FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\b

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\b

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

black

Annotation Symbol

CG7811

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0000153

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

564 publicly available

Enzyme Name (EC)

Aspartate 1-decarboxylase (4.1.1.11)

Gene Snapshot

black (b) encodes an aspartate 1-decarboxylase. Mutations of b result in viable flies with a cuticular melanization phenotype. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-06]

Other Summaries

Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
Red Book
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

DGad2, Gad2, anon-34Db, BG:DS00941.5

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

34D1-34D1

Sequence location

2L:13,821,248..13,823,979 [+]

Recombination map

2-49

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

GBrowse JBrowse

Help me choose

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

GO Summary Ribbons

[Detailed GO annotations]

Gene Group (FlyBase)

CARBOXY-LYASES

Protein Family (UniProt)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Molecular Function (GO)
[Detailed GO annotations]

Experimental Evidence

aspartate 1-decarboxylase activity

Predictions / Assertions

pyridoxal phosphate binding

Catalytic Activity (EC)

Experimental Evidence

L-aspartate = beta-alanine + CO(2) (4.1.1.11)

Predictions / Assertions

Summaries

Gene Group (FlyBase)

CARBOXY-LYASES -: Carboxy-lyases are involved in the the addition of a carboxyl group to a compound (carboxylases) or the removal of a carboxyl group from a compound (decarboxylases). (Adapted from FBrf0238856).

Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)

b: black (M. Ashburner)

Black pigment on body and tarsi and along wing veins. Reflectance of cuticle 40% that of wild type (Pedersen, 1982, Carlsberg Res. Comm. 47: 391-400). Heterozygote somewhat darker than wild type, especially on trident, but never confused with homozygote. Body color darker at low temperature (Sherald, 1981, Mol. Gen. Genet. 183: 102-06). Puparium lighter than wild type. Not easily classified in newly emerged flies (Waddington, 1941, Proc. Zool. Soc. London Ser. A. 111: 173-80). Tyrosinase formed in adult flies (Horowitz). Fails to synthesize beta-alanine (Hodgetts, 1972, J. Insect Physiol. 18: 937-47), and feeding or injection of beta-alanine to b produces normal phenotype [Jacobs, 1974, J. Insect Physiol. 20: 859-66; Hodgetts, Hodgetts and Choi, 1974, Nature (London) 252: 710-11]. Also corrected by feeding 6-azauracil (Pedersen, 1982, Hereditas 97: 329); feeding 6-azathymine produces weak b phenocopy which is suppressed by Su(b) (Pedersen). ERG normal [Hotta and Benzer, 1969, Nature (London) 22: 354-56]. Puparial case structurally abnormal with wide, diffuse, exocuticular lamellae and indistinct endocuticular fibrils (Jacobs, 1978, Insect Biochem. 8: 37-41). Pupae UV sensitive (Jacobs 1978). Suppressed by su(b) (Sherald, 1981, Mol. Genet. 181: 102-106) and Su(b) (Pedersen); enhanced by sp2 (Gubb) and su(r) (Pedersen). su(r) su(b) b is enhanced black; su(r) b not enhanced by feeding 6-azauracil (Pedersen). Possibly structural gene for beta-ureidopropionase (EC 3.5.1.6; Sherald). RK1 in aged flies.

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\b or the JBrowse view of Dmel\b for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.41

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Gene model reviewed during 5.51

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

b-RA

FBtr0080542

NM_057440

2026

575

b-RB

FBtr0309960

NM_001259096

2135

575

b-RC

FBtr0342712

NM_001298981

2026

514

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

2.3, 2.1 (northern blot)

(Phillips et al., 1993)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

RefSeq ID

GenBank

b-PA

FBpp0080119

64.8

575

6.83

NP_476788

AAF53337

b-PB

FBpp0301687

64.8

575

6.83

NP_001246025

AFH03699

b-PC

FBpp0309589

58.5

514

7.17

NP_001285910

AHN54424

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

575 aa isoforms: b-PA, b-PB

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

514 (aa); 58 (kD)

(Phillips et al., 1993)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\b using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Linkouts

Gene Ontology (7 terms)

Molecular Function (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

aspartate 1-decarboxylase activity

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Phillips et al., 2005)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

pyridoxal phosphate binding

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002129

(assigned by InterPro )

(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)

Biological Process (5 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

visual behavior

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Phillips et al., 2005)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

beta-alanine biosynthetic process

traceable author statement

(Wittkopp et al., 2003)

carboxylic acid metabolic process

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002129

(assigned by InterPro )

(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)

developmental pigmentation

traceable author statement

(Wittkopp et al., 2003)

uracil catabolic process

traceable author statement

(Wittkopp et al., 2003)

Cellular Component (0 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)

Expression Data

Expression Summary Ribbons

Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.

For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

mesothoracic extracoxal depressor muscle 66

(Phillips et al., 1993)

dorsal medial indirect flight muscle

(Phillips et al., 1993)

lamina

(Phillips et al., 1993)

Additional Descriptive Data

b expression is observed in adults in the neuropil of the lamina and in regions of the thoracic musculature. Specifically, thoracic hybridization is seen to the tergotrochanteral muscle and in striations along the dorsal medial muscles. Faint hybridization was also observed in a small section of the ventral ganglion in larvae.

(Phillips et al., 1993)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

mass spectroscopy

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult head

• membrane

(Aradska et al., 2015)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\b in GBrowse 2

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\b

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\b

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies

FBgn0000153

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

CG7811-RA

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG7811

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0000153

Images

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, and Transgenic Constructs

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 216 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 4 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of b

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of b

Deletions and Duplications ( 172 )

Disrupted in

Df(2L)64j

(Iyengar et al., 1999, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, O'Donnell et al., 1977)

Df(2L)b74c6

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b75

(Gubb et al., 1990, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

Df(2L)b77c

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Roote, 1995.3.27, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b78j

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b79b3

(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b79b4

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b79b8

(Roote, 1995.3.27)

Df(2L)b80c1

(Iyengar et al., 1999, Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)b80e3

(Ashburner et al., 1981)

Df(2L)b80k

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b80l

(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b81a2^LA80^R

(Roote, 2000.7.3)

Df(2L)b81f2A

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b81l42

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b82a3

(Roote, 2000.7.3, Roote, 1995.3.27)

Df(2L)b83d29a

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)

Df(2L)b83l1

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b84a4

(Phillips et al., 1993, Bonfini et al., 1992)

Df(2L)b84a7

(Phillips et al., 1993)

Df(2L)b84a9

(Iyengar et al., 1999)

Df(2L)b84h14

(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b84h50

(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b85b1

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b85b2

(Roote, 2000.7.3, Iyengar et al., 1999, Alexandrova et al., 1996, Roote, 1995.3.27, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b85c1

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b85f1

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b85f2

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b87e25

(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b87g23

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b88b15

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b88b42

(Roote, 2000.7.3, Iyengar et al., 1999, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Roote, 1995.3.27, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b88c25

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b88c40

(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b88c58

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b88c75

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b88f32

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b88f40

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)

Df(2L)b88f43

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b88g26

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b88g83

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b88g96

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b88g98

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b88h49

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b89e8

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b89e12

(Roote, 1998.5.15, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b89e64b

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b89e68

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b89e72

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b89e80a

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b89e80b

(Roote, 2000.6.5, Roote, 2000.7.3, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b89e88a

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b89e88b

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b89e96

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b91l5

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)

Df(2L)b8312

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)b^D

(Goldschmidt, 1944)

Df(2L)b-L

(Ashburner et al., 1981)

Df(2L)cn81l2

(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Df(2L)Exel7059

(Ryder, 2004.4.26)

Df(2L)fn30

(Ashburner et al., 1982, O'Donnell et al., 1977)

Df(2L)fn31

(Ashburner et al., 1982, O'Donnell et al., 1977)

Df(2L)GT5

(Roote, 1996.1.11, Roote, 1996.8, Gubb et al., 1990)

Df(2L)NG4

(Omelyanchuk, 1991)

Df(2L)NG12

(Omelyanchuk, 1991)

Df(2L)Sco7

(Ashburner et al., 1981)

Df(2L)TE35B-5

(Gubb et al., 1985)

Df(2L)TE35BC-6

(Gubb et al., 1984)

Df(2L)TE35BC-23

(Gubb et al., 1984)

In(2L)b79h1A

(Roote, 1998.3.4, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

In(2L)b88c24

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

In(2L)b88e16

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

In(2L)b88e45

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

In(2L)b89e100

(Roote, 2000.6.5, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

In(2L)b^79d5

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

In(2L)b^80c2

(Roote, 1995.3.27)

In(2L)b^81f3

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Roote, 1995.3.27, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1986)

In(2L)b^81l7

(Iyengar et al., 1999, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

In(2L)b^82c44

(Iyengar et al., 1999, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Roote, 1995.3.27)

In(2L)b^83b22

(Iyengar et al., 1999, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

In(2L)b^91l9

(Roote, 2000.6.5, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)

In(2LR)b71k1A

(Roote, 1997.2.3, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

In(2LR)b81a2^LDTD43^R

(Roote, 2000.7.3, Roote et al., 1996, Roote, 1995.3.27, Bonfini et al., 1992)

In(2LR)b81a2

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Roote, 1995.3.27, Bonfini et al., 1992, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

In(2LR)b87e152

(Roote, 2000.6.5, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

In(2LR)b^71K1

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)

In(2LR)b^89e64a

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)

T(2;3)88e88

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)

T(2;3)88g68

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

T(2;3)b^79d6

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)

T(2;3)b^85c2

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)

T(2;3)b^88g4

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)

T(2;3)b^91l7

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)

T(Y;2;3)b^88g22

(Roote, 2000.6.5, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Roote, 1995.3.27, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

T(Y;2)b88e1

(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Tp(2;2)b88e32

(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)

Tp(2;3)dp

(Ashburner et al., 1981)

Ts(YLt;2Lt)G74+Ts(YSt;2Rt)B210

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

Ts(YSt;2Lt)G74+Ts(YSt;2Rt)A80

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

Ts(YSt;2Lt)G74+Ts(YSt;2Rt)J165

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

Ts(YSt;2Lt)G74+Ts(YSt;2Rt)P58

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

Ts(YSt;2Lt)G74+Ts(YSt;2Rt)R15

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

Not disrupted in

Df(2L)A47

(Phillips et al., 1993, Gubb et al., 1990, Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A48

(Gubb et al., 1990, Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A63

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A72

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A178

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A215

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A217

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A220

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A245

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A246

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A260

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A263

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A264

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A266

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A267

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A376

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A377

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A379

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A400

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)A445

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Df(2L)b84a8

(Phillips et al., 1993)

Df(2L)el77

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

Df(2L)fn1

(Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, O'Donnell et al., 1977)

Df(2L)fn2

(Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, O'Donnell et al., 1977)

Df(2L)fn3

(Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, O'Donnell et al., 1977)

Df(2L)fn5

(Ashburner et al., 1982, O'Donnell et al., 1977)

Df(2L)fn7

(Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, O'Donnell et al., 1977)

Df(2L)fn12

(Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, O'Donnell et al., 1977)

Df(2L)fn15

(Ashburner et al., 1982, O'Donnell et al., 1977)

Df(2L)fn26

(Ashburner et al., 1982, O'Donnell et al., 1977)

Df(2L)fn27

(Ashburner et al., 1982, O'Donnell et al., 1977)

Df(2L)fn36

(Ashburner et al., 1982, O'Donnell et al., 1977)

Df(2L)GT4

(Gubb et al., 1990)

Df(2L)Sco^rv4

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

Df(2L)Sco^rv10

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

Df(2L)Sco^rv14

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

Df(2L)TE35B-1

(Gubb et al., 1985)

Df(2L)TE35B-2

(Gubb et al., 1985)

Df(2L)TE35B-3

(Gubb et al., 1985)

Df(2L)TE35B-4

(Gubb et al., 1985)

Df(2L)TE35B-6

(Gubb et al., 1985)

Df(2L)TE35B-7

(Gubb et al., 1985)

Df(2L)TE35B-8

(Gubb et al., 1985)

Df(2L)TE35B-9

(Gubb et al., 1985)

Df(2L)TE35B-10

(Gubb et al., 1985)

Df(2L)TE35B-11

(Gubb et al., 1985)

Df(2L)TE35B-12

(Gubb et al., 1985)

Df(2L)TE35B-15

(Gubb et al., 1985)

Df(2L)TE35BC-1

(Gubb et al., 1984)

Df(2L)TE35BC-3

(Gubb et al., 1984)

Df(2L)TE35BC-4

(Gubb et al., 1984)

Df(2L)TE35BC-7

(Gubb et al., 1984)

Df(2L)TE35BC-8

(Gubb et al., 1984)

Df(2L)TE35BC-24

(Gubb et al., 1984)

Df(2L)TE35BC-28

(Gubb et al., 1984)

Df(2L)TE35BC-29

(Gubb et al., 1984)

Df(2L)TE35BC-31

(Gubb et al., 1984)

Df(2L)TE35BC-34

(Gubb et al., 1984)

Df(2L)TE35BC-35

(Gubb et al., 1984)

Df(2L)W

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

In(2L)75c^LC158.1^R

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

In(2L)75c

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

In(2L)TE35B-13

(Gubb et al., 1985)

T(2;3)Sco^rv7

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

T(Y;2)A80^DR15^P

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

T(Y;2)J165^DP58^P

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

T(Y;2)R15^DJ165^P

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

Tp(2;2)A446

(Ashburner et al., 1982)

Duplicated in

Dp(F2L;2)NG4

(Omelyanchuk, 1991)

Dp(F2L;2)NG12

(Omelyanchuk, 1991)

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal

lethal (with Df(2L)Exel7059)

b^{MI10547-TG4.0}

viable

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

b^GD1301

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

b^GD1301

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

b^GD1301

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

b^GD1301

Other Phenotypes

Allele

body color defective | dominant

pain response defective | adult stage, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

b^GD1301

visible

b^unspecified

visible | recessive

b^unspecified

visual behavior defective

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Download All OrthoDB Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1)

Homo sapiens (Human) (4)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Hsap\CSAD

13 of 15

Yes

Hsap\GADL1

12 of 15

Yes

Hsap\GAD1

6 of 15

Hsap\GAD2

4 of 15

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1)

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Mmus\Csad

12 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Gadl1

11 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Gad1

6 of 15

Mmus\Gad2

4 of 15

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)

Rnor\Csad

11 of 13

Yes

Rnor\Gad1

6 of 13

Rnor\Gad2

4 of 13

Rnor\Gadl1

2 of 13

Yes

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)

Xtro\gadl1

7 of 12

Yes

Xtro\csad

5 of 12

Yes

Xtro\gad1.2

4 of 12

Xtro\gad1.1

3 of 12

Xtro\gad2

2 of 12

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (5)

Drer\csad

10 of 15

Yes

6 of 15

4 of 15

4 of 15

2 of 15

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)

Cele\unc-25

5 of 15

Yes

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (2)

Atha\AAS

1 of 9

Yes

Atha\TYRDC

1 of 9

Yes

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)

No records found.

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

No records found.

Orthologs in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG0919051E )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

AAA Syntenic Ortholog

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Drosophila melanogaster

fruit fly

Dmel\b

Drosophila suzukii

Spotted wing Drosophila

Drosophila simulans

Drosophila sechellia

Drosophila erecta

Drosophila yakuba

Drosophila ananassae

Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura

Dpse\GA20603

Drosophila persimilis

Dper\GL21233

Drosophila willistoni

Dwil\GK24391

Drosophila virilis

Dvir\GJ18147

Drosophila mojavensis

Dmoj\GI18241

Drosophila grimshawi

Dgri\GH11117

Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG0915054C )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Musca domestica

House fly

Mdoa\17010133

Musca domestica

House fly

Mdoa\17008378

Lucilia cuprina

Australian sheep blowfly

Lcup\FF38_04533

Mayetiola destructor

Hessian fly

Mdes\Mdes009429

Mayetiola destructor

Hessian fly

Mdes\Mdes013453

Aedes aegypti

Yellow fever mosquito

Aaeg\AAEL007542

Anopheles darlingi

American malaria mosquito

Adar\ADAC000915

Anopheles gambiae

Malaria mosquito

Agam\AGAP008904

Culex quinquefasciatus

Southern house mosquito

Cqui\CPIJ010034

Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W04Z9 )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Bombyx mori

Silkmoth

Bmor\BGIBMGA012088

Danaus plexippus

Monarch butterfly

Dple\DPOGS207306-PA

Heliconius melpomene

Postman butterfly

Hmel\HMEL008258

Apis florea

Little honeybee

Aflo\4397735140

Apis mellifera

Western honey bee

Amel\LOC411771

Bombus impatiens

Common eastern bumble bee

Bimp\BIMP14417

Bombus terrestris

Buff-tailed bumblebee

Bter\15204346

Linepithema humile

Argentine ant

Lhum\LH22631

Megachile rotundata

Alfalfa leafcutting bee

Mrot\MROTU:000fa0

Nasonia vitripennis

Parasitic wasp

Nvit\Nasvi2EG008593

Dendroctonus ponderosae

Mountain pine beetle

Dpod\YQE_04931

Tribolium castaneum

Red flour beetle

Tcas\TC034596

Pediculus humanus

Human body louse

Phum\PHUM157900

Rhodnius prolixus

Kissing bug

Rpro\black

Cimex lectularius

Bed bug

Clec\CLEC007494

Acyrthosiphon pisum

Pea aphid

Apim\ACYPI009960

Zootermopsis nevadensis

Nevada dampwood termite

Znev\Znev_04108

Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X058C )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR004988

Ixodes scapularis

Black-legged tick

Isca\ISCW014530

Stegodyphus mimosarum

African social velvet spider

Smim\KFM74577.1

Stegodyphus mimosarum

African social velvet spider

Smim\KFM79442.1

Tetranychus urticae

Two-spotted spider mite

Turt\tetur22g02360

Tetranychus urticae

Two-spotted spider mite

Turt\tetur19g02930

Daphnia pulex

Water flea

Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_129671

Daphnia pulex

Water flea

Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_236646

Daphnia pulex

Water flea

Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_301204

Daphnia pulex

Water flea

Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_114035

Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091G07ZU )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Purple sea urchin

Spur\Sp-Gad

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Purple sea urchin

Spur\Sp-Csad

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Purple sea urchin

Spur\Sp-Csad_1

Ciona intestinalis

Vase tunicate

Cint\gad

Ciona intestinalis

Vase tunicate

Cint\LOC100177413

Ciona intestinalis

Vase tunicate

Cint\ENSCING00000002154

Gallus gallus

Domestic chicken

Ggal\GAD2

Gallus gallus

Domestic chicken

Ggal\GADL1

Gallus gallus

Domestic chicken

Ggal\ENSGALG00000028195

Gallus gallus

Domestic chicken

Ggal\GAD67

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v7.1)

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (7)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

6 of 10

5 of 10

amd

1 of 10

Ddc

1 of 10

Hdc

1 of 10

Tdc1

1 of 10

Tdc2

1 of 10

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Model Summary Ribbon

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

CSAD; cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase

13 of 15

616569

GADL1; glutamate decarboxylase like 1

12 of 15

615601

GAD1; glutamate decarboxylase 1

6 of 15

605363

CEREBRAL PALSY, SPASTIC QUADRIPLEGIC, 1; CPSQ1

spastic quadriplegia

GAD2; glutamate decarboxylase 2

4 of 15

138275

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

Interactions Browser

Summary of Genetic Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

esyN Network Key:

Suppression

Enhancement

View in Interactions Browser

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

b|r

suppressible

CRMP

(Morris et al., 2012)

suppressible

(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1986)

suppressible

(Morris et al., 2012, Simmons et al., 1999, Sondergaard and Kolbak, 1987, Pedersen, 1982)

suppressible

su(b)

(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1986)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Dcr-2|Eogt

suppressible

b|pyd3

(Müller et al., 2013)

Dcr-2|Eogt

suppressible

(Müller et al., 2013)

Eogt|Dcr-2

enhanceable

b|pyd3

(Müller et al., 2013)

Streak

enhanceable

(Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)

External Data

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

60824

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0000153

InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.

34791

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

Pathways

Gene Group - Pathway Membership (FlyBase)

External Data

Linkouts

FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

2-49

Cytogenetic map

34D1-34D1

Sequence location

2L:13,821,248..13,823,979 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

34D1-34D1

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}Sos^k05224&P{lacW}RpII33^k05605 and P{lacW}l(2)34Fa^k00811&P{PZ}wb⁰⁹⁴³⁷

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

34D-34D

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Phillips et al., 1993)

34D4-34D4

(Bonfini et al., 1992)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

2-49

(FlyBase, 2016)

2-45.1

(Comeron et al., 2012)

2-48.5

(Reuter and Szidonya, 1983, University of Buenos Aires, 1951)

2-48.5 +/- 0.2

(O'Donnell et al., 1977)

Left of (cM)

(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (564)

Bloomington

227

b¹

232

b¹ sf¹

3980

b¹ vg¹

4193

b¹ gp¹

6120

Df(2L)J17, b¹/CyO

8502

b¹; ome¹

Kyoto

105800

b¹

130054

T(Y;2)B/b¹

101295

b¹ c¹

107540

b¹ vg¹

101299

b¹ Adhⁿ¹

VDRC

v105436

P{KK102215}VIE-260B

More stocks available...

Genomic Clones (17)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (34)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequences

BDGP DGC clones

LP11089

Other clones

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0000153

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0000153

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

34791

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

polyclonal

(Ziegler et al., 2013)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Other Information

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database identify of

Source for identity of: b CG7811

(Guan, 1999.11)

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: b Gad2 anon-34Db

(Ashburner et al., 1999.10.12)

Additional comments

Other Comments

Haploinsufficient locus (not associated with strong haplolethality or haplosterility).

(Cook et al., 2012)

Identified as a gene with significant level of mRNA cycling as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated from adult heads harvested over six time points over the course of a day.

(McDonald and Rosbash, 2001)

Isolation and characterisation of the second pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylase.

(Phillips et al., 1993)

Transcript identified during molecular analysis of the Sos genomic region.

(Bonfini et al., 1992)

b has been molecularly characterised.

(Phillips et al., 1991)

Black pigment on body and tarsi and along wing veins. Reflectance of cuticle 40% that of wild type (Pedersen, 1982). Heterozygote somewhat darker than wild type, especially on trident, but never confused with homozygote. Body color darker at low temperature (Sherald, 1981). Puparium lighter than wild type. Not easily classified in newly emerged flies (Waddington, 1942). Tyrosinase formed in adult flies (Horowitz). Fails to synthesize beta-alanine (Hodgetts, 1972) and feeding or injection of beta-alanine to b produces normal phenotype (Jacobs, 1974; Hodgetts, Hodgetts and Choi, 1974). Also corrected by feeding 6-azauracil (Pedersen, 1982); feeding 6-azathymine produces weak b phenocopy which is suppressed by Su(b) (Pedersen). ERG normal (Hotta and Benzer, 1969). Puparial case structurally abnormal with wide, diffuse, exocuticular lamellae and indistinct endocuticular fibrils (Jacobs, 1978). Pupae UV sensitive (Jacobs, 1978). Suppressed by su(b) (Sherald, 1981) and Su(b) (Pedersen); enhanced by sp² (Gubb) and su(r) (Pedersen). su(r) su(b) b is enhanced black; su(r) b not enhanced by feeding 6-azauracil (Pedersen). Possibly structural gene for beta-ureidopropionase (Sherald).

Origin and Etymology

Discoverer

Etymology

Identification

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 62 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

34791

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Other crossreferences

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0000153

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0000153

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG7811

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0000153

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

34791

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC034596

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

Dmel_CG7811

KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.

modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project

FBgn0000153

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

60824

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0000153

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0000153

FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies

FBgn0000153

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

CG7811-RA

FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0000153

InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.

34791

KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (17)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

ADC

(Liu et al., 2012)

(Chen et al., 2015)

BG:DS00941.5

(Ashburner et al., 1999, Ashburner et al., 1999.10.12)

Black

(Branco et al., 2017)

CG7811

(McEachern et al., 2014, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009)

DGad2

(Phillips et al., 1995, Phillips and Kelly, 1993, Phillips et al., 1993)

DmGad2

GAD₂

(Phillips et al., 1991)

Gad2

(Okada et al., 2009, Ashburner et al., 1999.10.12)

anon-34Db

(Ashburner et al., 1999.10.12)

black

(Armstrong et al., 2013, Edwards et al., 2006)

cDNA 1

(Bonfini et al., 1992)

Name Synonyms

Aspartate 1-decarboxylase

(Liu et al., 2012)

Aspartate-α-decarboxylase

(Liu et al., 2012)

Black

(McEachern et al., 2014, Yamamoto and Seto, 2014, Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010)

Glutamic acid decarboxylase 2

Oregon-R glutamate decarboxylase

(Phillips, 1993.9.6)

black

(Honti et al., 2013, Borycz et al., 2012, Morris et al., 2012, Morris et al., 2012, Beckstead et al., 2007, Robin et al., 2007, Edwards et al., 2006, Beckstead et al., 2005, Whitlock and Bourguet, 2000, Wright, 1987)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0005622
FBgn0020605

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

References (202)

Report Sections

Open Close