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Gene Dmel\Ace

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\Ace	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	Acetylcholine esterase	Annotation symbol	CG17907
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0000024
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	13 publicly available
Also Known As	AchE, DmAChE
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	3R	Recombination map	3-52.5
Cytogenetic map	87E2-87E3	Sequence location	3R:9,048,673..9,085,239 [-]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents Beta	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene Acetylcholine esterase is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\Ace (CG17907, FBgn0000024). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: cholinesterase activity; protein homodimerization activity; acetylcholinesterase activity. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: phototaxis; synaptic transmission; choline catabolic process; acetylcholine catabolic process. 74 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: aCC neuron; RP2 motor neuron; NMJ bouton. It has 3 annotated transcripts and 3 annotated polypeptides. Protein features are: Acetylcholinesterase, insect; Carboxylesterase type B, active site; Carboxylesterase type B, conserved site; Carboxylesterase, type B; Cholinesterase. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed at stages throughout the pupal period. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult thoracico-abdominal ganglion. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, larval/adult central nervous system, adult crop, adult midgut, larval Malpighian tubules. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1624577_at completely aligns to an exonic region common to each of the 2 FlyBase-annotated transcript isoforms of Ace. Gene sequence location is 3R:9048673..9085239.
User Contributed Data
	Beta version, feedback welcome
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	Ace: Acetyl cholinesterase (J.C. Hall) The structural gene for acetylcholinesterase [AChE, acetylcholine acetyl hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.7)], the enzyme that terminates synaptic transmission by rapidly hydrolyzing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Biochemical analysis (e.g., Zingde, Rodrigues, Joshi, and Krishnan, 1983, J. Neurochem. 41: 1243-52; Gnagey, Forte, and Rosenberry, 1987, J. Biol. Chem. 262: 13290-98; Fournier, Bride, Karch, and Berge, 1988, FEBS Lett. 238: 333-37; Haas, Marshall, and Rosenberry, 1988, Biochemistry 27: 6453-57; Toutant, Arpagaus, and Fournier, 1988, J. Neurochem. 50: 209-18; Fournier, Berge, Almeida, and Bordier, 1988, J. Neurochem. 50: 1158-63), indicates that the mature enzyme contains noncovalently associated subunits of 16 and 55 kd, which are processed from a primary translation product of ca 70 kd such that the 16-kd moiety is from the N terminus and the 55-kd moiety is from the C terminus; two such associations are linked via disulfide bonds connecting the 55-kd polypeptides anchored to membrane via a glycoinositol phospholipid anchor covalently linked to the C termini of the 55-kd subunits. Extracts contain amphiphilic dimers and monomers as well as hydrophilic dimers and monomers, which lack the glycoinositol phospholipid anchor. Developmental profile studied by Dewhurst, McCaman, and Kaplan (1970, Biochem. Genet. 4: 499-508; see also Arpagaus, Fournier, and Toutant, 1988, Insect Biochem. 18: 539-49); total AChE activity shows a transient peak during first larval instar and rises again to a maximum in the adult. In the developing eye disc, AChE first appears in retinula cells three to four days before they are functional and when it cannot have a synaptic function; levels are reduced in retinula cells midway through pupal development, and the enzyme accumulates rapidly in the neuropils of the optic lobes of the brain and the midbrain (Wolfgang and Forte, 1989, Dev. Biol. 131: 321-30). Putative nulls are lethal at end of embryonic stage; then ultrastructural observations of CNS in such mutants suggest neural degenerative defects (Chase and Kankel, 1988, Dev. Biol. 125: 361-80). ACE-minus tissues survive in mosaics unless enzyme absent from posterior midbrain; surviving mosaics have defective visual physiology, optomotor behavior or courtship, depending on location of mutant clone. Such clones associated with defective morphology or neuropile of various ganglia in central nervous system (Greenspan et al., 1980). In heat-sensitive combinations of Ace mutations (Greenspan et al., 1980), both membrane-bound and soluble enzyme has reduced activity (Zador, 1989, Mol. Gen. Genet. 218: 487-90). Acel Temperature insensitive lethal; lethal in homozygotes or in combination with deficiency for Ace+. Lethality at end of embryonic stage. Greatly reduced levels of acetylcholinesterase. AChE-minus tissues survive in mosaics unless enzyme absent from posterior midbrain; surviving mosaics have defective visual physiology, optomotor behavior, or courtship depending on location of mutant clone. Such clones associated with defective morphology of neuropile of various ganglia in central nervous system. AceHD1 Retains some ACE activity (Nagoshi and Gelbart, 1987, Genetics 117: 487-502), but only as soluble enzyme outside CNS (Zudor et al., 1986). Acej29 The original allele of this complementation group. Cold sensitive lethal. Maximum survival of Acej29/Df(3R)l26d at 27, no survival at 18. Exposure to 18 does not reduce AChE activity. Acej29 alters Km of enzyme, further implying structural gene locus. Acej40 Nearly completely lethal. Two percent survival in combination with Df(3R)l26d at 18, none at 29. Partial complementation of Acej19 and Acej50; heat sensitive; extracts of Acej40 lack the 110 kilodalton molecular species, whereas Acej19 and Acej50 lack the 64 and 75 kilodalton species (Zingde, Rodrigues, Joshi, and Krishnan, 1983, J. Neurochem. 41: 1243-52). Enzyme produced by heteroallelic combinations raised under permissive conditions is thermolabile. Exposure of Acej40/Acej19 or Acej40/Acej50 flies to restrictive temperature during late embryonic-early larvae stage lethal; little effect on mid and late larval stages; pupal exposure causes defects in adult phototaxis and motor activity. Heat treatment of adults causes no decline in ACE activity but decrements in phototaxis (29), and cessation of movement (31) observed. Acej40 produces enzyme with altered Km. Acej44 Acelm35 Hypomorphic allele. Exhibits reduced survival (< 30%) in combination with Df(3R)l26d. Enzyme activity in Acelm35/+ heterozygotes lower than in heterozygotes for more severe alleles. Acemr: Acetylcholinesterase-malathion resistant Acetylcholinesterase from homozygotes has lower Km, lower activity, and slightly increased electrophoretic mobility compared to wild type. Relation to malathion resistance unclear.
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02	Controlled Vocabulary Terms synaptic transmission, cholinergic carboxylesterase activity
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 87E2-87E3   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}CtBP03463 and P{lacW}B52s2249&P{lacW}flflL4179
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 87E3-87E3   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Oakeshott et al., 1993) 87E1-87E5   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Hall and Spierer, 1986)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	3-52.5   3- (Choudhary et al., 1992) 3-52 (Oakeshott et al., 1993)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Ace for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Gene model reviewed during 5.47
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) Ace-RA FBtr0082780  NM_057605   7980   649 Ace-RB FBtr0300486  NM_001170129   4076   649 Ace-RC FBtr0335223  NM_001275601   3262   636
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	4.291 (compiled cDNA) (Fournier et al., 1989)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein Ace-PA   FBpp0082248   71.9   649   6.01     NP_476953   AAF54915 Ace-PB   FBpp0289713   71.9   649   6.01     NP_001163600   ACZ94897 Ace-PC   FBpp0307210   70.8   636   5.95     NP_001262530   AGB95912
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)	66, 64, 60, 57 (kD) (Krishnan, 1988)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Cholinesterase (IPR000997) Acetylcholinesterase, insect (IPR001445) Carboxylesterase, type B (IPR002018) Carboxylesterase type B, conserved site (IPR019819) Carboxylesterase type B, active site (IPR019826) PDB - Protein Data Bank. An information portal to biological macromolecular structures • 1DX4 1QO9 1QON
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA567325   AE014297 AAF54915   AC007754   AE014297 ACZ94897   AE014297 AGB95912   AI293090   AI293098   AI405631   AW940988   AY069200 AAL39345   BG632923   BI172305   BI214481   BI214718   BI214743   BI565854   BI566645   BI583003   BI587445   BI610547   BI611837   BI618768   BI619458   BI624917   BI628928   BI634106   CO187066   CO190831   CO265680   CO269184   CO272127   CO274559   CO278077   CO278866   CO282815   CO289337   CO289388   CO307654   CO311964   CO326345   CO328264   CO332350   CO333794   CO334088   CO340453   CO343807   CZ466278   CZ466279   CZ476433   CZ488311   EC051172   EC053681   EC054678   EC063536   EC064981   EC071585   EC072844   EC073581   EC082587   EC083525   EC089944   EC196339   EC197859   EC202979   EC203644   EC207022   EC215511   EC215919   EC216611   EC219111   EC233027   EC233110   EC236079   EC238058   EC239942   EC257366   EV596674   FD585856   FD586257   FD586326   FD586978   FD586979   FD587010   GH738942   GH741490   GH742529   GH742559   GH743082   GH761662   GH764112   GH764936   GH769202   X05893 CAA29326   X17571   X17572
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	P07140
UniProtKB/TrEMBL	E1JIJ8 Q8T0K7
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 13 -- 16   embryonic brain   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic central brain neuron   (Fisher et al., 2012) lateral cord neuron   (Fisher et al., 2012) ventral nerve cord   (Fisher et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference third instar larval stage   ventral nerve cord | restricted   (Baqri et al., 2006)
Additional Descriptive Data
	Developmental profiles of enzyme activity were carried out. The soluble form is seen only in pupae and adults. (Krishnan, 1988) Development profiles of enzyme activity were carried out. The soluble form is seen only in pupae an adults. (Krishnan, 1988) Ace protein is expressed in the ventral nerve cord, in a mutually exclusive pattern to Cha protein. (Baqri et al., 2006)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization (GO Cellular Component)
CV term Evidence References
cytoplasm inferred from direct assay (Krishnan, 1988) plasma membrane inferred from direct assay (Krishnan, 1988, Khanna et al., 2010)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools
Reference	See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
FlyAtlas Anatomy Microarray
FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (FlyAtlas-RNA.adult) (FlyAtlas-RNA.larva)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult thoracico-abdominal ganglion. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, larval/adult central nervous system, adult crop, adult midgut, larval Malpighian tubules. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (>999.999) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    309.975 Larval Midgut    94.9 Larval Hindgut    24.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    108.2 Larval Fat Body    79.3 Larval Salivary Gland    65.4 Larval Trachea    13.825 Larval Carcass    35.025 Adult Head    287.1 Adult Eye    469.5 Adult Brain    354.3 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    761.5 Adult Crop    121.2 Adult Midgut    148.7 Adult Hindgut    16.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    49.1 Adult Fat Body    20.5 Adult Salivary Gland    16.6 Adult Heart    17.35 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    13.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    17.4 Adult Ovary    2.9 Adult Testis    12.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    32.2 Adult Carcass    48.3 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    309.975 Larval Midgut    94.9 Larval Hindgut    24.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    108.2 Larval Fat Body    79.3 Larval Salivary Gland    65.4 Larval Trachea    13.825 Larval Carcass    35.025 Adult Head    287.1 Adult Eye    469.5 Adult Brain    354.3 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  (761.5) Adult Crop    121.2 Adult Midgut    148.7 Adult Hindgut    16.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    49.1 Adult Fat Body    20.5 Adult Salivary Gland    16.6 Adult Heart    17.35 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    13.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    17.4 Adult Ovary    2.9 Adult Testis    12.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    32.2 Adult Carcass    48.3 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    309.975 Larval Midgut    94.9 Larval Hindgut    24.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    108.2 Larval Fat Body    79.3 Larval Salivary Gland    65.4 Larval Trachea    13.825 Larval Carcass    35.025 Adult Head    287.1 Adult Eye    469.5 Adult Brain    354.3 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    761.5 Adult Crop    121.2 Adult Midgut    148.7 Adult Hindgut    16.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    49.1 Adult Fat Body    20.5 Adult Salivary Gland    16.6 Adult Heart    17.35 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    13.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    17.4 Adult Ovary    2.9 Adult Testis    12.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    32.2 Adult Carcass    48.3 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    309.975 Larval Midgut    94.9 Larval Hindgut    24.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    108.2 Larval Fat Body    79.3 Larval Salivary Gland    65.4 Larval Trachea    13.825 Larval Carcass    35.025 Adult Head    287.1 Adult Eye    469.5 Adult Brain    354.3 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    761.5 Adult Crop    121.2 Adult Midgut    148.7 Adult Hindgut    16.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    49.1 Adult Fat Body    20.5 Adult Salivary Gland    16.6 Adult Heart    17.35 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    13.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    17.4 Adult Ovary    2.9 Adult Testis    12.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    32.2 Adult Carcass    48.3 Expression Level Scale  Very high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    309.975 Larval Midgut    94.9 Larval Hindgut    24.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    108.2 Larval Fat Body    79.3 Larval Salivary Gland    65.4 Larval Trachea    13.825 Larval Carcass    35.025 Adult Head    287.1 Adult Eye    469.5 Adult Brain    354.3 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    761.5 Adult Crop    121.2 Adult Midgut    148.7 Adult Hindgut    16.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    49.1 Adult Fat Body    20.5 Adult Salivary Gland    16.6 Adult Heart    17.35 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    13.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    17.4 Adult Ovary    2.9 Adult Testis    12.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    32.2 Adult Carcass    48.3 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    309.975 Larval Midgut    94.9 Larval Hindgut    24.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    108.2 Larval Fat Body    79.3 Larval Salivary Gland    65.4 Larval Trachea    13.825 Larval Carcass    35.025 Adult Head    287.1 Adult Eye    469.5 Adult Brain    354.3 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  761.5 Adult Crop    121.2 Adult Midgut    148.7 Adult Hindgut    16.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    49.1 Adult Fat Body    20.5 Adult Salivary Gland    16.6 Adult Heart    17.35 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    13.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    17.4 Adult Ovary    2.9 Adult Testis    12.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    32.2 Adult Carcass    48.3 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    309.975 Larval Midgut    94.9 Larval Hindgut    24.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    108.2 Larval Fat Body    79.3 Larval Salivary Gland    65.4 Larval Trachea    13.825 Larval Carcass    35.025 Adult Head    287.1 Adult Eye    469.5 Adult Brain    354.3 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    761.5 Adult Crop    121.2 Adult Midgut    148.7 Adult Hindgut    16.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    49.1 Adult Fat Body    20.5 Adult Salivary Gland    16.6 Adult Heart    17.35 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    13.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    17.4 Adult Ovary    2.9 Adult Testis    12.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    32.2 Adult Carcass    48.3 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    309.975 Larval Midgut    94.9 Larval Hindgut    24.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    108.2 Larval Fat Body    79.3 Larval Salivary Gland    65.4 Larval Trachea    13.825 Larval Carcass    35.025 Adult Head    287.1 Adult Eye    469.5 Adult Brain    354.3 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    761.5 Adult Crop    121.2 Adult Midgut    148.7 Adult Hindgut    16.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    49.1 Adult Fat Body    20.5 Adult Salivary Gland    16.6 Adult Heart    17.35 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    13.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    17.4 Adult Ovary    2.9 Adult Testis    12.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    32.2 Adult Carcass    48.3 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    287.1   NA  Eye    469.5   NA  Brain    354.3   309.975  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    761.5   NA  Crop    121.2   94.9  Midgut    148.7   24.4  Hindgut    16.6   108.2  Malpighian Tubules    49.1   79.3  Fat Body    20.5   65.4  Salivary Gland    no informative data   NA  Heart    17.35   13.825  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    no informative data   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    17.4   NA  Ovary    2.9   NA  Testis    12.1   NA  Male Accessory Gland    32.2   35.025  Carcass    48.3 FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
modENCODE Anatomy RNA-Seq
modENCODE Tissue Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_tissues)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3    68 central nervous system, pupae P8    189 head, virgin 1-day female    65 head, virgin 4-day female    52 head, virgin 20-day female    24 head, mated 1-day female    55 head, mated 4-day female    46 head, mated 20-day female    26 head, mated 1-day male    87 head, mated 4-day male    90 head, mated 20-day male    73 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    4 digestive system, 4-day adult    4 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    6 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    22 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    10 carcass, 1-day adult    9 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    6 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3  (68) central nervous system, pupae P8  (189) head, virgin 1-day female  (65) head, virgin 4-day female  (52) head, virgin 20-day female    24 head, mated 1-day female  (55) head, mated 4-day female  (46) head, mated 20-day female  26 head, mated 1-day male  (87) head, mated 4-day male  (90) head, mated 20-day male  (73) salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    4 digestive system, 4-day adult    4 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    6 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    22 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    10 carcass, 1-day adult    9 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    6 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3    68 central nervous system, pupae P8  (189) head, virgin 1-day female    65 head, virgin 4-day female    52 head, virgin 20-day female    24 head, mated 1-day female    55 head, mated 4-day female    46 head, mated 20-day female    26 head, mated 1-day male    87 head, mated 4-day male    90 head, mated 20-day male    73 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    4 digestive system, 4-day adult    4 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    6 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    22 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    10 carcass, 1-day adult    9 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    6 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3    68 central nervous system, pupae P8    189 head, virgin 1-day female    65 head, virgin 4-day female    52 head, virgin 20-day female    24 head, mated 1-day female    55 head, mated 4-day female    46 head, mated 20-day female    26 head, mated 1-day male    87 head, mated 4-day male    90 head, mated 20-day male    73 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    4 digestive system, 4-day adult    4 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    6 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    22 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    10 carcass, 1-day adult    9 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    6 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3    68 central nervous system, pupae P8    189 head, virgin 1-day female    65 head, virgin 4-day female    52 head, virgin 20-day female    24 head, mated 1-day female    55 head, mated 4-day female    46 head, mated 20-day female    26 head, mated 1-day male    87 head, mated 4-day male    90 head, mated 20-day male    73 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    4 digestive system, 4-day adult    4 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    6 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    22 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    10 carcass, 1-day adult    9 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    6 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3  (68) central nervous system, pupae P8  (189) head, virgin 1-day female  (65) head, virgin 4-day female  (52) head, virgin 20-day female    24 head, mated 1-day female  (55) head, mated 4-day female  (46) head, mated 20-day female  26 head, mated 1-day male  (87) head, mated 4-day male  (90) head, mated 20-day male  (73) salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    4 digestive system, 4-day adult    4 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    6 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    22 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    10 carcass, 1-day adult    9 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    6 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3    68 central nervous system, pupae P8  (189) head, virgin 1-day female    65 head, virgin 4-day female    52 head, virgin 20-day female    24 head, mated 1-day female    55 head, mated 4-day female    46 head, mated 20-day female    26 head, mated 1-day male    87 head, mated 4-day male    90 head, mated 20-day male    73 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    4 digestive system, 4-day adult    4 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    6 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    22 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    10 carcass, 1-day adult    9 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    6 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3    68 central nervous system, pupae P8    189 head, virgin 1-day female    65 head, virgin 4-day female    52 head, virgin 20-day female    24 head, mated 1-day female    55 head, mated 4-day female    46 head, mated 20-day female    26 head, mated 1-day male    87 head, mated 4-day male    90 head, mated 20-day male    73 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    4 digestive system, 4-day adult    4 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    6 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    22 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    10 carcass, 1-day adult    9 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    6 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering     central nervous system, larvae L3     central nervous system, pupae P8     head, virgin 1-day female     head, virgin 4-day female     head, virgin 20-day female     head, mated 1-day female     head, mated 4-day female     head, mated 20-day female     head, mated 1-day male     head, mated 4-day male     head, mated 20-day male     salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering     salivary gland, white prepupae     digestive system, larvae L3 wandering     digestive system, 1-day adult     digestive system, 4-day adult     digestive system, 20-day adult     fat body, larvae L3 wandering     fat body, white prepupae     fat body, pupae P8     carcass, larvae L3 wandering     carcass, 1-day adult     carcass, 4-day adult     carcass, 20-day adult     ovary, virgin 4-day female     ovary, mated 4-day female     testis, mated 4-day male     accessory gland, mated 4-day male
modENCODE Development RNA-Seq
modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_U)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed at stages throughout the pupal period. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    4 embryo 16-18hr    8 embryo 18-20hr    9 embryo 20-22hr    10 embryo 22-24hr    14 larva L1    10 larva L2    5 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    3 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    7 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    10 pupae 2d postWPP    17 pupae 3d postWPP    15 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    9 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    4 embryo 16-18hr    8 embryo 18-20hr    9 embryo 20-22hr    10 embryo 22-24hr    14 larva L1    10 larva L2    5 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    3 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    7 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    10 pupae 2d postWPP    17 pupae 3d postWPP    15 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    9 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    4 embryo 16-18hr    8 embryo 18-20hr    9 embryo 20-22hr    10 embryo 22-24hr    14 larva L1    10 larva L2    5 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    3 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    7 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    10 pupae 2d postWPP    17 pupae 3d postWPP    15 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    9 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    4 embryo 16-18hr    8 embryo 18-20hr    9 embryo 20-22hr    10 embryo 22-24hr    14 larva L1    10 larva L2    5 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    3 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    7 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    10 pupae 2d postWPP    17 pupae 3d postWPP    15 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    9 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    4 embryo 16-18hr    8 embryo 18-20hr    9 embryo 20-22hr    10 embryo 22-24hr    14 larva L1    10 larva L2    5 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    3 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    7 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    10 pupae 2d postWPP    17 pupae 3d postWPP    15 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    9 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    4 embryo 16-18hr    8 embryo 18-20hr    9 embryo 20-22hr    10 embryo 22-24hr    14 larva L1    10 larva L2    5 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    3 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    7 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    10 pupae 2d postWPP    17 pupae 3d postWPP    15 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    9 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    4 embryo 16-18hr    8 embryo 18-20hr    9 embryo 20-22hr    10 embryo 22-24hr    14 larva L1    10 larva L2    5 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    3 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    7 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    10 pupae 2d postWPP    17 pupae 3d postWPP    15 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    9 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    4 embryo 16-18hr    8 embryo 18-20hr    9 embryo 20-22hr    10 embryo 22-24hr    14 larva L1    10 larva L2    5 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    3 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    7 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    10 pupae 2d postWPP    17 pupae 3d postWPP    15 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    9 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011)
modENCODE Cell Lines RNA-Seq
modENCODE Cell Line Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.A) (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.B)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    1 Schneider line 2 Sg4    1 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    14 embryonic Kc167    1 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    89 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    8 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    7 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    11 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    1 Schneider line 2 Sg4    1 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    14 embryonic Kc167    1 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3  (89) leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    8 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    7 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    11 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    1 Schneider line 2 Sg4    1 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    14 embryonic Kc167    1 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    89 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    8 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    7 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    11 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    1 Schneider line 2 Sg4    1 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    14 embryonic Kc167    1 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    89 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    8 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    7 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    11 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    1 Schneider line 2 Sg4    1 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    14 embryonic Kc167    1 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    89 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    8 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    7 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    11 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    1 Schneider line 2 Sg4    1 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    14 embryonic Kc167    1 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3  (89) leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    8 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    7 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    11 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    1 Schneider line 2 Sg4    1 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    14 embryonic Kc167    1 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    89 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    8 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    7 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    11 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    1 Schneider line 2 Sg4    1 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    14 embryonic Kc167    1 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    89 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    8 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    7 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    11 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+     Schneider line 2 Sg4     embryonic 1182-4H     embryonic GM2     embryonic Kc167     embryonic S1     embryonic S3     leg disc CME L1     wing disc CME-W2     wing disc ML-DmD8     wing disc ML-DmD9     wing disc ML-DmD16-c3     wing disc ML-DmD21     wing disc ML-DmD32     haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3     eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11     antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5     mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1     CNS ML-DmBG1-c1     CNS ML-DmBG2-c2     tumorous blood cells mbn2     ovary fGS/OSS     ovary OSC     ovary OSS
modENCODE Treatments RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatment Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_treatments)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    8 cold shock, 4-day adult    7 heat shock, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    8 cold shock, 4-day adult    7 heat shock, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    8 cold shock, 4-day adult    7 heat shock, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    8 cold shock, 4-day adult    7 heat shock, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    8 cold shock, 4-day adult    7 heat shock, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    8 cold shock, 4-day adult    7 heat shock, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    8 cold shock, 4-day adult    7 heat shock, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    8 cold shock, 4-day adult    7 heat shock, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult     cold shock, 4-day adult     heat shock, 4-day adult     Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3     Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010, Graveley et al., 2011) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_18 mE1_20_mRNA_expression_cluster_11
External Data & Images
Linkouts	BDGP expression data • GH25720 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0000024 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG17907-RA FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data) • Show all FlyExpress processed images for Ace Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele lethal Ace1 lethal (with Acej19) Acej50 lethal (with Acej50) Acej19 lethal (with Df(3R)l26d) Acej19 Acej40 Acej50 lethal | cold sensitive Acej29 lethal | cold sensitive (with Df(3R)l26d) Acej29 lethal | embryonic stage | recessive Ace1 Acej50 lethal | heat sensitive Acej40 lethal | heat sensitive (with Acej40) Acej50 lethal | heat sensitive (with Acej50) Acej40 lethal | recessive Ace1 Ace2 Ace3 Ace4 Ace5 Ace6 Ace7 Ace8 Ace9 Ace10 Ace11 Ace12 Ace13 Ace14 Ace15 Ace16 Acej19 Acej21 Acej27 Acej31 Acej32 Acej33 Acej39 Acej40 Acej43 Acej44 Acej45 Acej50 Acej51 Acej53 Acej55 Acelj19 Acelm38 Acelm115 lethal | recessive | cold sensitive Acej29 lethal | recessive | heat sensitive Acej40 partially lethal - majority die | recessive Acelm35 Acelm38 viable AcePL00568 viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 AceGD1817 Sterility Allele fertile AcePL00568 Other Phenotypes Allele chemical resistant Ace+mFa Acehs.PB Acemr courtship behavior defective | somatic clone Ace1 electrophoretic variant Acemr hypoactive | male | recessive Acej40 locomotor behavior defective | heat sensitive (with Acej40) Acej50 locomotor behavior defective | heat sensitive (with Acej50) Acej40 mating defective | recessive Acej40 neuroanatomy defective AcePL00568 neuroanatomy defective (with Acec00215) AcePL00568 neuroanatomy defective (with AcePL00568) Acec00215 neuroanatomy defective (with Df(3R)Exel6167) AcePL00568 neuroanatomy defective | somatic clone | wandering third instar larval stage Acej21 Acej50 neurophysiology defective | dominant Acej50 non-enhancer of variegation, with In(1)wm4h Ace19 Acej29 Acej50 non-suppressor of variegation, with In(1)wm4h Ace19 Acej29 Acej50 optomotor response defective | somatic clone Ace1 paralytic | heat sensitive Acej40 phototaxis defective | heat sensitive (with Acej19) Acej40 phototaxis defective | heat sensitive (with Acej40) Acej19 Acej50 phototaxis defective | heat sensitive (with Acej50) Acej40 suppressor of variegation | partially, with In(1)wm4h Ace1 Ace701 uncoordinated, with Ace12 AceTM.T:Hsim\gC uncoordinated, with AceTM.T:Hsim\gC Ace12 visual behavior defective | somatic clone Ace1 wild-type Ace+mFa AceTM.T:Hsim\gC Phenotype manifest in Allele aCC neuron Acej50 adult brain & neuropil | conditional ts (with Acej40) Acej50 adult brain & neuropil | conditional ts (with Acej50) Acej40 central nervous system | somatic clone Ace1 eye photoreceptor cell & axon & stage 2 third instar larva | somatic clone Acej21 Acej50 eye photoreceptor cell & axon & stage 2 third instar larva | somatic clone | cell non-autonomous Acej50 NMJ bouton AcePL00568 NMJ bouton (with Acec00215) AcePL00568 NMJ bouton (with AcePL00568) Acec00215 NMJ bouton (with Df(3R)Exel6167) AcePL00568 RP2 motor neuron Acej50
Classical Alleles ( 56 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of Ace Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion Ace1 loss of function allele, hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence X ray 2 -- Acec00215 piggyBac transposase 2 -- Aced00005 1 -- Acef03053 1 -- Acef05696 piggyBac transposase 1 -- AceMI00183 1 -- AceMI07345 1 -- AcePL00568 P-element activity 1 -- Ace10 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Ace11 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Ace12 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Ace13 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Ace14 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Ace15 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Ace16 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Ace19 0 -- Ace2 loss of function allele, hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Ace3 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Ace4 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Ace5 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Ace6 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Ace701 0 -- Ace7 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Ace8 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Ace9 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acec00214 piggyBac transposase 0 -- Aced02266 0 -- Aced04553 0 -- Aced05009b 0 -- Aced08837 P-element activity 0 -- AceG11 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- AceHD1 PM hybrid dysgenesis 0 Yes Acej19 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acej21 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acej27 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acej29 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Acej31 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acej32 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acej33 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acej39 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acej40 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Acej41 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acej43 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acej44 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Acej45 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acej50 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acej51 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acej53 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acej55 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acelj19 0 -- Acelj44 0 -- Acelm115 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acelm35 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acelm38 loss of function allele, hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Acemr spontaneous 0 -- Aceunspecified 0 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 18 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of Ace Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion AceGD1817 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes AceJF01978 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes AceKK101926 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes Ace+mFa in vitro construct - minigene 0 Yes AceGPI.Act5C in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes AceGPI.hs in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Acehs.PB in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Acehs.PD in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes AceMH19 in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes AceSEC1.Act5C in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes AceSEC2.Act5C in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes AceTM.Act5C.T:Hsim\gC in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes AceTM.hs.T:Hsim\gC in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes AceTM.T:Hsim\gC in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes AceΔD1 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes AceΔD2 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes AceΔl1 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes AceΔl2 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(3R)BSC615 (Christensen et al., 2008.9.29) Df(3R)Exel6167 (Ryder, 2004.4.26) Df(3R)GE26 (Zador and Budai, 1994, Zador, 1995) Df(3R)kar-Sz11 (Hilliker et al., 1980, Hilliker et al., 1981, Spierer et al., 1983, Hall et al., 1983, Rushlow and Chovnick, 1984, Bossy et al., 1984) Df(3R)l26c (Hall and Kankel, 1976, Hilliker et al., 1980, Hilliker et al., 1981, Rushlow and Chovnick, 1984, Manseau et al., 1988) Df(3R)l26d (Hall and Kankel, 1976, Hilliker et al., 1980, Hilliker et al., 1981, Rushlow and Chovnick, 1984) Df(3R)N78 (Zador and Budai, 1994) Df(3R)ry27 (Hall and Kankel, 1976) Df(3R)ry85 (Hall and Kankel, 1976) Df(3R)ry615 (Hall and Kankel, 1976) Df(3R)ry619 (Hall and Kankel, 1976, Hilliker et al., 1980, Hilliker et al., 1981, Rushlow and Chovnick, 1984, Manseau et al., 1988) Df(3R)ry1168 (Hilliker et al., 1980, Hilliker et al., 1981, Rushlow and Chovnick, 1984, Manseau et al., 1988) Df(3R)ry1301 (Hall et al., 1983) Df(3R)ry1607 (Hilliker et al., 1980, Hilliker et al., 1981, Spierer et al., 1983, Hall et al., 1983, Rushlow and Chovnick, 1984, Hall and Spierer, 1986)
Not disrupted in	Df(3R)GE41 (Hall and Spierer, 1986) Df(3R)kar3l (Hall and Kankel, 1976) Df(3R)kar-lG27 (Hall and Kankel, 1976, Hilliker et al., 1980, Hilliker et al., 1981, Rushlow and Chovnick, 1984) Df(3R)lC4a (Hall and Kankel, 1976, Hilliker et al., 1980, Hilliker et al., 1981, Spierer et al., 1983, Hall et al., 1983, Rushlow and Chovnick, 1984, Bossy et al., 1984) Df(3R)red3l (Hall and Kankel, 1976) Df(3R)ry36 (Hilliker et al., 1980, Hilliker et al., 1981, Rushlow and Chovnick, 1984) Df(3R)ry75 (Hall and Kankel, 1976, Hilliker et al., 1980, Hilliker et al., 1981, Rushlow and Chovnick, 1984) Df(3R)ry81 (Hall and Kankel, 1976, Spierer et al., 1983, Hall et al., 1983, Bossy et al., 1984) Df(3R)ry614 (Hall and Kankel, 1976, Hilliker et al., 1980, Hilliker et al., 1981, Rushlow and Chovnick, 1984) Df(3R)ry1301 (Hilliker et al., 1980, Hilliker et al., 1981, Spierer et al., 1983, Rushlow and Chovnick, 1984, Hall and Spierer, 1986, Bossy et al., 1984) Df(3R)ry1402 (Hall and Kankel, 1976, Hilliker et al., 1980, Hilliker et al., 1981, Spierer et al., 1983, Hall et al., 1983, Rushlow and Chovnick, 1984, Bossy et al., 1984) Df(3R)ry1607 (Bossy et al., 1984) Df(3R)ry1608 (Hilliker et al., 1980, Hilliker et al., 1981, Spierer et al., 1983, Hall et al., 1983, Rushlow and Chovnick, 1984, Bossy et al., 1984)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data heat-shock construct P{hs-Ace.B} NA P{hs-Ace.GPI} NA P{hs-Ace.TM} NA UAS construct P{GD1817} NA P{KK101926} NA P{TRiP.JF01978} NA characterization construct P{Ace.F} NA P{Ace.Fb} NA P{Ace.MH19} NA P{AceΔ12} NA P{AceΔD1} NA P{AceΔD2} NA P{AceΔl1} NA P{TM-Ace} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data miscellaneous insertions Mi{MIC}AceMI00183 NA Mi{MIC}AceMI07345 NA PBac{PB}Acec00214 NA PBac{PB}Acec00215 NA PBac{WH}Acef03053 NA PBac{WH}Acef05696 NA insertion of mobile activating element P{XP}Aced00005 NA P{XP}Aced02266 NA P{XP}Aced04553 NA P{XP}Aced05009b NA P{XP}Aced08837 NA insertion of enhancer trap binary system PBac{GAL4D,EYFP}AcePL00568 No
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 16 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 9 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
acetylcholinesterase activity inferred from direct assay (Mutero et al., 1994) inferred from mutant phenotype (Healy et al., 1991, Hall et al., 1980) cholinesterase activity inferred from direct assay (Mutero et al., 1992) protein homodimerization activity inferred from mutant phenotype (Mutero et al., 1994)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
acetylcholine catabolic process inferred from direct assay (Mutero et al., 1994) inferred from mutant phenotype (Healy et al., 1991) choline catabolic process inferred from direct assay (Mutero et al., 1992) phototaxis inferred from mutant phenotype (Hall et al., 1980) synaptic transmission inferred from mutant phenotype (Baines, 2003)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
cytoplasm inferred from direct assay (Krishnan, 1988) plasma membrane inferred from direct assay (Krishnan, 1988, Khanna et al., 2010)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 10 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
acetylcholinesterase activity inferred from sequence or structural similarity with EMBL:AF281167 (FlyBase, 1992-) non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.4.1) carboxylesterase activity inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000168392 (assigned by RefGenome) (Gaudet et al., 2010) cholinesterase activity non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.4.1)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
acetylcholine catabolic process non-traceable author statement (FlyBase, 1992-) acetylcholine catabolic process in synaptic cleft inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001445 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-) response to carbamate non-traceable author statement (FlyBase, 1992-) response to organophosphorus non-traceable author statement (FlyBase, 1992-) synaptic transmission, cholinergic inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000168393 (assigned by RefGenome) (Gaudet et al., 2010)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
membrane non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.4.1) synapse non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.4.1)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions Ace allele Gene References Acej50 dnc (Baines, 2003)
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 66709 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0000024 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 41625
Orthologs
OrthoDB Orthologs (45) - based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 5.41
OrthoDB Ortholog Groups
	OrthoDB orthology group searches (Waterhouse et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39(Database issue): D283--D288) Drosophila inclusive ortholog search EOG6H72X2 Dipteran inclusive ortholog search EOG6C2HJQ Insect inclusive ortholog search EOG6RBPF3 Arthropod inclusive ortholog search EOG64J103 Metazoa inclusive ortholog search EOG6JX76Q
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (EOG6H72X2)
Organism Common Name Gene AAA Syntenic Ortholog Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\Ace     Drosophila simulans   Dsim\Ace Y   Drosophila sechellia   Dsec\GM25956 Y   Drosophila erecta   Dere\GG17071 Y   Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE24460 Y   Drosophila ananassae   Dana\GF17399 Y   Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura   Dpse\GA14718 Y   Drosophila persimilis   Dper\GL23135 Y   Drosophila willistoni   Dwil\Ace Y   Drosophila virilis   Dvir\GJ10790 Y   Drosophila mojavensis   Dmoj\GI24219 Y   Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH19184 Y
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (EOG6C2HJQ)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\AAEL012141   Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito  Agam\achE2   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ802216
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (EOG6RBPF3)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\GB41856   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG005377   Acromyrmex echinatior Panamanian leafcutter ant  Aech\AECH18456   Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP16903   Camponotus floridanus Florida carpenter ant  Cflo\CFLO10941   Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL13918   Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH22260   Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB22780   Solenopsis invicta Red fire ant  Sinv\SINV14569   Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI009533   Pediculus humanus Human body louse  Phum\PHUM391440   Tribolium castaneum Red flour beetle  Tcas\AChE
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (EOG64J103)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\CG6216-RB   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_44337   Ixodes scapularis Deer tick  Isca\ISCW012339
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (EOG6JX76Q)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\ace-4   Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\ace-2   Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\ace-1   Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_002589gn   Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_006123gn   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\ache   Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\ache   Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\ENSXETG00000006497   Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\bche   Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\BCHE   Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Bche   Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Ache   Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Bche   Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\ACHE   Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\BCHE
Human Orthologs (2)
Gene OMIM HGNC Hsap\ACHE     Hsap\BCHE
AAA Orthologs (11) based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 4.3
Organism Gene Drosophila simulans Dsim\Ace Drosophila sechellia Dsec\GM25956 Drosophila erecta Dere\GG17071 Drosophila yakuba Dyak\GE24460 Drosophila ananassae Dana\GF17399 Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura Dpse\GA14718 Drosophila persimilis Dper\GL23135 Drosophila willistoni Dwil\Ace Drosophila virilis Dvir\GJ10790 Drosophila mojavensis Dmoj\GI24219 Drosophila grimshawi Dgri\GH19184
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 13 )
Bloomington	25958 y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF01978}attP2 1283 T(3;4)86D, kar1 ry41 Ace1/MRS 10026 w1118; PBac{PB}Acec00215/TM6B, Tb1 30654 y1 w*; Mi{MIC}AceMI00183/TM6B, Tb1 43130 y1 w*; Mi{MIC}AceMI07345/TM3, Sb1 Ser1
Harvard	- P{XP}Aced00005 - PBac{PB}Acec00215 - PBac{WH}Acef03053 - PBac{WH}Acef05696
Kyoto	106262 T(3;4)86D, kar1 ry41 Ace1/MRS
VDRC	v105432 P{KK101926}VIE-260B v3968 w1118; P{GD1817}v3968/TM3
	More stocks available...
Genomic Clones ( 1 )
	BACR05K08 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 81 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	GH25720
Other clones
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	GH16189 HL01049 RE14638 RE20303 RE20825 RE20858 RH16049 RH18263 RH21435 RH28125 RH36348 RH37319 RH49672 RH50494 RH57695 RH62022 RH64660
Other clones	7968 12827 15385 16946 32885 45492 70662 78831 104009 118888 148924 149471 164685 175967 176166 214219.35 275401 283480 CK01.61D.G12 CK01.90A.C7 CK01.90B.F5 CK01.123B.D5 CK01.168C.E4 Dmel_neb_015133_0945_0678 EC051172 EC053681 EC054678 EK026001 EK049858 EK070812 EK070923 EK093815 EK105940 EK114458 EK128654 EK131934 EK143357 EK161260 EK227525 EK255157 EK303227 EK308004 EK308850 EP03716 EP08841 EP10662 EP18062 GH16177 RM01846 RM01946 RM02046 RM02146 RM02346 RM02446 RP001003360 RP001008521 RP001013827 RP001018909 RP001025189 RP001025281 RP001025842 RP001027060 RP001055164
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0000024 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 41625
Antibody Information
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of
Source for database merge of
Additional comments
Other Comments
	Ace enzyme has been purified and characterised biochemically. (Marcel et al., 1998) A region of the Nrt extracellular domain is sufficient for cell adhesion, cholinesterase-like domain (from Ace) may functionally replace the Nrt extracellular domain for adhesion properties. (Darboux et al., 1996) Localisation of the Ace-specific RNA in developing wild type and mutant embryos is determined. (Zador, 1995) Biochemical analysis reveals recombinant Ace produced in insect cells is correctly processed (cleavage of the signal peptide, endoproteolytic cleavage of the precursor, formation of fucnctional dimers and addition of a GPI residue). (Chaabihi et al., 1994) Mutations in Ace decrease the rate of secretion of Ace protein from Xenopus oocytes, probably by affecting the folding of the mutant protein. (Mutero et al., 1994) In situ hybridisation studies imply that the non-CNS-specific Ace can also be non-neuronal. It is dispensable for the late embryonic development and it does not substitute for the acetylcholine hydrolysing capacity of the CNS-specific enzyme. (Zador and Budai, 1994) Four subclass I cholinesterases (EST4, EST5, EST8 and EST13) are isoforms of Ace. (Oakeshott et al., 1993) Quantitative and qualitative changes in Ace confer resistance to insecticides: resistance is correlated to the amount of Ace in the CNS and an altered enzyme renders flies resistant to insecticides. (Fournier et al., 1992) Tyrosine at position 109 contributes to the conformation of the active site; the Tyr charge is very important for catalytic properties. Sensitivity to organophosphorus and carbamate compounds depends on the residues at position 109: this Tyr is a potential site of resistance for insects to insecticides. (Mutero et al., 1992) 13 strains of D.melanogaster were isolated that showed resistance to parathion. The level of resistance varied among the strains implying that several forms of Ace exist, the mutations responsible for insecticide resistance are not described. (Pralavorio and Fournier, 1992) Comparison of CpG distribution in the coding region of 121 genes from six species supports the mCpG mutational hotspot explanation of CpG suppression in methylated species at position II-III and III-I. (Schorderet and Gartler, 1992) Protein products identified as EST4, EST5, EST8 and EST9 isozymes. (Healy et al., 1991) The complete organization of Ace has been determined. (Fournier et al., 1989) The kinetics of inhibition of Ace by the carbamate inhibitor eserine sulphate were investigated in five resistant strains. (Burnell and Wilkins, 1988) Ace is present as two distinct forms: soluble and membrane-bound. (Krishnan, 1988) Some alleles of Ace affect In(1)wm4h variegation. (Reuter et al., 1987) Ace has been cloned and sequenced. (Hall and Spierer, 1986) Cross-hybridization, DNA blot hybridization and hybridization selection experiments demonstrated that the Drosophila and human 2 kb fragments from the vicinity of Ace are directly involved in controlling acetylcholineesterase biosynthesis. (Soreq et al., 1985) Structural gene for acetyl cholinesterase, the enzyme that terminates synaptic transmission by rapidly hydrolyzing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Biochemical analysis (e.g., FBrf0039804; FBrf0046585; FBrf0048054; FBrf0047579; FBrf0048523; FBrf0048525) indicates that the mature enzyme contains noncovalently associated subunits of 16 and 55kD, which are processed from a primary translation product of ca 70kD such that the 16kD moiety is from the N terminus and the 55kD moiety is from the C terminus; two such associations are linked via disulfide bonds connecting the 55kD polypeptides anchored to membrane via a glycoinositol phospholipid anchor covalently linked to the C termini of the 55kD subunits. Extracts contain amphiphilic dimers and monomers as well as hydrophilic dimers and monomers, which lack the glycoinositol phospholipid anchor. Developmental profile studied (FBrf0021148) see also (FBrf0048366); total Ace activity shows a transient peak during first larval instar and rises again to a maximum in the adult. In the developing eye disc, Ace protein first appears in retinula cells three to four days before they are functional and when it cannot have a synaptic function; levels are reduced in retinula cells midway through pupal development and the enzyme accumulates rapidly in the neuropils of the optic lobes of the brain and the midbrain (FBrf0049490). Variation at Ace contributes to variation in the sensitivity of Drosophila to certain insecticides.   Loss of function alleles are recessive lethal dying at end of embryonic stage; then ultrastructural observations of CNS in such mutants suggest neural-degenerative defects (FBrf0047827). Ace-minus tissues survive in mosaics unless enzyme absent from posterior midbrain; surviving mosaics have defective visual physiology, optomotor behavior or courtship, depending on location of mutant clone. Such clones associated with defective morphology or neuropil of various ganglia in central nervous system (FBrf0035219). In temperature-sensitive combinations of Ace mutations (FBrf0035219), both membrane-bound and soluble enzyme has reduced activity (FBrf0050574). All alleles lethal in the hemizygous condition.
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_057605 NM_001170129 NM_001275601 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_476953 NP_001163600 NP_001262530 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AAF54915 AAL39345 AC007754 ACZ94897 AGB95912 AI405631 AW940988 AY069200 CAA29326 CZ466278 CZ466279 CZ476433 CZ488311 X05893 X17571 X17572 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 41625 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • P07140 UniProtKB/TrEMBL • E1JIJ8 Q8T0K7
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Cholinesterase (IPR000997) Acetylcholinesterase, insect (IPR001445) Carboxylesterase, type B (IPR002018) Carboxylesterase type B, conserved site (IPR019819) Carboxylesterase type B, active site (IPR019826) PDB - Protein Data Bank. An information portal to biological macromolecular structures • 1DX4 1QO9 1QON BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis • GH25720
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 66709 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0000024 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0000024 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0000024 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG17907-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0000024 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 41625 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 41625 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0000024
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 21 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	AcChE (Pen et al., 1990) ace (Turner et al., 2008, Yang and Kunes, 2004, Baines, 2003, Vaughan et al., 1997, Kim et al., 2011) ACE (Choudhary et al., 1992, Hooven et al., 2009) Ace (Hall et al., 1980, FlyBase, 1992-, Healy et al., 1991, Hoopfer et al., 2008, Hall, 2002, Fournier et al., 1989, Nagoshi and Gelbart, 1987, Lindsley and Zimm, 1992, Dietzl et al., 2007, Christensen et al., 2008.9.29, Tang et al., 2011, Tripodi et al., 2008, Baqri et al., 2006, Junion et al., 2007, Menozzi et al., 2004, Hall, 2003, King-Jones et al., 2006, Chen et al., 2008, Karasov et al., 2010, Castorena et al., 2010, Taraszka et al., 2005) ace-2 (Huchard et al., 2006) AchE (Panakova et al., 2005, Estrada-Mondaca et al., 1998, Gupta et al., 2005, Sharma et al., 2012) AChE (Yang and Kunes, 2004, Boublik et al., 2002, Charpentier and Fournier, 2001, Brochier et al., 2001, Marcel et al., 2000, Oakeshott et al., 1999, Stojan et al., 1998, Fresquet et al., 1998, Villatte et al., 1998, Estrada-Mondaca and Fournier, 1998, Marcel et al., 1998, Berrada and Fournier, 1997, Incardona and Rosenberry, 1996, Darboux et al., 1995, Zador and Budai, 1994, Mutero and Fournier, 1991, Incardona and Rosenberry, 1993, Oakeshott et al., 1993, Meikle et al., 1990, de la Escalera et al., 1990, Mutero et al., 1994, Mutero et al., 1992, Bachmann et al., 2000, Buiculescu et al., 2010, Tormos et al., 2010, Barshan-Tashnizi et al., 2009, Wu et al., 2008, Baqri et al., 2006, Istamboulie et al., 2009, Shi et al., 2004, Stojan et al., 2008, Kim et al., 2010, Kim et al., 2011, Valdés-Ramírez et al., 2008, Radić et al., 2008) ache (Chaabihi et al., 1994) CG17907 (Metaxakis et al., 2005, Perkins et al., 1.15.2009, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Khanna et al., 2010) CHE (Soreq et al., 1992) dAChE (Darboux et al., 1996) DmAChE (Stojan et al., 2004, Greenblatt et al., 2000, Bar-On et al., 2002, Golicnik et al., 2001, Harel et al., 2000, Fan et al., 2009, Tormos et al., 2010, Zhao et al., 2011, Han et al., 2012, Stojan et al., 2004, Gabel et al., 2005, Nachon et al., 2008, Badiou et al., 2008) dmAChE (Bachmann and Schmid, 1999) FBgn0000024 (Raychaudhuri et al., 2003) l(3)26   l(3)87Ed
Name Synonym	acetylcholine esterase (Turner et al., 2008) Acetylcholine esterase (Khanna et al., 2010) acetyl choline esterase (Tripodi et al., 2008) acetylcholinesterase (Wolf and Heberlein, 2003, Schneider, 2000, Mutero et al., 1994, Mutero et al., 1992, Healy et al., 1991, Hall, 2002, Harel et al., 2000, Bachmann et al., 2000, Buiculescu et al., 2010, Valdés-Ramírez et al., 2009, Wu et al., 2008, Baqri et al., 2006, Menozzi et al., 2004, Shi et al., 2004, Stojan et al., 2008, Stojan et al., 2004, Gupta et al., 2005, Gabel et al., 2005, Frasco et al., 2007, Nachon et al., 2008) Acetylcholinesterase (Hall, 2003, Karasov et al., 2010, Sharma et al., 2012)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
References ( 183 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 183 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 132 ) Supplementary material  ( 6 ) Review  ( 17 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 13 ) Abstract  ( 7 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 3 ) Book  ( 1 ) Protein sequence record  ( 1 ) Website  ( 2 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 5 )
	Han et al., 2012, Anal. Chim. Acta 720: 126--133 Chromogenic platform based on recombinant Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase for visible unidirectional assay of organophosphate and carbamate insecticide residues. [FBrf0217615] Sharma et al., 2012, J. Hazard. Mater. 221-222: 275--287 Organochlorine pesticide, endosulfan induced cellular and organismal response in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0218375] Kim et al., 2011, Neurochem. Res. 36(5): 879--893 Pharmacogenetic Regulation of Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Drosophila Reveals the Regulatory Mechanisms of AChE Inhibitors in Synaptic Plasticity. [FBrf0213378] Tang et al., 2011, J. AOAC Int. 94(1): 307--312 Disposable screen-printed electrode coupled with recombinant Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase and multiwalled carbon nanotubes for rapid detection of pesticides. [FBrf0213238] Zhao et al., 2011, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 21(21): 6404--6408 Homo- and hetero-dimers of inactive organophosphorous group binding at dual sites of AChE. [FBrf0216419] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2011 Show reviews ...