FB2019_06, released Dec 19, 2019

Gene: Dmel\b

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\b
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
black
Annotation Symbol
CG7811
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0000153
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
564 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
Aspartate 1-decarboxylase (4.1.1.11)
Gene Snapshot
black (b) encodes an aspartate 1-decarboxylase. Mutations of b result in viable flies with a cuticular melanization phenotype. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-06]
Other Summaries
Also Known As
DGad2, Gad2, anon-34Db, BG:DS00941.5
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
34D1-34D1
Sequence location
2L:13,821,248..13,823,979 [+]
Recombination map
2-49
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Molecular Function (GO)
[Detailed GO annotations]
Experimental Evidence
aspartate 1-decarboxylase activity
Predictions / Assertions
pyridoxal phosphate binding
Catalytic Activity (EC)
Experimental Evidence
L-aspartate = beta-alanine + CO(2) (4.1.1.11)
Predictions / Assertions
-
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
CARBOXY-LYASES -
Carboxy-lyases are involved in the the addition of a carboxyl group to a compound (carboxylases) or the removal of a carboxyl group from a compound (decarboxylases). (Adapted from FBrf0238856).
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
b: black (M. Ashburner)
Black pigment on body and tarsi and along wing veins. Reflectance of cuticle 40% that of wild type (Pedersen, 1982, Carlsberg Res. Comm. 47: 391-400). Heterozygote somewhat darker than wild type, especially on trident, but never confused with homozygote. Body color darker at low temperature (Sherald, 1981, Mol. Gen. Genet. 183: 102-06). Puparium lighter than wild type. Not easily classified in newly emerged flies (Waddington, 1941, Proc. Zool. Soc. London Ser. A. 111: 173-80). Tyrosinase formed in adult flies (Horowitz). Fails to synthesize beta-alanine (Hodgetts, 1972, J. Insect Physiol. 18: 937-47), and feeding or injection of beta-alanine to b produces normal phenotype [Jacobs, 1974, J. Insect Physiol. 20: 859-66; Hodgetts, Hodgetts and Choi, 1974, Nature (London) 252: 710-11]. Also corrected by feeding 6-azauracil (Pedersen, 1982, Hereditas 97: 329); feeding 6-azathymine produces weak b phenocopy which is suppressed by Su(b) (Pedersen). ERG normal [Hotta and Benzer, 1969, Nature (London) 22: 354-56]. Puparial case structurally abnormal with wide, diffuse, exocuticular lamellae and indistinct endocuticular fibrils (Jacobs, 1978, Insect Biochem. 8: 37-41). Pupae UV sensitive (Jacobs 1978). Suppressed by su(b) (Sherald, 1981, Mol. Genet. 181: 102-106) and Su(b) (Pedersen); enhanced by sp2 (Gubb) and su(r) (Pedersen). su(r) su(b) b is enhanced black; su(r) b not enhanced by feeding 6-azauracil (Pedersen). Possibly structural gene for beta-ureidopropionase (EC 3.5.1.6; Sherald). RK1 in aged flies.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
3
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\b or the JBrowse view of Dmel\b for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Comments on Gene Model
Gene model reviewed during 5.41
Gene model reviewed during 5.45
Gene model reviewed during 5.51
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
b-RA
FBtr0080542
NM_057440
2026
575
b-RB
FBtr0309960
NM_001259096
2135
575
b-RC
FBtr0342712
NM_001298981
2026
514
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
2.3, 2.1 (northern blot)
(Phillips et al., 1993)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank
b-PA
FBpp0080119
64.8
575
6.83
NP_476788
AAF53337
b-PB
FBpp0301687
64.8
575
6.83
NP_001246025
AFH03699
b-PC
FBpp0309589
58.5
514
7.17
NP_001285910
AHN54424
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

575 aa isoforms: b-PA, b-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
514 (aa); 58 (kD)
(Phillips et al., 1993)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\b using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Gene Ontology (7 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
aspartate 1-decarboxylase activity
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Phillips et al., 2005)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
pyridoxal phosphate binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002129
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Biological Process (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
visual behavior
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Phillips et al., 2005)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
beta-alanine biosynthetic process
traceable author statement
(Wittkopp et al., 2003)
carboxylic acid metabolic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002129
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
developmental pigmentation
traceable author statement
(Wittkopp et al., 2003)
uracil catabolic process
traceable author statement
(Wittkopp et al., 2003)
Cellular Component (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
mesothoracic extracoxal depressor muscle 66
(Phillips et al., 1993)
dorsal medial indirect flight muscle
(Phillips et al., 1993)
lamina
(Phillips et al., 1993)
Additional Descriptive Data
b expression is observed in adults in the neuropil of the lamina and in regions of the thoracic musculature. Specifically, thoracic hybridization is seen to the tergotrochanteral muscle and in striations along the dorsal medial muscles. Faint hybridization was also observed in a small section of the ventral ganglion in larvae.
(Phillips et al., 1993)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\b in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, and Transgenic Constructs
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 216 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 4 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of b
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of b
Deletions and Duplications ( 172 )
Disrupted in
Df(2L)64j
(Iyengar et al., 1999, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, O'Donnell et al., 1977)
Df(2L)b74c6
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b75
(Gubb et al., 1990, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
Df(2L)b77c
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Roote, 1995.3.27, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b78j
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b79b3
(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b79b4
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b79b8
(Roote, 1995.3.27)
Df(2L)b80c1
(Iyengar et al., 1999, Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)b80e3
(Ashburner et al., 1981)
Df(2L)b80k
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b80l
(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b81a2LA80R
(Roote, 2000.7.3)
Df(2L)b81f2A
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b81l42
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b82a3
(Roote, 2000.7.3, Roote, 1995.3.27)
Df(2L)b83d29a
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)
Df(2L)b83l1
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b84a4
(Phillips et al., 1993, Bonfini et al., 1992)
Df(2L)b84a7
(Phillips et al., 1993)
Df(2L)b84a9
(Iyengar et al., 1999)
Df(2L)b84h14
(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b84h50
(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b85b1
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b85b2
(Roote, 2000.7.3, Iyengar et al., 1999, Alexandrova et al., 1996, Roote, 1995.3.27, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b85c1
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b85f1
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b85f2
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b87e25
(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b87g23
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b88b15
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b88b42
(Roote, 2000.7.3, Iyengar et al., 1999, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Roote, 1995.3.27, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b88c25
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b88c40
(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b88c58
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b88c75
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b88f32
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b88f40
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)
Df(2L)b88f43
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b88g26
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b88g83
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b88g96
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b88g98
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b88h49
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b89e8
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b89e12
(Roote, 1998.5.15, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b89e64b
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b89e68
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b89e72
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b89e80a
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b89e80b
(Roote, 2000.6.5, Roote, 2000.7.3, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b89e88a
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b89e88b
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b89e96
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)b91l5
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)
Df(2L)b8312
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)bD
(Goldschmidt, 1944)
Df(2L)b-L
(Ashburner et al., 1981)
Df(2L)cn81l2
(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Df(2L)Exel7059
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Df(2L)fn30
(Ashburner et al., 1982, O'Donnell et al., 1977)
Df(2L)fn31
(Ashburner et al., 1982, O'Donnell et al., 1977)
Df(2L)GT5
(Roote, 1996.1.11, Roote, 1996.8, Gubb et al., 1990)
Df(2L)NG4
(Omelyanchuk, 1991)
Df(2L)NG12
(Omelyanchuk, 1991)
Df(2L)Sco7
(Ashburner et al., 1981)
Df(2L)TE35B-5
(Gubb et al., 1985)
Df(2L)TE35BC-6
(Gubb et al., 1984)
Df(2L)TE35BC-23
(Gubb et al., 1984)
In(2L)b79h1A
(Roote, 1998.3.4, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
In(2L)b88c24
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
In(2L)b88e16
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
In(2L)b88e45
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
In(2L)b89e100
(Roote, 2000.6.5, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
In(2L)b79d5
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
In(2L)b80c2
(Roote, 1995.3.27)
In(2L)b81f3
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Roote, 1995.3.27, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1986)
In(2L)b81l7
(Iyengar et al., 1999, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
In(2L)b82c44
(Iyengar et al., 1999, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Roote, 1995.3.27)
In(2L)b83b22
(Iyengar et al., 1999, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
In(2L)b91l9
(Roote, 2000.6.5, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)
In(2LR)b71k1A
(Roote, 1997.2.3, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
In(2LR)b81a2LDTD43R
(Roote, 2000.7.3, Roote et al., 1996, Roote, 1995.3.27, Bonfini et al., 1992)
In(2LR)b81a2
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Roote, 1995.3.27, Bonfini et al., 1992, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
In(2LR)b87e152
(Roote, 2000.6.5, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
In(2LR)b71K1
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)
In(2LR)b89e64a
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)
T(2;3)88e88
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)
T(2;3)88g68
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
T(2;3)b79d6
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)
T(2;3)b85c2
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)
T(2;3)b88g4
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)
T(2;3)b91l7
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna)
T(Y;2;3)b88g22
(Roote, 2000.6.5, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Roote, 1995.3.27, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
T(Y;2)b88e1
(Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Tp(2;2)b88e32
(The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1991)
Tp(2;3)dp
(Ashburner et al., 1981)
Ts(YLt;2Lt)G74+Ts(YSt;2Rt)B210
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
Ts(YSt;2Lt)G74+Ts(YSt;2Rt)A80
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
Ts(YSt;2Lt)G74+Ts(YSt;2Rt)J165
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
Ts(YSt;2Lt)G74+Ts(YSt;2Rt)P58
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
Ts(YSt;2Lt)G74+Ts(YSt;2Rt)R15
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
Not disrupted in
Df(2L)A47
(Phillips et al., 1993, Gubb et al., 1990, Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A48
(Gubb et al., 1990, Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A63
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A72
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A178
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A215
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A217
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A220
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A245
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A246
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A260
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A263
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A264
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A266
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A267
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A376
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A377
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A379
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A400
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)A445
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Df(2L)b84a8
(Phillips et al., 1993)
Df(2L)el77
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
Df(2L)fn1
(Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, O'Donnell et al., 1977)
Df(2L)fn2
(Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, O'Donnell et al., 1977)
Df(2L)fn3
(Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, O'Donnell et al., 1977)
Df(2L)fn5
(Ashburner et al., 1982, O'Donnell et al., 1977)
Df(2L)fn7
(Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, O'Donnell et al., 1977)
Df(2L)fn12
(Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, O'Donnell et al., 1977)
Df(2L)fn15
(Ashburner et al., 1982, O'Donnell et al., 1977)
Df(2L)fn26
(Ashburner et al., 1982, O'Donnell et al., 1977)
Df(2L)fn27
(Ashburner et al., 1982, O'Donnell et al., 1977)
Df(2L)fn36
(Ashburner et al., 1982, O'Donnell et al., 1977)
Df(2L)GT4
(Gubb et al., 1990)
Df(2L)Scorv4
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
Df(2L)Scorv10
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
Df(2L)Scorv14
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
Df(2L)TE35B-1
(Gubb et al., 1985)
Df(2L)TE35B-2
(Gubb et al., 1985)
Df(2L)TE35B-3
(Gubb et al., 1985)
Df(2L)TE35B-4
(Gubb et al., 1985)
Df(2L)TE35B-6
(Gubb et al., 1985)
Df(2L)TE35B-7
(Gubb et al., 1985)
Df(2L)TE35B-8
(Gubb et al., 1985)
Df(2L)TE35B-9
(Gubb et al., 1985)
Df(2L)TE35B-10
(Gubb et al., 1985)
Df(2L)TE35B-11
(Gubb et al., 1985)
Df(2L)TE35B-12
(Gubb et al., 1985)
Df(2L)TE35B-15
(Gubb et al., 1985)
Df(2L)TE35BC-1
(Gubb et al., 1984)
Df(2L)TE35BC-3
(Gubb et al., 1984)
Df(2L)TE35BC-4
(Gubb et al., 1984)
Df(2L)TE35BC-7
(Gubb et al., 1984)
Df(2L)TE35BC-8
(Gubb et al., 1984)
Df(2L)TE35BC-24
(Gubb et al., 1984)
Df(2L)TE35BC-28
(Gubb et al., 1984)
Df(2L)TE35BC-29
(Gubb et al., 1984)
Df(2L)TE35BC-31
(Gubb et al., 1984)
Df(2L)TE35BC-34
(Gubb et al., 1984)
Df(2L)TE35BC-35
(Gubb et al., 1984)
Df(2L)W
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
In(2L)75cLC158.1R
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
In(2L)75c
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
In(2L)TE35B-13
(Gubb et al., 1985)
T(2;3)Scorv7
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
T(Y;2)A80DR15P
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
T(Y;2)J165DP58P
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
T(Y;2)R15DJ165P
(Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
Tp(2;2)A446
(Ashburner et al., 1982)
Duplicated in
Dp(F2L;2)NG4
(Omelyanchuk, 1991)
Dp(F2L;2)NG12
(Omelyanchuk, 1991)
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Download All OrthoDB Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1)
Homo sapiens (Human) (4)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Hsap\CSAD
13 of 15
Yes
Yes
 
Hsap\GADL1
12 of 15
No
Yes
 
Hsap\GAD1
6 of 15
No
No
 
Hsap\GAD2
4 of 15
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Mmus\Csad
12 of 15
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Gadl1
11 of 15
No
Yes
Mmus\Gad1
6 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Gad2
4 of 15
No
No
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)
Rnor\Csad
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Gad1
6 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Gad2
4 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Gadl1
2 of 13
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)
Xtro\gadl1
7 of 12
Yes
Yes
Xtro\csad
5 of 12
No
Yes
Xtro\gad1.2
4 of 12
No
No
Xtro\gad1.1
3 of 12
No
No
Xtro\gad2
2 of 12
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (5)
Drer\csad
10 of 15
Yes
Yes
Drer\zgc:163121
6 of 15
No
No
Drer\gad1a
4 of 15
No
No
Drer\gad1b
4 of 15
No
No
Drer\gad2
2 of 15
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\unc-25
5 of 15
Yes
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (2)
Atha\AAS
1 of 9
Yes
No
Atha\TYRDC
1 of 9
Yes
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
No records found.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
No records found.
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG0919051E )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
AAA Syntenic Ortholog
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly
Dmel\b
Drosophila suzukii
Spotted wing Drosophila
Dsuz\DS10_00001717
Drosophila simulans
Dsim\GD23928
Drosophila sechellia
Dsec\GM15264
Drosophila erecta
Dere\GG23885
Drosophila yakuba
Dyak\GE18686
Drosophila ananassae
Dana\GF14260
Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura
Dpse\GA20603
Drosophila persimilis
Dper\GL21233
Drosophila willistoni
Dwil\GK24391
Drosophila virilis
Dvir\GJ18147
Drosophila mojavensis
Dmoj\GI18241
Drosophila grimshawi
Dgri\GH11117
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG0915054C )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17010133
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17008378
Lucilia cuprina
Australian sheep blowfly
Lcup\FF38_04533
Mayetiola destructor
Hessian fly
Mdes\Mdes009429
Mayetiola destructor
Hessian fly
Mdes\Mdes013453
Aedes aegypti
Yellow fever mosquito
Aaeg\AAEL007542
Anopheles darlingi
American malaria mosquito
Adar\ADAC000915
Anopheles gambiae
Malaria mosquito
Agam\AGAP008904
Culex quinquefasciatus
Southern house mosquito
Cqui\CPIJ010034
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W04Z9 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Bombyx mori
Silkmoth
Bmor\BGIBMGA012088
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly
Dple\DPOGS207306-PA
Heliconius melpomene
Postman butterfly
Hmel\HMEL008258
Apis florea
Little honeybee
Aflo\4397735140
Apis mellifera
Western honey bee
Amel\LOC411771
Bombus impatiens
Common eastern bumble bee
Bimp\BIMP14417
Bombus terrestris
Buff-tailed bumblebee
Bter\15204346
Linepithema humile
Argentine ant
Lhum\LH22631
Megachile rotundata
Alfalfa leafcutting bee
Mrot\MROTU:000fa0
Nasonia vitripennis
Parasitic wasp
Nvit\Nasvi2EG008593
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain pine beetle
Dpod\YQE_04931
Tribolium castaneum
Red flour beetle
Tcas\TC034596
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM157900
Rhodnius prolixus
Kissing bug
Rpro\black
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC007494
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid
Apim\ACYPI009960
Zootermopsis nevadensis
Nevada dampwood termite
Znev\Znev_04108
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X058C )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strigamia maritima
European centipede
Smar\SMAR004988
Ixodes scapularis
Black-legged tick
Isca\ISCW014530
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM74577.1
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM79442.1
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur22g02360
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur19g02930
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_129671
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_236646
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_301204
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_114035
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091G07ZU )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Gad
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Csad
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Csad_1
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\gad
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\LOC100177413
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\ENSCING00000002154
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\GAD2
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\GADL1
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\ENSGALG00000028195
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\GAD67
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v7.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (7)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
orthoMCL
Panther
RoundUp
Alignment
Gad1
6 of 10
CG5618
5 of 10
amd
1 of 10
Ddc
1 of 10
Hdc
1 of 10
Tdc1
1 of 10
Tdc2
1 of 10
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Model Summary Ribbon
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    CSAD; cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase
    13 of 15
    616569
         
        GADL1; glutamate decarboxylase like 1
        12 of 15
        615601
             
            GAD1; glutamate decarboxylase 1
            6 of 15
            605363
             
            GAD2; glutamate decarboxylase 2
            4 of 15
            138275
                Functional Complementation Data
                Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
                Interactions
                Summary of Physical Interactions
                esyN Network Diagram
                Interactions Browser
                Summary of Genetic Interactions
                esyN Network Diagram
                esyN Network Key:
                Suppression
                Enhancement
                View in Interactions Browser
                Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
                Starting gene(s)
                Interaction type
                Interacting gene(s)
                Reference
                b|r
                suppressible
                CRMP
                (Morris et al., 2012)
                b
                suppressible
                qs
                (Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1986)
                b
                suppressible
                r
                (Morris et al., 2012, Simmons et al., 1999, Sondergaard and Kolbak, 1987, Pedersen, 1982)
                b
                suppressible
                su(b)
                (Alexandrov and Alexandrova, 1986)
                Starting gene(s)
                Interaction type
                Interacting gene(s)
                Reference
                Dcr-2|Eogt
                suppressible
                b|pyd3
                (Müller et al., 2013)
                Dcr-2|Eogt
                suppressible
                b
                (Müller et al., 2013)
                Eogt|Dcr-2
                enhanceable
                b|pyd3
                (Müller et al., 2013)
                Streak
                enhanceable
                b
                (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
                External Data
                Linkouts
                BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
                MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                Pathways
                Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
                Metabolic Pathways
                External Data
                Linkouts
                Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
                Chromosome (arm)
                2L
                Recombination map
                2-49
                Cytogenetic map
                34D1-34D1
                Sequence location
                2L:13,821,248..13,823,979 [+]
                FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
                Cytogenetic map
                Evidence for location
                34D1-34D1
                Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}Sosk05224&P{lacW}RpII33k05605 and P{lacW}l(2)34Fak00811&P{PZ}wb09437
                Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
                Cytogenetic map
                Notes
                References
                34D-34D
                (determined by in situ hybridisation)
                (Phillips et al., 1993)
                34D4-34D4
                (Bonfini et al., 1992)
                Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
                Location
                2-49
                (FlyBase, 2016)
                2-45.1
                (Comeron et al., 2012)
                2-48.5
                (Reuter and Szidonya, 1983, University of Buenos Aires, 1951)
                2-48.5 +/- 0.2
                (O'Donnell et al., 1977)
                Left of (cM)
                (Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                Right of (cM)
                Notes
                Stocks and Reagents
                Stocks (564)
                Genomic Clones (17)
                 

                Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

                cDNA Clones (34)
                 

                Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

                cDNA clones, fully sequences
                BDGP DGC clones
                Other clones
                  Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                  For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                  cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                  BDGP DGC clones
                  Other clones
                  RNAi and Array Information
                  Linkouts
                  DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                  GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
                  Antibody Information
                  Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                   
                  polyclonal
                  (Ziegler et al., 2013)
                  Commercially Available Antibodies
                   
                  Other Information
                  Relationship to Other Genes
                  Source for database identify of
                  Source for identity of: b CG7811
                  (Guan, 1999.11)
                  Source for database merge of
                  Source for merge of: b Gad2 anon-34Db
                  (Ashburner et al., 1999.10.12)
                  Additional comments
                  Other Comments
                  Haploinsufficient locus (not associated with strong haplolethality or haplosterility).
                  (Cook et al., 2012)
                  Identified as a gene with significant level of mRNA cycling as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated from adult heads harvested over six time points over the course of a day.
                  (McDonald and Rosbash, 2001)
                  Isolation and characterisation of the second pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylase.
                  (Phillips et al., 1993)
                  Transcript identified during molecular analysis of the Sos genomic region.
                  (Bonfini et al., 1992)
                  b has been molecularly characterised.
                  (Phillips et al., 1991)
                  Black pigment on body and tarsi and along wing veins. Reflectance of cuticle 40% that of wild type (Pedersen, 1982). Heterozygote somewhat darker than wild type, especially on trident, but never confused with homozygote. Body color darker at low temperature (Sherald, 1981). Puparium lighter than wild type. Not easily classified in newly emerged flies (Waddington, 1942). Tyrosinase formed in adult flies (Horowitz). Fails to synthesize beta-alanine (Hodgetts, 1972) and feeding or injection of beta-alanine to b produces normal phenotype (Jacobs, 1974; Hodgetts, Hodgetts and Choi, 1974). Also corrected by feeding 6-azauracil (Pedersen, 1982); feeding 6-azathymine produces weak b phenocopy which is suppressed by Su(b) (Pedersen). ERG normal (Hotta and Benzer, 1969). Puparial case structurally abnormal with wide, diffuse, exocuticular lamellae and indistinct endocuticular fibrils (Jacobs, 1978). Pupae UV sensitive (Jacobs, 1978). Suppressed by su(b) (Sherald, 1981) and Su(b) (Pedersen); enhanced by sp2 (Gubb) and su(r) (Pedersen). su(r) su(b) b is enhanced black; su(r) b not enhanced by feeding 6-azauracil (Pedersen). Possibly structural gene for beta-ureidopropionase (Sherald).
                  Origin and Etymology
                  Discoverer
                  Etymology
                  Identification
                  External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 57 )
                  Sequence Crossreferences
                  NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                  GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                  GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                  RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                  UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                  Other crossreferences
                  Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                  Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                  Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                  Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                  GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
                  iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                  InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                  KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                  modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
                  Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                  Linkouts
                  BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                  DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                  DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                  FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
                  FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                  FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                  FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                  FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                  InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
                  KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.
                  MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                  Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                  Synonyms and Secondary IDs (17)
                  Reported As
                  Symbol Synonym
                  ADC
                  (Liu et al., 2012)
                  B
                  (Chen et al., 2015)
                  BG:DS00941.5
                  (Ashburner et al., 1999, Ashburner et al., 1999.10.12)
                  Black
                  (Branco et al., 2017)
                  CG7811
                  (McEachern et al., 2014, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009)
                  DGad2
                  (Phillips et al., 1995, Phillips and Kelly, 1993, Phillips et al., 1993)
                  DmGad2
                  GAD2
                  (Phillips et al., 1991)
                  Gad2
                  (Okada et al., 2009, Ashburner et al., 1999.10.12)
                  anon-34Db
                  (Ashburner et al., 1999.10.12)
                  b
                  (Kong et al., 2019, Lee et al., 2018, Gene Disruption Project members, 2016-, Gene Disruption Project members, 2015-, Chaturvedi et al., 2014, Armstrong et al., 2013, Honti et al., 2013, Müller et al., 2013, Borycz et al., 2012, Cook et al., 2012, Izutsu et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Morris et al., 2012, Morris et al., 2012, Okada et al., 2009, Watanabe et al., 2009, Zhang et al., 2007, Sugumaran and Chase, 2004, Whitlock and Bourguet, 2000, Wright, 1987, Lindsley and Grell, 1968)
                  black
                  (Armstrong et al., 2013, Edwards et al., 2006)
                  cDNA 1
                  (Bonfini et al., 1992)
                  Name Synonyms
                  Aspartate 1-decarboxylase
                  (Liu et al., 2012)
                  Aspartate-α-decarboxylase
                  (Liu et al., 2012)
                  Black
                  (McEachern et al., 2014, Yamamoto and Seto, 2014, Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010)
                  Glutamic acid decarboxylase 2
                  Oregon-R glutamate decarboxylase
                  (Phillips, 1993.9.6)
                  black
                  (Honti et al., 2013, Borycz et al., 2012, Morris et al., 2012, Morris et al., 2012, Beckstead et al., 2007, Robin et al., 2007, Edwards et al., 2006, Beckstead et al., 2005, Whitlock and Bourguet, 2000, Wright, 1987)
                  Secondary FlyBase IDs
                  • FBgn0005622
                  • FBgn0020605
                  Datasets (0)
                  Study focus (0)
                  Experimental Role
                  Project
                  Project Type
                  Title
                  References (202)