HomeGene Dmel\ap
| General Information | ||||
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| Symbol | Dmel\ap | Species | D. melanogaster | |
| Name | apterous | Annotation symbol | CG8376 | |
| Feature type | protein_coding_gene | FlyBase ID | FBgn0000099 | |
| Created / Updated | 2003-12-01/2003-12-01 | |||
| Genomic Location | ||||
| Chromosome (arm) | 2R | Recombination map | 2-55.2 | |
| Cytogenetic map | 41F8-41F8 | Sequence location | 2R:1,593,697..1,614,335 [-] | |
| Map ( GBrowse ) | 
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Summary Information
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Automatically generated summary
See sections below for more information | The gene apterous is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol ap (CG8376, FBgn0000099). It has the cytological map location 41F8. Its sequence location is 2R:1593697..1614335. Its molecular function is described as: specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity; zinc ion binding; sequence-specific DNA binding; transcription factor activity. It is involved in the biological processes described with 16 unique terms, many of which group under: anatomical structure development; organ development; organ morphogenesis; system development; leg disc development; histolysis; cell fate commitment; regulation of metabolic process; dorsal/ventral pattern formation, imaginal disc; primary metabolic process. 97 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with 78 unique terms, many of which group under: adult segment; hypodermal muscle of larval abdomen; adult mesothoracic segment; abdominal transverse muscle; embryonic nervous system; larval abdominal segment 5; peripheral nervous system; postalar bristle; adult somatic muscle; endocrine system. It has 2 annotated transcripts and 2 annotated polypeptides. | |||
| External Summaries | ||||
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Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
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| Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage | *ap: apterous (T.G. Wilson)
Wings and halteres reduced to traces. Bristles
eliminated from area around wing base (including posterior
notopleurals, anterior and posterior supra-alars, and anterior
postalars); posterior scutellars erect when present but missing in first counts; dorsocentrals smaller and fewer; hairs on
thorax sparse and irregular. Sutural furrow reduced; thorax
disproportionately small. Flies small, pale, weak, and very
short lived. Viability about 70% that of wild type but
erratic. Both sexes sterile. RK2.
ap4
Wings less than 10% normal length, lacking all wing
blade structures. Halteres reduced to structureless remnants
less than 25% normal size. Scutellar and dorsocentral bristles sometimes missing (Butterworth and King, 1965, Genetics
52: 1153-74). Wing phenotype disc autonomous in ap4/ap+
mosaic flies, although small patches of ap4 wing structures
are found in ap4/ap+ mosaic wings. Haltere phenotype disc
autonomous (Wilson, 1981, Dev. Biol. 85: 434-45). Adults
become paralyzed about 30 hr following eclosion and die soon
thereafter. Around 1% of adults are long-lived "escapers" of
this phenotype (Wilson, 1980, Dev. Genet. 1: 195-204).
Precocious adult-death phenotype fate-maps to proximity of
Malpighian tubules, and tubule malfunctioning postulated to
result in this phenotype (Wilson, 1981). Foregut of females
swollen owing to accumulation of peritrophic membrane (King
and Sang, 1958, DIS 32: 133). Female sterile with underdeveloped ovaries; nurse cell nuclei become pycnotic after
stage 7, and stage-8 oocytes are the most advanced (King and
Burnett, 1957, Growth 21: 263-80; Wilson, 1980). ap4 ovaries
develop nonautonomously when transplanted to a wild-type host
(King and Bodenstein, 1965, Z. Naturforsch. 20B: 292-97).
Application of juvenile hormone mimic, ZR-515, to newly
eclosed ap4 females results in vitellogenic oocytes
[Postlethwait and Weiser, 1973, Nature (London) New Biol.
244: 284-85]. Membranes of vitellogenic oocytes lack microvilli and pinocytoxic vesicles normally present; development
of these structures stimulated by administration of ZR-515
(Tedesco, Courtwright, and Kumaran, 1981, J. Insect. Physiol.
27: 895-902). Corpora allata from adult ap4 are juvenile hormone deficient when bioassayed [Postlethwait, Handler, and
Gray, 1975, The Juvenile Hormones (L.I. Gilbert, ed.).
pp. 449-69]. Nonvitellogenic oocyte phenotype fate-maps to
same or similar location as precocious adult death phenotype
(Wilson, 1981). Escaper females develop stage-14 oocytes
(King and Sang, 1958) and are fertile (Wilson, 1980). Males
show immature sexual behavior and are sterile, but testes
appear normal with motile sperm (King and Sang, 1958). Larval
fat body histolysis delayed; this phenotype is nonautonomous
as determined by transplantation experiments (Butterworth,
1972, Dev. Biol. 28: 311-25). Application of ZR-515
accelerates larval fat body histolysis in ap4 adults
(Postlethwait and Jones, 1978, J. Expt. Zool. 203: 207-14).
Ovarian acid phosphatase level low in ap4 females and is
restored after application of ZR-515 (Postlethwait et al.,
1975). ap4 ovaries cultured in vitro are capable of yolk protein synthesis (Redfern and Bownes, 1982, Mol. Gen. Genet.
195: 181-83). ap4/Df(2L)M41A-54 hemizygote has nearly normal
complement of bristles but otherwise resembles ap4 homozygote
(Butterworth and King, 1965).
ap56f
Wing and haltere phenotype like ap4. Scutellar and
dorsocentral bristles missing (Butterworth and King, 1965,
Genetics 52: 1153-74). Rear and middle legs occasionally
twisted, more frequently in female than in male. Both sexes
fertile and long lived when homozygous and in combination with
other ap alleles. ap56f/M(2)S24 have normal complement of
dorsocentral and scutellar bristles (Butterworth and King,
1965).
ap77f
Weakest non-temperature-sensitive allele known.
Wing has reasonably good wing blade development, with missing
triple-row elements and posterior wing margin. Haltere less
well developed but more so than ap4. Adults long lived and
fertile. Less dominant in heteroallelic combination with
ap4-like alleles than is ap56f. ap77f/Df(2R)M41A4 has more
severe phenotype than ap77f homozygotes.
ap78j
A temperature-sensitive allele of apterous. When
raised at 22, wing and haltere phenotype approaches wild type
except for missing patches of triple-row bristles and posterior wing margin. When raised at higher temperatures, phenotype becomes more severe and resembles ap4 at 29. Two non-overlapping temperature-sensitive periods in development, one
in late-second to middle-third instar for wing and haltere
deficiency phenotype and the other during the first day of
pupal development for precocious adult death and nonvitellogenesis phenotype. Wing discs of heat-pulsed larvae failed to
exhibit cell death by trypan blue exclusion.
apblt: apterous-blot
Wings blistered, sometimes inflated and dark due to
trapped hemolymph. Mirror-image duplication of posterior wing
blade structures occurs [Waddington, 1939, Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci. USA 25: 299-307; Whittle, 1979, J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 53: 292-303 (fig.)]. Wing venation may be disrupted.
Portions of posterior wing compartment may be transformed into
anterior compartment structures, an effect like that of
engrailed (en; 2-62.0). Despite relatively mild adult phenotype, extensive cell death observed, localized to wing pouch
of imaginal discs; associated with acid phosphatase and lysosomal activity (Sedlak, Manzo, and Stevens, 1984, Dev. Biol.
104: 489-96). Clonal analysis revealed nonautonomous expression of phenotype. Heterozygotes with ap4 or ap56f and hemizygotes show blistering phenotype only (Whittle). apblt/ap73n
shows transformation phenotype, and aldehyde oxidase histochemical staining of these wing discs is consistent with
transformation (Whittle and Sprey, 1982, Wilhelm Roux's Arch.
Dev. Biol. 191: 285-88). Much overlapping with wild type,
and expressivity variable. Adults long lived and fertile.
ape
Homozygotes display extreme wing reduction, particularly of the posterior wing compartment. Approximately 50% of
the flies have duplications of the anterior wing margin,
distal costa, and triple row bristles. In wings with large
amounts of wing blade, very little venation is present; however, these may often have triplications or even four copies
of the anterior wing margin, some located in the posterior
part of the wing. Dried hemolymph sometimes trapped between
the dorsal and ventral wing surfaces giving the wing a puffy
blackened appearance. This mutant therefore has duplications
and deficiencies characteristic of cell death followed by
regulation in the wing, but also has transformations of the
posterior wing compartment to the anterior wing compartment.
8% of the flies have defective third legs, more frequently in
females than in males. Halteres and scutellar bristles appear
to be normal. Homozygotes viable and fertile.
aptrw: apterous-torn wing
Distal part of wing in homozygotes shows sawtooth
pattern as if tip torn away. Expression uniform in males and
females. Viability and fertility good.
apXa: apterous-Xasta 
apXa: apterous-Xasta
From Bridges and Brehme, 1944, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. No. 552: 228. | |||
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Detailed Mapping Data
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| FlyBase Computed Cytological Location | ||||
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 41F8-41F8
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}vlc07022&P{lacW}l(2)09851k08138 and P{PZ}l(2)0985109851&P{lacW}Src42Ak10108
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| Experimentally Determined Cytological Location | ||||
Cytogenetic map Notes References 41F-41F (determined by in situ hybridisation)
41F8-42A1 (determined by in situ hybridisation)
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| Experimentally Determined Recombination Data | ||||
| Location | 2-55.2 2-55.4 2-54 | |||
| Left of (cM) | ||||
| Right of (cM) | ||||
| Notes | ||||
| Molecular Map Data | ||||
Gene Order (in direction of increasing cytology)
References In direction of increasing cytology: RpL38- Stlk+ p120ctn+ P{SUPor-P}KG01086+ CG17486+ CG17883+ Nipped-B+ CR41440+ P{SUPor-P}CG40282<up>KG08252</up>+ CG17082+ CG12547+ CG17528+ CG14464+ TpnC41C+ CG3107+ P{SUPor-P}KG03359+ gus- P{SUPor-P}KG05308+ CG3136+ Nipped-A- P{SUPor-P}KG10162- d4+ P{SUPor-P}KG01463- d4+ Ogt+ CG10465- CG10395+ CG30441- CG10396+ CG10417- CG30437+ CG32838+ CG30440- CG30438+ P{SUPor-P}KG02589- TpnC4- P{SUPor-P}KG06088- CG30438+ CG17510- CG17508+ P{SUPor-P}KG02079- P{SUPor-P}KG00632+ CG11665- CG1344+ l(2)NC136- CG8245+ CG1298+ scarface- P{EPgy2}EY07370- CG17337+ vlc+ ap- Gene Order (overall orientation not stated) References Overall orientation not stated: ap+ anon-41Fa- anon-41Fb? | ||||
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Gene Model & Products
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Please see the
GBrowse view of
Dmel\ap
for information on other features
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| Comments on Gene Model | ||||
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Transcript Data
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| Annotated Transcripts | ||||
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) | ||||
| Additional Transcript Data & Comments | ||||
| Reported size (kB) | 4.3, 3.2 (northern blot) 4.1 (northern blot) | |||
| Comments | ||||
| External Data | ||||
| Crossreferences | ||||
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Polypeptide Data
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| Annotated Polypeptides | ||||
Name FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kD)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank protein
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| Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments | ||||
| Reported size (kD) | 469 (aa) | |||
| Comments | ||||
| External Data | ||||
| Linkouts | PANTHER
- Protein classification by function, families, and pathways
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| Crossreferences | InterPro
domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites
• TRANSFAC
- Eukaryotic transcription factors, their genomic binding sites, and DNA-binding profiles
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Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
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| DDBJ
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EMBL / GenBank | DNA sequence Protein sequence Name | |||
| UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot | ||||
| UniProtKB/TrEMBL | ||||
| Maps to | ||||
| Does NOT map to | ||||
| Identified with | ||||
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Mapped Features & Mutations
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Please see
GBrowse
or insertion reports for information on insertions of transgenic
constructs and features not listed here
Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References protein binding site ap-protein_bind-1 2R:1,597,115..1,597,151 bound_moiety=Antp-XP evidence=experimental protein binding site ap-protein_bind-2 2R:1,597,545..1,597,554 bound_moiety=Antp-XP evidence=experimental protein binding site ap-protein_bind-3 2R:1,597,491..1,597,507 evidence=experimental bound_moiety=Antp-XP protein binding site ap-protein_bind-4 2R:1,597,657..1,597,689 bound_moiety=Antp-XP evidence=experimental protein binding site ap-protein_bind-5 2R:1,597,584..1,597,598 bound_moiety=Antp-XP evidence=experimental | ||||
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External Data
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| Linkouts | DEDB
- Drosophila exon database: splicing graphs
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| Crossreferences | ||||
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Expression Data
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| FlyBase-Curated Data | ||||
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Transcript and Protein data | Please see the FlyBase Gene Expression Report for details of gene expression from the literature. | |||
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Summary of Transcript Expression
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Stage Tissue/Position
Reference
larval stage
dorsal mesothoracic disc
embryonic stage
larval muscle system
embryonic stage
stomodeum
embryonic stage
embryonic/larval anus
larval stage
dorsal metathoracic disc
embryonic stage
external sensory organ
embryonic stage
ventral nerve cord | restricted
embryonic stage
mandibular segment
larval stage
prothoracic tarsal segment 4
embryonic stage
embryonic central nervous system | restricted
embryonic stage
larval muscle system | restricted
embryonic stage
peripheral nervous system
embryonic stage
ventral nerve cord | segmentally repeated
larval stage
larval brain
larval stage
eye-antennal disc
embryonic stage
embryonic mandibular segment
larval stage
metathoracic tarsal segment 4
embryonic stage | 6-11 hr
mesoderm | restricted
larval stage
prothoracic tarsal segment 4 | presumptive
embryonic stage
embryonic/larval pharynx
embryonic stage
supraoesophageal ganglion | restricted
embryonic stage
embryonic brain
larval stage
metathoracic tarsal segment 4 | presumptive
larval stage
mesothoracic tarsal segment 4 | presumptive
embryonic stage
chordotonal organ
larval stage
mesothoracic tarsal segment 4
larval stage
ventral thoracic disc | ||||
| Marker for | ||||
| Subcellular Localization | ||||
| CV Term | ||||
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Summary of Polypeptide Expression
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Stage Tissue/Position
Reference
embryonic stage
ventral nerve cord | segmentally repeated
embryonic stage
ventral nerve cord | restricted | ||||
| Marker for | ||||
| Subcellular Localization | ||||
| CV Term | nucleus | |||
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Microarray Data
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Developmental timecourse, Costello et al., 2008 (Original data from Arbeitman et al., 2002) 
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External Data & Images
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| Linkouts | FLIGHT
- Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
FlyAtlas
- Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
GEO (NCBI)
- Gene expression data: microarray and other high-throughput technologies
FlyExpress
- Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
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Alleles & Phenotypes
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Summary of Allele Phenotypes
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Lethality Allele lethal (with Df(2R)M41A4B) semi-lethal (with Df(2R)nap1) Other Phenotypes Allele | ||||
Stage(s)
1-3
Stage(s)
7-8
Stage(s)
9-10
Stage(s)
11-12
Stage(s)
13-16