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Gene Dmel\Act88F

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\Act88F	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	Actin 88F	Annotation symbol	CG5178
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0000047
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	3 publicly available
Also Known As	Actin, E
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	3R	Recombination map	3-57.1
Cytogenetic map	88F5-88F5	Sequence location	3R:11,265,691..11,267,899 [+]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents Beta	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene Actin 88F is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\Act88F (CG5178, FBgn0000047). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. Based on sequence similarity, it is predicted to have molecular function: structural constituent of cytoskeleton. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: skeletal myofibril assembly; phagocytosis, engulfment. 84 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: dorsal medial muscle; tendon cell; striated muscle thin filament; sarcomere; myofibril; wing; indirect flight muscle. It has one annotated transcript and one annotated polypeptide. Protein features are: Actin, conserved site; Actin-related protein; Actin/actin-like conserved site. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of extremely high expression to a trough of no expression detected. Peak expression observed during late pupal stages, in stages of adults of both sexes. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult carcass. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1626700_at completely aligns to an exonic region of the only FlyBase-annotated transcript isoform of Act88F. Gene sequence location is 3R:11265691..11267899.
User Contributed Data
	Beta version, feedback welcome
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	Act88F Structural gene encoding actin III; expressed only in the developing thorax, specifically in the indirect flight muscles (Fyrberg, Mahaffey, Bond, and Davidson, 1983, Cell 33: 115-23; Hiromi and Hotta, 1985, EMBO J. 4: 1681-87). The only actin expressed in indirect flight muscle (Fyrberg). Heterozygotes for null mutations or Act88F deficiencies are flightless; flightlessness is apparently caused by imbalance between myosin heavy chains and actin III; whereas hemizygosity for either Mhc or Act88F leads to complex myofibrillar defects and flightlessness, double hemizygotes have nearly normal fibrillar structure and are able to fly [Beall, Sepanski, and Fyrberg, 1989, Genes Dev. 3: 131-40 (fig.)]. Major peaks of transcription during pupal stage (Sanchez et al., 1983). Heterozygotes and to a greater degree, homozygotes and heteroallelic heterozygotes for antimorphic alleles Act88F4 and Act88F5 show constitutive synthesis of heat-shock proteins, with HSP26 and HSP27 less actively synthesized than HSP22, HSP70, and HSP84; response to heat shock normal (Hiromi and Hotta). Act88F4 Dominant flightless allele; actin III replaced by a truncated polypeptide of 42 kd that is stable and capable of incorporation into myofibrils; actin II reduced in homozygotes (Hiromi and Hotta, 1985). Myofibrils in indirect flight muscles of homozygotes severely deranged; sarcomere structure obliterated; indirect-flight-muscle nuclei enlarged. Skeins of morphologically normal but highly disorgainzed thick filaments present, but Z discs absent. Thin filaments scarce. Electron dense material of unknown origin seen in sections. Wild-type flies transformed with cloned Act4 sequence produces both the 42-kd and the heat-shock proteins (Hiromi, Okamoto, Gehring, and Hotta, 1986, Cell 44: 293-301). Act88F5 Produces half normal amount of actin isoform III; shows increased synthesis of actin I, normally present in only trace amounts in indirect flight muscle. Indirect-flight-muscle nuclei enlarged and myofibrils disrupted. Heterozygotes flightless. Act88F6 Actin III entirely absent from indirect flight muscle in homozygotes; levels of actin II also reduced. Act88F7 Actin III replaced by a truncated polypeptide of 38 kd; its low concentrations on gels suggests high instability (Hiromi and Hotta, 1985). Act88F8 Studied only in combination with rsd at 95.4 on chromosome 3; not examined in rsd+ background. Wings of homozygotes held straight up, nearly meeting over thorax; heterozygotes have wings held normally, but are nearly flightless. Electron microscropy of homozygotes reveals grossly abnormal indirect-flight-muscle structure; lack thin filaments and Z discs (Deak, Bellamy, Bienz, Dubuis, Fenner, Gollin, Rahmi, Ramp, Reinhardt, and Cotton, 1982, J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 69: 61-81). Abnormal protein accumulation observed in thoraces. Actin III and its ubiquinated derivative, arthrin, absent in Act88F8 homozygotes (Lang et al.); six other polypeptides, including an indirect-flight-muscle tropomyosin isoform and two indirect-flight-muscle tropomyosin-related isoforms, markedly reduced. Homozygotes transformed with Act88F+ show restoration to approximately normal levels of the six reduced polypeptides. Accumulation of actin III and arthrin still negative, however; the latter attributed to the failure of post-translational modification in the presence of homozygous rsd. Viability and fertility normal. Ifm(3)5, Ifm(3)6 Homozygotes for Ifm(3)5 and Ifm(3)6 display characteristic departures from wild-type protein patterns in two-dimensional gels (Mogami and Hotta, 1981). Ifm(3)5 homozygotes lack myofibrils; Ifm(3)6 homozygotes have opaque strings of myofibrils. Both mutants are flightless as heterozygotes. The myofibrils of Ifm(3)6 heterozygotes are frayed.
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 88F5-88F5   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}MRG15j6A3 and P{PZ}l(3)0653606536
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 88F-88F   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Drosopoulou et al., 1997) 88F-88F   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Sparrow et al., 1991) 88E4-88F9   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Karlik et al., 1984) 88F-88F   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Tobin et al., 1980)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	3-57.1
Left of (cM)	sr e
Right of (cM)	red cu
Notes	Mapping based on 41 cu-sr and 84 red-e recombinants.
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Act88F for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Gene model reviewed during 5.47
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) Act88F-RA FBtr0083143  NM_079643   1595   376
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	1.77 (northern blot) (Tobin et al., 1990)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein Act88F-PA   FBpp0082597   41.7   376   5.15     NP_524367   AAF55198
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Actin-related protein (IPR004000) Actin, conserved site (IPR004001) Actin/actin-like conserved site (IPR020902)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AE014297 AAF55198   AB003910 BAA20058   AI062683   AI107488   AI109375   AI109856   AI135204   AI297334   AI297790   AI389741   AI405980   AK283278   AK283429   AK283785   AY089562   AY089587   AY118735   AY118907   AY231646   AY432896   AY440012   AY440363   AY440778   AY572863   AY829794   AY863815   AY863816   AY863817   AY863818   AY863819   AY863820   AY863821   AY863822   AY863823   AY863824   AY863825   AY863826   AY863827   AY863828   AY863829   AY863830   AY863831   AY863832   AY863833   AY863834   AY863835   AY863836   AY863837   BT016152   BT050557   BT099500   BT099815   BX005750   BX006108   BX006205   BX006494   BX006851   BX007025   BX007169   BX009354   BX010404   BX011235   BX012748   BX013090   BX014410   BX018008   BX018891   BX019651   BX019681   BX021090   BX024085   BX025217   BX025942   BX026031   BX029573   BX029953   BX030198   BX031756   BX031960   BX032642   BX033114   BX033742   BX034035   BX034514   BX034688   BX039747   BX043104   BX047639   BX050017   BX056209   BX063031   BX067175   CO271472   CO271586   CR938056   CR938667   DQ440059   DQ507302   DQ675553   EC060083   EC232122   EF092073   EL869844   EL869845   EL871154   ES688492   ES691171   ES691175   ES691186   ES691197   ES691209   ES691236   ES691252   ES691267   ES691274   ES691275   ES691293   ES691298   ES691315   ES691334   ES691341   ES691362   ES691370   ES691371   ES691389   ES691392   ES691418   ES691554   ES691585   ES691600   ES691609   ES691617   ES691692   ES691713   ES691716   ES691776   ES691777   ES691800   ES691820   ES691831   ES691872   ES691873   ES691897   ES691924   ES692606   ES693847   ES694358   ES694641   ES694888   ES694907   ES695007   ES695031   ES695086   ES695807   ES696629   ES696630   EV582931   EV583519   EV595623   EV598805   EV600014   K02065 AAA28322   M13925   M18826 AAA28323   M18830 AAA28321
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	P83967
UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References regulatory region FBsf0000435239 3R:11,264,275..11,268,339 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Hiromi et al., 1986, Halfon, 2012.6.19) regulatory region FBsf0000435347 3R:11,264,455..11,265,801 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Gajewski and Schulz, 2010, Halfon, 2012.6.19)
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
northern blot Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference pupal stage     (Tobin et al., 1990)
Additional Descriptive Data
	Act88F transcripts are detected only in pupae on northern blots. No labelling of specific structures in embyros is observed with Act88F probes. (Tobin et al., 1990)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
No Assay Recorded Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage   indirect flight muscle   (Sparrow et al., 1991) immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference pupal stage P6   indirect flight muscle | punctate   (Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004) Comment:30 hr APF pupal stage P7 -- pharate adult stage P8   indirect flight muscle | precursor   • myofibril (Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004) Comment:start at 36 hr APF pharate adult stage P8 -- P15   indirect flight muscle | precursor   • Z disc (Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004) Comment:48 hr APF mass spectroscopy Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference day 5 of adulthood & male -- day 7 of adulthood & male   spermatozoon   (Dorus et al., 2006)
Additional Descriptive Data
	Actn protein can be detected in scattered aggregates dispersed in the cytoplasm of muscle cell precursors as early at 30 hrs APF. By 48 hours Actn, along with other myofibrillar proteins, have organized into Z-bands. (Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization (GO Cellular Component)
CV term Evidence References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{Act88F-lacZ} Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage   skeletal muscle of thorax | subset   (Roy and VijayRaghavan, 1997) indirect flight muscle   (Roy and VijayRaghavan, 1997) Reporter: P{Act88F:GFP} Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage   skeletal muscle of thorax | subset   (Roy and VijayRaghavan, 1997) indirect flight muscle   (Roy and VijayRaghavan, 1997)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools
Reference	See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
FlyAtlas Anatomy Microarray
FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (FlyAtlas-RNA.adult) (FlyAtlas-RNA.larva)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult carcass. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (>999.999) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    6.925 Larval Midgut    25.1 Larval Hindgut    6.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    8.7 Larval Fat Body    7.2 Larval Salivary Gland    9.1 Larval Trachea    9.45 Larval Carcass    14.375 Adult Head    161.9 Adult Eye    44.4 Adult Brain    5.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    78.5 Adult Crop    19.4 Adult Midgut    19 Adult Hindgut    11.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Adult Fat Body    26.4 Adult Salivary Gland    31.9 Adult Heart    37.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    16.2 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    4.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    16.7 Adult Carcass    1398.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    6.925 Larval Midgut    25.1 Larval Hindgut    6.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    8.7 Larval Fat Body    7.2 Larval Salivary Gland    9.1 Larval Trachea    9.45 Larval Carcass    14.375 Adult Head    161.9 Adult Eye    44.4 Adult Brain    5.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    78.5 Adult Crop    19.4 Adult Midgut    19 Adult Hindgut    11.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Adult Fat Body    26.4 Adult Salivary Gland    31.9 Adult Heart    37.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    16.2 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    4.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    16.7 Adult Carcass  (1398.5) Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    6.925 Larval Midgut    25.1 Larval Hindgut    6.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    8.7 Larval Fat Body    7.2 Larval Salivary Gland    9.1 Larval Trachea    9.45 Larval Carcass    14.375 Adult Head    161.9 Adult Eye    44.4 Adult Brain    5.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    78.5 Adult Crop    19.4 Adult Midgut    19 Adult Hindgut    11.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Adult Fat Body    26.4 Adult Salivary Gland    31.9 Adult Heart    37.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    16.2 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    4.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    16.7 Adult Carcass  (1398.5) Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    6.925 Larval Midgut    25.1 Larval Hindgut    6.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    8.7 Larval Fat Body    7.2 Larval Salivary Gland    9.1 Larval Trachea    9.45 Larval Carcass    14.375 Adult Head    161.9 Adult Eye    44.4 Adult Brain    5.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    78.5 Adult Crop    19.4 Adult Midgut    19 Adult Hindgut    11.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Adult Fat Body    26.4 Adult Salivary Gland    31.9 Adult Heart    37.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    16.2 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    4.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    16.7 Adult Carcass    1398.5 Expression Level Scale  Very high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    6.925 Larval Midgut    25.1 Larval Hindgut    6.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    8.7 Larval Fat Body    7.2 Larval Salivary Gland    9.1 Larval Trachea    9.45 Larval Carcass    14.375 Adult Head    161.9 Adult Eye    44.4 Adult Brain    5.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    78.5 Adult Crop    19.4 Adult Midgut    19 Adult Hindgut    11.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Adult Fat Body    26.4 Adult Salivary Gland    31.9 Adult Heart    37.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    16.2 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    4.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    16.7 Adult Carcass    1398.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    6.925 Larval Midgut    25.1 Larval Hindgut    6.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    8.7 Larval Fat Body    7.2 Larval Salivary Gland    9.1 Larval Trachea    9.45 Larval Carcass    14.375 Adult Head    161.9 Adult Eye    44.4 Adult Brain    5.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    78.5 Adult Crop    19.4 Adult Midgut    19 Adult Hindgut    11.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Adult Fat Body    26.4 Adult Salivary Gland    31.9 Adult Heart    37.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    16.2 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    4.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    16.7 Adult Carcass  (1398.5) Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    6.925 Larval Midgut    25.1 Larval Hindgut    6.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    8.7 Larval Fat Body    7.2 Larval Salivary Gland    9.1 Larval Trachea    9.45 Larval Carcass    14.375 Adult Head    161.9 Adult Eye    44.4 Adult Brain    5.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    78.5 Adult Crop    19.4 Adult Midgut    19 Adult Hindgut    11.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Adult Fat Body    26.4 Adult Salivary Gland    31.9 Adult Heart    37.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    16.2 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    4.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    16.7 Adult Carcass  1398.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    6.925 Larval Midgut    25.1 Larval Hindgut    6.4 Larval Malpighian Tubules    8.7 Larval Fat Body    7.2 Larval Salivary Gland    9.1 Larval Trachea    9.45 Larval Carcass    14.375 Adult Head    161.9 Adult Eye    44.4 Adult Brain    5.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    78.5 Adult Crop    19.4 Adult Midgut    19 Adult Hindgut    11.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Adult Fat Body    26.4 Adult Salivary Gland    31.9 Adult Heart    37.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    16.2 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    4.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    16.7 Adult Carcass    1398.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    161.9   NA  Eye    44.4   NA  Brain    5.9   6.925  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    78.5   NA  Crop    19.4   25.1  Midgut    no informative data   6.4  Hindgut    no informative data   8.7  Malpighian Tubules    5.7   7.2  Fat Body    26.4   9.1  Salivary Gland    no informative data   NA  Heart    no informative data   9.45  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    no informative data   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    16.2   NA  Ovary    3.7   NA  Testis    4.3   NA  Male Accessory Gland    no informative data   no informative data  Carcass    1398.5 FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
modENCODE Anatomy RNA-Seq
modENCODE Tissue Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_tissues)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    45 head, virgin 1-day female    40 head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    4 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    7 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    13 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    33 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    6 carcass, 1-day adult    2876 carcass, 4-day adult    339 carcass, 20-day adult    63 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8  (45) head, virgin 1-day female  (40) head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    4 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    7 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    13 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8  (33) carcass, larvae L3 wandering    6 carcass, 1-day adult  (2876) carcass, 4-day adult  (339) carcass, 20-day adult  (63) ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    45 head, virgin 1-day female    40 head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    4 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    7 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    13 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    33 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    6 carcass, 1-day adult  (2876) carcass, 4-day adult  (339) carcass, 20-day adult    63 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    45 head, virgin 1-day female    40 head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    4 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    7 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    13 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    33 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    6 carcass, 1-day adult    2876 carcass, 4-day adult    339 carcass, 20-day adult    63 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    45 head, virgin 1-day female    40 head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    4 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    7 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    13 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    33 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    6 carcass, 1-day adult    2876 carcass, 4-day adult    339 carcass, 20-day adult    63 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8  (45) head, virgin 1-day female  (40) head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    4 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    7 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    13 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8  (33) carcass, larvae L3 wandering    6 carcass, 1-day adult  (2876) carcass, 4-day adult  (339) carcass, 20-day adult  (63) ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    45 head, virgin 1-day female    40 head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    4 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    7 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    13 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    33 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    6 carcass, 1-day adult  (2876) carcass, 4-day adult  (339) carcass, 20-day adult    63 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    45 head, virgin 1-day female    40 head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    4 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    7 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    13 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    33 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    6 carcass, 1-day adult    2876 carcass, 4-day adult    339 carcass, 20-day adult    63 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering     central nervous system, larvae L3     central nervous system, pupae P8     head, virgin 1-day female     head, virgin 4-day female     head, virgin 20-day female     head, mated 1-day female     head, mated 4-day female     head, mated 20-day female     head, mated 1-day male     head, mated 4-day male     head, mated 20-day male     salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering     salivary gland, white prepupae     digestive system, larvae L3 wandering     digestive system, 1-day adult     digestive system, 4-day adult     digestive system, 20-day adult     fat body, larvae L3 wandering     fat body, white prepupae     fat body, pupae P8     carcass, larvae L3 wandering     carcass, 1-day adult     carcass, 4-day adult     carcass, 20-day adult     ovary, virgin 4-day female     ovary, mated 4-day female     testis, mated 4-day male     accessory gland, mated 4-day male
modENCODE Development RNA-Seq
modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_U)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of extremely high expression to a trough of no expression detected. Peak expression observed during late pupal stages, in stages of adults of both sexes. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    0 embryo 18-20hr    0 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    0 larva L1    0 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    32 white prepupae 12hr    52 white prepupae 24hr    63 pupae 2d postWPP    1134 pupae 3d postWPP    6543 pupae 4d postWPP    12039 adult male 01day    4215 adult male 05day    148 adult male 30day    57 adult female 01day    4689 adult female 05day    25 adult female 30day    21 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    0 embryo 18-20hr    0 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    0 larva L1    0 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new  (32) white prepupae 12hr  (52) white prepupae 24hr  (63) pupae 2d postWPP  (1134) pupae 3d postWPP  (6543) pupae 4d postWPP  (12039) adult male 01day  (4215) adult male 05day  (148) adult male 30day  (57) adult female 01day  (4689) adult female 05day    25 adult female 30day    21 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    0 embryo 18-20hr    0 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    0 larva L1    0 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    32 white prepupae 12hr    52 white prepupae 24hr    63 pupae 2d postWPP  (1134) pupae 3d postWPP  (6543) pupae 4d postWPP  (12039) adult male 01day  (4215) adult male 05day  (148) adult male 30day    57 adult female 01day  (4689) adult female 05day    25 adult female 30day    21 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    0 embryo 18-20hr    0 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    0 larva L1    0 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    32 white prepupae 12hr    52 white prepupae 24hr    63 pupae 2d postWPP    1134 pupae 3d postWPP    6543 pupae 4d postWPP    12039 adult male 01day    4215 adult male 05day    148 adult male 30day    57 adult female 01day    4689 adult female 05day    25 adult female 30day    21 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    0 embryo 18-20hr    0 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    0 larva L1    0 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    32 white prepupae 12hr    52 white prepupae 24hr    63 pupae 2d postWPP    1134 pupae 3d postWPP    6543 pupae 4d postWPP    12039 adult male 01day    4215 adult male 05day    148 adult male 30day    57 adult female 01day    4689 adult female 05day    25 adult female 30day    21 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    0 embryo 18-20hr    0 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    0 larva L1    0 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new  32 white prepupae 12hr  (52) white prepupae 24hr  (63) pupae 2d postWPP  (1134) pupae 3d postWPP  (6543) pupae 4d postWPP  (12039) adult male 01day  (4215) adult male 05day  (148) adult male 30day  (57) adult female 01day  (4689) adult female 05day    25 adult female 30day    21 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    0 embryo 18-20hr    0 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    0 larva L1    0 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    32 white prepupae 12hr    52 white prepupae 24hr    63 pupae 2d postWPP  (1134) pupae 3d postWPP  (6543) pupae 4d postWPP  (12039) adult male 01day  (4215) adult male 05day  (148) adult male 30day    57 adult female 01day  (4689) adult female 05day    25 adult female 30day    21 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    0 embryo 18-20hr    0 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    0 larva L1    0 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    32 white prepupae 12hr    52 white prepupae 24hr    63 pupae 2d postWPP    1134 pupae 3d postWPP    6543 pupae 4d postWPP    12039 adult male 01day    4215 adult male 05day    148 adult male 30day    57 adult female 01day    4689 adult female 05day    25 adult female 30day    21 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011)
modENCODE Cell Lines RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatments RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatment Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_treatments)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    98 cold shock, 4-day adult    45 heat shock, 4-day adult    94 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    16 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    77 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    125 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    32 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    50 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    66 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    90 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult  (98) cold shock, 4-day adult  (45) heat shock, 4-day adult  (94) Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    16 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (77) Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (125) Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (32) Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (50) Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (66) Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (90) Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    98 cold shock, 4-day adult    45 heat shock, 4-day adult    94 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    16 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    77 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (125) Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    32 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    50 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    66 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    90 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    98 cold shock, 4-day adult    45 heat shock, 4-day adult    94 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    16 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    77 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    125 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    32 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    50 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    66 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    90 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    98 cold shock, 4-day adult    45 heat shock, 4-day adult    94 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    16 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    77 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    125 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    32 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    50 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    66 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    90 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult  (98) cold shock, 4-day adult  (45) heat shock, 4-day adult  (94) Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    16 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (77) Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (125) Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult  32 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (50) Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (66) Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (90) Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    98 cold shock, 4-day adult    45 heat shock, 4-day adult    94 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    16 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    77 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  125 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    32 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    50 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    66 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    90 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    98 cold shock, 4-day adult    45 heat shock, 4-day adult    94 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    16 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    77 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    125 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    32 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    50 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    66 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    90 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult     cold shock, 4-day adult     heat shock, 4-day adult     Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3     Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_00
External Data & Images
Linkouts	FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0000047 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG5178-RA
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele lethal, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 Act88FGD1353 viable Act88F6 Sterility Allele female fertile | recessive | reduced Act88F6 Act88FM320 Other Phenotypes Allele flight defective Act88FE334K Act88FE364K Act88FG366D Act88FG368E Act88FV339I flight defective | dominant Act88F6 flightless Act88FE316K Act88FG6AA7T Act88Fp42 Act88FR372H flightless | dominant Act88F1 Act88F2 Act88F3 Act88F4 Act88F5 Act88F6 Act88F8 Act88F9 Act88FG268D Act88FG368E Act88FM320 Act88FM342 Act88FN119 Act88FN142 Act88FN155 Act88FN180 Act88FN306 Act88FR256C flightless | dominant | cold sensitive Act88F8 flightless | recessive Act88F6 flightless | semidominant Act88F2 Act88F3 Act88F4 locomotor behavior defective | recessive Act88F6 Act88FM320 visible | recessive Act88F8 wild-type Act88F-3'UTR Act88FA232S Act88FcBa Act88FD4E Act88FG6A Act88FG368S Act88FI10V Act88FQ360E Act88FS129T Act88FStuI.EcoRI Act88FT234S Act88FV278T Phenotype manifest in Allele dorsal medial muscle Act88F6 Act88FG268D indirect flight muscle Act88F1 Act88F3 Act88F4 Act88F5 Act88F6 Act88FE316K Act88FE334K Act88FE334Q Act88FE364K Act88FE57K Act88FG156D Act88FG156S Act88FG268D Act88FG366D Act88FG368E Act88FG63D Act88FG6AA7T Act88FGD245 Act88FGD245D Act88FM320 Act88FM342 Act88FN119 Act88FN142 Act88FN155 Act88FN180 Act88FN306 Act88FP307L Act88FP307L-2 Act88FQ121stop Act88FR372H Act88FR95C Act88FV339I Act88FR256C indirect flight muscle, with Scer\GAL4Act88F.PB Act88FGD1353 indirect flight muscle & muscle tendon junction Act88F6 indirect flight muscle & nucleus Act88F5 indirect flight muscle & striated muscle thick filament Act88F6 indirect flight muscle & striated muscle thin filament Act88F6 myofibril Act88F4 Act88F5 Act88FE316K Act88FE334K Act88FE364K Act88FG156D Act88FG156S Act88FG268D Act88FG301D Act88FG302D Act88FG366D Act88FG368E Act88FG63D Act88FGD245 Act88FGD245D Act88FM320 Act88FQ121stop Act88FQ353stop Act88FQ353stop-2 Act88FR372H Act88FR95C Act88FV103E Act88FV339I Act88FR256C sarcomere Act88FE334K Act88FE364K Act88FG268D Act88FG366D Act88FG6AA7T striated muscle thin filament Act88FG268D Act88FR256C tendon cell Act88F6 wing Act88F3 Act88F6 Act88F8 Act88F9
Classical Alleles ( 37 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of Act88F Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion Act88F6 amorphic allele - genetic evidence, hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence 0 Yes Act88F1 antimorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88F2 antimorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88F3 antimorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Act88F4 antimorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88F5 antimorphic allele - genetic evidence, hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88F7 0 -- Act88F8 loss of function allele spontaneous 0 Yes Act88F9 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Act88FE226K antimorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88FE57K hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88FG156D antimorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88FG156S antimorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88FG268D antimorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88FG301D antimorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88FG302D antimorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88FG63D antimorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88FGA245 antimorphic allele - genetic evidence 0 Yes Act88FI289F 0 Yes Act88FI76Val 0 -- Act88FM320 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence 0 -- Act88FM342 0 Yes Act88FN119 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence 0 -- Act88FN142 antimorphic allele - genetic evidence 0 -- Act88FN155 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence 0 -- Act88FN180 antimorphic allele - genetic evidence 0 -- Act88FN306 0 -- Act88FP307L-2 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88FP307L hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88Fp42 0 Yes Act88FQ121stop hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88FQ353stop-2 antimorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88FQ353stop antimorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88FR256C ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88FR95C antimorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Act88Funspecified 0 -- Act88FV103E hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 47 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of Act88F Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion Act88FScer\UAS.P\T.T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 2 Yes Act88FGD1353 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes Act88F-3'UTR in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Act88F-5'UTR in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Act88FA232S in vitro construct - amino acid replacement in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes Act88FAGH.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Act88FC.T:VSV\G in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Act88FC.T:Zzzz\His6 in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Act88FcBa in vitro construct 0 Yes Act88FD-1020 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Act88FD-1083 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Act88FD-1178 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Act88FD-119 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Act88FD-1420 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Act88FD-598 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Act88FD4E in vitro construct - amino acid replacement in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes Act88FD865 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Act88FD875 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Act88FE316K antimorphic allele - genetic evidence in vitro construct - amino acid replacement sodium bisulphite 0 Yes Act88FE334K antimorphic allele - genetic evidence sodium bisulphite in vitro construct 0 Yes Act88FE334Q in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes Act88FE364K antimorphic allele - genetic evidence sodium bisulphite in vitro construct 0 Yes Act88FE93K in vitro construct 0 Yes Act88FG366D antimorphic allele - genetic evidence sodium bisulphite 0 Yes Act88FG368E antimorphic allele - genetic evidence in vitro construct - amino acid replacement sodium bisulphite in vitro construct 0 Yes Act88FG368S in vitro construct - amino acid replacement in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes Act88FG6A in vitro construct - amino acid replacement in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes Act88FG6AA7T in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes Act88FGD245 antimorphic allele - genetic evidence in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes Act88FGD245D antimorphic allele - genetic evidence in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes Act88FGD245T hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes Act88FI10V in vitro construct - amino acid replacement in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes Act88FI76V in vitro construct - amino acid replacement in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes Act88FN.T:VSV\G in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Act88FN.T:Zzzz\His6 in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Act88FNIG.5178R in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Act88Fp42tK in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes Act88FQ360E in vitro construct - amino acid replacement in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes Act88FR372H antimorphic allele - genetic evidence sodium bisulphite in vitro construct 0 Yes Act88FS129T in vitro construct - amino acid replacement in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes Act88FStuI.EcoRI in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes Act88FT234S in vitro construct - amino acid replacement in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes Act88FtBa in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes Act88FV278T in vitro construct - amino acid replacement in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes Act88FV339I antimorphic allele - genetic evidence sodium bisulphite 0 Yes Act88FXhoDel in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Act88FXhoInv in vitro construct 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(3R)Exel6174 (Ryder, 2004.4.26) Df(3R)Po4 (Nelson and Szauter, 1992)
Not disrupted in	Df(3R)c(3)G-2 (Nelson and Szauter, 1992) Df(3R)Po2 (Nelson and Szauter, 1992) Df(3R)Po3 (Nelson and Szauter, 1992) Df(3R)sbd26 (Nelson and Szauter, 1992) Df(3R)sbd45 (Nelson and Szauter, 1992) Df(3R)sbd105 (Nelson and Szauter, 1992)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data UAS construct P{GD1353} NA P{NIG.5178R} NA P{UASp-GFP.Act88F} NA GAL4 construct P{Act88F-GAL4.1.3} No P{Act88F-GAL4.B} No reporter construct P{Act88F-lacZ.n.Reg1-Em} No P{Act88F-lacZ.n.Reg1-Hm} No P{Act88F-lacZ.nuc.FL} No P{Act88F-lacZ.nuc.Reg1} No P{Act88F-lacZ} No characterization construct P{Act42A::Act88F42A} NA P{Act42A::Act88FcFa} NA P{Act57B::Act88FcFa} NA P{Act79B::Act88FcFa} NA P{Act88F::Hsap\ACTCcFa} NA P{Act88F::Scer\act1cFa} NA P{Act88F.E334Q} NA P{Act88F-3'UTR} NA P{Act88F-5'UTR} NA P{Act88FA232S} NA P{Act88FC.T:VSV\G} NA P{Act88FC.T:Zzzz\His6} NA P{Act88FcBa} NA P{Act88FD4E} NA P{Act88FE93K} NA P{Act88FG6A} NA P{Act88FG6AA7T} NA P{Act88FG368S} NA P{Act88FI10V} NA P{Act88FI76V} NA P{Act88FN.T:VSV\G} NA P{Act88FN.T:Zzzz\His6} NA P{Act88FQ360E} NA P{Act88FS129T} NA P{Act88FStuI.EcoRI} NA P{Act88FT234S} NA P{Act88FtBa} NA P{Act88FV278T} NA P{Act88F-D-119} NA P{Act88F-D-598} NA P{Act88F-D-865} NA P{Act88F-D-875} NA P{Act88F-D-1020} NA P{Act88F-D-1083} NA P{Act88F-D-1178} NA P{Act88F-D-1420} NA P{Act88F-E316K} NA P{Act88F-E334K} NA P{Act88F-E364K} NA P{Act88F-G366D} NA P{Act88F-G368E} NA P{Act88F-GAL4.D} NA P{Act88F-GD245} NA P{Act88F-GD245D} NA P{Act88F-GD245T} NA P{Act88F-Hsap\ACTB.B} NA P{Act88F-Hsap\ACTB.StuI.EcoRI} NA P{Act88F-R372H} NA P{Act88F-RFP.1.3} NA P{Act88F-V339I} NA P{Act88F-XhoDel} NA P{Act88F-XhoInv} NA P{UASp-GFP.Act79B::Act88F.79B.C-T.88F.N-T} NA P{UASp-GFP.Act79B::Act88F.79B.N-T.88F.C-T} NA P{WAc} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 6 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 terms )
Molecular Function ( 0 terms)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
phagocytosis, engulfment inferred from mutant phenotype (Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006) skeletal myofibril assembly inferred from mutant phenotype (Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004)
Cellular Component ( 0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 4 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
ATP binding inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR004001 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-) structural constituent of cytoskeleton inferred from sequence or structural similarity (Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000, FlyBase, 1992-)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
cytoskeleton organization inferred from sequence or structural similarity (Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
actin filament inferred from sequence or structural similarity (Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
protein-protein
Interacting group Assay References
Act88F - Acon experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Act88F - Adh experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Act88F - Ald experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Act88F - CG12203 experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Act88F - CG34172 experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Act88F - CG6330 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Act88F - Gpdh experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Act88F - Gpo-1 experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Act88F - GstS1 experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Act88F - Mhc experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Act88F - Mlc1 experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Act88F - Mlc2 experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Act88F - Strn-Mlck experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Act88F - Tm2 experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Act88F - fln experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Act88F - kdn experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Act88F - regucalcin anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23)
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions Act88F allele Gene References Act88F6 fln (Reedy et al., 2000) Mhc (Reedy et al., 2000, Nongthomba et al., 2004) Act88F8 up (Homyk and Emerson, 1988)
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 66947 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0000047 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 41885 SignaLink - A protein-protein and protein-miRNA interaction database with multi-layered structure and multiple confidence scores. • P83967
Orthologs
OrthoDB Orthologs (146) - based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 5.41
OrthoDB Ortholog Groups
	OrthoDB orthology group searches (Waterhouse et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39(Database issue): D283--D288) Drosophila inclusive ortholog search EOG6JM88M Dipteran inclusive ortholog search EOG6P2Q9V Insect inclusive ortholog search EOG6VT4SQ Arthropod inclusive ortholog search EOG6N8PM8 Metazoa inclusive ortholog search EOG6K13FW
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (EOG6JM88M)
Organism Common Name Gene AAA Syntenic Ortholog Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\Act87E     Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\Act57B     Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\Act88F     Drosophila simulans   Dsim\GD11548   Y Drosophila simulans   Dsim\GD18909   Y Drosophila simulans   Dsim\GD15015   Y Drosophila simulans   Dsim\Act88F Y Y Drosophila sechellia   Dsec\GM24109   Y Drosophila sechellia   Dsec\GM15786   Y Drosophila erecta   Dere\GG22068   Y Drosophila erecta   Dere\GG19688   Y Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE24312 Y Y Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE12149   Y Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE26273   Y Drosophila ananassae   Dana\GF12208   Y Drosophila ananassae   Dana\GF17602   Y Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura   Dpse\GA26730 Y Y Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura   Dpse\GA14877   Y Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura   Dpse\GA24346   Y Drosophila persimilis   Dper\GL17061   Y Drosophila willistoni   Dwil\GK13943   Y Drosophila willistoni   Dwil\GK23336   Y Drosophila virilis   Dvir\ActE1   Y Drosophila virilis   Dvir\ActC2   Y Drosophila virilis   Dvir\ActE2 Y Y Drosophila mojavensis   Dmoj\GI19711   Y Drosophila mojavensis   Dmoj\GI24339   Y Drosophila mojavensis   Dmoj\GI23222 Y Y Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH22007   Y Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH19077 Y Y Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH19045   Y
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (EOG6P2Q9V)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\AAEL005961 Y Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\AAEL004631 Y Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\AAEL001673 Y Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito  Agam\AGAP005095 Y Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ016462 Y Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ005785 Y Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ012573 Y
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (EOG6VT4SQ)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\Arp1 Y Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\LOC410075 Y Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\GB41310 Y Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\LOC410075 Y Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\LOC552637 Y Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\LOC725739 Y Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\GB43029 Y Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\GB41311 Y Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG016133 Y Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG014261 Y Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG022374 Y Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG018151 Y Acromyrmex echinatior Panamanian leafcutter ant  Aech\AECH20076 Y Acromyrmex echinatior Panamanian leafcutter ant  Aech\AECH27216 Y Acromyrmex echinatior Panamanian leafcutter ant  Aech\AECH23702 Y Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP24556 Y Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP24555 Y Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP24558 Y Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP19149 Y Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP10781 Y Camponotus floridanus Florida carpenter ant  Cflo\CFLO22077 Y Camponotus floridanus Florida carpenter ant  Cflo\CFLO17037 Y Camponotus floridanus Florida carpenter ant  Cflo\CFLO15666 Y Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL19704 Y Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL19080 Y Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL11009 Y Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL12357 Y Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL19122 Y Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL19079 Y Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL19081 Y Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL11760 Y Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH18449 Y Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH23521 Y Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH12777 Y Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH23517 Y Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB15021 Y Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB12309 Y Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\ACTB2 Y Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB15020 Y Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB15019 Y Solenopsis invicta Red fire ant  Sinv\SINV26467 Y Solenopsis invicta Red fire ant  Sinv\SINV15055 Y Solenopsis invicta Red fire ant  Sinv\SINV26512 Y Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI073036 Y Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI009912 Y Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI006969 Y Bombyx mori Silkmoth  Bmor\BGIBMGA013945 Y Pediculus humanus Human body louse  Phum\PHUM268330 Y Tribolium castaneum Red flour beetle  Tcas\TC003326 Y Tribolium castaneum Red flour beetle  Tcas\TC006296 Y Tribolium castaneum Red flour beetle  Tcas\TC003944 Y
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (EOG6N8PM8)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_228751 Y Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\ACT1C Y Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\CO1 Y Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_347740 Y Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\NME9 Y Ixodes scapularis Deer tick  Isca\ISCW024111 Y
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (EOG6K13FW)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\T04C12.4 Y Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\act-2 Y Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\act-4 Y Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\T04C12.6 Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_006797gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_009482gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_009433gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_009481gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_026078gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\CYIIB Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_012282gn Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\bactin2 Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\zgc:86725 Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\actc1b Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\actc1a Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\RP71-1C22.1 Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\acta1a Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\acta1b Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\acta2 Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\actc1a Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\actba Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\acta1 Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\actg1 Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\actb Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\actc1 Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\act3 Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\acta2 Y Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\ENSGALG00000009621 Y Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\ACTBL2 Y Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\ACTC1 Y Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\ACTG2 Y Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\ENSGALG00000000492 Y Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\ENSGALG00000001381 Y Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\ENSGALG00000011086 Y Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Actc1 Y Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Acta2 Y Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Actbl2 Y Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Acta1 Y Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Actg2 Y Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Actc1 Y Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Actg1 Y Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Actb Y Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Actbl2 Y Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Acta1 Y Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Actg2 Y Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\ACTA1 Y Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\PS1TP5BP1 Y Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\ACTC1 Y Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\ACTBL2 Y Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\ACTA2 Y Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\ACTG1 Y
Human Orthologs (6)
Gene OMIM HGNC Hsap\ACTA1     Hsap\PS1TP5BP1     Hsap\ACTC1     Hsap\ACTBL2     Hsap\ACTA2     Hsap\ACTG1
AAA Orthologs (10) based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 4.3
Organism Gene Drosophila simulans Dsim\Act88F Drosophila erecta Dere\GG16929 Drosophila yakuba Dyak\GE24312 Drosophila ananassae Dana\GF18300 Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura Dpse\GA26730 Drosophila persimilis Dper\GL23756 Drosophila willistoni Dwil\GK11462 Drosophila virilis Dvir\ActE2 Drosophila mojavensis Dmoj\GI23222 Drosophila grimshawi Dgri\GH19077
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 3 )
Bloomington	9254 w*; P{UASp-GFP.Act88F}1-2 9253 w*; P{UASp-GFP.Act88F}15-1
VDRC	v9780 w1118; P{GD1353}v9780
Genomic Clones ( 1 )
	BACR17K19 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 31 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	AT14584 GH04529 LD18090 RE02927 RE14441
Other clones	LD47405 RE74637 RH70883 yak-em_Act57B
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	GH01973 GH05190 GH08542 GH09238 GH12863 GH20985 GH26149 LP11613 LP12170
Other clones	CK01.169A.E6 CK01.169C.E6 Dmel_dig_012832_0656_1569 Dmel_dig_016915_0589_1890 Dmel_neb_005361_0943_3555 Dmel_neb_010899_0665_2724 Dmel_neb_011525_0937_1497 EK103551 EK103951 IP01966 IP01968 IP03304 RC0-DA0001-120700-012-F01
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0000047 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 41885
Antibody Information
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of	Source for identity of: Act88F CG5178 (Zheng, 1999.11)
Source for database merge of
Additional comments
Other Comments
	Haploinsufficient locus (not associated with strong haplolethality or haplosterility). (Cook et al., 2012) S2 cells treated with dsRNA generated against this gene show reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans compared to untreated cells. (Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006) Expression and function of Act88F is not restricted to the IFMs. Act88F functions in the leg and uterine muscles, though to a lower level than in the IFMs. (Nongthomba et al., 2001) Mutants show decreased walking ability and delayed/reduced oviposition. (Nongthomba et al., 2001) In a sample of 79 genes with multiple introns, 33 showed significant heterogeneity in G+C content among introns of the same gene and significant positive correspondence between the intron and the third codon position G+C content within genes. These results are consistent with selection adding against preferred codons at the start of genes. (Kliman and Eyre-Walker, 1998) Age related changes in Act88F expression have been studied by Northern analysis. (Labuhn and Brack, 1997) Ecol\lacZ reporter gene constructs have been used to label larval muscle fibres. A laser microbeam is used to ablate the muscle fibres singly and in combination. The results show that the persistent larval muscle fibres are not required to initiate the fusion of imaginal myoblasts, to indicate the correct placement of the resulting fibers in the thorax or to designate the identity of the fibres. Persistent larval muscle fibres are required to determine the correct number of fibres formed. (Farrell et al., 1996) Interaction of wild type and mutant actin with rabbit myosin and its proteolytic subfragments is investigated. (Anson et al., 1995) A modified pair of optical tweezers, transducer based, is used to compare the response of wild type and mutant actins and the fibre attachment and detachment forces. (Molloy et al., 1995) Sequence analysis demonstrates insect muscle actins form a distinct family of closely related proteins significantly diverged from cytoplasmic actins. (Mounier et al., 1992) Properties of mutant proteins transcribed in vitro are studied. (Drummond et al., 1991) The effects of missense Act88F mutants on the structure and function of indirect flight muscles was examined. (Drummond et al., 1991) Combined in vitro and in vivo studies are used to investigate the relationship between amino acid sequence and function for the specificity of Act88F. Act88F protein expressed in vitro and in vivo binds to DNaseI with equal affinity and are able to copolymerise with bulk rabbit actin equally well. Unprocessed actins are less able to copolymerize with bulk actins. Results suggest that individual actins do interact, even in nonpolymerizing conditions. The reduced ability of unprocessed actin to polymerize shows that correct post-translational modification of the N terminus is required for normal actin function. (Hennessey et al., 1991) Translation of actin RNA in early embryos injected with initiation factors has been studied. (Hongo and Jacobs-Lorena, 1991) Myofibril degeneration is not the primary cause of anomalous heat shock gene activation by mutant actins. (Sakai et al., 1991) Genetic analysis of muscle contraction using the indirect flight muscles of D.melanogaster. (Sparrow et al., 1991) In vitro mutagenesis was performed on Act88F to generate mutations that can assemble into virtually normal myofibrils. (Drummond et al., 1990) An equivalent mutation found in human β-actin was constructed in Act88F to investigate the nature of the mutation in vivo. The mutation caused defects in the actin molecule that could be visualized as a disturbance of the filament lattice. (Sakai et al., 1990) Myofibrillar assembly was investigated using null mutations of Act88F and Mhc. (Beall et al., 1989) Expressed only in the indirect flight muscles. Act88F mutant flight muscle has an unusual configuration of myosin crossbridges under EM. (Reedy et al., 1989) Alleles of up show intracistronic non-complementation with the "raised" allele, Act88F8. (Deak et al., 1982) Encodes the indirect flight muscle actin (FBrf0038990; FBrf0042420). Haplo-insufficient; heterozygotes for null mutations or Act88F deficiencies are flightless; flightlessness is apparently caused by imbalance between myosin heavy chains and Act88F protein; whereas hemizygosity for either Mhc or Act88F leads to complex myofibrillar defects and flightlessness, double hemizygotes have nearly normal fibrillar structure and are able to fly (FBrf0049803). Heterozygotes and to a greater degree, homozygotes and heteroallelic heterozygotes for antimorphic alleles Act88F4 and Act88F5 show constitutive synthesis of heat-shock proteins, with Hsp26 and Hsp27 less actively synthesized than Hsp22, Hsp70 and Hsp83; response to heat shock normal (FBrf0042420).
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_079643 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_524367 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AAA28321 AAA28322 AAA28323 AAF55198 AB003910 AI297790 AY863815 AY863816 AY863817 AY863818 AY863819 AY863820 AY863821 AY863822 AY863823 AY863824 AY863825 AY863826 AY863827 AY863828 AY863829 AY863830 AY863831 AY863832 AY863833 AY863834 AY863835 AY863836 AY863837 BAA20058 K02065 M13925 M18826 M18830 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 41885 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • P83967
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Actin-related protein (IPR004000) Actin, conserved site (IPR004001) Actin/actin-like conserved site (IPR020902)
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 66947 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0000047 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0000047 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0000047 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG5178-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0000047 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 41885 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 41885 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0000047 SignaLink - A protein-protein and protein-miRNA interaction database with multi-layered structure and multiple confidence scores. • P83967
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 19 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	act88F (Boutros et al., 2002, Mogami et al., 1998, An and Mogami, 1996, He and Haymer, 1995, Geyer and Fyrberg, 1986, Noguchi et al., 2010) act 88F (Labuhn and Brack, 1997) Act88-F (Akashi, 1996) Act88F (Thimmappaiaha et al., 2007, Sparrow, 2006.7.31, Goodliffe et al., 2007, Sparrow et al., 2007, Franco-Cea et al., 2007, Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006, Stuart et al., 2007, Elliott et al., 2007, Montana and Littleton, 2006, Wang et al., 2004, Maines et al., 2007, Sparrow and Orfanos, 2008, Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004, Clayton et al., 1998, Macdonald and Long, 2005, Dorus et al., 2006, Guan et al., 2011, M√ºller et al., 2011, Rajendra et al., 2007, Bai et al., 2008, Ranade et al., 2008, McGraw et al., 2008, Carpenter et al., 2009, Morris et al., 2006, Gajewski and Schulz, 2010, Haigh et al., 2010, Burgess et al., 2004, Cammarato et al., 2005, Bryantsev et al., 2012, Marco-Ferreres et al., 2005, Korenjak et al., 2012, Schönbauer et al., 2011, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Cook et al., 2012, Bryantsev et al., 2012) Act88f (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2006) Act(88F) (Roy and VijayRaghavan, 1999) Actin (Balasubramanian et al., 2004, Eberharter and Becker, 2004, Jones, 1999, Hongo and Jacobs-Lorena, 1991) actin (Xia and Karin, 2004, Kwon and Scholey, 2004, Strickland and Burgess, 2004, Delmas et al., 2004, Miller, 2003, Adams et al., 2000, Jacinto and Baum, 2003, Baum, 2002, Biggin, 2001, Noselli and Agnes, 1999, OOta and Saitou, 1999, Bearer, 1991, Padash Barmchi et al., 2005) CG5178 (Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000, Tsai et al., 2008) E (Bondinas et al., 2002, Bondinas et al., 2001) Ifm(3)7 (Homyk and Emerson, 1988) rsd (Deak et al., 1982)
Name Synonym	88F actin (Okamoto, 1997.5.14) actin (Costantino et al., 2007, Lo, 2006, Harris and Peifer, 2004, Zeitler et al., 2004, Sordella and Van, 2006, Baehrecke, 2003, Clayton et al., 1998, Bai et al., 2007, Schmitz et al., 2003, Lenartowska et al., 2012) Actin (Mulinari et al., 2007, Griemert et al., 2007, Nongthomba et al., 2007, Jaiswal et al., 2006) Actin 88F (D'Avino et al., 2008, Goodliffe et al., 2007, Gajewski and Schulz, 2010) actin 88F (Gajewski and Schulz, 2007) Actin88F (Tsujimura et al., 2008, McGraw et al., 2008, Tsai et al., 2008, Bryantsev et al., 2012) arthrin (Swank et al., 2001, Haigh et al., 2010) Arthrin (Warmke et al., 1992, Mardahl-Dumesnil and Fowler, 2001, Nongthomba et al., 2007, Vikhorev et al., 2010, Burgess et al., 2004) F-actin (Xu et al., 2011)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
References ( 232 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 232 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 147 ) Supplementary material  ( 8 ) Review  ( 30 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 8 ) Abstract  ( 32 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 1 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 1 ) Stock list  ( 1 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 3 )
Recent research papers ( 12 )
	Sevdali et al., 2013, Neuromuscul. Disord. 23(3): 243--255 Human congenital myopathy actin mutants cause myopathy and alter Z-disc structure in Drosophila flight muscle. [FBrf0220869] Bryantsev et al., 2012, Dev. Biol. 361(2): 191--207 Differential requirements for Myocyte Enhancer Factor-2 during adult myogenesis in Drosophila. [FBrf0217023] Bryantsev et al., 2012, Dev. Cell 23(3): 664--673 Extradenticle and homothorax control adult muscle fiber identity in Drosophila. [FBrf0219427] Cook et al., 2012, Genome Biol. 13(3): R21 The generation of chromosomal deletions to provide extensive coverage and subdivision of the Drosophila melanogaster genome. [FBrf0219066] Díaz-Castillo and Ranz, 2012, Mol. Biol. Evol. 29(9): 2105--2108 Nuclear chromosome dynamics in the Drosophila male germ line contribute to the nonrandom genomic distribution of retrogenes. [FBrf0219274] Korenjak et al., 2012, Mol. Cell. Biol. 32(21): 4375--4387 RBF Binding to both Canonical E2F Targets and Noncanonical Targets Depends on Functional dE2F/dDP Complexes. [FBrf0219643] Lenartowska et al., 2012, Protoplasma 249(2): 337--346 A pre-embedding immunogold approach reveals localization of myosin VI at the ultrastructural level in the actin cones that mediate Drosophila spermatid individualization. [FBrf0217790] Ramdya et al., 2012, PLoS ONE 7(11): e48381 Fluorescence Behavioral Imaging (FBI) Tracks Identity in Heterogeneous Groups of Drosophila. [FBrf0219924] Guan et al., 2011, Learn. Mem. 18(4): 191--206 Altered gene regulation and synaptic morphology in Drosophila learning and memory mutants. [FBrf0213277] M√ºller et al., 2011, BMC Genomics 12(1): 81 Population transcriptomics of Drosophila melanogaster females. [FBrf0213050] Schönbauer et al., 2011, Nature 479(7373): 406--409 Spalt mediates an evolutionarily conserved switch to fibrillar muscle fate in insects. [FBrf0216735] Xu et al., 2011, Development 138(24): 5415--5427 Rho GTPase controls Drosophila salivary gland lumen size through regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and Moesin. [FBrf0216741] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2011 Show reviews ...