The gene armadillo is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\arm (CG11579, FBgn0000117). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: protein binding; cadherin binding; RNA polymerase II transcription coactivator activity; kinase binding; transcription coactivator activity. There is experimental evidence for 30 unique biological process terms, many of which group under: anatomical structure development; biological regulation; single-organism developmental process; cellular component organization or biogenesis; regulation of developmental process; regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process; sensory organ development; cell fate commitment; organ morphogenesis; open tracheal system development. 197 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: organ system; organ system subdivision; adult segment; abdominal ventral denticle belt; female germline cyst; nervous system; primordium; embryonic/larval neuron; external compound sense organ; embryonic/larval tracheal system. It has 6 annotated transcripts and 6 annotated polypeptides. Protein features are: Armadillo; Armadillo-like helical; Armadillo-type fold; Beta-catenin. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of very high expression to a trough of moderately high expression. Peak expression observed at stages throughout embryogenesis, during late larval stages, at stages throughout the pupal period, in adult female stages. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: High or moderate levels of expression observed in all larval and adult organs/tissues. Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, larval/adult central nervous system, adult crop, larval/adult midgut, larval/adult hindgut, larval/adult Malpighian tubules, adult heart, larval fat body, larval/adult salivary gland, larval trachea, adult ovary, adult male accessory gland, larval/adult carcass. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult fat body, adult spermathecae, adult testis. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1629020_s_at completely aligns to an exonic region common to each of the 5 FlyBase-annotated transcript isoforms of arm. Gene sequence location is X:1785434..1794679.
User Contributed Data
External Summaries
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley
& Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ
from current usage
arm: armadillo
Homozygous lethal; embryonic segmentation defective
by time of germ-band shortening; naked cuticle ordinarily
comprising the posterior two thirds of each segment replaced
by mirror-image duplication of the anteriorly situated denticle belt; strong alleles delete first denticle row in abdominal segments. May have dorsal hole in cuticle. Embryonic CNS
development quasi normal (Patel, Schafer, Goodman, and
Holmgren, 1989, Genes Dev. 3: 890-904). Autonomous at the
level of single cells as shown by denticulate clones of homozygous cells in the naked cuticle of abdominal segments in
arm/+ embryos (Wieschaus and Riggleman, 1987, Cell 49: 177-84). Clones of homozygous female germ cells arrested at stage
10 of oogenesis (Wieschaus and Noell, 1986, Wilhelm Roux's
Arch. Dev. Biol. 195: 63-73). An exception is arm8 for which
progeny from homozygous germ-line clones have been recovered
(Klingsmith et al.). Cell lethal in imaginal discs; although
clones of homozygous cells not observed in adults, their
formation seems to engender mirror-image duplications, which
are not seen in response to homozygosing other cuticular cell
lethals (Wieschaus). Transcript found with minor fluctuations
in amount, in all cell types at all stages in development
(Riggleman, Wieschaus, and Schedl, 1989, Genes Dev. 3: 96-113).
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(determined by in situ hybridisation) 2B7--10 (determined by in situ hybridisation) 2B1--14 (determined by in situ hybridisation) 2B13--18 (determined by in situ hybridisation)
arm protein is phosphorylated on both serine or threonine and on tyrosine residues. The level of phosphorylation varies in different tissues and at different times of development. Phosphorylation of arm protein is negatively regulated by wg protein. sgg protein is required for arm protein phosphorylation.
Antibodies raised against arm protein recognize a single protein in canine (MDCK), mouse (3T3), African green monkey (COS-7), and Xenopus (A6) cultured cells. The cross-reacting proteins in A6 and MDCK cells were shown to be β-catenin.
The intracellular distribution of arm protein in imaginal discs, salivary glands and larval brain was described. In salivary glands, arm protein is concentrated at the junctions between cells and is punctate on the apical surface. It is uniformly distributed on the lateral surfaces. arm protein distribution is also polarized in imaginal discs where high levels are restricted to the apical side. In the embryonic CNS and larval brain, arm protein is enriched in fiber tracts and there is less in the cell bodies of neurons. In the eye disc, arm protein accumulates fairly uniformly on the membranes separating cells in the undifferentiated region. As the morphogenetic furrow passes, arm expression appears to increase. Strong protein accumulation is seen in a star-shaped pattern on membranes where cells in the precluster abut one another but not at junctions with undifferentiated cells. arm protein often colocalizes with actin.
arm protein expression was studied during oogenesis. arm protein is asymmetrically localized within follicle cells. Within each follicle cell, it accumulates heavily on the lateral cell surface near the apical end abutting the germ cells. It is less abundant on the rest of the follicle cell-follicle cell interface. Staining is the heaviest in a band around the follicle cell near the interface between the lateral and apical surfaces. The majority of arm protein in the ovary is found in the follicle cells but it is also observed in n rse cells and in the oocyte. Accumulation is germ cells is first seen at the anterior tip of the germarium. Similar intense staining is seen at the anterior tip of the testis. As with follicle cells, arm protein accumulates near or at the cell surface of germ cells but is not concentrated at any one position along the cell-cell interface. Protein accumulation appears to be heaviest where the nurse cell-nurse cell junction abuts the overlying follicle cells. It also accumulates in the cortical region of the oocyte. arm protein accumulates differentially in different follicle cells. Polar ollicle cells show more intense arm staining.
In stage 13 embryos,arm protein expression is detected on the cell membrane of both somatic germline precursor cells as well as the germline cells in both males and females. This localization is concurrent with the processes of ensheathment and coalescence of the developing gonad. In stage 17 male embryos, arm protein is concentrated in the anterior of the gonad in the region corresponding to the testes hub.
The 82kD "neural" form of arm protein is first detected on western blots in germ band retracted embryos. It is the predominant form in germ band retracted embryos and is abundant in adult head. The neural form of arm protein is detected by immunolocalization in the longitudinal and commissural tracts in the embryonic CNS and in motor neurons of the segmental and intersegmental nerves as they exit the CNS. It is also detected in the PNS. In the larval CNS, it accumulates along axon tracts.
Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: High or moderate levels of expression observed in all larval and adult organs/tissues. Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, larval/adult central nervous system, adult crop, larval/adult midgut, larval/adult hindgut, larval/adult Malpighian tubules, adult heart, larval fat body, larval/adult salivary gland, larval trachea, adult ovary, adult male accessory gland, larval/adult carcass. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult fat body, adult spermathecae, adult testis.
[download data (TSV)]
Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors
No expression (0 - 9.999)
Low expression (10 - 99.999)
Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)
High level expression (500 - 999.999)
Very high expression (>999.999)
Linear, scaled to maximum expression level
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
1559.625
Larval Midgut
1046.4
Larval Hindgut
997
Larval Malpighian Tubules
1168
Larval Fat Body
590.5
Larval Salivary Gland
1544.7
Larval Trachea
1310.375
Larval Carcass
823.6
Adult Head
1001.2
Adult Eye
1372.125
Adult Brain
1619.9
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
1297.6
Adult Crop
1023.7
Adult Midgut
771.5
Adult Hindgut
802.8
Adult Malpighian Tubules
813
Adult Fat Body
398.8
Adult Salivary Gland
1858.3
Adult Heart
551.15
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
369.8
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
414.7
Adult Ovary
988
Adult Testis
217.6
Adult Male Accessory Gland
811.2
Adult Carcass
561.8
Expression Level Scale
None
Low
Moderate
High
Very high
Linear, scaled to Moderate expression
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
(1559.625)
Larval Midgut
(1046.4)
Larval Hindgut
(997)
Larval Malpighian Tubules
(1168)
Larval Fat Body
(590.5)
Larval Salivary Gland
(1544.7)
Larval Trachea
(1310.375)
Larval Carcass
(823.6)
Adult Head
(1001.2)
Adult Eye
(1372.125)
Adult Brain
(1619.9)
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
(1297.6)
Adult Crop
(1023.7)
Adult Midgut
(771.5)
Adult Hindgut
(802.8)
Adult Malpighian Tubules
(813)
Adult Fat Body
398.8
Adult Salivary Gland
(1858.3)
Adult Heart
(551.15)
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
369.8
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
414.7
Adult Ovary
(988)
Adult Testis
217.6
Adult Male Accessory Gland
(811.2)
Adult Carcass
(561.8)
Expression Level Scale
None
Low
Moderate
High
Linear, scaled to High level expression
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
(1559.625)
Larval Midgut
1046.4
Larval Hindgut
997
Larval Malpighian Tubules
(1168)
Larval Fat Body
590.5
Larval Salivary Gland
(1544.7)
Larval Trachea
(1310.375)
Larval Carcass
823.6
Adult Head
1001.2
Adult Eye
(1372.125)
Adult Brain
(1619.9)
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
(1297.6)
Adult Crop
1023.7
Adult Midgut
771.5
Adult Hindgut
802.8
Adult Malpighian Tubules
813
Adult Fat Body
398.8
Adult Salivary Gland
(1858.3)
Adult Heart
551.15
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
369.8
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
414.7
Adult Ovary
988
Adult Testis
217.6
Adult Male Accessory Gland
811.2
Adult Carcass
561.8
Expression Level Scale
None
Low
Moderate
High
Very high
Linear, scaled to Very high expression
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
1559.625
Larval Midgut
1046.4
Larval Hindgut
997
Larval Malpighian Tubules
1168
Larval Fat Body
590.5
Larval Salivary Gland
1544.7
Larval Trachea
1310.375
Larval Carcass
823.6
Adult Head
1001.2
Adult Eye
1372.125
Adult Brain
1619.9
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
1297.6
Adult Crop
1023.7
Adult Midgut
771.5
Adult Hindgut
802.8
Adult Malpighian Tubules
813
Adult Fat Body
398.8
Adult Salivary Gland
1858.3
Adult Heart
551.15
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
369.8
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
414.7
Adult Ovary
988
Adult Testis
217.6
Adult Male Accessory Gland
811.2
Adult Carcass
561.8
Expression Level Scale
Very high
log, scaled to maximum expression level
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
1559.625
Larval Midgut
1046.4
Larval Hindgut
997
Larval Malpighian Tubules
1168
Larval Fat Body
590.5
Larval Salivary Gland
1544.7
Larval Trachea
1310.375
Larval Carcass
823.6
Adult Head
1001.2
Adult Eye
1372.125
Adult Brain
1619.9
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
1297.6
Adult Crop
1023.7
Adult Midgut
771.5
Adult Hindgut
802.8
Adult Malpighian Tubules
813
Adult Fat Body
398.8
Adult Salivary Gland
1858.3
Adult Heart
551.15
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
369.8
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
414.7
Adult Ovary
988
Adult Testis
217.6
Adult Male Accessory Gland
811.2
Adult Carcass
561.8
Expression Level Scale
None
Low
Moderate
High
Very high
log, scaled to Moderate expression
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
(1559.625)
Larval Midgut
(1046.4)
Larval Hindgut
(997)
Larval Malpighian Tubules
(1168)
Larval Fat Body
590.5
Larval Salivary Gland
(1544.7)
Larval Trachea
(1310.375)
Larval Carcass
(823.6)
Adult Head
(1001.2)
Adult Eye
(1372.125)
Adult Brain
(1619.9)
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
(1297.6)
Adult Crop
(1023.7)
Adult Midgut
771.5
Adult Hindgut
802.8
Adult Malpighian Tubules
813
Adult Fat Body
398.8
Adult Salivary Gland
(1858.3)
Adult Heart
551.15
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
369.8
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
414.7
Adult Ovary
(988)
Adult Testis
217.6
Adult Male Accessory Gland
811.2
Adult Carcass
561.8
Expression Level Scale
None
Low
Moderate
High
log, scaled to High level expression
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
1559.625
Larval Midgut
1046.4
Larval Hindgut
997
Larval Malpighian Tubules
1168
Larval Fat Body
590.5
Larval Salivary Gland
1544.7
Larval Trachea
1310.375
Larval Carcass
823.6
Adult Head
1001.2
Adult Eye
1372.125
Adult Brain
1619.9
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
1297.6
Adult Crop
1023.7
Adult Midgut
771.5
Adult Hindgut
802.8
Adult Malpighian Tubules
813
Adult Fat Body
398.8
Adult Salivary Gland
(1858.3)
Adult Heart
551.15
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
369.8
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
414.7
Adult Ovary
988
Adult Testis
217.6
Adult Male Accessory Gland
811.2
Adult Carcass
561.8
Expression Level Scale
None
Low
Moderate
High
Very high
log, scaled to Very high expression
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
1559.625
Larval Midgut
1046.4
Larval Hindgut
997
Larval Malpighian Tubules
1168
Larval Fat Body
590.5
Larval Salivary Gland
1544.7
Larval Trachea
1310.375
Larval Carcass
823.6
Adult Head
1001.2
Adult Eye
1372.125
Adult Brain
1619.9
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
1297.6
Adult Crop
1023.7
Adult Midgut
771.5
Adult Hindgut
802.8
Adult Malpighian Tubules
813
Adult Fat Body
398.8
Adult Salivary Gland
1858.3
Adult Heart
551.15
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
369.8
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
414.7
Adult Ovary
988
Adult Testis
217.6
Adult Male Accessory Gland
811.2
Adult Carcass
561.8
Expression Level Scale
None
Low
Moderate
High
Very high
Heatmap
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
Larval Midgut
Larval Hindgut
Larval Malpighian Tubules
Larval Fat Body
Larval Salivary Gland
Larval Trachea
Larval Carcass
Adult Head
Adult Eye
Adult Brain
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
Adult Crop
Adult Midgut
Adult Hindgut
Adult Malpighian Tubules
Adult Fat Body
Adult Salivary Gland
Adult Heart
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
Adult Ovary
Adult Testis
Adult Male Accessory Gland
Adult Carcass
FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult
Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of very high expression to a trough of moderately high expression. Peak expression observed at stages throughout embryogenesis, during late larval stages, at stages throughout the pupal period, in adult female stages.
[download data (TSV)]