FB2025_01 , released February 20, 2025
Allele: Dmel\parkΔ21
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\parkΔ21
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
FlyBase ID
FBal0158835
Feature type
allele
Associated gene
Dmel\park
Associated Insertion(s)
Carried in Construct
Also Known As
parkinΔ21
Key Links
Allele class
Mutagen
Nature of the Allele
Allele class
Mutagen
Delta2-3 transposase
(Pesah et al., 2004)
Progenitor genotype
parkP21
(Pesah et al., 2004)
Cytology
Description

Deletion of sequence between insertion sites of P{EP}parkP21 and P{EP}parkP30.

(Pesah et al., 2004)
Mutations Mapped to the Genome
Curation Data
Type
Location
Additional Notes
References
Variant Molecular Consequences
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank
DNA sequence
Protein sequence
 
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Expression Data
      Reporter Expression
      Additional Information
      Statement
      Reference
       
      Marker for
      Reflects expression of
      Reporter construct used in assay
      Human Disease Associations
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
       
      Disease-implicated variant(s)
       
      Phenotypic Data
      Phenotypic Class

      abnormal flight (with park1)

      (Esposito et al., 2013, Vilain et al., 2012, Vos et al., 2012)

      abnormal flight (with park25)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      abnormal jumping

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      abnormal jumping (with park1)

      (Xue et al., 2022)

      abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage (with park1)

      (Chen et al., 2017)

      abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage (with park25)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      abnormal size | third instar larval stage (with parkf01950)

      (Tan et al., 2018)

      chemical sensitive

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      chemical sensitive (with Df(3L)Pc-MK)

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      decreased body size

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      decreased cell number

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      decreased cell size

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      decreased rate of movement

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      flightless

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      flightless (with park1)

      (Reynolds-Peterson et al., 2020)

      increased cell death | adult stage (with park25)

      (Yang et al., 2022)

      increased size | adult stage (with park25)

      (Yang et al., 2022)

      lethal (with park1), with Scer\GAL4da.PU, parkSE.UAS

      (Shiba-Fukushima et al., 2014)

      male sterile (with park1)

      (Vilain et al., 2012)

      partially lethal - majority die

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      short lived

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      short lived (with Df(3L)Pc-MK)

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      short lived (with park13)

      (Tan et al., 2018)

      short lived (with park25)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      short lived (with parkf01950)

      (Tan et al., 2018)

      short lived | cold sensitive

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      short lived | cold sensitive (with Df(3L)Pc-MK)

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      some die during pupal stage

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      sterile

      (Clark et al., 2006)

      viable

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      viable (with park13)

      (Tan et al., 2018)

      viable (with parkf01950)

      (Tan et al., 2018)

      visible (with park1)

      (Shiba-Fukushima et al., 2014, Wu et al., 2013)

      visible | adult stage (with park1)

      (Xue et al., 2022, Chen et al., 2017)

      visible | adult stage (with park25)

      (Yang et al., 2022)
      Phenotype Manifest In

      adult external thorax (with park25)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      adult somatic muscle cell of thorax | adult stage (with park25)

      (Yang et al., 2022)

      adult thorax (with park1)

      (Xue et al., 2022, Chen et al., 2017)

      adult thorax (with park25)

      (Yang et al., 2022)

      brain | adult stage (with park25)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      dopaminergic neuron | adult stage (with park25)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      embryonic/larval hypodermal muscle cell | third instar larval stage (with park13)

      (Tan et al., 2018)

      embryonic/larval hypodermal muscle cell | third instar larval stage (with parkf01950)

      (Tan et al., 2018)

      flight muscle cell | adult stage (with park1)

      (Reynolds-Peterson et al., 2020)

      indirect flight muscle & mitochondrion

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      indirect flight muscle & nuclear membrane

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      indirect flight muscle cell

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      indirect flight muscle cell (with park1), with Scer\GAL4da.PU, parkSA.UAS

      (Shiba-Fukushima et al., 2014)

      indirect flight muscle cell (with park25)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      larval somatic muscle cell | third instar larval stage (with park25)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      mitochondrial crista | adult stage (with park1)

      (Chen et al., 2017)

      mitochondrion (with park1)

      (Esposito et al., 2013, Wu et al., 2013, Vilain et al., 2012, Vos et al., 2012)

      mitochondrion (with park1), with Scer\GAL4da.PU, parkSA.UAS

      (Shiba-Fukushima et al., 2014)

      mitochondrion | adult stage (with park1)

      (Reynolds-Peterson et al., 2020, Chen et al., 2017, Meng et al., 2017)

      mitochondrion | adult stage (with park25)

      (Yang et al., 2022, Zhu et al., 2015)

      mitochondrion | third instar larval stage (with park13)

      (Tan et al., 2018)

      mitochondrion | third instar larval stage (with park25)

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      nuclear envelope | third instar larval stage (with parkf01950)

      (Tan et al., 2018)

      nucleus | third instar larval stage (with park13)

      (Tan et al., 2018)

      nucleus | third instar larval stage (with parkf01950)

      (Tan et al., 2018)

      thorax (with park1)

      (Shiba-Fukushima et al., 2014)

      wing

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      wing (with park1)

      (Xue et al., 2022, Chen et al., 2017, Shiba-Fukushima et al., 2014, Wu et al., 2013)
      Detailed Description
      Statement
      Reference

      parkΔ21/park1 adults display wing posture defects, collapsed thoraxes and impaired jumping activity.

      (Xue et al., 2022)

      parkΔ21/park1 mutants exhibit muscle cell abnormalities and degeneration (accumulation of ubiquitin modified proteins and disordering of actin filaments) with large and dysmorphic mitochondria (Mito-GFP) when compared to controls. Also these mutants are incapable of flight.

      (Reynolds-Peterson et al., 2020)

      Body wall muscles in parkΔ21/parkf01950 transheterozygous and parkΔ21/park13 transheterozygous third instar larvae frequently show nuclei clustering together or in contact with each other, instead of the typically even spaced in controls; parkΔ21/park13 transheterozygous muscles exhibit larger and more globular mitochondria; parkΔ21/parkf01950 nuclei also exhibit a smaller size and an irregular shape (uneven nuclear envelope). Nuclei clustering is not observed in the parkΔ21 heterozygous background.

      (Tan et al., 2018)

      park1/parkΔ21 transheterozygous adults display aberrant wing posture, thoracic indentations and climbing ability deficit along with mitochondrial defects (loss of cristae) in indirect flight muscles.

      (Chen et al., 2017)

      parkΔ21/park1 transheterozygotes present mitochondria fragmentation, despite of normal cristae morphology, in adult indirect flight muscles, as compared to controls.

      (Meng et al., 2017)

      These heterozygote adults are short lived compared to controls.

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      The indirect flight muscles of flies expressing parkSA.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU in a parkΔ21/park1 mutant background contain abnormally fused mitochondria.

      (Shiba-Fukushima et al., 2014)

      The flight muscles of park1/parkΔ21 adults have swollen mitochondria.

      (Esposito et al., 2013)

      park1/parkΔ21 flies often have an abnormal wing posture, and mitochondrial aggregation is seen in the muscles.

      (Wu et al., 2013)

      The flight defects of park1/parkΔ21 animals are significantly improved by feeding with vitamin K[[2]] (MK-4 form tested).

      The mitochondrial morphology defects of park1/parkΔ21 larvae are partially rescued by feeding with vitamin K[[2]] (MK-4 form tested).

      (Vos et al., 2012)

      parkΔ21 homozygotes are adult viable but eclose one day later than heterozygous controls, but show significant pupal lethality (68% of park mutant pupae fail to eclose. parkΔ21 homozygous adults are significantly smaller and around 30% lighter than controls of the same age and sex. Compared with heterozygous controls, cell size in the wings of parkΔ21 homozygous females is reduced by 10% and the wing area itself is reduced by 23%. The mean life spans for parkΔ21 homozygote and for parkΔ21/Df(3L)Pc-MK flies are 13 and 32 days respectively, compared to a mean life span of >60 days in heterozygous controls. The files are also more sensitive to cold and to paraquat (2mM) than heterozygous controls. parkΔ21 homozygotes show a much reduced jump response than heterozygous controls and are flightless with drooped wings. Analysis of indirect flight muscles in these flies reveals degeneration which increases with age. Ultrastructural analysis of these muscles at 2 days post eclosion reveals increased spacing between fibril groups, a reduced number of fibrils, reduced numbers of mitochondria (which are of a generally smaller with a significant loss of christae), chromatin condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown. parkΔ21 homozygotes do not show any loss of dopaminergic neurons in the dorsal-medial clusters of the brain, in 2-3 day or 21 day old animals, and have normal electroretinograms at 2 weeks of age.

      (Pesah et al., 2004)
      External Data
      Interactions
      Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
      Phenotypic Class
      Enhanced by
      Statement
      Reference

      parkΔ21/park25 has increased size | adult stage phenotype, enhanceable by clud00713/clud00713

      (Yang et al., 2022)
      NOT Enhanced by
      Suppressed by
      NOT suppressed by
      Enhancer of
      Suppressor of
      Statement
      Reference

      parkΔ21 is a suppressor of visible phenotype of Scer\GAL4GMR.PF, cindrRNAi.PC.PD.UAS

      (Ketosugbo et al., 2017)
      Other
      Phenotype Manifest In
      Enhanced by
      Statement
      Reference

      parkΔ21/park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, enhanceable by clud00713/clud00713

      (Yang et al., 2022)
      NOT Enhanced by
      Statement
      Reference

      parkΔ21/park1 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by Chchd2H43/Chchd2H43

      (Meng et al., 2017)

      parkΔ21/park25 has adult external thorax phenotype, non-enhanceable by Atg18aKG03090/Atg18a[+]

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park1 has mitochondrion phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.PU/trcS292E.UAS.L

      (Wu et al., 2013)

      parkΔ21/park1 has wing phenotype, non-enhanceable by rictorUAS.cHa/Scer\GAL4da.PU

      (Wu et al., 2013)

      parkΔ21/park1 has mitochondrion phenotype, non-enhanceable by rictorUAS.cHa/Scer\GAL4da.PU

      (Wu et al., 2013)

      parkΔ21/park1 has wing phenotype, non-enhanceable by Scer\GAL4da.PU/trcS292E.UAS.L

      (Wu et al., 2013)
      Suppressed by
      Statement
      Reference

      parkΔ21/park25 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible by cluUAS.cYa/Scer\GAL4Mef2.PU

      (Yang et al., 2022)

      parkΔ21/park25 has adult somatic muscle cell of thorax | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by cluUAS.cYa/Scer\GAL4Mef2.PU

      (Yang et al., 2022)

      parkΔ21/park1 has flight muscle cell | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by sfl[+]/sfl03844

      (Reynolds-Peterson et al., 2020)

      parkΔ21/park1 has flight muscle cell | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by sfl9B4

      (Reynolds-Peterson et al., 2020)

      parkΔ21/park1 has flight muscle cell | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by sfl[+]/sflunspecified

      (Reynolds-Peterson et al., 2020)

      parkΔ21/park1 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by sfl[+]/sflunspecified

      (Reynolds-Peterson et al., 2020)

      parkΔ21/park13 has mitochondrion | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Hsap\ARIH1UAS.cFa/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Tan et al., 2018)

      parkΔ21/park1 has wing phenotype, suppressible by STUB1UAS.cCa/Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU

      (Chen et al., 2017)

      parkΔ21/park1 has adult thorax phenotype, suppressible by STUB1UAS.cCa/Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU

      (Chen et al., 2017)

      parkΔ21/park1 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by STUB1UAS.cCa/Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU

      (Chen et al., 2017)

      parkΔ21/park1 has mitochondrial crista | adult stage phenotype, suppressible by STUB1UAS.cCa/Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU

      (Chen et al., 2017)

      parkΔ21/park25 has adult external thorax phenotype, suppressible | partially by mask[+]/mask10.22

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has adult external thorax phenotype, suppressible | partially by maskEY13048/mask10.22

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by maskEY13048/mask10.22

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has indirect flight muscle cell phenotype, suppressible | partially by maskEY13048/mask10.22

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has mitochondrion | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by maskEY13048/mask10.22

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has larval somatic muscle cell | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by maskEY13048/mask10.22

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has mitochondrion | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4how-24B/maskHMS01045

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has larval somatic muscle cell | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4how-24B/maskHMS01045

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has mitochondrion | adult stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4ple.PU/maskHMS01045

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has dopaminergic neuron | adult stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4ple.PU/maskHMS01045

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has brain | adult stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4ple.PU/maskHMS01045

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park25 has indirect flight muscle cell phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4Mhc.Switch.PO/maskHMS01045

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      mask10.22, parkΔ21/park25 has adult external thorax phenotype, suppressible by Atg18aKG03090/Atg18a[+]

      (Zhu et al., 2015)
      NOT suppressed by
      Statement
      Reference

      parkΔ21/park1 has wing phenotype, non-suppressible by Tsf1KK103815/Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU

      (Xue et al., 2022)

      parkΔ21/park1 has adult thorax phenotype, non-suppressible by Tsf1KK103815/Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU

      (Xue et al., 2022)

      parkΔ21/park1 has wing phenotype, non-suppressible by Zip99CUAS.cXa/Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU

      (Xue et al., 2022)

      parkΔ21/park1 has adult thorax phenotype, non-suppressible by Zip99CUAS.cXa/Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU

      (Xue et al., 2022)

      parkΔ21/park1 has wing phenotype, non-suppressible by rictorUAS.cHa/Scer\GAL4da.PU

      (Wu et al., 2013)

      parkΔ21/park1 has mitochondrion phenotype, non-suppressible by rictorUAS.cHa/Scer\GAL4da.PU

      (Wu et al., 2013)

      parkΔ21/park1 has wing phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/trcS292E.UAS.L

      (Wu et al., 2013)

      parkΔ21/park1 has mitochondrion phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4da.PU/trcS292E.UAS.L

      (Wu et al., 2013)

      parkΔ21/park1 has mitochondrion phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\NDI1UAS.cVa/Scer\GAL4da.G32

      (Vilain et al., 2012)
      Enhancer of
      Statement
      Reference

      parkΔ21/park[+] is an enhancer of dopaminergic neuron & adult brain phenotype of Scer\GAL4Ddc.PL, Septin4UAS.cMa

      (Muñoz-Soriano and Paricio, 2007)

      parkΔ21/park[+] is an enhancer of wing phenotype of Scer\GAL4da.G32, Septin4UAS.cMa

      (Muñoz-Soriano and Paricio, 2007)

      parkΔ21/park[+] is an enhancer of eye phenotype of Scer\GAL4GMR.PF, Septin4UAS.cMa

      (Muñoz-Soriano and Paricio, 2007)

      Df(3L)Pc-MK/parkΔ21 is an enhancer of eye phenotype of Scer\GAL4GMR.PF, Septin4UAS.cMa

      (Muñoz-Soriano and Paricio, 2007)
      Suppressor of
      Other
      Additional Comments
      Genetic Interactions
      Statement
      Reference

      Body wall muscles in ari-1A/+,parkΔ21/+ or ari-1A/Y,parkΔ21/+ third instar larvae frequently show nuclei clustering together or in contact with each other, instead of the typically even spaced in controls; these nuclei also exhibit a smaller size and an irregular shape (uneven nuclear envelope).

      (Tan et al., 2018)

      The mitochondria morphology defects observed in the adult indirect flight muscles of parkΔ21/park1 transheterozygotes are not enhanced by Chchd2H43 homozygosity.

      (Meng et al., 2017)

      Expression of maskHMS01045 RNAi suppresses the short lived phenotype of park25/parkΔ21 transheterozygote adults.

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      The mitochondria morphological defects seen in park1/parkΔ21 adults are not rescued by Acon1/+ or AconMB09176/+.

      (Esposito et al., 2013)

      Expression of either rictorScer\UAS.cHa or trcS292E.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU fails to rescue the abnormal wing posture and mitochondrial aggregation phenotypes seen in park1/parkΔ21 flies.

      (Wu et al., 2013)

      Heterozygosity for parkΔ21 enhances the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the dorsomedial clusters of 40-day old adult brains caused by expression of Sep4Scer\UAS.cMa under the control of Scer\GAL4Ddc.PL.

      Heterozygosity for parkΔ21 increases the percentage of Sep4Scer\UAS.cMa, Scer\GAL4da.G32 flies showing a wrinkled wing phenotype.

      The mild rough eye phenotype seen in flies expressing Sep4Scer\UAS.cMa under the control of Scer\GAL4GMR.PF is enhanced in flies heterozygous for either parkΔ21 or Df(3L)Pc-MK, and is further enhanced in parkΔ21/Df(3L)Pc-MK trans-heterozygous flies.

      (Muñoz-Soriano and Paricio, 2007)
      Xenogenetic Interactions
      Statement
      Reference

      Scer\NDI1Scer\UAS.cVa in the absence of a Scer\GAL4 driver does not suppress the sterility of park1/parkΔ21 males (even though Scer\NDI1Scer\UAS.cVa in the absence of a Scer\GAL4 driver does suppress the male sterility of Pink1B9 males).

      Expression of Scer\NDI1Scer\UAS.cVa under the control of Scer\GAL4da.G32 does not suppress the flight defects or defects in mitochondrial morphology which are seen in park1/parkΔ21 flies.

      (Vilain et al., 2012)
      Complementation and Rescue Data
      Rescued by

      parkΔ21/park25 is rescued by parkUAS.cGa

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      parkΔ21/park1 is rescued by Scer\GAL4da.PU/parkUAS.cSa

      (Shiba-Fukushima et al., 2014)

      parkΔ21/park1 is rescued by parkUAS.cSa/Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU

      (Shiba-Fukushima et al., 2014)

      parkΔ21 is rescued by parkUAS.Tag:HA/Scer\GAL4Ubi.PU

      (Pesah et al., 2004)

      parkΔ21 is rescued by parkUAS.Tag:HA/Scer\GAL4c179

      (Pesah et al., 2004)
      Partially rescued by

      parkΔ21/park1 is partially rescued by parkSA.UAS/Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU

      (Shiba-Fukushima et al., 2014)

      parkΔ21 is partially rescued by park+tR

      (Pesah et al., 2004)
      Not rescued by

      parkΔ21/park1 is not rescued by Scer\GAL4da.PU/parkSA.UAS

      (Shiba-Fukushima et al., 2014)

      parkΔ21 is not rescued by parktSR

      (Pesah et al., 2004)
      Comments

      Expression of parkScer\UAS.cGa under the control of the Scer\GAL4how-24B driver rescues the defective mitochondria observed in body wall muscles of park25/parkΔ21 third instar larvae.

      (Zhu et al., 2015)

      Expression of parkScer\UAS.cSa under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU rescues the mitochondria phenotype seen in parkΔ21/park1 mutant indirect flight muscles. The reduction in ATP levels is also rescued, and is improved to a level higher than that of controls.

      Expression of parkScer\UAS.cSa under the control of Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU rescues the wing posture and thorax defects seen in parkΔ21/park1 mutant flies.

      Expression of parkSA.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU fails to rescue the mitochondria phenotype seen in parkΔ21/park1 mutant indirect flight muscles. The reduction in ATP levels is rescued, and is improved to a level higher than that of controls.

      Expression of parkSA.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU partially rescues the wing posture and thorax defects seen in parkΔ21/park1 mutant flies. The reduction in ATP levels is also improved.

      Expression of parkSE.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4da.PU results in lethality, either in a parkΔ21/park1 or wild type mutant background.

      (Shiba-Fukushima et al., 2014)

      The reduced body size/mass, reduced lifespan and increased sensitivity to cold an paraquat seen in parkΔ21 homozygous adults are all partially rescued by park+tR, but not by parktSR. Reduced jump response, flightlessness and indirect flight muscle degeneration in parkΔ21 homozygotes are completely rescued by park+tR, but not by parktSR. Flightlessness is also rescued by expression of parkScer\UAS.T:Ivir\HA1 with Scer\GAL4c179 or Scer\GAL4Ubi.

      (Pesah et al., 2004)
      Images (0)
      Mutant
      Wild-type
      Stocks (1)
      Notes on Origin
      Discoverer
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (8)
      References (31)