FlyBase Allele Report: Dmel\mad2[G6595]

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\mad2^G6595

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

FlyBase ID

FBal0277486

Feature type

allele

Associated gene

Dmel\mad2

Associated Insertion(s)

P{EP}mad2^G6595

Carried in Construct

Also Known As

mad2^P

Key Links

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Allele class

Mutagen

Nature of the Allele

Allele class

Mutagen

Progenitor genotype

Associated Insertion(s)

P{EP}mad2^G6595

Cytology

Description

The P{EP}mad2^G6595 P-element is inserted at nucleotide 389 of mad2, at the beginning of exon 3.

(Buffin et al., 2007)

Allele components

Component

Use(s)

Inserted element

P{EP}

misexpression element

Regulatory region(s)

UAS

binary expression system - regulatory region

Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Curation Data

Type

Location

Additional Notes

References

transposable_element_insertion_site

3L:5,812,624..5,812,625

(Gallaud et al., 2022, Défachelles et al., 2015, Althoff et al., 2012, Basto et al., 2008, Buffin et al., 2007)

Variant Molecular Consequences

Associated Sequence Data

DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank

DNA sequence

Protein sequence

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Expression Data

Reporter Expression

Additional Information

Statement

Reference

Marker for

Reflects expression of

Reporter construct used in assay

Human Disease Associations

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Disease

Evidence

References

model of microcephaly

CEA with Sas-4^s2214

(Poulton et al., 2017)

CEA with asl^mecD

(Poulton et al., 2017)

CEA with cnn^HK21

(Poulton et al., 2017)

CEA

(Buffin et al., 2007)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Disease

Interaction

References

model of microcephaly

is exacerbated by cnn^HK21

(Buffin et al., 2007)

ameliorates primary autosomal recessive microcephaly 5

modeled by asp^E3

(Buffin et al., 2007)

Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease-implicated variant(s)

Phenotypic Data

Phenotypic Class

abnormal cell cycle

(Buffin et al., 2007)

abnormal developmental rate

(Basto et al., 2008)

abnormal mitotic cell cycle

(Buffin et al., 2007)

abnormal mitotic cell cycle | embryonic stage 4 | maternal effect | drug conditional

(Défachelles et al., 2015)

abnormal mitotic cell cycle | third instar larval stage

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

fertile

(Buffin et al., 2007)

viable

(Buffin et al., 2007)

Phenotype Manifest In

larval brain | third instar larval stage

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

nuclear chromosome | embryonic stage

(Défachelles et al., 2015)

polar body nucleus | embryonic stage

(Défachelles et al., 2015)

polar body nucleus | embryonic stage 4 | drug conditional

(Défachelles et al., 2015)

Detailed Description

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595 third instar larval brains show low but significant levels of aneuploidy.

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 homozygous third instar larval brains do not display obvious defects in volume, overall tissue organization (including layer size and organization, size and organization of medullar axons, and numbers of neuroblasts and neuroepithelial cells), proportions of apoptotic cells (assessed by Hid-GFP, cleaved Casp-3 and cleaved Dcp-1), mitotic cells and DNA-damaged cells, and frequency of ploidy defects and progression time to anaphase in central brain neuroblasts, as compared to controls.

(Poulton et al., 2017)

The number of neuroblasts in mad2^G6595 mutant larval brains is not significantly different from wild-type controls and the brain tissue lacks the ability to induce tumor formation in an tissue allograft assay.

(Caous et al., 2015)

Unlike wild-type controls, mad2^G6595-derived syncitial-stage embryos fail to undergo mitotic arrest in response to spindle damage induced by colchicine-treatment.

Most of the polar bodies in embryos laid by mad2^G6595 mutant mothers are large with semi- or fully decondensed chromatin.

(Défachelles et al., 2015)

Mitosis 14 anaphase appears largely normal in mad2^G6595 mutant embryos.

(Althoff et al., 2012)

mad2^G6595 mutant larvae develop at slightly faster rate than wild type flies.

(Basto et al., 2008)

mad2^G6595 mutants do not show accumulation of mitotic cells in colchicine-treated larval brains.

mad2^G6595 mutant colchicine-treated larval brains exhibit a significant increase in aneuploid cells.

(Buffin et al., 2007)

External Data

Linkouts

Interactions

Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors

Phenotypic Class

Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595 has abnormal mitotic cell cycle | third instar larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by polo^S025604/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 has abnormal mitotic cell cycle | third instar larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by polo^S132408/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 has abnormal mitotic cell cycle | third instar larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by polo^S132408/polo^S025604

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 has abnormal mitotic cell cycle phenotype, enhanceable by cnn^HK21

(Rahmani et al., 2009)

NOT Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595 has viable phenotype, non-enhanceable by Df(3R)noi-B/noi^A/noi^+t3.6

(Buffin et al., 2007)

mad2^G6595 has fertile phenotype, non-enhanceable by Df(3R)noi-B/noi^A/noi^+t3.6

(Buffin et al., 2007)

mad2^G6595 has abnormal cell cycle phenotype, non-enhanceable by Df(3R)noi-B/noi^A/noi^+t3.6

(Buffin et al., 2007)

mad2^G6595 has abnormal mitotic cell cycle phenotype, non-enhanceable by Df(3R)noi-B/noi^A/noi^+t3.6

(Buffin et al., 2007)

Suppressed by

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595, polo^S132408/polo^S025604 has decreased occurrence of cell division | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407/polo^{T182D.UASp.RR.GFP}

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407/BacA\p35^UAS.cHa

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has abnormal size | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407/BacA\p35^UAS.cHa

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Mps1^UAS.cAa, Scer\GAL4^{VP16.mat.αTub67C}, mad2^G6595 has abnormal mitotic cell cycle | embryonic stage 5 phenotype, suppressible | conditional by vtd^{271TEV.tub.Tag:CS(TEVp),Tag:MYC}/TEV\NIa^{TEVp.UAS.Tag:V5,Tag:NLS(SV40-largeT)}/vtd^ex3, Scer\GAL4^{VP16.mat.αTub67C}

(Althoff et al., 2012)

NOT suppressed by

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595 has abnormal developmental rate phenotype, non-suppressible by SAK^Ubi.GFP

(Basto et al., 2008)

mad2^G6595 has viable phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(3R)noi-B/noi^A/noi^+t3.6

(Buffin et al., 2007)

mad2^G6595 has fertile phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(3R)noi-B/noi^A/noi^+t3.6

(Buffin et al., 2007)

mad2^G6595 has abnormal cell cycle phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(3R)noi-B/noi^A/noi^+t3.6

(Buffin et al., 2007)

mad2^G6595 has abnormal mitotic cell cycle phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(3R)noi-B/noi^A/noi^+t3.6

(Buffin et al., 2007)

Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of decreased occurrence of cell division | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S025604/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S025604/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of increased cell number | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S025604/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of neoplasia | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S025604/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of increased cell number | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of abnormal mitotic cell cycle | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of neoplasia | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of abnormal mitotic cell cycle | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo^S025604

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595/mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of abnormal mitotic cell cycle | third instar larval stage phenotype of Sas-4^s2214

(Poulton et al., 2017, Caous et al., 2015)

NOT Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595 is a non-enhancer of decreased occurrence of cell division | third instar larval stage phenotype of aurA⁸⁸³⁹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595, Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407, polo^UASp.RR.GFP is a non-enhancer of decreased occurrence of cell division | third instar larval stage phenotype of aurA⁸⁸³⁹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is a non-enhancer of decreased occurrence of cell division | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is a non-enhancer of neoplasia | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo^S025604

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is a non-enhancer of decreased occurrence of cell division | third instar larval stage phenotype of Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407, polo^{T182D.UASp.RR.GFP}

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595/mad2^G6595 is a non-enhancer of neoplasia | third instar larval stage phenotype of aurA⁸⁸³⁹

(Caous et al., 2015)

Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595 is a suppressor | partially of decreased occurrence of cell division | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo^S025604

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is a suppressor | partially of abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo^S025604

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is a suppressor | partially of increased cell number | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo^S025604

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595, Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407, polo^{T182D.UASp.RR.GFP} is a suppressor of decreased occurrence of cell division | third instar larval stage phenotype of aurA⁸⁸³⁹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595/mad2^G6595 is a suppressor of neoplasia | third instar larval stage phenotype of Sas-4^s2214

(Caous et al., 2015)

mad2^G6595/mad2^G6595 is a suppressor of abnormal mitotic cell cycle | third instar larval stage phenotype of aurA⁸⁸³⁹

(Caous et al., 2015)

mad2^G6595 is a suppressor of abnormal mitotic cell cycle | embryonic stage 5 phenotype of Mps1^UAS.cAa, Scer\GAL4^{VP16.mat.αTub67C}

(Althoff et al., 2012)

mad2^G6595 is a suppressor of abnormal developmental rate phenotype of SAK^Ubi.GFP

(Basto et al., 2008)

mad2^G6595 is a suppressor of abnormal mitotic cell cycle phenotype of SAK^Ubi.GFP

(Basto et al., 2008)

NOT Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595 is a non-suppressor of abnormal mitotic cell cycle | maternal effect | embryonic stage phenotype of Dhc64C^S3372C

(Salvador-Garcia et al., 2024)

mad2^G6595 is a non-suppressor of decreased occurrence of cell division | third instar larval stage phenotype of aurA⁸⁸³⁹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595, Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407, polo^UASp.RR.GFP is a non-suppressor of decreased occurrence of cell division | third instar larval stage phenotype of aurA⁸⁸³⁹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is a non-suppressor of decreased occurrence of cell division | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is a non-suppressor of neoplasia | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo^S025604

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is a non-suppressor of decreased occurrence of cell division | third instar larval stage phenotype of Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407, polo^{T182D.UASp.RR.GFP}

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

Other

Statement

Reference

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has abnormal size | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has increased cell death | recessive | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has increased cell number | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has decreased cell number | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has lethal - all die before end of prepupal stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has increased cell size | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

asl^mecD, mad2^G6595 has abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

asl^mecD, mad2^G6595 has abnormal size | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

cnn^HK21, mad2^G6595 has abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

cnn^HK21, mad2^G6595 has abnormal size | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has abnormal developmental rate phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, aurA⁸⁸³⁹, mad2^G6595 has abnormal mitotic cell cycle | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Caous et al., 2015)

Mps1^UAS.cAa, Scer\GAL4^{VP16.mat.αTub67C}, mad2^G6595 has abnormal mitotic cell cycle | embryonic stage 5 phenotype

(Althoff et al., 2012)

BubR1^A1204K.PR, mad2^G6595 has lethal | larval stage phenotype

(Rahmani et al., 2009)

BubR1^A1204K.PR, mad2^G6595 has lethal | pupal stage phenotype

(Rahmani et al., 2009)

BubR1^A1204K.PR, mad2^G6595 has abnormal mitotic cell cycle phenotype

(Rahmani et al., 2009)

BubR1^KEN.mRFP1, mad2^G6595 has abnormal mitotic cell cycle phenotype

(Rahmani et al., 2009)

SAK^Ubi.GFP, mad2^G6595 has lethal | pupal stage phenotype

(Basto et al., 2008)

cnn^HK21, mad2^G6595 has lethal phenotype

(Buffin et al., 2007)

cnn^HK21, mad2^G6595 has abnormal mitotic cell cycle phenotype

(Buffin et al., 2007)

cnn^HK21, mad2^G6595 has abnormal cell cycle phenotype

(Buffin et al., 2007)

Phenotype Manifest In

Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595 has larval brain | third instar larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by polo^S025604/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 has larval brain | third instar larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by polo^S132408/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 has larval brain | third instar larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by polo^S132408/polo^S025604

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

NOT Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

aurA⁸⁸³⁹, mad2^G6595 has larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage | increased number phenotype, non-enhanceable by Sas-4^s2214/Sas-4^s2214

(Caous et al., 2015)

Suppressed by

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595, polo^S132408/polo^S025604 has larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407/polo^{T182D.UASp.RR.GFP}

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S025604/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage | increased number phenotype of polo^S025604/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of larval brain | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S025604/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage | increased number phenotype of polo^S132408/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of larval brain | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of larval brain | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo^S025604

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595/mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of mitotic spindle | third instar larval stage phenotype of Sas-4^s2214

(Caous et al., 2015)

mad2^G6595/mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage | increased number phenotype of aurA⁸⁸³⁹

(Caous et al., 2015)

mad2^G6595 is an enhancer of centrosome phenotype of SAK^Ubi.GFP

(Basto et al., 2008)

NOT Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595 is a non-enhancer of larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage phenotype of aurA⁸⁸³⁹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595, Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407, polo^UASp.RR.GFP is a non-enhancer of larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage phenotype of aurA⁸⁸³⁹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is a non-enhancer of larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is a non-enhancer of larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage phenotype of Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407, polo^{T182D.UASp.RR.GFP}

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595/mad2^G6595 is a non-enhancer of FlyBase_internalproperty type:chromosome:chromosome | third instar larval stage phenotype of aurA⁸⁸³⁹

(Caous et al., 2015)

Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595 is a suppressor | partially of larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo^S025604

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is a suppressor | partially of larval neuroblast | increased number | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo^S025604

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595, Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407, polo^{T182D.UASp.RR.GFP} is a suppressor of larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage phenotype of aurA⁸⁸³⁹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595/mad2^G6595 is a suppressor of larval neuroblast | increased number | third instar larval stage phenotype of Sas-4^s2214

(Caous et al., 2015)

NOT Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595 is a non-suppressor of larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage phenotype of aurA⁸⁸³⁹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595, Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407, polo^UASp.RR.GFP is a non-suppressor of larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage phenotype of aurA⁸⁸³⁹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is a non-suppressor of larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage phenotype of polo^S132408/polo¹

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

mad2^G6595 is a non-suppressor of larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage phenotype of Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407, polo^{T182D.UASp.RR.GFP}

(Gallaud et al., 2022)

Other

Statement

Reference

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has axon | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has lamina | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has medulla | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has embryonic/larval optic lobe | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has larval optic neuroblast | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has optic lobe neuroepithelial cell | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has adult optic lobe neuron | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has central protocerebral neuroblast | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has outer optic anlage neuroblast | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

asl^mecD, mad2^G6595 has larval brain | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

cnn^HK21, mad2^G6595 has larval brain | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Sas-4^s2214, mad2^G6595 has larval brain | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Additional Comments

Genetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

mad2^G6595, Sas-4^s2214 double homozygotes exhibit a developmental delay, until arresting and dying at the larval\pupal transition, as compared to controls. Their third instar larval, but not second instar larval or embryonic, brains display a severe decrease in overall volume, a severe increase in the proportion of apoptotic cells (assessed by Hid-GFP, cleaved Casp-3 and Dcp-1), a severe increase in the overall mitotic index (including of the central brain neuroblast population), and a significant increase in the proportion of DNA damaged cells, as compared to controls. Third instar larval brains also display severe tissue organization defects, which mostly affect the optic lobes, as compared to controls: loss or strong reduction of the medulla layer, which exhibits very few neuroblasts and decreased numbers of disorganized neuroepithelial cells; apparent loss of the lamina layer; decreased size of the medullar neuropil, associated with decreased size and disorganization of the axons from medullar neurons; decreased size and complexity of the outer optic anlagen (but not at the second instar larval stage); decreases in number and in organization of central brain neuroblasts, which are able to divide symmetrically, but occasionally exhibit an increased cell size and differentiation defects (i.e. expressing both Dpn and Pros proteins); but not any obvious defects in the mushroom body. Homozygosity for mad2^G6595 strongly enhances the frequency of ploidy defects, but not the delayed entry into anaphase, observed in Sas-4^s2214-homozygous third instar larval central brain neuroblasts.

mad2^G6595, asl^mecD and mad2^G6595, cnn^HK21 double homozygous third instar larval brains display a strong decrease in volume, as compared to single mutants and wild-type controls.

(Poulton et al., 2017)

The increased number of brain neuroblast (NB) cells characteristic for aurA⁸⁸³⁹ mutant third instar larvae is slightly elevated further by combination with homozygous mad2^G6595, whereas the increased mitotic index, the highly condensed chromosome appearance in mitotic cells and the tumorigenic potential of the double mutant tissue in an allograft assay are not significantly affected compared to aurA⁸⁸³⁹ single mutant. The delay in the timing of mitotic cell cycle events is ameliorated in aurA⁸⁸³⁹;mad2^G6595 brain NBs compared to aurA⁸⁸³⁹ cells but not wild-type level, no lagging chromatids (indicative of incorrect spindle attachment) are observed during anaphase and telophase.

aurA⁸⁸³⁹;Sas-4^s2214;mad2^G6595 triple mutants show high rate of ploidy defects in third instar larval brains, the number of neuroblasts or the mitotic cells is highly increased relative to wild-type but significantly different from aurA⁸⁸³⁹;Sas-4^s2214 double mutants.

The increased brain neuroblast (NB) number observed in Sas-4^s2214 mutant third instar larvae is fully suppressed by combination with mad2^G6595 (the NB number in the double mutants is even lower than in wild-type controls and the brains are also smaller), while the NB mitotic spindle defects are enhanced and numerous aneuploid or polyploid cells are frequently observed. The double mutant brain tissue also cannot (unlike that from Sas-4^s2214 single mutants) induce tumor formation in an allograft assay.

(Caous et al., 2015)

The presence of a TEV protease cleavable form of vtd (by expressing vtd^{271TEV.tub.T:Zzzz\TEV.CS,T:Hsap\MYC} and Zzzz\NIa^{Scer\UAS.T:SV5\V5,T:SV40\nls2} in a vtd^ex3 mutant background) suppresses the chromosome segregation defects seen in embryos expressing ald^Scer\UAS.cAa under the control of Scer\GAL4^{mat.αTub67C.T:Hsim\VP16} in a mad2^G6595 mutant background. This suppression does not occur in the absence of Zzzz\NIa^{Scer\UAS.T:SV5\V5,T:SV40\nls2}.

(Althoff et al., 2012)

Injection of geminin into mad2^G6595 embryos abolishes the mitotic delay observed when geminin is injected into wild type embryos.

(McCleland et al., 2009)

BubR1^A1204K.PR-mad2^G6595 double mutants are not delayed in prometaphase (as in BubR1^A1204K.PR single mutants) but instead show a rapid mitotic transit time and early onset of CycB degradation (as in mad2^G6595 single mutants). Double mutants are uniformly larval/pupal lethal and double mutant brains exhibit a lower mitotic density with neuroblast aneuploidy and abnormal anaphases more frequent than in both single mutants.

BubR1^{KEN.T:Disc\RFP-mRFP} mad2^G6595 double mutants are viable and fertile, with aneuploidy levels no higher than in the single mutants. Anaphase figures also appear normal in double mutants. The time from nuclear envelope breakdown to anaphase is markedly reduced (by 40%) compared to BubR1^{KEN.T:Disc\RFP-mRFP} single mutant or wild-type cells and 30% reduced compared to mad2^G6595 single mutants. This acceleration is accompanied by an earlier onset of CycB breakdown. In contrast, the gap from CycB breakdown to anaphase is relatively constant between the double mutant and controls.

mad2^G6595 cnn^HK21 double mutants exhibit a shortened prometaphase with an increase in aneuploidy compared to both single mutants and are larval lethal.

(Rahmani et al., 2009)

Homozygous mad2^G6595 suppresses the developmental rate defects seen in larvae expressing SAK^{Ubi.T:Avic\GFP}, producing instead a slight increase in the rate of development as is seen in mad2^G6595 mutants alone. The mitotic index in mad2^G6595 SAK^{Ubi.T:Avic\GFP} brains is lower than in either wild type or SAK^{Ubi.T:Avic\GFP} expressing neuroblasts. The number of multipolar and defective spindles is dramatically increased compared to flies expressing SAK^{Ubi.T:Avic\GFP} and polyploidy, aneuploidy and lagging chromosomes are all seen during anaphase. The number of centrosomes per cell is increased compared to SAK^{Ubi.T:Avic\GFP}.

(Basto et al., 2008)

mad2^G6595 rev7 double mutants (where the rev7 mutant is constructed as noi^+t3.6; noi^A/Df(3R)noi-B) are viable and show no greater aneuploidy than mad2^G6595 single mutants.

mad2^G6595 cnn^HK21 double mutants exhibit a severely delayed spindle assembly pathway, resulting in a higher mitotic index and a broad peak anaphase onset time of 8-16 minutes. Larval brains of mad2^G6595 cnn^HK21 double mutants have a very high incidence of polyploidy and mad2^G6595 cnn^HK21 individuals die as early pupae.

(Buffin et al., 2007)

Xenogenetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

The decreased brain volume of mad2^G6595, Sas-4^s2214 double homozygous third instar larvae is partially suppressed by the expression of BacA\p35^Scer\UAS.cHa under the control of Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407.

(Poulton et al., 2017)

Complementation and Rescue Data

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Wild-type

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Notes on Origin

Discoverer

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Synonyms and Secondary IDs (4)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

Mad2^P

(Vasavan et al., 2024)

mad2^G6595

mad2^P

(Salvador-Garcia et al., 2024, Poulton et al., 2017, Caous et al., 2015, Rahmani et al., 2009, Schittenhelm et al., 2009, Basto et al., 2008, Katsani et al., 2008, Buffin et al., 2007)

mad2^p

(Gallaud et al., 2022, McCleland et al., 2009)

Name Synonyms

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBal0244141
FBal0243504

References (13)

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