra divisions present in bam[Δ86]/+ males. (Monk et al., 2010) Shows no interaction with mys^b9 or mys⁸. (Prout et al., 1997)
Xenogenetic Interactions
Statement Reference
Complementation & Rescue Data
Fails to complement	how^1A122 (Lo and Frasch, 1997)
Comments
Stocks ( 1 )
Bloomington	2301 y¹ w¹; P{neoFRT}82B how^stru-3R-3 P{white-un1}90E/TM6B, P{iab-2(1.7)lacZ}6B, Tb¹
Notes on Origin
Discoverer

External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Other Crossreferences

Linkouts

Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 5 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	how^stru-3R-3 (Christensen et al., 2008.6.11, Christensen et al., 2009.5.6, Christensen et al., 2009.5.6, Park et al., 2011, Monk et al., 2010) how^stru (Nabel-Rosen et al., 2005, Nabel-Rosen et al., 1999, Volohonsky et al., 2007, Israeli et al., 2007, Nir et al., 2012, Monk et al., 2010) stru^3R-3 struthio¹ (Lo and Frasch, 1997) unnamed (Prout et al., 1997)
Name Synonym
Secondary FlyBase IDs

References ( 13 )
Research paper	Nir et al., 2012, PLoS Genet. 8(3): e1002632 Phosphorylation of the Drosophila melanogaster RNA-Binding Protein HOW by MAPK/ERK Enhances Its Dimerization and Activity. [FBrf0217996] Park et al., 2011, PLoS Genet. 7(8): e1002241 Specification of Drosophila corpora cardiaca neuroendocrine cells from mesoderm is regulated by Notch signaling. [FBrf0215231] Monk et al., 2010, Cell Stem Cell 6(4): 348--360 HOW is required for stem cell maintenance in the Drosophila testis and for the onset of transit-amplifying divisions. [FBrf0210446] Israeli et al., 2007, Development 134(11): 2107--2114 Dissection of the target specificity of the RNA-binding protein HOW reveals dpp mRNA as a novel HOW target. [FBrf0200419] Volohonsky et al., 2007, Development 134(2): 347--356 Muscle-dependent maturation of tendon cells is induced by post-transcriptional regulation of stripeA. [FBrf0192282] Nabel-Rosen et al., 2005, Curr. Biol. 15(4): 295--302 Cell divisions in the Drosophila embryonic mesoderm are repressed via posttranscriptional regulation of string/cdc25 by HOW. [FBrf0183830] Nabel-Rosen et al., 1999, Mol. Cell 4(4): 573--584 The balance between two isoforms of the Drosophila RNA-binding protein how controls tendon cell differentiation. [FBrf0111987] Lo and Frasch, 1997, Dev. Biol. 190(2): 241--256 A novel KH-domain protein mediates cell adhesion processes in Drosophila. [FBrf0098832] Prout et al., 1997, Genetics 146(1): 275--285 Autosomal mutations affecting adhesion between wing surfaces in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0093664]
Personal communication to FlyBase	Christensen et al., 2009.5.6, Isolation and characterization of Df(3R)BSC804. Isolation and characterization of Df(3R)BSC804. [FBrf0207912] Christensen et al., 2009.5.6, Isolation and characterization of Df(3R)BSC805. Isolation and characterization of Df(3R)BSC805. [FBrf0207913] Christensen et al., 2008.6.11, Isolation and characterization of Df(3R)BSC523. Isolation and characterization of Df(3R)BSC523. [FBrf0204964] Prout, 1997.3.19, [title not yet available] [title not yet available] [FBrf0099001]

Allele Dmel\howstru-3R-3

Allele Dmel\how^stru-3R-3