Optogenetic activation (using Cnoc\ChR1^{Cs.IVS.20xUAS.Venus} with 660 nm (red) light) of neurons targeted by the split-GAL4 pair of Scer\GAL4^DBD.R20G03 and Hsap\RELA^AD.R12C11 in larvae significantly induces rolling behaviors, compared to controls; when optogenetic activation is restricted to small clones of these cells (using hs-FLP to excise a stop codon from Cnoc\ChR1^{Cs.20xUAS.FRT.Venus} to generate Cnoc\ChR1^{Cs.20xUAS.Venus}), activating a single larval abdominal 4 Wave neuron significantly increases forwards locomotion, whereas activating a single larval abdominal 3 Wave neuron significantly increases backwards locomotion, and activation of both of these neurons induces wiggling and bending (rolling behaviors), compared to controls.

Inhibition (using shi^1.UAS at 31[o]C) of neurons targeted by the split-GAL4 pair of Scer\GAL4^DBD.R20G03 and Hsap\RELA^AD.R12C11 in larvae significantly reduces the probability of backwards motion in response to a head touch and significantly increases the latency in transit to forwards locomotion, compared to controls, with no effect on the backwards response to blue light.

Blocking protein synthesis (using Rcom\RA[cs2.UAS] at 30[o]C) for the full 24 h between spaced training and testing in neurons targeted by the split-GAL4 pair of Scer\GAL4^DBD.R14C08 and Hsap\RELA^AD.R12C11, significantly impairs aversive olfactory long term memory in adults, compared to controls.

Acute inhibition of endocytosis (using shi^1.UAS at 32[o]C) in neurons targeted by the split-GAL4 pair of Scer\GAL4^DBD.R14C08 and Hsap\RELA^AD.R12C11 during testing, 24 h after spaced, but not massed, training significantly impairs aversive olfactory long term memory in adults, compared to controls.

Inhibition of synaptic release (using shi^ts.UAS.cUa at 32[o]C) in neurons targeted by the split-GAL4 pair of Scer\GAL4^DBD.R14C08 and Hsap\RELA^AD.R12C11 significantly reduces carbon dioxide avoidance in starved or fed adults, compared to controls, but the effect is significantly smaller in fed flies.

Optogenetic activation (using Cnoc\ChR1^{Cs.IVS.20xUAS.Venus} with 617 nm (red) light) of neurons targeted by the split-GAL4 pair of Scer\GAL4^DBD.R14C08 and Hsap\RELA^AD.R12C11 in adults does not result in significant avoidance of, or attraction to, the illuminated area.

Thermogenetic activation (using TrpA1^UAS.(B).cKa at 28.5[o]C) of neurons targeted by the split-GAL4 pair of Scer\GAL4^DBD.R14C08 and Hsap\RELA^AD.R12C11 in adult males significantly reduces the amount of sleep, compared to controls; activation does not significantly affect locomotor activity of awake adult males, compared to controls.

Optogenetic activation (using Cnoc\ChR1::Csub\ChR^{CsChrimson.IVS.20xUAS.Venus} with 617 nm (red) light) of neurons targeted by the split-GAL4 pair of Scer\GAL4^DBD.R14C08 and Hsap\RELA^AD.R12C11 in adult females in an area of an arena does not significantly affect time spent in that area, compared to controls.

Inhibition (using shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xUAS} at 31-33[o]C) of neurons targeted by the split-GAL4 pair of Scer\GAL4^DBD.R14C08 and Hsap\RELA^AD.R12C11 in adults during training, consolidation and testing does not substantially reduce aversive 2 h associative olfactory memory, or aversive or appetitive 1 min associative visual memory, compared to controls; inhibition (using shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xUAS}, but not shi^1.UAS, at 32[o]C) substantially reduces attractive 2 h associative olfactory memory, compared to controls; inhibition (using shi^{ts1.IVS.p10.20xUAS} at 31-33[o]C) during testing alone does not significantly reduce aversive 24 h associative olfactory memory, and inhibition only during training and testing does not significantly reduce 24 h appetitive, or 30 min aversive, associative olfactory memory towards ethanol, compared to controls.

Thermogenetic activation (using TrpA1^UAS.(B).cKa or TrpA1^{20xUAS.JFRC124} at 28.5[o]C) of neurons targeted by the split-GAL4 pair of Scer\GAL4^DBD.R14C08 and Hsap\RELA^AD.R12C11 in adults significantly reduces sleep, compared to controls, with no effect on social or locomotor behaviors.