FB2025_01 , released February 20, 2025
Allele: Dmel\park25
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\park25
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
FlyBase ID
FBal0146938
Feature type
allele
Associated gene
Dmel\park
Associated Insertion(s)
Carried in Construct
Also Known As
parkin25
Key Links
Allele class

amorphic allele - molecular evidence

Mutagen
Nature of the Allele
Allele class

amorphic allele - molecular evidence

(Bitar et al., 2024)
Mutagen
P-element activity
(Greene et al., 2003)
Progenitor genotype
parkEPLA1
(Greene et al., 2003)
Cytology
Description

The first three exons of the park gene have been deleted as well as half of exon 4.

(Greene et al., 2003)
Mutations Mapped to the Genome
Curation Data
Type
Location
Additional Notes
References
Variant Molecular Consequences
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank
DNA sequence
Protein sequence
 
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Expression Data
      Reporter Expression
      Additional Information
      Statement
      Reference
       
      Marker for
      Reflects expression of
      Reporter construct used in assay
      Human Disease Associations
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      model of  Parkinson's disease
      is ameliorated by Sod2UAS.cMa
      (Vincent et al., 2012)
      is ameliorated by CatUAS.cAa
      (Vincent et al., 2012)
      is ameliorated by Hsap\BNIP3LUAS.cGa
      (Gao et al., 2015)
      is ameliorated by simaHMS00833
      (Cagin et al., 2015)
      is ameliorated by ShmtUAS.Tag:HA
      (Celardo et al., 2017)
      is exacerbated by ShmtGD8851
      (Celardo et al., 2017)
      is exacerbated by NmdmcKK102478
      (Celardo et al., 2017)
      is exacerbated by crcKK111018
      (Celardo et al., 2017)
      is ameliorated by NmdmcUAS.Tag:HA
      (Celardo et al., 2017)
      is ameliorated by foxoUAS.cFa
      (Tain et al., 2009)
      is ameliorated by Lrrke03680
      (Tain et al., 2009)
      is ameliorated by ThorUAS.cMa
      (Tain et al., 2009)
      is exacerbated by GstS1EP2223
      (Whitworth et al., 2005)
      is exacerbated by GstS1k09303
      (Whitworth et al., 2005)
      is exacerbated by GstS104227
      (Whitworth et al., 2005)
      is exacerbated by GstS1k08805
      (Whitworth et al., 2005)
      is ameliorated by Usp30NIG.3016R
      (Bingol et al., 2014)
      is ameliorated by Hsap\PRKNUAS.cYa
      (Poole et al., 2008)
      is ameliorated by Opa1s3475
      (Poole et al., 2008)
      is ameliorated by Opa1f02779
      (Poole et al., 2008)
      is ameliorated by Parp1CH1
      (Lehmann et al., 2016)
      is ameliorated by Hsap\FBXO7UAS.cBa
      (Burchell et al., 2013)
      is ameliorated by Hsap\FBXO7UAS.1
      (Burchell et al., 2013)
      is ameliorated by Hsap\FBXO7UAS.WT1
      (Burchell et al., 2013)
      is ameliorated by Hsap\VPS35D620N.UAS
      (Malik et al., 2015)
      is NOT ameliorated by cluUASp.cSa
      (Sen et al., 2015)
      is NOT ameliorated by Hsap\CLUHUASp.cSa
      (Sen et al., 2015)
      is ameliorated by MarfKK105681
      (Celardo et al., 2016)
      is ameliorated by PEKGD5584
      (Celardo et al., 2016)
      is NOT ameliorated by ND-42UAS.cBa
      (Pogson et al., 2014)
      is NOT ameliorated by ND-42UAS.Tag:HA
      (Pogson et al., 2014)
      is NOT ameliorated by sicilyUAS.cZa
      (Pogson et al., 2014)
      is NOT ameliorated by TER94UAS.cRa
      (Kim et al., 2013)
      is ameliorated by MTF-1UAS.cSa
      (Saini et al., 2011)
      is ameliorated by MTF-1αTub84B.PS
      (Saini et al., 2011)
      is ameliorated by Hsap\MTF1UASp.cBa
      (Saini et al., 2011)
      is ameliorated by MtnAαTub84B.PS
      (Saini et al., 2011)
      is exacerbated by MTF-1140-1R
      (Saini et al., 2011)
      is NOT ameliorated by Hsap\TRAP1UAS.cBa
      (Zhang et al., 2013)
      is ameliorated by Trap1UAS.cCa
      (Costa et al., 2013)
      model of  Parkinson's disease 2
      is ameliorated by CreldUAS.Tag:HA
      (Paradis et al., 2022)
      is ameliorated by Stoml2UAS.cZa
      (Zanon et al., 2017)
      is exacerbated by Stoml2GD16706
      (Zanon et al., 2017)
      is ameliorated by Hsap\STOML2UAS.cZa
      (Zanon et al., 2017)
      is ameliorated by StingΔRG5
      (Moehlman et al., 2023)
      is ameliorated by ntcUAS.cSa
      (Sanchez-Martinez et al., 2023)
      is exacerbated by Mul1A6
      (Zhang et al., 2017)
      is ameliorated by TER94UAS.cCa
      (Zhang et al., 2017)
      is ameliorated by Usp8VDRC.cUa
      (von Stockum et al., 2019)
      is ameliorated by Drp1UAS.Tag:HA
      (Terriente-Felix et al., 2020)
      is ameliorated by fwdUAS.GFP
      (Terriente-Felix et al., 2020)
      is exacerbated by Hsap\ZNF746DM.UAS
      (Pirooznia et al., 2020)
      is ameliorated by prtpΔ1
      (Silvera et al., 2025)
      is ameliorated by CisdGD15791
      (Martinez et al., 2024)
      is ameliorated by CisdKK109403
      (Martinez et al., 2024)
      Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 4 )
       

      Flybase curator comment: Parkinson disease subtype Parkinson disease 2 is associated with gene PRKN.

      (von Stockum et al., 2019)

      Parkinson's disease-related phenotypes are observed in Vps35E42 park25 double heterozygotes.

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      Parkinson's disease-related phenotypes are observed in Vps35MH20 park25 double heterozygotes.

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      model of Parkinson's disease ; DOID:14330 | IC with parkΔ21

      (Zhu et al., 2015)
      Disease-implicated variant(s)
       
      Phenotypic Data
      Phenotypic Class

      abnormal developmental rate

      (Srivastav et al., 2015)

      abnormal developmental rate (with Df(3L)Pc-MK)

      (Greene et al., 2003)

      abnormal flight

      (Pogson et al., 2014, Burchell et al., 2013, Poole et al., 2008)

      abnormal flight (with parkZ472)

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      abnormal flight (with parkΔ21)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      abnormal flight | dominant | progressive

      (Chambers et al., 2013)

      abnormal flight | recessive

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      abnormal locomotor behavior

      (Burchell et al., 2013, Tain et al., 2009, Poole et al., 2008)

      abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage

      (Lee et al., 2020, Maddison et al., 2020, Terriente-Felix et al., 2020, Lehmann et al., 2016, Cagin et al., 2015, Malik et al., 2015, Pogson et al., 2014, Costa et al., 2013, Zhang et al., 2013, Whitworth et al., 2005)

      abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage | dominant

      (Cackovic et al., 2018)

      abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage | recessive

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      abnormal locomotor behavior | larval stage (with parkZ3678)

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      abnormal locomotor behavior | larval stage | recessive

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      abnormal locomotor rhythm

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      abnormal locomotor rhythm | adult stage

      (Julienne et al., 2017)

      abnormal locomotor rhythm | dominant | progressive

      (Chambers et al., 2013)

      abnormal memory | adult stage

      (Julienne et al., 2017)

      abnormal neuroanatomy

      (Burchell et al., 2013, Whitworth et al., 2005)

      abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage

      (Celardo et al., 2017, Zanon et al., 2017, Celardo et al., 2016, Lehmann et al., 2016, Tain et al., 2009)

      abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage (with parkΔ21)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      abnormal neuroanatomy | recessive | third instar larval stage

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      abnormal neurophysiology | larval stage (with parkZ3678)

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      abnormal neurophysiology | larval stage | recessive

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      abnormal oxidative stress response

      (Saini et al., 2011, Saini et al., 2010)

      abnormal oxidative stress response | recessive

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      abnormal smell perception | dominant | progressive

      (Chambers et al., 2013)

      chemical sensitive

      (Saini et al., 2010)

      decreased cell number | adult stage

      (Martinez et al., 2024, Sanchez-Martinez et al., 2023, Zanon et al., 2017, Lehmann et al., 2016)

      decreased fecundity | female

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      decreased rate of adult locomotory behavior

      (Martinez et al., 2024, Moehlman et al., 2023, Sanchez-Martinez et al., 2023, Paradis et al., 2022)

      female semi-sterile

      (Sen et al., 2015)

      female semi-sterile (with Df(3L)Pc-MK)

      (Sen et al., 2015)

      increased cell death

      (Greene et al., 2003)

      increased cell death | adult stage

      (Moehlman et al., 2023, Hao et al., 2010)

      increased cell death | adult stage (with parkΔ21)

      (Yang et al., 2022)

      increased size | adult stage (with parkΔ21)

      (Yang et al., 2022)

      male sterile

      (Srivastav et al., 2015)

      partially lethal - majority die

      (Saini and Schaffner, 2010)

      short lived

      (Martinez et al., 2024, Lee et al., 2020, Lehmann et al., 2016, Costa et al., 2013, Saini et al., 2011, Saini and Schaffner, 2010)

      short lived (with Df(3L)Pc-MK)

      (Greene et al., 2003)

      short lived (with parkΔ21)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      short lived | chemical conditional

      (Saini et al., 2010)

      short lived | dominant

      (Chambers et al., 2013)

      some die during P-stage

      (Srivastav et al., 2015)

      sterile

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      viable

      (Martinez et al., 2024, Maddison et al., 2020)

      visible

      (Lehmann et al., 2016, Sen et al., 2015, Yun et al., 2014, Costa et al., 2013, de Castro et al., 2013, Zhang et al., 2013, Hao et al., 2010, Tain et al., 2009, Poole et al., 2008)

      visible, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU, parkVDRC.cUa

      (Fernandes and Rao, 2011)

      visible (with parkZ472)

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      visible | adult stage

      (Martinez et al., 2024, Moehlman et al., 2023, Lee et al., 2020, Terriente-Felix et al., 2020)

      visible | adult stage (with parkΔ21)

      (Yang et al., 2022)
      Phenotype Manifest In

      adult brain

      (Celardo et al., 2016)

      adult dopaminergic neuron | decreased number

      (Martinez et al., 2024)

      adult external thorax (with parkΔ21)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      adult somatic muscle cell

      (Burchell et al., 2013)

      adult somatic muscle cell of thorax

      (Gao et al., 2015, Hao et al., 2010)

      adult somatic muscle cell of thorax | adult stage (with parkΔ21)

      (Yang et al., 2022)

      adult thorax

      (Moehlman et al., 2023, Lee et al., 2020, Maddison et al., 2020, Terriente-Felix et al., 2020, Celardo et al., 2016, Lehmann et al., 2016, Costa et al., 2013, de Castro et al., 2013, Kim et al., 2013, Tain et al., 2009, Poole et al., 2008)

      adult thorax (with parkZ472)

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      adult thorax (with parkΔ21)

      (Yang et al., 2022)

      adult thorax | dorsal

      (Yun et al., 2014)

      brain | adult stage (with parkΔ21)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      dopaminergic neuron

      (Burchell et al., 2013)

      dopaminergic neuron (with park1)

      (Klein et al., 2014)

      dopaminergic neuron | adult stage (with parkΔ21)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      dopaminergic PPL1 neuron

      (Zanon et al., 2017, Lehmann et al., 2016, Tain et al., 2009)

      dopaminergic PPL1 neuron | adult stage

      (Celardo et al., 2017, Celardo et al., 2016)

      dopaminergic PPL1 neuron | adult stage | decreased number

      (Sanchez-Martinez et al., 2023)

      dopaminergic PPL1 neuron | progressive

      (Cackovic et al., 2018)

      elongation stage spermatid

      (Riparbelli and Callaini, 2007)

      embryonic/larval hypodermal muscle cell | third instar larval stage

      (Tsai et al., 2018)

      embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction | third instar larval stage

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      endoplasmic reticulum | adult stage

      (Celardo et al., 2016)

      flight muscle | adult stage

      (Martinez et al., 2024, Sanchez-Martinez et al., 2023)

      flight muscle cell

      (Lee et al., 2020, Terriente-Felix et al., 2020, Pogson et al., 2014, Kim et al., 2013)

      indirect flight muscle

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      indirect flight muscle cell

      (Tsai et al., 2018, Zanon et al., 2017, Zhang et al., 2013, Saini et al., 2011, Tain et al., 2009, Deng et al., 2008, Greene et al., 2003)

      indirect flight muscle cell (with Df(3L)Pc-MK)

      (Greene et al., 2003)

      indirect flight muscle cell (with park1)

      (Klein et al., 2014)

      indirect flight muscle cell (with parkΔ21)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      individualization stage spermatid

      (Saini et al., 2011, Riparbelli and Callaini, 2007)

      larval somatic muscle cell | third instar larval stage (with parkΔ21)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      mesonotum

      (Sen et al., 2015)

      mitochondrial crista

      (Bingol et al., 2014, Saini et al., 2011, Deng et al., 2008)

      mitochondrial crista | third instar larval stage

      (Tsai et al., 2018)

      mitochondrion

      (Moehlman et al., 2023, Sen et al., 2015, Senyilmaz et al., 2015, Bingol et al., 2014, Pogson et al., 2014, Yun et al., 2014, Burchell et al., 2013, Costa et al., 2013, Kim et al., 2013, Saini et al., 2011, Tain et al., 2009, Deng et al., 2008, Poole et al., 2008, Riparbelli and Callaini, 2007)

      mitochondrion (with Df(3L)Pc-MK)

      (Sen et al., 2015, Greene et al., 2003)

      mitochondrion (with park1)

      (Klein et al., 2014)

      mitochondrion | adult stage

      (Martinez et al., 2024, Lee et al., 2020, Terriente-Felix et al., 2020, Tsai et al., 2018, Zanon et al., 2017, Celardo et al., 2016, Gao et al., 2015)

      mitochondrion | adult stage (with parkΔ21)

      (Yang et al., 2022, Zhu et al., 2015)

      mitochondrion | adult stage | progressive

      (Cackovic et al., 2018)

      mitochondrion | third instar larval stage

      (Tsai et al., 2018)

      mitochondrion | third instar larval stage (with parkΔ21)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      myofibril (with Df(3L)Pc-MK)

      (Greene et al., 2003)

      Nebenkern derivative

      (Deng et al., 2008)

      neuron

      (Whitworth et al., 2005)

      oocyte

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      ovary

      (Sen et al., 2015, Saini et al., 2011)

      ovary (with Df(3L)Pc-MK)

      (Sen et al., 2015)

      spermatid

      (Riparbelli and Callaini, 2007)

      spermatid axoneme

      (Riparbelli and Callaini, 2007)

      terminal bouton | third instar larval stage

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      wing

      (Moehlman et al., 2023, Zhang et al., 2013, Hao et al., 2010)

      wing, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU, parkVDRC.cUa

      (Fernandes and Rao, 2011)

      wing (with Df(3L)Pc-MK)

      (Greene et al., 2003)
      Detailed Description
      Statement
      Reference

      Young park25 mutants have impaired climbing ability, thoracic indentations, disrupted tissue and mitochondrial integrity in the flight muscles and shortened lifespan when compared to controls.

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25/park25 adults show decreased climbing activity and thoracic indentations. Their flight muscles show mitochondrial integrity defects.

      (Terriente-Felix et al., 2020)

      park25 leads to a significant decrease in adult locomotion capacity (in climbing assays), which is more severe in homozygosity than in heterozygosity, as compared to wild-type controls. park25 homozygous adults show a significant decrease in the number of dopaminergic PPL1 neurons at day 20 post eclosion, but not at days 5 and 10 post eclosion, as compared to heterozygous and wild-type controls. Mutant dopaminergic PPL1 neurons display mostly fragmented and progressively more spherical and swollen mitochondria, display a significant increase in the number of aged mitochondria, but not of newly synthesized mitochondria (assessed by MitoTimer), and display a significant decrease in the recruitment of autophagosomes to mitochondria at days 5 and 10, but not 20, post eclosion (assessed by fluorescence co-localization between mitoGFP and mCherry-atg8a puncta), despite of no changes in the number of autophagosomes per cell or PPL1 neuron cluster, as compared to heterozygous and wild-type controls; these mitochondrial defects are not observed in dopaminergic PPM3 neurons.

      (Cackovic et al., 2018)

      park25/park[25] homozygotes show mitochondrial defects in third instar larval body wall muscles, namely a "onion"-like phenotype and a "dumbbell" shape (i.e. the two ends of one mitochondrion stretch in the opposite directions while the outer membrane and crista junctions are intact) and in indirect flight muscles, namely vacuolated mitochondria.

      (Tsai et al., 2018)

      park25 mutant adults show significant loss of brain dopaminergic neurons from the PPL1 cluster compared to controls.

      (Celardo et al., 2017)

      Young park25 mutants show significantly slower memory decay (between 2min and 2hr or 3hr) in an olfactory memory aversive assay (although the flies do not display any smell perception defects, they show slightly but significantly reduced shock reactivity) compared to wild-type controls. The mutants also show relatively normal circadian locomotor activity rhythm in LD (light-dark) and most maintain discernible activity rhythmicity in DD (constant dark) albeit the rhythmicity tends to be weak; there is less of a distinction between periods of activity and inactivity and their baseline activity is elevated.

      Unlike in wild-type, the l-LNv neurons in park25 mutants do not show a day/night difference in spontaneous firing rate (SFR) but their resting membrane potentials, excitability and response to injected current is comparable to controls.

      (Julienne et al., 2017)

      park25 adults present show a significant decrease in the number of dopaminergic PPL1 neurons in the adult brain and show a severe disruption in the mitochondrial network structure indirect flight muscles, accompanied by a significant reduction in ATP levels, as compared to controls.

      (Zanon et al., 2017)

      park25 homozygote mutants show significantly increased number of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts and loss of dopaminergic neurons of the PPl1 cluster in the adult brain compared to controls. They also display indentations on the thorax ('crushed thorax').

      (Celardo et al., 2016)

      park25 mutant flies display a visible thoracic defect and dopaminergic PPL1 neuron loss; both phenotypes are mitigated upon feeding with a nicotinamide-supplemented diet.

      park25 mutants have decreased climbing ability and survival as compared to controls.

      (Lehmann et al., 2016)

      Adult park25 mutants display strongly diminished climbing ability compared to controls.

      (Cagin et al., 2015)

      Thoracic muscles of park25/park25 mutant adults display fragmented mitochondrial cristae.

      (Gao et al., 2015)

      Mitochondria are mislocalized and clustered in park25/park25 or park25/Df(3L)Pc-MK germ cells in the ovary, and females have greatly reduced fertility (decreased egg-laying). park25/park25 flies have a high percentage of thoracic indentations.

      (Sen et al., 2015)

      Dietary C18:0 supplementation (10%) significantly increases lifespan of male park25.

      park25 mutant flies exhibit mitochondrial fragmentation, which is rescued by dietary supplementation with C18:0 .

      (Senyilmaz et al., 2015)

      These heterozygote adults are short lived compared to controls.

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      Mitochondria from park25 indirect flight muscles show defective morphology - disorganized cristae and enlarged size.

      Dopaminergic neurodegeneration or dopamine depletion is not seen in park25 mutants.

      (Bingol et al., 2014)

      3-5 day old park1/park25 mutant flies show indirect flight muscle degeneration. One or several of the six muscles has highly degenerated, highly irregular myofibrils with abnormal sarcomere structure in 65% of the animals as compared to controls.

      The indirect flight muscles of park1/park25 mutants display a heterogeneous population of mitochondria with the majority having significantly enlarged sizes and mild or severe disruption of their cristae structure, when compared to control mitochondria. Severely enlarged mitochondria are also seen in dopaminergic neurons.

      park1/park25 mutants show reduced ATP content in the thorax to approximately 40% of controls. Complex 1 activity is not significantly different from controls.

      (Klein et al., 2014)

      The kinetics of the clearance of the paternal mitochondrial derivatives is normal in embryos derived from park25/Df(3L)Pc-MK females.

      The kinetics of the clearance of the paternal mitochondrial derivatives is normal in embryos derived from park25/parkZ472 males whose fertility has been rescued until a late spermatid stage by expression of parkT:Zzzz\TEV.CS followed by inactivation of the rescuing protein using cleavage by Zzzz\NIadj.PP.

      (Politi et al., 2014)

      Mutant adults have an indentation on the dorsal thorax.

      (Yun et al., 2014)

      Nicotine exposure increases median lifespan in park25 heterozygotes, as opposed to decreasing life expectancy, as found in control flies.

      Nicotine exposure prevents park25 heterozygote climbing and olfactory deficits and ameliorates flying deficits. Unlike park25 homozygotes, park25 heterozygotes experience no dopaminergic neuron loss (as determined by ple expression) compared to wild-type flies.

      park25 homo- and hetero-zygotes exhibit a decreased median lifespan compared to control flies (26 days compared to 64 days).

      Heterozygous park25 mutants have a delayed-onset, progressively decreasing climbing ability, compared to wild-type.

      Heterozygous park25 mutants have a delayed-onset, progressively decreasing flying ability, compared to wild-type. This phenotype is ameliorated at all stages by addition of <12υg/ml nicotine.

      (Chambers et al., 2013)

      park25 mutants are short lived and have impaired climbing ability at days 3 posrt eclosion, compared to controls. Mutant flies have thoracic indentations.

      (Costa et al., 2013)

      Most park25 adults have indentations in the dorsal thorax.

      Mutant adults show reduced climbing ability compared to controls.

      (Kim et al., 2013)

      Homozygous flies often have an abnormal wing posture. Climbing index is reduced compared to wild type. Indirect flight muscles show vacuolisation.

      (Zhang et al., 2013)

      Mutant adults often show an indented thorax phenotype.

      (de Castro et al., 2013)

      The mean speed of park25/parkZ3678 or park25/park25 larvae is significantly reduced compared to wild type. The frequency of peristaltic contractions and motoneuron bursts in park25/park25 larvae are significantly reduced compared to wild type. The muscle membrane potential of park25/parkZ3678 or park25/park25 larvae is significantly reduced (more positive) compared to wild type. Excitatory junction potentials (type Is) and miniature excitatory junction potentials are smaller in park25/parkZ3678 larvae than wild type. park25/park25 larvae consume significantly less oxygen, are significantly more sensitive to metabolic poisons (cyanide, iodoacetate) and have significantly reduced ATP levels compared to wild type. Lactate concentration is significantly increased in park25/park25 or park25/parkZ3678 larvae compared to wild type. The number of synaptic boutons on muscle 6/7 is significantly increased in park25/park25 third instar larvae compared to wild type.

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      One copy of park25 enhances the wing phenotypes seen when parkVDRC.cUa is expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4tub.PU.

      (Fernandes and Rao, 2011)

      park25 mutant females lack the proper spatiotemporal development in the germarium and thus have stunted ovaries with few mature oocytes, which fail to get fertilised.

      park25 mutant flies exhibit abnormal thoracic muscle structure, with large vacuoles, a reduced muscle content with a mostly irregular arrangement and enlarged mitochondria with disintegrated cristae.

      park25 homozygotes display reduced basal levels of zinc, copper and iron in comparison to control flies. Supplementation of fly food with these metals restores basal levels to almost control levels.

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      park25/park25 mutants display abnormal wing posture, thoracic muscle defects with presence of abnormal vacuoles, and muscle apoptosis as seen with TUNEL staining.

      (Hao et al., 2010)

      The addition of 4mM ZnCl[[2]] increases the longevity of park25 mutant flies. The maximum lifespan of 11 days on normal food is increased to 23 days, with the median lifespan extended from 6 days to 22 days. Wild-type flies display the opposite phenotype. The strongest positive effect of zinc on park25 mutant flies is found when they are both raised and maintained on 4mM Zn-supplemented food. park25 mutant flies absorb less Zn than controls, and indeed, are less sensitive to the negative effects of Zn in food.

      Zinc supplementation increases the eclosion frequency of park25 mutants, from 2.5% to 19%. In contrast, heterozygous flies do not exhibit such a change.

      (Saini and Schaffner, 2010)

      park25 homozygotes show significantly shortened lifespan after treatment with 10mM paraquat, 200υM rotenone and 25mM MMP[+]. In contrast, heterozygotes and control flies do not show increased sensitivity or reduced lifespans upon exposure to paraquat or rotenone. Unexpectedly, park25 heterozygotes treated with MMP[+] exhibit similar lifespan to equally treated controls.

      There is no difference in the number of ple-positive (i.e. dopamine-synthesising) neurons in park25 flies compared to wild-type.

      Addition of both 0.1mM bathocuproine disulfonate and 0.3mM bathophenanthroline to the diet of park25 homozygous flies significantly prolongs their median lifespan, from 5 to 19 days. In contrast, metal chelation does not increase the lifespan of park25 heterozygotes. There is no difference in the amount of food ingested by park25 homo- and heterozygotes fed with metal chelator-supplemented food, compared to normal food.

      Exposure to increased levels of iron slightly but significantly reduces the lifespan of park25 homozygous flies, without exerting an effect on park25 heterozygous flies. In contrast, increasing the copper concentration in the food fails to shorten the lifespan of either genotype of flies.

      Addition of either 15mM N-acetylcysteine or 100mM ascorbic acid significantly increases the median lifespan of park25 homozygous flies from 5 days to 14 and 10 days, respectively. However, higher concentrations of ascorbic acid are ineffective and even shorten lifespan.

      park25 flies exhibit wild-type eyes.

      The recovery of park25 homozygous flies from a 7 minute exposure to 0.5% oxygen in a hypoxia chamber is significantly delayed when compared to park25 heterozygotes. In addition, a heat shock for 30 or 60 minutes at 38[o]C results in a dramatic increase in mortality in park25 homozygotes, with only 15% and 7% of flies surviving, while at least 95% of park25 heterozygotes survive the same treatments.

      (Saini et al., 2010)

      park25/park25 flies have significant defects in climbing and flight ability, as well as muscle degeneration and mitochondrial disruption, compared to heterozygotes; 30 day old mutants show significant loss of dopaminergic PPL1 neurons. park25/park25 flies have significant indentations in the thorax (indications of flight muscle degeneration).

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      Mutant leaf blade spermatids contain only one mitochondrial derivative compared with the two seen in wild type.

      Indirect flight muscles of mutant flies show severe defects in mitochondrial morphology, including swollen mitochondria with broken cristae. Vacuolisation, indicative of degeneration, is seen in the indirect flight muscles.

      (Deng et al., 2008)

      park25/park25 mutant adults display thoracic indentations, impaired flight ability, climbing defects, and mitochondrial morphological defects.

      park25/parkZ472 mutant adults display thoracic indentations and impaired flight ability.

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      Spermatid elongation in park25 mutants follows the usual pattern observed in wild-type testis. The overall length of the fully elongated spermatid cysts varies from 1.65 to 2.03mm in park25 mutants and 1.85 to 2.13mm in control flies. In testes from park25 mutants, not all the spermatid nuclei are aligned in register; some of them are mispositioned along the cyst length. The investment cones (ICs) are located in position distant from the nuclear region, indicating that they have translted along the spermatid bundles. However, they are not aligned as in wild-tpye, but are scattered along the sperm tail, suggesting that they do not move in synchrony. The individual ICs are cone-shaped as in wild-type. Normally, their apex points toward the apical region of the cyst, where the nuclei are aligned, and their basis is toward the tips of the tails. Among the fully elongated spermatid cysts examined, 19% of them display 9-10% of misoriented ICs. 'Waste bags' in park25 testes are not distinct as in wild-type, suggesting that the process of individualisation is not properly executed in these mutants. This is confirmed by the finding of irregularly coiled distal ends of the spermatid bundles.

      Mitochondria aggregate in a loose cluster around the nuclei in both wild-type and mutant spermatids at the end of meiosis. No significant differences in nebenkern morphology are observed in young wild-type or mutant spermatids. During earlier stages of elongation, the round wild-type spermatids still show a spherical nuclues, but the nebenkern starts to elongate and a distinct paried structure is readily observed. park25 mutant spermatids at the same stage show an elongated nebenkern that does not resolve into two parts. While mitochondria form concentric ring-like structures in wild-type nebenkern, their arrangement is more iiregular in mutant spermatocytes. The park25 nebenkern is, indeed, formed by a large portion of rather ring-like concentric mitochondria, and a small portion of loose peripheral mitochondria, that do not seem to integrate into the tightly packed main cluster. The concentric mitochondria, moreover, appear more electron-dense in mutant than in wild-type spermatids.

      Cross-sections through park25 spermatocytes reveal only one large mitochondrion associated with the growing flagellum during axoneme elongation, while in wild-type there are two mitochondrial derivatives.

      Sections through park25 mutant spermatid bundles that appear slightly elongated (as judged by the hooked peripheral arms growing by the B-subfiber), show both ring-like and spherical mitochondria. This suggests that park25 mitochondria undergo compaction as the spermatid elongates.

      At a comparable developmental stage, the pre-individualization park25 spermatids maintain some cytoplasmic ground substance and are connected by intercellular bridges. The spermatids usually contain a single irregularly shaped and sized mitochondrion surrounded by disorganised sheaths of microtubules. These microtubules are scattered in the spermatid cytoplasm and occasionally localised near the axoneme. The organisation of the axonemal microtubules is normal, whereas the orientation of the mitochondrial derivatives varies within the same cyst. Mitochondrial condensation is highly defective: some mitochondria are filled with dense material in the region adjacent to the axoneme, whereas others do not show appreciable signs of condensation or the condensation is barely detectable. Closely paired axonemes are also found in these cysts, whereas wild-type cysts contain evenly spaced axonemes.

      Towards the distal region of post-elongating wild-type spermatid bundles, the size of the mitochondrial derivatives decreases. In the same stage in park25 mutant speramtids, one mitochondrion alone, abnormally shaped and of varying size, is usually found. Mitochondrial condensation is also defective. Mitochondria are found filled with large dark masses, along with pale mitochondria with evident cristae remnants in the same cyst.

      Sections of mutant spermatids that appear quite mature on the basis of axonemal decoration reveal that only a few spermatids are apparently cellularized. Most of the spermatids are immersed in a large amount of cytoplasmic ground substance, and their mitochondrial derivatives appear irregularly condensed and abnormally sized.

      (Riparbelli and Callaini, 2007)

      1-day old park25 mutant adults, relative to age-matched controls exhibit a significant reduction in the number of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in one of the clusters, the protocerebral posterior lateral (PPL). At 20-days old, the ple-positive protocerebral posterior lateral 1 (PPL1) cluster exhibits a further decrease in number. No significant difference is observed in any other dopaminergic (DA) neuron cluster in 20-day old park25 adults. In contrast, the number of ple-positive neurons in the PPL cluster during the late pupal stage, in which the adult CNS is already fully formed, is indistinguishable between park25 mutants and wild-type controls. park25 mutants exhibit a strong climbing defect, in which geotactic climbing behaviour is restricted in the larvae. park25 mutants do not exhibit any gross anatomical defects or differences in levels of apoptosis in the cortical or neuropil regions of the adult brain. Furthermore, no dramatic differences in dopaminergic (DA) neurons are observed between park25 and wild-type neurons. No significant differences in the number of serotonergic neurons are observed in 20-day old park25 mutants compared to wild-type controls.

      (Whitworth et al., 2005)

      park25/Df(3L)Pc-MK animals eclose a day later than wild-type and have an average lifespan of 27 days (as opposed to 39 days for wild-type). Mutant animals exhibit a downturned wing phenotype. This phenotype becomes moire penetrant with age; about 40% of newly eclosed flies exhibit abnormal wing posture, whereas by 10 days of age more than 70% of animals have this phenotype. Mutant adult indirect flight muscles show an irregular and dispersed myofibrillar arrangement with diffuse Z-lines and M-bands. Mitochondria are grossly swollen and malformed showing disintegration of cristae. The mitochondrial pathology is progressive and preceeds myofibril degeneration. Homozygous adults exhibit apoptotic cell death of the flight muscle.

      (Greene et al., 2003)
      External Data
      Interactions
      Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
      Phenotypic Class
      Enhanced by
      Statement
      Reference

      parkΔ21/park25 has increased size | adult stage phenotype, enhanceable by clud00713/clud00713

      (Yang et al., 2022)

      Rnor\Apobec1Tag:Mito(hATP5F1B),Tag:HA, Scer\GAL4da.G32, park25 has short lived phenotype, enhanceable by StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has partially lethal phenotype, enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.PU/crcKK111018

      (Celardo et al., 2017)

      park25 has visible | adult stage phenotype, enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.PU/crcKK111018

      (Celardo et al., 2017)

      park25 has partially lethal phenotype, enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.PU/ShmtGD8851

      (Celardo et al., 2017)

      park25 has partially lethal phenotype, enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.PU/NmdmcKK102478

      (Celardo et al., 2017)

      park25 has abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage phenotype, enhanceable by Scer\GAL4ple.PU/Stoml2GD16706

      (Zanon et al., 2017)

      park25 has decreased cell number | adult stage phenotype, enhanceable by Scer\GAL4ple.PU/Stoml2GD16706

      (Zanon et al., 2017)

      park25 has visible phenotype, enhanceable by TER94UAS.cRa/Scer\GAL4EDTP-DJ694

      (Kim et al., 2013)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior phenotype, enhanceable by HtrA2Δ1

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, enhanceable by GstS1[+]/GstS104227

      (Whitworth et al., 2005)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, enhanceable by GstS1k08805/GstS1[+]

      (Whitworth et al., 2005)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, enhanceable by GstS1k09303/GstS1[+]

      (Whitworth et al., 2005)

      park25 has abnormal neuroanatomy phenotype, enhanceable by GstS1M26

      (Whitworth et al., 2005)
      NOT Enhanced by
      Statement
      Reference

      park25 has visible | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingUAS.Tag:V5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has decreased rate of adult locomotory behavior phenotype, non-enhanceable by CreldΔ51

      (Paradis et al., 2022)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingGD1905

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has visible | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingGD1905

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by StingJF01138/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has visible | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by StingJF01138/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has visible | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by Sting[+]/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has visible | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by Sting[+]/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by RelGD1199/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.G32/RelHMS00070

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI/cnUAS.cMa

      (Maddison et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by TER94UAS.cRa/Scer\GAL4EDTP-DJ694

      (Kim et al., 2013)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior phenotype, non-enhanceable by Pink1B9

      (Tain et al., 2009)
      Suppressed by
      Statement
      Reference

      park25 has decreased rate of adult locomotory behavior phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/CisdGD15791

      (Martinez et al., 2024)

      park25 has decreased rate of adult locomotory behavior phenotype, suppressible by CisdKK109403/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Martinez et al., 2024)

      park25 has decreased cell number | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by CisdKK109403/Scer\GAL4unspecified

      (Martinez et al., 2024)

      park25 has short lived phenotype, suppressible by CisdKK109403/Scer\GAL4unspecified

      (Martinez et al., 2024)

      park25 has decreased rate of adult locomotory behavior phenotype, suppressible by CisdKK109403/Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR

      (Martinez et al., 2024)

      park25 has visible | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has visible | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Df(2R)BSC133/StingΔRG5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has decreased rate of adult locomotory behavior phenotype, suppressible by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has increased cell death | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has decreased rate of adult locomotory behavior phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4da.G32/ntcUAS.cSa

      (Sanchez-Martinez et al., 2023)

      park25 has decreased cell number | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/ntcUAS.cSa

      (Sanchez-Martinez et al., 2023)

      parkΔ21/park25 has visible | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by cluUAS.cYa/Scer\GAL4Mef2.PU

      (Yang et al., 2022)

      parkΔ21/park25 has increased cell death | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by cluUAS.cYa/Scer\GAL4Mef2.PU

      (Yang et al., 2022)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Hsap\KMOUAS.cMa/Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI

      (Maddison et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by fwdUAS.GFP/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Terriente-Felix et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/Drp1UAS.Tag:HA

      (Terriente-Felix et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ple.PU/Stoml2UAS.cZa

      (Zanon et al., 2017)

      park25 has decreased cell number | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ple.PU/Stoml2UAS.cZa

      (Zanon et al., 2017)

      park25 has abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ple.PU/Hsap\STOML2UAS.cZa

      (Zanon et al., 2017)

      park25 has decreased cell number | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ple.PU/Hsap\STOML2UAS.cZa

      (Zanon et al., 2017)

      park25 has abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4elav.PU/MarfKK105681

      (Celardo et al., 2016)

      park25 has abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4elav.PU/PEKGD5584

      (Celardo et al., 2016)

      park25 has short lived phenotype, suppressible by Parp[+]/Parp1CH1

      (Lehmann et al., 2016)

      park25 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Parp[+]/Parp1CH1

      (Lehmann et al., 2016)

      park25 has abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Parp[+]/Parp1CH1

      (Lehmann et al., 2016)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Parp[+]/Parp1CH1

      (Lehmann et al., 2016)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/simaHMS00833

      (Cagin et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal oxidative stress response phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/Vps35UAS.cMa

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal oxidative stress response phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/Vps35UAS.D650N

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal oxidative stress response phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/Vps35UAS.R550W

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal oxidative stress response phenotype, suppressible by Vps35UAS.L800M/Scer\GAL4da.PU

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal oxidative stress response phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/Hsap\VPS35UAS.cMa

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal oxidative stress response phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/Hsap\VPS35D620N.UAS

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal oxidative stress response phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/Hsap\VPS35R524W.UAS

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal oxidative stress response phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/Hsap\VPS35L774M.UAS

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/Vps35UAS.cMa

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/Vps35UAS.D650N

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/Vps35UAS.R550W

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Vps35UAS.L800M/Scer\GAL4da.PU

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/Hsap\VPS35D620N.UAS

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/Hsap\VPS35L774M.UAS

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/Hsap\VPS35R524W.UAS

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/Hsap\VPS35UAS.cMa

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has abnormal flight phenotype, suppressible | partially by mask[+]/mask10.22

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has abnormal flight phenotype, suppressible | partially by maskEY13048/mask10.22

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has abnormal flight phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4Mhc.Switch.PO/maskHMS01045

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal flight phenotype, suppressible by Hsap\FBXO7UAS.1/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Burchell et al., 2013)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior phenotype, suppressible by Hsap\FBXO7UAS.1/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Burchell et al., 2013)

      park25 has abnormal neuroanatomy phenotype, suppressible by Hsap\FBXO7UAS.1/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Burchell et al., 2013)

      park25 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU/Trap1UAS.cCa

      (Costa et al., 2013)

      park25 has short lived phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU/Trap1UAS.cCa

      (Costa et al., 2013)

      park25 has abnormal oxidative stress response | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU/Trap1UAS.cCa

      (Costa et al., 2013)

      park25 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act.PU/ref(2)PUAS.Tag:HA

      (de Castro et al., 2013)

      park25 has abnormal neuroanatomy | recessive | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU/Sod2UAS.cMa

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      park25 has abnormal neuroanatomy | recessive | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU/CatUAS.cAa

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      park25 has short lived phenotype, suppressible by MTF-1αTub84B.PS

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      park25 has short lived phenotype, suppressible by MTF-1UAS.cSa/Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      park25 has female sterile phenotype, suppressible by MTF-1αTub84B.PS

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor rhythm phenotype, suppressible by MTF-1αTub84B.PS

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      park25 has short lived phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI/Hsap\MTF1UASp.cBa

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      park25 has decreased fecundity | female phenotype, suppressible by MTF-1αTub84B.PS

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      MTF-1140-1R, park25 has lethal | pupal stage phenotype, suppressible by MTF-1αTub84B.PS

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      park25 has short lived | chemical conditional phenotype, suppressible by Hsap\SOD1UAS.cWa/Scer\GAL4twi.PG

      (Saini et al., 2010)

      park25 has long lived | recessive | chemical conditional phenotype, suppressible by Hsap\SOD1UAS.cWa/Scer\GAL4twi.PG

      (Saini et al., 2010)

      Thor2, park25 has partially lethal - majority die phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/ThorUAS.cMa

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has abnormal flight | recessive phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4how-24B/ThorUAS.cMa

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | recessive | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4how-24B/ThorUAS.cMa

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has abnormal flight | recessive phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4how-24B/foxoUAS.cFa

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | recessive | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4how-24B/foxoUAS.cFa

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ple.PF/foxoUAS.cFa

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ple.PF/ThorUAS.cMa

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Lrrke03680

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has abnormal flight | recessive phenotype, suppressible by Lrrke03680

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | recessive | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Lrrke03680

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      parkZ472/park25 has abnormal flight phenotype, suppressible | partially by Opa1[+]/Opa1s3475

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      parkZ472/park25 has abnormal flight phenotype, suppressible | partially by Opa1[+]/Opa1f02779

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior phenotype, suppressible by Opa1[+]/Opa1s3475

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      park25 has abnormal flight phenotype, suppressible by Opa1[+]/Opa1f02779

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      park25 has abnormal flight phenotype, suppressible by +/Df(1)Exel6239

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior phenotype, suppressible by +/Df(1)Exel6239

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      park25 has abnormal flight phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR/Hsap\PRKNUAS.cYa

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      park25 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR/Hsap\PRKNUAS.cYa

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      Pink1UAS.Tag:HA, Scer\GAL4GMR.PF, park25 has visible | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by HtrA2Δ1

      (Whitworth et al., 2008)

      park25 has abnormal neuroanatomy phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ple.PF/GstS1UASp.cWa

      (Whitworth et al., 2005)
      NOT suppressed by
      Statement
      Reference

      park25 has decreased rate of adult locomotory behavior phenotype, non-suppressible by CisdKK109403/Scer\GAL4nSyb.PS

      (Martinez et al., 2024)

      park25 has decreased rate of adult locomotory behavior phenotype, non-suppressible by CisdGD15791/Scer\GAL4nSyb.PS

      (Martinez et al., 2024)

      park25 has visible | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingUAS.Tag:V5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingGD1905

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by StingJF01138/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Sting[+]/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has visible | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingGD1905

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has visible | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by StingJF01138/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has visible | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Sting[+]/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has visible | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by RelGD1199/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/RelHMS00070

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI/cnUAS.cMa

      (Maddison et al., 2020)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/Drp1UAS.Tag:HA/fwdGL00145

      (Terriente-Felix et al., 2020)

      park25 has visible phenotype, non-suppressible by cluUASp.cSa/Scer\GAL4Mhc.PW

      (Sen et al., 2015)

      park25 has visible phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4Mhc.PW/Hsap\CLUHUASp.cSa

      (Sen et al., 2015)

      park25 has abnormal flight phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/ND-42UAS.cBa

      (Pogson et al., 2014)

      park25 has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/ND-42UAS.cBa

      (Pogson et al., 2014)

      park25 has abnormal flight phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/ND-42UAS.Tag:HA

      (Pogson et al., 2014)

      park25 has abnormal flight phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/sicilyUAS.cZa

      (Pogson et al., 2014)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU/Trap1UAS.cCa

      (Costa et al., 2013)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by TER94UAS.cRa/Scer\GAL4EDTP-DJ694

      (Kim et al., 2013)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Hsap\TRAP1UAS.cBa/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Zhang et al., 2013)

      park25 has visible phenotype, non-suppressible by Hsap\TRAP1UAS.cBa/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Zhang et al., 2013)

      parkZ3678/park25 has abnormal neurophysiology | larval stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU/Sod2UAS.cMa

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      parkZ3678/park25 has abnormal neurophysiology | larval stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU/CatUAS.cAa

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | recessive | larval stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU/Sod2UAS.cMa

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior | recessive | larval stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU/CatUAS.cAa

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      park25 has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by MTF-1αTub84B.PS

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      park25 has visible phenotype, non-suppressible by DJ-1αUAS.cUa/Scer\GAL4how-24B

      (Hao et al., 2010)

      park25 has increased cell death | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by DJ-1αUAS.cUa/Scer\GAL4how-24B

      (Hao et al., 2010)

      park25 has abnormal locomotor behavior phenotype, non-suppressible by Pink1B9

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has abnormal flight phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4unspecified/Pink1UAS.Tag:HA

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      park25 has abnormal flight phenotype, non-suppressible by Opa1[+]/Opa1s3475

      (Poole et al., 2008)
      Enhancer of
      NOT Enhancer of
      Suppressor of
      NOT Suppressor of
      Other
      Phenotype Manifest In
      Enhanced by
      NOT Enhanced by
      Statement
      Reference

      park25 has indirect flight muscle phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingUAS.Tag:V5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has wing phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingUAS.Tag:V5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingUAS.Tag:V5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingUAS.Tag:V5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingGD1905

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingGD1905

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingGD1905

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, non-enhanceable by StingJF01138/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, non-enhanceable by StingJF01138/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by StingJF01138/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, non-enhanceable by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, non-enhanceable by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, non-enhanceable by Sting[+]/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, non-enhanceable by Sting[+]/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by Sting[+]/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, non-enhanceable by RelGD1199/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by RelGD1199/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.G32/RelHMS00070

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.G32/RelHMS00070

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      parkΔ21/park25 has adult external thorax phenotype, non-enhanceable by Atg18aKG03090/Atg18a[+]

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      park25 has adult thorax | dorsal phenotype, non-enhanceable by Pink15

      (Yun et al., 2014)
      Suppressed by
      Statement
      Reference

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/CisdGD15791

      (Martinez et al., 2024)

      park25 has flight muscle phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/CisdGD15791

      (Martinez et al., 2024)

      park25 has adult dopaminergic neuron | decreased number phenotype, suppressible by CisdKK109403/Scer\GAL4unspecified

      (Martinez et al., 2024)

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, suppressible by CisdKK109403/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Martinez et al., 2024)

      park25 has flight muscle phenotype, suppressible by CisdKK109403/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Martinez et al., 2024)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has indirect flight muscle phenotype, suppressible by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has wing phenotype, suppressible by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible by Df(2R)BSC133/StingΔRG5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has indirect flight muscle phenotype, suppressible by Df(2R)BSC133/StingΔRG5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has wing phenotype, suppressible by Df(2R)BSC133/StingΔRG5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, suppressible | partially by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has dopaminergic PPL1 neuron | adult stage | decreased number phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/ntcUAS.cSa

      (Sanchez-Martinez et al., 2023)

      park25 has flight muscle | adult stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4da.G32/ntcUAS.cSa

      (Sanchez-Martinez et al., 2023)

      parkΔ21/park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible by cluUAS.cYa/Scer\GAL4Mef2.PU

      (Yang et al., 2022)

      parkΔ21/park25 has adult somatic muscle cell of thorax | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by cluUAS.cYa/Scer\GAL4Mef2.PU

      (Yang et al., 2022)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible | partially by cn3/cn3

      (Maddison et al., 2020)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible | partially by fwdUAS.GFP/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Terriente-Felix et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by fwdUAS.GFP/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Terriente-Felix et al., 2020)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, suppressible | partially by fwdUAS.GFP/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Terriente-Felix et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/Drp1UAS.Tag:HA

      (Terriente-Felix et al., 2020)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/Drp1UAS.Tag:HA

      (Terriente-Felix et al., 2020)

      park25 has dopaminergic PPL1 neuron phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ple.PU/Stoml2UAS.cZa

      (Zanon et al., 2017)

      park25 has indirect flight muscle cell phenotype, suppressible by Hsap\STOML2UAS.cZa/Scer\GAL4Tub.PU

      (Zanon et al., 2017)

      park25 has dopaminergic PPL1 neuron phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ple.PU/Hsap\STOML2UAS.cZa

      (Zanon et al., 2017)

      park25 has adult brain phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4elav.PU/MarfKK105681

      (Celardo et al., 2016)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4elav.PU/MarfKK105681

      (Celardo et al., 2016)

      park25 has endoplasmic reticulum | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4elav.PU/MarfKK105681

      (Celardo et al., 2016)

      park25 has dopaminergic PPL1 neuron | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4elav.PU/MarfKK105681

      (Celardo et al., 2016)

      park25 has dopaminergic PPL1 neuron | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4elav.PU/PEKGD5584

      (Celardo et al., 2016)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/MarfKK105681

      (Celardo et al., 2016)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible by Parp[+]/Parp1CH1

      (Lehmann et al., 2016)

      park25 has dopaminergic PPL1 neuron phenotype, suppressible by Parp[+]/Parp1CH1

      (Lehmann et al., 2016)

      parkΔ21/park25 has adult external thorax phenotype, suppressible | partially by mask[+]/mask10.22

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has adult external thorax phenotype, suppressible | partially by maskEY13048/mask10.22

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by maskEY13048/mask10.22

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has indirect flight muscle cell phenotype, suppressible | partially by maskEY13048/mask10.22

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has mitochondrion | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by maskEY13048/mask10.22

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has larval somatic muscle cell | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by maskEY13048/mask10.22

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has mitochondrion | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4how-24B/maskHMS01045

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has larval somatic muscle cell | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4how-24B/maskHMS01045

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4ple.PU/maskHMS01045

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has dopaminergic neuron | adult stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4ple.PU/maskHMS01045

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has brain | adult stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4ple.PU/maskHMS01045

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has indirect flight muscle cell phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4Mhc.Switch.PO/maskHMS01045

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      mask10.22, parkΔ21/park25 has adult external thorax phenotype, suppressible by Atg18aKG03090/Atg18a[+]

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, suppressible by Usp30NIG.3016R/Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI

      (Bingol et al., 2014)

      park25 has mitochondrial crista phenotype, suppressible by Usp30NIG.3016R/Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI

      (Bingol et al., 2014)

      Mul1A6, park25 has adult thorax | dorsal phenotype, suppressible by MarfRNAi.cUa.UAS/Scer\GAL4unspecified

      (Yun et al., 2014)

      Mul1A6, park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, suppressible by MarfRNAi.cUa.UAS/Scer\GAL4unspecified

      (Yun et al., 2014)

      park25 has dopaminergic neuron phenotype, suppressible by Hsap\FBXO7UAS.1/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Burchell et al., 2013)

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, suppressible by Hsap\FBXO7UAS.1/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Burchell et al., 2013)

      park25 has adult somatic muscle cell phenotype, suppressible by Hsap\FBXO7UAS.1/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Burchell et al., 2013)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU/Trap1UAS.cCa

      (Costa et al., 2013)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act.PU/ref(2)PUAS.Tag:HA

      (de Castro et al., 2013)

      park25 has terminal bouton | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU/Sod2UAS.cMa

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      park25 has terminal bouton | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU/CatUAS.cAa

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      park25 has ovary phenotype, suppressible by MTF-1αTub84B.PS

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      park25 has oocyte phenotype, suppressible by MTF-1αTub84B.PS

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      park25 has indirect flight muscle cell phenotype, suppressible by MTF-1UAS.cSa/Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, suppressible by MTF-1UAS.cSa/Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      park25 has mitochondrial crista phenotype, suppressible by MTF-1UAS.cSa/Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4how-24B/ThorUAS.cMa

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has indirect flight muscle cell phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4how-24B/ThorUAS.cMa

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has indirect flight muscle cell phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4how-24B/foxoUAS.cFa

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4how-24B/foxoUAS.cFa

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has dopaminergic PPL1 neuron phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ple.PF/foxoUAS.cFa

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has dopaminergic PPL1 neuron phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ple.PF/ThorUAS.cMa

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has dopaminergic PPL1 neuron phenotype, suppressible by Lrrke03680

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4how-24B/MarfRNAi.CDS.UAS

      (Deng et al., 2008)

      park25 has mitochondrial crista phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4how-24B/MarfRNAi.CDS.UAS

      (Deng et al., 2008)

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, suppressible by MarfRNAi.UTR.UAS/Scer\GAL4how-24B

      (Deng et al., 2008)

      park25 has mitochondrial crista phenotype, suppressible by MarfRNAi.UTR.UAS/Scer\GAL4how-24B

      (Deng et al., 2008)

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, suppressible by Drp1UAS.cDa/Scer\GAL4how-24B

      (Deng et al., 2008)

      park25 has indirect flight muscle cell phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4how-24B/MarfRNAi.CDS.UAS

      (Deng et al., 2008)

      park25 has indirect flight muscle cell phenotype, suppressible by MarfRNAi.UTR.UAS/Scer\GAL4how-24B

      (Deng et al., 2008)

      park25 has indirect flight muscle cell phenotype, suppressible by Drp1UAS.cDa/Scer\GAL4how-24B

      (Deng et al., 2008)

      parkZ472/park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible | partially by Opa1[+]/Opa1s3475

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      parkZ472/park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible | partially by Opa1[+]/Opa1f02779

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible by Opa1[+]/Opa1s3475

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible by Opa1[+]/Opa1f02779

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible by +/Df(1)Exel6239

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, suppressible by Opa1[+]/Opa1s3475

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR/Hsap\PRKNUAS.cYa

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      Pink1UAS.Tag:HA, Scer\GAL4GMR.PF, park25 has eye | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by HtrA2Δ1

      (Whitworth et al., 2008)

      Pink1UAS.Tag:HA, Scer\GAL4GMR.PF, park25 has ommatidium | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by HtrA2Δ1

      (Whitworth et al., 2008)
      NOT suppressed by
      Statement
      Reference

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingUAS.Tag:V5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has indirect flight muscle phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingUAS.Tag:V5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has wing phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingUAS.Tag:V5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingUAS.Tag:V5

      (Moehlman et al., 2023)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingGD1905

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, non-suppressible by StingJF01138/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, non-suppressible by Sting[+]/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has adult thorax phenotype, non-suppressible by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingGD1905

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, non-suppressible by StingJF01138/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, non-suppressible by Sting[+]/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, non-suppressible by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, non-suppressible by RelGD1199/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/RelHMS00070

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/StingGD1905

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by StingJF01138/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Sting[+]/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by StingΔRG5/StingΔRG5

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by RelGD1199/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/RelHMS00070

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/Drp1UAS.Tag:HA/fwdGL00145

      (Terriente-Felix et al., 2020)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.G32/Drp1UAS.Tag:HA/fwdGL00145

      (Terriente-Felix et al., 2020)

      park25 has mitochondrion | third instar larval stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/MitofilinLL02849

      (Tsai et al., 2018)

      park25 has mitochondrial crista | third instar larval stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/MitofilinLL02849

      (Tsai et al., 2018)

      park25 has embryonic/larval hypodermal muscle cell | third instar larval stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/MitofilinLL02849

      (Tsai et al., 2018)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/MitofilinLL02849

      (Tsai et al., 2018)

      park25 has indirect flight muscle cell phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/MitofilinLL02849

      (Tsai et al., 2018)

      park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Hsap\BNIP3LUAS.cGa/Scer\GAL4hs.PU

      (Gao et al., 2015)

      park25 has adult somatic muscle cell of thorax phenotype, non-suppressible by Hsap\BNIP3LUAS.cGa/Scer\GAL4hs.PU

      (Gao et al., 2015)

      park25 has mesonotum phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4Mhc.PW/Hsap\CLUHUASp.cSa

      (Sen et al., 2015)

      park25 has mesonotum phenotype, non-suppressible by cluUASp.cSa/Scer\GAL4Mhc.PW

      (Sen et al., 2015)

      park1/park25 has indirect flight muscle cell phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4Mhc.PK/RetMEN2B.UAS/Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B

      (Klein et al., 2014)

      park1/park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, non-suppressible by RetMEN2B.UAS/Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR

      (Klein et al., 2014)

      park1/park25 has dopaminergic neuron phenotype, non-suppressible by RetMEN2B.UAS/Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR

      (Klein et al., 2014)

      park1/park25 has indirect flight muscle cell phenotype, non-suppressible by RetMEN2B.UAS/Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR

      (Klein et al., 2014)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/ND-42UAS.cBa

      (Pogson et al., 2014)

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/ND-42UAS.cBa

      (Pogson et al., 2014)

      park25 has flight muscle cell phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/sicilyUAS.cZa

      (Pogson et al., 2014)

      park25 has mitochondrion phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/sicilyUAS.cZa

      (Pogson et al., 2014)

      park25 has wing phenotype, non-suppressible by Hsap\TRAP1UAS.cBa/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Zhang et al., 2013)

      park25 has indirect flight muscle cell phenotype, non-suppressible by Hsap\TRAP1UAS.cBa/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Zhang et al., 2013)

      park25 has individualization stage spermatid phenotype, non-suppressible by MTF-1αTub84B.PS

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      park25 has wing phenotype, non-suppressible by DJ-1αUAS.cUa/Scer\GAL4how-24B

      (Hao et al., 2010)

      park25 has adult somatic muscle cell of thorax phenotype, non-suppressible by DJ-1αUAS.cUa/Scer\GAL4how-24B

      (Hao et al., 2010)
      Enhancer of
      Statement
      Reference

      park25 is an enhancer of dopaminergic PPL1 neuron phenotype of Scer\GAL4ple.PU, Stoml2GD16706

      (Zanon et al., 2017)
      NOT Enhancer of
      Statement
      Reference

      park25 is a non-enhancer of adult thorax | dorsal phenotype of Pink15

      (Yun et al., 2014)
      Suppressor of
      NOT Suppressor of
      Statement
      Reference

      park25 is a non-suppressor of eye | chemical conditional phenotype of Ctr1BGMR.PS

      (Saini et al., 2010)

      park25 is a non-suppressor of eye | adult stage phenotype of HtrA2UAS.cPa, Pink1UAS.Tag:HA, Scer\GAL4GMR.PF

      (Whitworth et al., 2008)

      park25 is a non-suppressor of ommatidium | adult stage phenotype of HtrA2UAS.cPa, Pink1UAS.Tag:HA, Scer\GAL4GMR.PF

      (Whitworth et al., 2008)

      park25 is a non-suppressor of eye phenotype of HtrA2UAS.cPa, Scer\GAL4GMR.PF, rho-7UAS.cWa

      (Whitworth et al., 2008)

      park25 is a non-suppressor of interommatidial bristle phenotype of HtrA2UAS.cPa, Scer\GAL4GMR.PF, rho-7UAS.cWa

      (Whitworth et al., 2008)
      Other
      Additional Comments
      Genetic Interactions
      Statement
      Reference

      The increased lethality of park25 homozygous adults is worsened further by expression of crcKK111018 under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU and the penetrance of the mutant crushed-thorax phenotype is also significantly increased. A strong increase in lethality of park25 mutants is also seen upon Scer\GAL4da.PU-driven expression of either Shmt2GD8851 or NmdmcKK102478 (hardly any adults can be recovered).

      Expression of either Shmt2Scer\UAS.T:Ivir\HA1 or NmdmcScer\UAS.T:Ivir\HA1 (but not Gcn2KK103566) driven by Scer\GAL4elav.PU significantly rescues the loss of dopaminergic ppl1 cluster neurons characteristic for park25 mutant adults.

      (Celardo et al., 2017)

      Individuals both mutant for park25 and expressing Stoml2GD16706 under the control of Scer\GAL4ple.PU show a more severe decrease in the number of PPL1 neurons in the adult brain than either individual mutant condition.

      The expression of Stoml2UAS.cZa under the control of Scer\GAL4ple.PU partially restores the decreased number of dopaminergic PPL1 neurons observed in park25 mutants.

      (Zanon et al., 2017)

      The increased number of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts observed in the brain of adult park25 homozygotes is strongly suppressed by expression of MarfKK105681 RNAi under the control of Scer\GAL4elav.PU in the mutant background.

      Expression of MarfKK105681 under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU strongly suppresses the 'crushed thorax' phenotype characteristic for park25 homozygote adults.

      Expression of PEKGD5584 under the control of Scer\GAL4elav.PU significantly rescues the loss of dopaminergic neurons characteristic for adult park25 homozygote mutants.

      (Celardo et al., 2016)

      park25, ParpCH1/+ double mutants display a reduced thoracic defect, and partially rescued climbing performance and survival, as compared to park25 mutants. The dopaminergic neuron phenotype of park25 is fully rescued in park25, ParpCH1/+ double mutants.

      (Lehmann et al., 2016)

      The reduced climbing ability phenotype observed in park25 mutant adults or in flies expressing simaHMS00833 under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU is (partially) mutually suppressible.

      (Cagin et al., 2015)

      Vps35MH20 park25 double heterozygotes show an age-dependent reduction in climbing ability. No phenotypes are observed in either heterozygote alone.

      Vps35MH20 park25 double heterozygotes show increased sensitivity to the oxidative stressor paraquat compared with either heterozygote alone, similar to that seen in park25 homozygotes. In contrast to either heterozygote alone, progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the PPPL cluster is also seen in Vps35MH20 park25 double heterozygotes.

      Vps35E42 park25 double heterozygotes show an age-dependent reduction in climbing ability. No phenotypes are observed in either heterozygote alone.

      Vps35E42 park25 double heterozygotes show increased sensitivity to the oxidative stressor paraquat compared with either heterozygote alone, similar to that seen in park25 homozygotes.

      Expression of Vps35Scer\UAS.cMa under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU suppresses the climbing defects and increased sensitivity to paraquat seen in park25 mutants. The flight defect is not suppressed.

      Expression of Vps35Scer\UAS.D650N under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU suppresses the climbing defects and increased sensitivity to paraquat seen in park25 mutants.

      Expression of Vps35Scer\UAS.R550W under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU suppresses the climbing defects and increased sensitivity to paraquat seen in park25 mutants.

      Expression of Vps35Scer\UAS.L800M under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU suppresses the climbing defects and increased sensitivity to paraquat seen in park25 mutants.

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      Thoracic indentations seen in park25/park25 flies are not suppressed by expression of cluScer\UAS.P\T.cSa driven by Scer\GAL4Mhc.PW.

      (Sen et al., 2015)

      Expression of maskHMS01045 RNAi suppresses the short lived phenotype of park25/parkΔ21 transheterozygote adults.

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI-mediated expression of USP30NIG.3016R largely restores the park25 mitochondrial morphology defects.

      (Bingol et al., 2014)

      Expression of RetMEN2B.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR does not suppress the muscle morphology phenotype seen in the indirect flight muscles of park1/park25 mutants. The frequency of flies with "actin blobs" is decreased markedly compared to RetMEN2B.Scer\UAS expressing controls. The structural impairments seen in park1/park25 mutant mitochondria are not suppressed. The reduction in thoracic ATP levels is not rescued.

      Expression of RetMEN2B.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4Mhc.PK (limited to the pharate adult stages onwards using Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B) does not suppress the muscle morphology phenotype seen in the indirect flight muscles of park1/park25 mutants.

      Expression of RetMEN2B.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4ple.PF does not suppress the mitochondrial morphology defects seen in park1/park25 mutant dopaminergic neurons.

      (Klein et al., 2014)

      Ubiquitous expression of ND-42Scer\UAS.cBa under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU does not rescue the climbing and flight defects seen in park25 mutant flies. The flight muscle and mitochondrial integrity defects and male sterility are also not rescued.

      Expression of ND-42Scer\UAS.cBa under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU does not rescue the reduction in ATP levels seen in park25 mutant flies. Complex I levels remain unchanged from wild type.

      Ubiquitous expression of ND-42Scer\UAS.T:Ivir\HA1 under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU does not rescue the climbing and flight defects seen in park25 mutant flies.

      Ubiquitous expression of sicilyScer\UAS.cZa under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU does not rescue the climbing and flight defects seen in park25 mutant flies. The flight muscle and mitochondrial integrity defects are also not rescued.

      Expression of sicilyScer\UAS.cZa under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU does not rescue the reduction in complex I and ATP levels seen in park25 mutant flies.

      (Pogson et al., 2014)

      The degree of thoracic indentation seen in park25 Pink15 double mutants is the same as that seen in either single mutant. The mitochondrial morphology in the indirect flight muscles of the double mutants is similar to that seen in the single mutants.

      The degree of thoracic indentation seen in park25 Mul1A6 is much more severe than that seen in park25 single mutants. The thoracic indentation phenotype of park25 Mul1A6 double mutants is almost completely suppressed by expression of MarfmiRNA.cUa.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4unspecified.

      The indirect flight muscles of park25 Mul1A6 mutants have highly elongated and interconnected mitochondria. This phenotype can be suppressed by expression of MarfmiRNA.cUa.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4unspecified.

      (Yun et al., 2014)

      Expression of Trap1Scer\UAS.cCa under the control of Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU partially suppresses the thoracic indentation phenotype which is seen in park25 flies.

      Expression of Trap1Scer\UAS.cCa under the control of Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU does not rescue the impaired climbing ability of 3 day old park25 flies.

      Expression of Trap1Scer\UAS.cCa under the control of Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU in park25 flies improves their lifespan and resistance to paraquat.

      (Costa et al., 2013)

      Expression of TER94Scer\UAS.cRa under the control of Scer\GAL4EDTP-DJ694 enhances the thorax indentation phenotype seen in park25 adults, but has no significant effect on the climbing defect seen in these animals.

      (Kim et al., 2013)

      Expression of ref(2)PScer\UAS.T:Ivir\HA1 under the control of Scer\GAL4Act.PU does not suppress the indented thorax phenotype seen in park25 flies.

      (de Castro et al., 2013)

      Expression of Sod2Scer\UAS.cMa or CatScer\UAS.cAa under the control of Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU suppresses the synaptic overgrowth, but not the locomotion defects of park25/park25 larvae.

      Expression of Sod2Scer\UAS.cMa or CatScer\UAS.cAa under the control of Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU does not rescue the muscle resting membrane potential of park25/parkZ3678 larvae.

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      park25/MTF-1140-1R double mutants are synthetic lethal at the pupal stage. Raising these flies on 15Mm N-acetylcysteine, a precursor to glutathione overcomes the synthetic lethality seen in these double mutants. the presence of ascorbate, zinc, or metal chelators of copper and iron does not rescue synthetic lethality.

      The presence of MTF-1αTub84B.PS rescues the synthetic lethality found in park25/MTF-1140-1R double mutants.

      Elevated expression of MTF-1, through expression of MTF-1αTub84B.PS prolongs the life span of park25 mutants significantly, from a median of 7 days for the mutants alone to 21 days. The maximal life span was extended from 12 to 41 days by the MTF-1αTub84B.PS transgene. Elevated MTF-1 expression not only prolongs the life span of park25 mutant flies but also enhances survival during development.

      Elevated expression of MTF-1, through expression of MTF-1Scer\UAS.cSa under the control of Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI prolongs the life span of park25 mutants significantly, with 10% of the mutant animals still alive at day 34. Elevated MTF-1 expression not only prolongs the life span of park25 mutant flies but also enhances survival during development.

      Female fecundity is completely rescued by MTF-1. When crossed with wild-type males, park25 mutant females with MTF-1αTub84B.PS reproduce the same number of progeny as a cross of wild-type males and females. Dissected ovaries from these females show a normalised structure with follicles formed in the germarium and mature stages in the posterior regions of the ovariole, with several oocytes ready for fertilisation. In contrast, the sterility phenotype of park25 mutant males, which is due to defective spermatogenesis at the individualization step, is not rescued, indicated a role for park in male fertility.

      Strong MTF-1αTub84B.PS expression dramatically improves the climbing ability of park25 mutant flies. Furthermore, these flies generally move around very fast, and respond by running away when physically perturbed, jumping and occasionally displaying short flight episodes.

      Expression of MTF-1Scer\UAS.cSa under the control of Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI rescues the defect in thoracic muscle fiber structure seen in park25 mutants. Muscle structure is more regular, with fewer prominent vacuoles and the mitochondria have more densely packed cristae with considerably fewer signs of disintegration in comparison to park25 mutants.

      MTF-1αTub84B.PS expression restores the basal levels of zinc, copper and iron found in park25 homozygotes.

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      Expression of DJ-1αScer\UAS.cUa under the control of Scer\GAL4how-24B is unable to rescue the thoracic muscle defects and apoptosis phenotype of park25/park25 mutants.

      (Hao et al., 2010)

      Overexpression of Ctr1BGMR.PS in park25 homozygotes results in a rough eye phenotype. This phenotype can be alleviated by copper scarcity and exacerbated by increased copper levels. The rough eye phenotype is not seen upon expression of Ctr1BGMR.PS in a park25 heterozygous background.

      Overexpression of Ctr1BGMR.PS in park25 homozygotes raised on food supplemented with 20υM or 50υM silver nitrate fails to cause a rough eye phenotype, indicating that silver effectively competes with and inhibits copper import.

      (Saini et al., 2010)

      The climbing ability of park25 Pink1B9 double mutants is not significantly different from the climbing ability of either single mutant.

      HtrA2Δ1 park25 double mutants have dramatically enhanced defects in climbing ability compared to park25 single mutants.

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      Thor2/Thor2; park25/park25 double mutants are almost completely lethal (unlike either viable single mutant or viable single mutants with the other allele heterozygotic), with rare escapers dying soon after eclosion; expression of ThorScer\UAS.cMa driven by Scer\GAL4da.PU suppresses this lethality in double mutants.

      Expression of ThorScer\UAS.cMa or foxoScer\UAS.cFa driven by Scer\GAL4how-24B significantly partially suppresses flight and climbing defects as well as muscle degeneration and mitochondrial disruption in park25/park25 flies. Expression of ThorScer\UAS.cMa or foxoScer\UAS.cFa driven by Scer\GAL4ple.PF significantly suppresses loss of dopaminergic PPL1 neurons in 30 day old park25/park25 flies.

      Lrrke03680 suppresses flight and climbing defects as well as dopaminergic PPL1 neuron loss in park25/park25 flies.

      (Tain et al., 2009)

      Expression of either MarfmiRNA.CDS.Scer\UAS or MarfmiRNA.UTR.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4how-24B suppresses the defects in mitochondrial morphology that are seen in the indirect flight muscles of park25 mutants. The indirect flight muscle degeneration phenotype is also suppressed.

      Expression of Drp1Scer\UAS.cDa under the control of Scer\GAL4how-24B suppresses the defects in mitochondrial morphology that are seen in the indirect flight muscles of park25 mutants. The indirect flight muscle degeneration phenotype is also suppressed.

      (Deng et al., 2008)

      Expression of Pink1Scer\UAS.T:Ivir\HA1 under the control of Scer\GAL4unspecified does not rescue the flight defects of park25/park25 mutants.

      Drp1T26/+ or Drp1KG03815/+ in combination with park25/park25 mutants result in lethality. Viability of flies Drp1T26/+ or Drp1KG03815/+ is unaffected in a park25/+ background.

      Opa1s3475/+ fully suppresses the mitochondrial morphology phenotype, and partially suppresses the thoracic indentation and impaired climbing phenotypes (but not impaired flight) of park25/park25 mutants, and partially suppresses the thoracic indentation and impaired flight phenotypes of park25/parkZ472 mutants.

      Opa1f02779/+ partially suppresses the thoracic indentation and impaired flight phenotypes of park25/park25 or park25/parkZ472 mutants.

      Df(1)Exel6239/+ almost fully suppresses the thoracic indentation phenotype, and partially suppresses the flight and climbing phenotypes of park25/park25 mutants.

      The rough eye phenotype of flies expressing Pink1Scer\UAS.T:Ivir\HA1 under the control of Scer\GAL4GMR.PF or Scer\GAL4ey.PH is suppressed in a park25/park25 background.

      The lethality phenotype of flies expressing Pink1Scer\UAS.T:Ivir\HA1 under the control of Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR is partially rescued in a park25/park25 background.

      (Poole et al., 2008)

      park25 partially suppresses the rough eye and ommatidial organisation phenotypes seen when Pink1Scer\UAS.T:Ivir\HA1 is expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4GMR.PF. Addition of HtrA2Δ1 suppresses the phenotype completely.

      park25 partially suppresses the rough eye phenotype seen when rho-7Scer\UAS.cWa is expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4GMR.PF.

      Expression of HtrA2Scer\UAS.cPa enhances the disorganised eye phenotype seen when Pink1Scer\UAS.T:Ivir\HA1 is expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4GMR.PF, resulting in a significant reduction in eye size. This phenotype is not suppressed in a park25 mutant background.

      Expression of HtrA2Scer\UAS.cPa enhances the rough eye phenotype seen when rho-7Scer\UAS.cWa is expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4GMR.PF, resulting in severe loss of eye tissue. This phenotype is not suppressed by park25.

      (Whitworth et al., 2008)

      The homozygous park25 mutant climbing defect is enhanced when heterozygous with GstS1EP2223, GstS1k09303, GstS1k08805, and GstS104227 mutants. GstS1 mutants have no effect on climbing ability in heterozygous park25 mutants. Overexpression of GstS1Scer\UAS.P\T.cWa, only in the dopaminergic (DA) neurons, through the regulation of Scer\GAL4ple.PF results in significant attenuation of the loss of DA neurons in 20-day old park25 mutants. park25 mutants bearing the GstS1M26 mutation in trans with Df(2R)ED1 (in which GstS1 is deleted) are recovered at low frequency and display a dramatically shortened lifespan. Analysis of DA neuron integrity in 1-day old park25 mutants bearing this combination of GstS1 alleles reveals significantly enhanced DA neuron loss relative to park25 mutants. Loss of GstS1 function alone has no affect on DA neuron viability in 1-day old adults.

      (Whitworth et al., 2005)
      Xenogenetic Interactions
      Statement
      Reference

      park25 mutation in combination with expression of Rnor\Apobec1Tag:Mito(hATP5F1B),Tag:HA under the control of Scer\GAL4da.G32 leads to a shortened lifespan when compared to controls.

      (Lee et al., 2020)

      The expression of Hsap\STOML2UAS.cZa partially restores the decreased number of dopaminergic PPL1 neurons (Scer\GAL4ple.PU-driven expression) observed in park25 mutants.

      (Zanon et al., 2017)

      Expression of Hsap\BNIP3LScer\UAS.cGa under the control of Scer\GAL4hs.PU fails to rescue the fragmented mitochondrial morphology of park25/park25 mutants.

      (Gao et al., 2015)

      Expression of Hsap\VPS35Scer\UAS.cMa under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU suppresses the climbing defects and increased sensitivity to paraquat seen in park25 mutants. The flight defect is not suppressed.

      Expression of Hsap\VPS35D620N.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU suppresses the climbing defects and increased sensitivity to paraquat seen in park25 mutants.

      Expression of Hsap\VPS35R524W.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU suppresses the climbing defects and increased sensitivity to paraquat seen in park25 mutants.

      Expression of Hsap\VPS35L774M.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU suppresses the climbing defects and increased sensitivity to paraquat seen in park25 mutants.

      (Malik et al., 2015)

      Thoracic indentations seen in park25/park25 flies are not suppressed by expression of Hsap\CLUHScer\UAS.P\T.cSa driven by Scer\GAL4Mhc.PW.

      (Sen et al., 2015)

      Expression of Scer\GAL4da.G32>Hsap\FBXO7Scer\UAS.cBb significantly suppresses the park25 phenotypes, including locomotor defects, dopaminergic neuron loss, muscle degeneration, and mitochondrial disruption.

      (Burchell et al., 2013)

      Expression of Hsap\TRAP1Scer\UAS.cBa under the control of Scer\GAL4da.G32 does not significantly rescue the abnormal wing posture, reduced climbing ability or indirect flight muscle defects of homozygous park25 flies.

      (Zhang et al., 2013)

      The life span of park25 mutants is increased from a median of 7 days to 19 days, upon expression of Hsap\MTF1Scer\UAS.P\T.cBa under the control of Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI.

      (Saini et al., 2011)

      park25 mutant flies expressing Hsap\SOD1Scer\UAS.cWa under the control of Scer\GAL4twi.PG do not show a difference in survival compared to park25 flies, up to 4 days of age. However, at 11 days of age only 10% of the park25 flies remain, compared to 80% of the park25 flies expressing Hsap\SOD1Scer\UAS.cWa under the control of Scer\GAL4twi.PG. None of the park25 flies survive to 17 days of age, at which time point approximately 80% of Hsap\SOD1Scer\UAS.cWa-expressing flies are still alive.

      (Saini et al., 2010)

      Expression of Hsap\PARK2Scer\UAS.cYa under the control of Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR fully rescues the thoracic indentation and flight phenotypes of park25/park25 mutants.

      (Poole et al., 2008)
      Complementation and Rescue Data
      Rescued by

      parkΔ21/park25 is rescued by parkUAS.cGa

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkZ3678/park25 is rescued by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU/parkUAS.cGa

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      Df(3L)Pc-MK/park25 is rescued by Scer\GAL4how-24B/parkUAS.cGa

      (Greene et al., 2003)
      Partially rescued by

      parkZ3678/park25 is partially rescued by parkUAS.cGa/Scer\GAL4elav.PLu

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      parkZ3678/park25 is partially rescued by Scer\GAL4G14/parkUAS.cGa

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      park25 is partially rescued by Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU/parkUAS.cGa

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      park25 is partially rescued by parkUAS.cGa/Scer\GAL4elav.PLu

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      park25 is partially rescued by Scer\GAL4G14/parkUAS.cGa

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      park25 is partially rescued by Scer\GAL4ple.PF/parkUAS.cGa

      (Whitworth et al., 2005)
      Comments

      Expression of parkScer\UAS.cGa under the control of the Scer\GAL4how-24B driver rescues the defective mitochondria observed in body wall muscles of park25/parkΔ21 third instar larvae.

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      Expression of parkScer\UAS.cGa with a global (Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU) or neuronal (Scer\GAL4elav.PLu), but not muscle (Scer\GAL4G14), driver rescues locomotion in park25/parkZ3678 larvae; global and neuronal (but not muscle) expression partially rescues locomotion in park25/park25 larvae; neuronal but not muscle driver rescues contraction frequency in park25/park25 larvae; muscle expression rescues muscle resting membrane potential but not synaptic potential in park25/parkZ3678 larvae; neuronal expression partially rescues synaptic potential but not muscle resting membrane potential in park25/parkZ3678 larvae; global, neuronal and muscle drivers rescue synaptic overgrowth in park25/park25 larvae.

      (Vincent et al., 2012)

      Expression of parkScer\UAS.cGa in the PPL neurons, under the regulation of Scer\GAL4ple.PF significantly attenuates dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss in the PPL cluster in park25 mutants.

      (Whitworth et al., 2005)
      Images (0)
      Mutant
      Wild-type
      Stocks (1)
      Notes on Origin
      Discoverer
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (7)
      Reported As
      Symbol Synonym
      Park25
      (Bitar et al., 2024, Wang et al., 2023, Liu et al., 2022, Tsai et al., 2018)
      park25
      (Bajracharya and Ballard, 2018)
      park25
      (Silvera et al., 2025, Martinez et al., 2024, Mauri et al., 2023, Moehlman et al., 2023, Sanchez-Martinez et al., 2023, Travaglio et al., 2023, Houlihan et al., 2022, O'Hanlon et al., 2022, Paradis et al., 2022, Yang et al., 2022, Parker-Character et al., 2021, Sanz et al., 2021, Shen et al., 2021, Lee et al., 2020, Maddison et al., 2020, Terriente-Felix et al., 2020, Aggarwal et al., 2019, von Stockum et al., 2019, Cackovic et al., 2018, Duncan et al., 2018, Lee et al., 2018, Thomas et al., 2018, Celardo et al., 2017, Julienne et al., 2017, Martinez et al., 2017, Zanon et al., 2017, Celardo et al., 2016, Lehmann et al., 2016, Cagin et al., 2015, Gao et al., 2015, Malik et al., 2015, Sen et al., 2015, Senyilmaz et al., 2015, Srivastav et al., 2015, Bingol et al., 2014, Klein et al., 2014, Pogson et al., 2014, Politi et al., 2014, Burchell et al., 2013, Chambers et al., 2013, Costa et al., 2013, de Castro et al., 2013, Vincow et al., 2013, Yacobi-Sharon et al., 2013, Pimenta de Castro et al., 2012, Vincent et al., 2012, Fernandes and Rao, 2011, Saini et al., 2011, Saini and Schaffner, 2010, Saini et al., 2010, Ziviani et al., 2010, Tain et al., 2009, Tain et al., 2009, Poole et al., 2008, Riparbelli and Callaini, 2007)
      park[25]
      (Zhang et al., 2013)
      parkin25
      (Adedara et al., 2022, Pirooznia et al., 2020, Valadas et al., 2018, Zhang et al., 2017, Zhu et al., 2015, Yun et al., 2014, Kim et al., 2013, Deng et al., 2008)
      parkind25
      (Hao et al., 2010)
      parkinΔ25
      (Hao et al., 2010)
      Name Synonyms
      parkin25
      (Whitworth et al., 2008)
      Secondary FlyBase IDs
        References (73)