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Gene Dmel\Dll

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\Dll	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	Distal-less	Annotation symbol	CG3629
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0000157
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	12 publicly available
Also Known As	Ba, l(2)01092
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	2R	Recombination map	2-107.8
Cytogenetic map	60E2-60E2	Sequence location	2R:20,702,353..20,722,686 [+]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents modENCODE GBrowse	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene Distal-less is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\Dll (CG3629, FBgn0000157). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. It is reported to have molecular function: sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: negative regulation of gene expression; antennal development; proboscis development; imaginal disc-derived leg morphogenesis; specification of organ identity; imaginal disc-derived wing margin morphogenesis; determination of ventral identity. 37 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: organ system subdivision; adult segment; antennal segment; appendage segment; external compound sense organ; compound cell cluster organ; adult mesothoracic segment; metatarsus; cephalopharyngeal skeleton; female genitalia; peripheral nervous system. It has 3 annotated transcripts and 3 annotated polypeptides. Protein features are: Helix-turn-helix motif, lambda-like repressor; Homeobox; Homeobox, conserved site; Homeobox, eukaryotic; Homeodomain-like; Homeodomain-related. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderate expression to a trough of very low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-18 hour embryonic stages, during late larval stages, at stages throughout the pupal period. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Little or no expression detected in any larval or adult organs/tissues. Gene sequence location is 2R:20702353..20722686.
External Summaries
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	Ba: Brista Null alleles are recessive embryonic lethals, with dominant developmental defects of distal appendages. Lethal embryos lack certain sensilla, including Keilin's organs, and antennal, maxillary, labial, and labral sense organs, all of which are thought to correspond to vestiges of the distal sensilla of rudimentary larval appendages. No other embryonic sensilla are affected, nor are the neurons innervating the rudementary apppendages detectably abnormal. In homozygous-viable or pharate-adult-lethal hypomorphic alleles defects are found in all appendages represented by the above larval structures. Heterozygotes for lethal alleles are characterized by transformations of distal antennal segments (i.e., AII, AIII, and arista) to mesothoracic leg and by variable loss of distal leg segments, depending on severity of allele. Transformation in the case of Ba1 sensitive to low-temperature pulses throughout larval development, whereas the TSP for leg truncation is at end of the third larval instar. Clones of homozygous Ba- cells incapable of contributing to any but the coxal segment of the legs, and for the most part, the first antennal segment; in the relatively infrequent cases, in which Ba- clones involve distal antennal segments, Ba- portions, which always include at least the arista, are absent, and Ba+ portions develop normally indicating cellular autonomy. Ba1 Homozygous lethal; dies in first instar and has normal morphology. Heterozygote shows antenna-to-leg transformation; entire arista and part of third antennal segment transformed to distal metathoracic leg structures. Expression temperature sensitive; transformation complete at 19; phenotype normal at 29. Ba/Df(2R)Ba4 shows abnormal segmentation both dorsally and ventrally and loss of head structures; antennal, maxillary, and labial segments affected. "H" piece malformed or absent as are Keilin's organs in all three thoracic segments. Recessive to two doses of 60D-F. Ba3 Ba3/+ wild type; Ba3/Ba1 fail to eclose; pharate adults lack third antennal segment; second segment transformed to leg; distal arista normal. Legs lack all structures distal to tibiae; tibiae enlarge and bear ectopic bristles; no remaining leg bristles are bracted. Ba5 Ba5/+ like Ba1/+. Ba5/Ba5 and Ba5/Ba1 are late embryonic lethals; show loss of antennae, maxillary, and labial sense organs, as well as the "H" piece and Keilin's organs from all three thoracic segments. Occasional abnormalities in setal bands of segments posterior to prothorax; setal bands or spinules may be deleted or adjacent bands fused. Posterior end of larva normal. Ba9 Recessive allele. Homozygotes show partial transformation of antennae to legs as well as deletions of some leg structures. Tarsal tissue, sometimes including claws, develops in place of arista and part of third antennal segment. Third segment usually contains patchwork of incompletely differentiated leg tissue; first and second segments normal. Leg effects distal to mid tibia; legs proximal to mid tibia normal. In extreme cases number of tarsal segments reduced to two or three; basitarsus and distal tibia may be missing; in most extreme cases claws may also be missing. In the case of mild expression abnormal bristle patterns, including polarity reversal, occur around basitarsus-tibia joint, where there may also develop cuticular hyperplasia. Penetrance greater in females than males, in antennae than legs, and in metathoracic than other legs. Ba1/BaM die as pharate adults with extreme malformations of antennae and legs. Ba12 Ba12/+ wild type; recessive lethal. Heterozygote exhibits nearly complete suppression of extra-sex-combs phenotype of Pc4/+.
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2011_10	Controlled Vocabulary Terms determination of ventral identity imaginal disc-derived wing margin morphogenesis imaginal disc-derived leg morphogenesis References Grad et al., 2004, Bioinformatics 20(16): 2738--2750 Uhl et al., 2010, Dev. Biol. 343(1-2): 154--166
FB2012_01	Sequence features BKN29408 HFA04610 References Cunha et al., 2010, PLoS Genet. 6: e1001014 Controlled Vocabulary Terms negative regulation of gene expression
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 60E2-60E2   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}Reg-5EP1065 and P{EP}CG9047EP560&P{EP}CG3760EP936
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 60E1-60E2   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Spradling et al., 1999) 60E-60E     (Gibson et al., 1999) 60E1-60E2     (Beaton, 1997.12.27) 60E1-60E2     (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999) 60E5-60E6   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Vachon et al., 1992) 60E5-60E6   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Cohen et al., 1989) 60D11-60E4     (Sunkel and Whittle, 1987) 60D14-60E2   Cytological location derived from complementation analysis with deficiency and duplication chromosomes (details unspecified).   (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	2-107.8 (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987, Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)	sp (Sunkel and Whittle, 1987)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Dll for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	DGC clone appears problematic (LP01770): incomplete CDS.
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) Dll-RA FBtr0072379  NM_079133   2582   327 Dll-RB FBtr0072378  NM_166689   2161   322 Dll-RC FBtr0300076  NM_001144287   2236   347
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	3.4, 2.5 (northern blot) (Cohen et al., 1989)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein Dll-PA   FBpp0072286   35.3   327   9.81     NP_523857   AAF47279 Dll-PB   FBpp0072285   34.7   322   9.81     NP_726486   AAF47280 Dll-PC   FBpp0289353   37.3   347   9.71     NP_001137759   ACL83212
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)	327 (aa) (Vachon et al., 1992)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Homeobox, conserved site (IPR017970) Helix-turn-helix motif, lambda-like repressor (IPR000047) Homeobox (IPR001356) Homeodomain-like (IPR009057) Homeodomain-related (IPR012287) Homeobox, eukaryotic (IPR020479)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AE013599 AAF47279   AE013599 AAF47280   AE013599 ACL83212   AI258548   AQ025585   AY113370 AAM29375   AY863775   AY863776   AY863777   AY863778   AY863779   AY863780   AY863781   AY863782   AY863783   AY863784   AY863785   AY863786   AY863787   AY863788   AY863789   AY863790   AY863791   AY863792   AY863793   AY863794   AY863795   BT030126   CO186365   CO188215   CO262380   CO267293   CO283315   CO283324   CO285792   CO286403   CO316491   CO320396   EC059019   EC079569   EC084940   EC196090   EC207375   EC215305   EC217428   EC222390   EC230333   EC233461   EC250532   EL874504   EL874651   L02539   S47947 AAB24059   S47948   Z50267
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	P20009
UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References protein binding site FBsf0000160797 2R:20,690,994..20,691,002 bound_moiety=Ubx-XP evidence=experimental (Vachon et al., 1992, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160798 2R:20,691,171..20,691,189 bound_moiety=abd-A-XP evidence=experimental bound_moiety=abd-XP (Bergman et al., 2004, Vachon et al., 1992) regulatory region FBsf0000161299 2R:20,685,569..20,689,382 comment=The Dll 207 enhancer element directs expression in a subset of Dll-expressing cells in the antennae. Regulatory element mapped to a restriction fragment; position of restriction fragment on reference sequence inferred by FlyBase curator. evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-EcoRI_rfrag (Vachon et al., 1992) regulatory region FBsf0000161300 2R:20,689,377..20,690,311 comment=The Dll 215 enhancer is a late-acting enhancer that becomes functional in the legs after Dll has been activated by the Dll 304 enhancer element. It also directs expression in the labium, maxilla, antenna, and labrum. Regulatory element mapped to a restriction fragment; position of restriction fragment on reference sequence inferred by FlyBase curator. evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-EcoRI_rfrag (Vachon et al., 1992) regulatory region FBsf0000161301 2R:20,690,306..20,691,182 evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-FspI_rfrag comment=The Dll 304 element confers normal expression in the legs and full repression in the abdomen; see Ecol\lacZBa.304. Regulatory element mapped to a restriction fragment; position of restriction fragment on reference sequence inferred by FlyBase curator. (Vachon et al., 1992) regulatory region FBsf0000161302 2R:20,690,306..20,694,751 comment=The Dll 208 enhancer element directs expression in the leg primordia of the thoracic segments and in the head. Regulatory element mapped to a restriction fragment; position of restriction fragment on reference sequence inferred by FlyBase curator. evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-EcoRI_rfrag (Vachon et al., 1992) regulatory region FBsf0000161303 2R:20,690,983..20,691,182 comment=The negative regulatory element BX-C (NRE-BX) contains all of the sequences necessary for repression by the BX-C proteins. Regulatory element mapped to a restriction fragment; position of restriction fragment on reference sequence inferred by FlyBase curator. evidence=experimental linked_to=SspI-FspI_rfrag (Vachon et al., 1992) regulatory region FBsf0000161304 2R:20,694,746..20,698,933 comment=The Dll 179 enhancer element directs expression in a subset of Dll-expressing cells in the labium, maxilla, and labrum. Regulatory element mapped to a restriction fragment; position of restriction fragment on reference sequence inferred by FlyBase curator. evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-BamHI_rfrag (Vachon et al., 1992) regulatory region FBsf0000161305 2R:20,711,689..20,713,769 comment=The Dll ETD2B enhancer element directs expression in a subset of Dll-expressing cells in the labium, maxilla, antenna, and labrum. Regulatory element mapped to a restriction fragment; position of restriction fragment on reference sequence inferred by FlyBase curator. evidence=experimental linked_to=HindIII-SalI_rfrag (Vachon et al., 1992) regulatory region FBsf0000161306 2R:20,726,347..20,732,229 comment=The Dll ETD6 enhancer contains sequences that drive expression in the ventral-lateral maxillary domain (in the maxillary cirri). Regulatory element mapped to a restriction fragment; position of restriction fragment on reference sequence inferred by FlyBase curator. evidence=experimental linked_to=HindIII-HindIII_rfrag (Vachon et al., 1992, O'Hara et al., 1993)
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
No Assay Recorded Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference first instar larval stage     (Cohen et al., 1989) third instar larval stage     (Cohen et al., 1989) northern blot Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage     (Cohen et al., 1989) second instar larval stage     (Cohen et al., 1989)
Additional Descriptive Data
	Dll is normally expressed in the imaginal limb primordia of segments T1, T2, and T3 in embryos. In BXC- embryos, expression is also seen in ectopic primordia in segments A1-A9. (Simcox et al., 1991) Dll transcripts are detected initially in post blastoderm embryos and are present at increased levels during late embryogenesis. They are also expressed in all three larval instars with the lowest level in 2nd instar. Later stages were not tested. (Cohen et al., 1989)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Notes
Polypeptide Expression
No Assay Recorded Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference extended germ band stage   maxillary segment   (Vachon et al., 1992) dorsal metathoracic disc primordium   (Vachon et al., 1992) labral segment   (Vachon et al., 1992) labial disc primordium   (Vachon et al., 1992) dorsal prothoracic disc primordium   (Vachon et al., 1992) distribution deduced from reporter Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference third instar larval stage   antennal disc   (Emmons et al., 2007) immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 11   thoracic segment | segmentally repeated   (Gebelein et al., 2004) Comment:straddles anterior/posterior compartment boundary head segment | segmentally repeated   (Gebelein et al., 2004) ventral thoracic disc primordium   (Grenier and Carroll, 2000) third instar larval stage   first segment of antenna | precursor   (Emmons et al., 2007) second segment of antenna | precursor   (Emmons et al., 2007) third segment of antenna | precursor   (Emmons et al., 2007) arista | precursor   (Emmons et al., 2007)
Additional Descriptive Data
	At embryonic stage 11, Dll is expressed in a group of cells straddling the anterior/posterior compartment boundary of the thoracic hemisegments, as well as in the segments of the head. (Gebelein et al., 2004) Dll protein is detected in third instar larval antennal discs in the primordia of antennal segments 1, 2 and 3 and in the arista primordia. (Emmons et al., 2007)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term	nucleus (Vachon et al., 1992)
Notes
High-Throughput Expression Data
or
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes. modENCODE Temporal Expression Data for FBgn0000157    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales max expr for FBgn0000157 Very low expression bin max Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderate expression to a trough of very low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-18 hour embryonic stages, during late larval stages, at stages throughout the pupal period. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No expression (0 - 0)   Extremely low expression (1 - 10)   Very low expression (11 - 100)   Low expression (101 - 400)   Moderate expression (401 - 1400)   Moderately high expression (1401 - 4000)   High expression (4001 - 10000)   Very high expression (10001 - 100000)   Extremely high expression (100001 - 2000000) Linear, scaled to maximum FBgn0000157 expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    13 embryo 02-04hr    273 embryo 04-06hr    545 embryo 06-08hr    662 embryo 08-10hr    588 embryo 10-12hr    433 embryo 12-14hr    462 embryo 14-16hr    315 embryo 16-18hr    373 embryo 18-20hr    341 embryo 20-22hr    216 embryo 22-24hr    221 larva L1    194 larva L2    112 larva L3 12hr old    75 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    318 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    742 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    894 white prepupae new    833 white prepupae 12hr    867 white prepupae 24hr    1359 pupae 2d postWPP    915 pupae 3d postWPP    434 pupae 4d postWPP    336 adult male 01day    259 adult male 05day    286 adult male 30day    288 adult female 01day    163 adult female 05day    59 adult female 30day    72 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to Very low expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    13 embryo 02-04hr  (273) embryo 04-06hr  (545) embryo 06-08hr  (662) embryo 08-10hr  (588) embryo 10-12hr  (433) embryo 12-14hr  (462) embryo 14-16hr  (315) embryo 16-18hr  (373) embryo 18-20hr  (341) embryo 20-22hr  (216) embryo 22-24hr  (221) larva L1  (194) larva L2  (112) larva L3 12hr old    75 larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (318) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (742) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (894) white prepupae new  (833) white prepupae 12hr  (867) white prepupae 24hr  (1359) pupae 2d postWPP  (915) pupae 3d postWPP  (434) pupae 4d postWPP  (336) adult male 01day  (259) adult male 05day  (286) adult male 30day  (288) adult female 01day  (163) adult female 05day    59 adult female 30day    72 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    13 embryo 02-04hr    273 embryo 04-06hr    545 embryo 06-08hr    662 embryo 08-10hr    588 embryo 10-12hr    433 embryo 12-14hr    462 embryo 14-16hr    315 embryo 16-18hr    373 embryo 18-20hr    341 embryo 20-22hr    216 embryo 22-24hr    221 larva L1    194 larva L2    112 larva L3 12hr old    75 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    318 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    742 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    894 white prepupae new    833 white prepupae 12hr    867 white prepupae 24hr    1359 pupae 2d postWPP    915 pupae 3d postWPP    434 pupae 4d postWPP    336 adult male 01day    259 adult male 05day    286 adult male 30day    288 adult female 01day    163 adult female 05day    59 adult female 30day    72 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    13 embryo 02-04hr    273 embryo 04-06hr    545 embryo 06-08hr    662 embryo 08-10hr    588 embryo 10-12hr    433 embryo 12-14hr    462 embryo 14-16hr    315 embryo 16-18hr    373 embryo 18-20hr    341 embryo 20-22hr    216 embryo 22-24hr    221 larva L1    194 larva L2    112 larva L3 12hr old    75 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    318 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    742 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    894 white prepupae new    833 white prepupae 12hr    867 white prepupae 24hr    1359 pupae 2d postWPP    915 pupae 3d postWPP    434 pupae 4d postWPP    336 adult male 01day    259 adult male 05day    286 adult male 30day    288 adult female 01day    163 adult female 05day    59 adult female 30day    72 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    13 embryo 02-04hr    273 embryo 04-06hr    545 embryo 06-08hr    662 embryo 08-10hr    588 embryo 10-12hr    433 embryo 12-14hr    462 embryo 14-16hr    315 embryo 16-18hr    373 embryo 18-20hr    341 embryo 20-22hr    216 embryo 22-24hr    221 larva L1    194 larva L2    112 larva L3 12hr old    75 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    318 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    742 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    894 white prepupae new    833 white prepupae 12hr    867 white prepupae 24hr    1359 pupae 2d postWPP    915 pupae 3d postWPP    434 pupae 4d postWPP    336 adult male 01day    259 adult male 05day    286 adult male 30day    288 adult female 01day    163 adult female 05day    59 adult female 30day    72 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum FBgn0000157 expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    13 embryo 02-04hr    273 embryo 04-06hr    545 embryo 06-08hr    662 embryo 08-10hr    588 embryo 10-12hr    433 embryo 12-14hr    462 embryo 14-16hr    315 embryo 16-18hr    373 embryo 18-20hr    341 embryo 20-22hr    216 embryo 22-24hr    221 larva L1    194 larva L2    112 larva L3 12hr old    75 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    318 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    742 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    894 white prepupae new    833 white prepupae 12hr    867 white prepupae 24hr    1359 pupae 2d postWPP    915 pupae 3d postWPP    434 pupae 4d postWPP    336 adult male 01day    259 adult male 05day    286 adult male 30day    288 adult female 01day    163 adult female 05day    59 adult female 30day    72 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to Very low expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    13 embryo 02-04hr  (273) embryo 04-06hr  (545) embryo 06-08hr  (662) embryo 08-10hr  (588) embryo 10-12hr  (433) embryo 12-14hr  (462) embryo 14-16hr  (315) embryo 16-18hr  (373) embryo 18-20hr  (341) embryo 20-22hr  (216) embryo 22-24hr  (221) larva L1  (194) larva L2  112 larva L3 12hr old    75 larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (318) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (742) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (894) white prepupae new  (833) white prepupae 12hr  (867) white prepupae 24hr  (1359) pupae 2d postWPP  (915) pupae 3d postWPP  (434) pupae 4d postWPP  (336) adult male 01day  (259) adult male 05day  (286) adult male 30day  (288) adult female 01day  (163) adult female 05day    59 adult female 30day    72 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    13 embryo 02-04hr    273 embryo 04-06hr    545 embryo 06-08hr    662 embryo 08-10hr    588 embryo 10-12hr    433 embryo 12-14hr    462 embryo 14-16hr    315 embryo 16-18hr    373 embryo 18-20hr    341 embryo 20-22hr    216 embryo 22-24hr    221 larva L1    194 larva L2    112 larva L3 12hr old    75 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    318 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    742 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    894 white prepupae new    833 white prepupae 12hr    867 white prepupae 24hr    1359 pupae 2d postWPP    915 pupae 3d postWPP    434 pupae 4d postWPP    336 adult male 01day    259 adult male 05day    286 adult male 30day    288 adult female 01day    163 adult female 05day    59 adult female 30day    72 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    13 embryo 02-04hr    273 embryo 04-06hr    545 embryo 06-08hr    662 embryo 08-10hr    588 embryo 10-12hr    433 embryo 12-14hr    462 embryo 14-16hr    315 embryo 16-18hr    373 embryo 18-20hr    341 embryo 20-22hr    216 embryo 22-24hr    221 larva L1    194 larva L2    112 larva L3 12hr old    75 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    318 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    742 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    894 white prepupae new    833 white prepupae 12hr    867 white prepupae 24hr    1359 pupae 2d postWPP    915 pupae 3d postWPP    434 pupae 4d postWPP    336 adult male 01day    259 adult male 05day    286 adult male 30day    288 adult female 01day    163 adult female 05day    59 adult female 30day    72 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    13 embryo 02-04hr    273 embryo 04-06hr    545 embryo 06-08hr    662 embryo 08-10hr    588 embryo 10-12hr    433 embryo 12-14hr    462 embryo 14-16hr    315 embryo 16-18hr    373 embryo 18-20hr    341 embryo 20-22hr    216 embryo 22-24hr    221 larva L1    194 larva L2    112 larva L3 12hr old    75 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    318 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    742 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    894 white prepupae new    833 white prepupae 12hr    867 white prepupae 24hr    1359 pupae 2d postWPP    915 pupae 3d postWPP    434 pupae 4d postWPP    336 adult male 01day    259 adult male 05day    286 adult male 30day    288 adult female 01day    163 adult female 05day    59 adult female 30day    72 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data for FBgn0000157    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales max expr for FBgn0000157 Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Little or no expression detected in any larval or adult organs/tissues. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (1000 - 25000) Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System no informative data Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass no informative data Adult Head no informative data Adult Eye no informative data Adult Brain no informative data Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion no informative data Adult Crop     Adult Midgut no informative data Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body no informative data Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass no informative data modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011) FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_25
External Data & Images
Linkouts	FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0000157 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG3629-RB;CG3629-RB;CG3629-RA
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele lethal | embryonic stage | recessive Dll5 Dll11 Dll15 Dllunspecified lethal | larval stage | recessive Dll1 lethal | pharate adult stage | recessive Dll1 Dll3 Dll17 DllPK lethal | recessive Dll12 Dll17 Dll01092 Dllem212 viable Dll9 viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 DllGD4607 Other Phenotypes Allele visible, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1 DllScer\UAS.cBa DllScer\UAS.cGa visible, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1 DllScer\UAS.cMa visible | dominant Dll2 Dll5 Dll11 Dll15 Dll18 Dllunspecified visible | dominant | cold sensitive Dll1 visible | homeotic DllIM1 visible | homeotic | recessive Dll1 Dll3 Dll7 Dll17 visible | recessive Dll3 Dll9 Dll17 visible | recessive | somatic clone Dll17 visible | somatic clone Dll17 Phenotype manifest in Allele adult cuticle | somatic clone Dll17 adult head, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1 DllScer\UAS.cBa adult hindgut Dll3 adult hindgut, with Scer\GAL4cad-em459 DllScer\UAS.cGa analia | precursor, with Scer\GAL4cad-em459 DllScer\UAS.cGa anal plate, with Scer\GAL4cad-em459 DllScer\UAS.cGa anal plate | male Dll14 Dll3 anal plate | male | somatic clone Dll17 anal plate | somatic clone Dll17 antenna Dll1 Dll11 Dll15 Dll17 Dll18 Dll2 Dll3 Dll5 Dll7 Dll9 Dllunspecified antenna (with Dll3) Dll7 antenna (with Dll7) Dll3 antenna | cold sensitive Dll1 antenna | distal DllPK antenna | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4C-68a DllScer\UAS.cGa antenna | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1 DllScer\UAS.cBa antenna | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1 DllScer\UAS.cGa antenna | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4upd-E132 DllScer\UAS.cGa antennal segment 2 & macrochaeta Dll3 antennal sense organ Dll15 Dll5 arista Dll1 Dll17 Dll3 Dll9 DllIM1 arista | cold sensitive Dll1 arista | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1 DllScer\UAS.cBa arista | proximal Dll3 Dll7 arista | somatic clone Dll17 distiproboscis | somatic clone Dll17 dorsal double row | somatic clone | somatic clone Dll17 dorsal triple row | somatic clone Dll17 embryonic/larval labial organ Dll15 Dll5 epiproct | female | somatic clone Dll17 eye, with Scer\GAL4upd-E132 DllScer\UAS.cGa female genitalia, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1 DllScer\UAS.cGa female gonopod Dll14 Dll3 femur Dll1 Dll17 Dll3 femur & macrochaeta Dll3 femur | somatic clone Dll17 haltere, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544 DllScer\UAS.cGa head, with Scer\GAL4C-68a DllScer\UAS.cGa head, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1 DllScer\UAS.cGa hypostomal sclerite Dll15 Dll5 joint, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1 DllScer\UAS.cMa Keilin's organ Dll15 Dll5 leg Dll1 Dll17 Dll2 Dll3 Dll7 Dll9 leg | distal DllPK leg | ectopic Dll1 Dll3 Dll7 leg | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PP DllScer\UAS.cGa leg | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544 DllScer\UAS.cGa leg | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1 DllScer\UAS.cBa leg | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4upd-E132 DllScer\UAS.cGa leg | ectopic (with Dll3) Dll7 Dllmd23 leg | ectopic (with Dll7) Dll3 leg | ectopic (with Dllmd23) Dll3 leg | proximal, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PP DllScer\UAS.cGa leg | somatic clone Dll17 macrochaeta & leg | somatic clone Dll17 macrochaeta | ectopic Dll3 male genitalia, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1 DllScer\UAS.cGa medial triple row | somatic clone Dll17 mesothoracic femoral bract | somatic clone Dll17 mesothoracic tibial bract | somatic clone Dll17 metatarsus Dll14 Dll7 Dll8 Dll9 metathoracic femoral bract | somatic clone Dll17 metathoracic tibial bract | somatic clone Dll17 peripheral nervous system Dllunspecified prothoracic femoral bract | somatic clone Dll17 prothoracic metatarsus Dll11 prothoracic tibial bract | somatic clone Dll17 second segment of antenna Dll3 second segment of antenna | somatic clone Dll17 sex comb Dll11 sex comb | ectopic Dll11 tarsal segment Dll14 Dll16 Dll3 Dll6 Dll7 Dll8 Dll9 tarsal segment, with Scer\GAL4Dll-em212 DllScer\UAS.cGa tarsal segment, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1 DllScer\UAS.cMa tarsal segment | distal Dll2 tarsal segment | ectopic Dll9 DllIM1 tarsal segment | somatic clone Dll17 terminal organ Dll15 Dll5 third segment of antenna Dll1 Dll17 Dll3 third segment of antenna (with Dll3) Dllmd23 third segment of antenna (with Dllmd23) Dll3 third segment of antenna | cold sensitive Dll1 third segment of antenna | distal Dll3 Dll7 third segment of antenna | distal (with Dll3) Dll7 third segment of antenna | distal (with Dll7) Dll3 third segment of antenna | somatic clone Dll17 tibia Dll1 Dll14 Dll17 Dll3 Dll6 Dll7 Dll8 Dll9 tibia & macrochaeta Dll3 tibia | ectopic Dll3 Dll7 tibia | proximal | somatic clone Dll17 tibia | somatic clone Dll17 trochanter Dll3 trochanter | somatic clone Dll17 unguis Dll9 unguis | ectopic Dll9 ventral double row | somatic clone Dll17 ventral thoracic disc | proximal, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PP DllScer\UAS.cWa ventral thoracic disc | somatic clone Dll17 ventral triple row Dll17 wing, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1 DllScer\UAS.cBa wing, with Scer\GAL4upd-E132 DllScer\UAS.cGa wing & macrochaeta | somatic clone Dll17 wing | anterior compartment | somatic clone Dll17 wing | posterior compartment | somatic clone Dll17 wing margin, with Scer\GAL4sd-NP7148 DllScer\UAS.cMa wing margin bristle | cell autonomous | somatic clone Dll17 wing vein | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone Dll17 wing vein | somatic clone Dll17
Classical Alleles ( 25 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of Dll Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion Dll11 X ray gamma ray 2 Yes Dll5 ethyl methanesulfonate 2 -- Dll9 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence spontaneous 2 -- Dllmd23 loss of function allele P-element activity Delta2-3 2 -- Dll01092 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence P-element activity 1 Yes Dll10 amorphic allele - genetic evidence PM hybrid dysgenesis spontaneous 0 Yes Dll17 amorphic allele - genetic evidence X ray 0 Yes Dll12 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Dll1387 0 -- Dll13 0 Yes Dll14 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence spontaneous 0 -- Dll15 gamma ray 0 Yes Dll16 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence PM hybrid dysgenesis 0 Yes Dll18 spontaneous 0 Yes Dll1 gamma ray 0 -- Dll2 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Dll3 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Dll6 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Dll7 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Dll8 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Dll981 P-element activity 0 -- Dllem212 loss of function allele P-element activity 0 Yes DllIM1 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- DllPK loss of function allele 0 -- Dllunspecified 0 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 12 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of Dll Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion DllGD4607 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes DllJF02499 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes DllKK109408 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes Dll+m312 in vitro construct - minigene 0 Yes Dll+m313 in vitro construct - minigene 0 Yes Dll+m460 in vitro construct - minigene 0 Yes DllScer\FRT.Rnor\CD2.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes DllScer\UAS.cBa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes DllScer\UAS.cGa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes DllScer\UAS.cKa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes DllScer\UAS.cMa FLPase 0 Yes DllScer\UAS.cWa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Not disrupted in	Df(2R)bwVDe2LPxKR (Spradling et al., 1999, Beaton, 1997.12.27) Df(2R)ES1 (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987) Df(2R)Kr10 (Spradling et al., 1999, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999) Df(2R)M60E (Spradling et al., 1999, Sunkel and Whittle, 1987, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999) Df(2R)Px1 (Sunkel and Whittle, 1987) Df(2R)Px2 (Spradling et al., 1999, Sunkel and Whittle, 1987, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999) In(2LR)Px4 (Spradling et al., 1999, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999) T(1;2)scS2 (Sunkel and Whittle, 1987)
Disrupted in	Df(2R)BSC602 (Christensen et al., 2008.9.3) Df(2R)BSC604 (Christensen et al., 2008.9.3) Df(2R)BSC605 (Christensen et al., 2008.9.3) Df(2R)BSC856 (Christensen et al., 2009.7.22) Df(2R)bwVDe2LPxKR (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999) Df(2R)Dll4 (Sunkel and Whittle, 1987) Df(2R)Dll-MP (Gindhart and Kaufman, 1995, Castelli-Gair and Akam, 1995) In(2R)DllB (Castelli-Gair and Akam, 1995) T(2;3)Dll15 (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987)
Partially duplicated in	Dp(2;Y)bw+c (Sunkel and Whittle, 1987)
Duplicated in	Dp(2;2)D11 (Emmons et al., 2007)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data reporter construct P{Dll-UAS-lacZ} No P{lacZDll.179} No P{lacZDll.207} No P{lacZDll.208} No P{lacZDll.215} No P{lacZDll.304} No P{lacZDll.305} No P{lacZDll.ETD2B} No P{lacZDll.ETD6} No UAS construct P{GD4607} NA P{KK109408} NA P{TRiP.JF02499} NA P{UAS-Dll.B} NA P{UAS-Dll.G} NA P{UAS-Dll.K} NA P{UAS-Dll.M} NA P{UAS-Dll.W} NA characterization construct P{Dll+m312} NA P{Dll+m313} NA P{Dll+m460} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data insertion of enhancer trap binary system P{GAL4}Dll981 No P{GawB}Dllem212 No P{GawB}Dllmd23 No insertion of enhancer trap P{PZ}Dll01092 No miscellaneous insertions ?{}Dll10 NA P{}Dll16 NA
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 17 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 7 terms )
Molecular Function ( 0 terms)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
antennal development inferred from mutant phenotype (assigned by UniProtKB) (Gorfinkiel et al., 1997) determination of ventral identity inferred from mutant phenotype (assigned by UniProtKB) (Gorfinkiel et al., 1997) imaginal disc-derived leg morphogenesis inferred from mutant phenotype (assigned by UniProtKB) (Gorfinkiel et al., 1997) imaginal disc-derived wing margin morphogenesis inferred from mutant phenotype (assigned by UniProtKB) (Gorfinkiel et al., 1997) negative regulation of gene expression inferred from expression pattern (Abu-Shaar and Mann, 1998) proboscis development inferred from mutant phenotype (Yasunaga et al., 2006) specification of organ identity inferred from mutant phenotype (Vachon et al., 1992, Dong et al., 2002) inferred from mutant phenotype (assigned by UniProtKB) (Gorfinkiel et al., 1997)
Cellular Component ( 0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 11 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001356 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-) non-traceable author statement (FlyBase, 1992-) transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000047 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
analia development traceable author statement (Sanchez and Guerrero, 2001) antennal development traceable author statement (Sanchez and Guerrero, 2001, Curtiss et al., 2002) genital disc development traceable author statement (Sanchez and Guerrero, 2001) imaginal disc-derived limb morphogenesis non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1991.2.1) imaginal disc-derived male genitalia development non-traceable author statement (Sanchez and Guerrero, 2001) leg disc proximal/distal pattern formation traceable author statement (Marsh and Theisen, 1999, Milan and Cohen, 2000, Sanchez and Guerrero, 2001, Mann and Casares, 2002) proximal/distal pattern formation, imaginal disc non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1991.2.1) traceable author statement (Sanchez and Guerrero, 2001) regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001356, InterPro:IPR012287, InterPro:IPR017970 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
nucleus inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR017970 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-) non-traceable author statement (FlyBase, 1992-, Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1991.2.1)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
Protein-protein
Interacting group Assay References
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions Dll allele Gene References Dll5 BEAF-32 (Yamaguchi et al., 2001) ss (Adachi-Yamada et al., 2005) Dll9 BEAF-32 (Yamaguchi et al., 2001) Dll12 Pc (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) Dll1387 Su(z)2 (Brunk and Adler, 1990) Dllmd23 ss (Emerald and Cohen, 2004) DllScer\UAS.cBa hth (Dong et al., 2000) unspecified Antp (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 63542 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0000157 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 37973
Orthologs
Genome-wide drosophilid orthologs	Dana\GF13343 Dere\GG23010 Dgri\GH20363 Dmoj\GI20035 Dper\GL16779 Dpse\GA17570 Dsec\GM11904 Dsim\GD11901 Dvir\GJ21278 Dwil\GK21675 Dyak\GE14447
Curated drosophilid orthologs	Dmau\Dll (Graze et al., 2007) Dpse\GA17570   Dsim\Dll (Graze et al., 2007)
Linkouts	InParanoid A subset of ortholog calls from InParanoid. • AAEL001780-PA Aedes aegypti (mosquito) AGAP007058-PA Anopheles gambiae (mosquito) XP_001122433.1 Apis mellifera (honey bee) 120805 Branchiostoma floridae (lancelet) 263333 Branchiostoma floridae (lancelet) BGIBMGA010810-PA Bombyx mori (silk worm) ENSBTAP00000044029 Bos taurus (bovine) CN03223 Caenorhabditis brenneri (small nematode) CBP10854 Caenorhabditis briggsae (nematode) ENSCAFP00000031627 Canis familiaris (dog) ENSCINP00000014584 Ciona intestinalis (sea squirt) JA18496 Caenorhabditis japonica (nematode) CPIJ004950 Culex pipens (mosquito) ENSCPOP00000019478 Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) RP15743 Caenorhabditis remanei (nematode) ENSCSAVP00000004951 Ciona savignyi (sedentary tunicate) 74740 Capitella spl (polychaete worm) ENSDARP00000021032 Danio rerio (zebra fish) ENSECAP00000012575 Equus caballus (horse) ENSGACP00000013056 Gymnopilus aculeatus (mushroom) ENSGALP00000015233 Gallus gallus (chicken) ENSP00000234198 Homo sapiens (human) ENSMODP00000011090 Monodelphis domestica (gray opossum) ENSMMUP00000023156 Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) ENSMUSP00000024159 Mus musculus (house mouse) 127891 Nematostella vectensis (starlet anemone) XP_001601872.1 Nasonia vitripennis (wasp) ENSOANP00000013673 Ornithorynchus anatinus (platypus) ENSORLP00000005152 Oryzias latipes (japanese killifish) PHUM001422-PA Pediculus humanus (human body louse) ENSPPYP00000014439 Pongo pygmaeus (orangutan) 820741 Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) 822005 Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) ENSPTRP00000015940 Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) ENSRNOP00000002076 Rattus norvegicus (norway rat) XP_782745.1 Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (purple sea urchin) NP_001034528.1 Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) ENSTNIP00000015832 Tetraodon nigroviridis (green spotted pufferfish) ENSTRUP00000019188 Takifugu rubripes (pufferfish Takifugu) OrthoDB (Arthropod subset) The hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs. • PB14078 NV12885 LH22094 LH22095 ISCW020504 FBgn0232053 FBgn0223660 FBgn0208410 FBgn0183640 FBgn0166845 JGI_V11_9287 FBgn0077581 FBgn0154383 FBgn0142771 FBgn0130936 FBgn0127826 FBgn0115167 FBgn0090375 CPIJ004950 CPIJ004948 CPIJ004949 ACYPI36102 GB14516 AGAP007058 AAEL001780 AAEL001776 PHUM031280 GLEAN_09351
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 12 )
Bloomington	3069 Dll9/SM5 3306 Dll5/SM5 3038 P{GawB}Dllmd23/CyO 1153 In(2R)DllB, Dll11/SM6a 29337 y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF02499}attP2 10981 P{PZ}Dll01092 cn1/CyO; ry506
Kyoto	106818 Dll9/SM5 106970 Dll5/SM5 106795 P{GawB}Dllmd23/CyO 106229 In(2R)DllB, Dll11/SM6a
VDRC	v101750 P{KK109408}VIE-260B v11529 w1118; P{GD4607}v11529/TM3
Genomic Clones ( 1 )
	BACR27P17 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 25 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	LP01770
Other clones	IP14437
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones	34349 43496 43502 161054 179106 CK01.20A.C8 CK01.75C.G7 CK01.78A.F9 CK01.81B.G11 CK01.101A.D3 EC079569 EK019031 EK038443 EK060723 EK062728 EK085214 EK149344 EK162835 EK162847 EK265059 EK284710 IP14537 IP14737
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0000157 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 37973
Antibody Information
	polyclonal (Vachon et al., 1992, McKay et al., 2009)
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of	Source for identity of: Dll CG3629 (Zhong, 1999.11)
Source for database merge of	Source for merge of: Dll BcDNA:LP01770 (FlyBase, 1996-)
Additional comments	Source for merge of Dll BcDNA:LP01770 was a shared cDNA (date:030728). (FlyBase, 1996-)
Other Comments
	Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) down-regulates a distinct splice isoform(s) of this gene. (Hansen et al., 2009) Patterns of canalization and trait correlation have been examined using Dll11 and high temperature stress on a panel of iso-female lines. (Dworkin, 2005) Dll may restrict expression of proximal-leg specific gene expression. (Kubota et al., 2003) Dll and hth specify antennal fates via regulation of multiple genes. (Dong et al., 2002) Dll acts in parallel with hth to induce antennal differentiation. (Dong et al., 2000) Dll is required for the formation of some genital structures and the analia. Dll is required for the development of both anal plates in males but only the dorsal plate in females, supporting the view that the analia arise from two primordia. (Gorfinkiel et al., 1999) The activities of cad and of the hh pathway induce Dll expression that, together with cad, promote external analia development. (Moreno and Morata, 1999) Expression of Dll and hth prevents cells from mixing at the interface between the body wall and leg territories in the developing leg disc. (Wu and Cohen, 1999) In the distal domain of the developing leg, exd function is suppressed by the dpp/wg response gene Dll, which prevents the nuclear transport of exd. (Gonzalez-Crespo et al., 1998) Genetic combinations with mutants of nub cause additive phenotypes. (Cifuentes and Garcia-Bellido, 1997) Dll has two separate functions: a primary function to induce the formation of ventral appendages and their identity, and a secondary function involved in the differentiation of the wing margin pattern. (Gorfinkiel et al., 1997) A technique using fluorescent probes to detect a mRNA and a protein simultaneously in the embryo is used and results suggest Dll-driven expression of a Ecol\lacZ reporter gene is activated in the ventral region of the limb primordia and Dll-positive cells migrate from a ventral position to a dorsal one within a single limb primordia. (Goto and Hayashi, 1997) exd and Dll are required in near complementary domains along the leg, with the exception of the trochanter and proximal femur where both gene functions are needed. (Gonzalez-Crespo and Morata, 1996) Dll is required for proximal-distal axis formation in the limbs. (Diaz-Benjumea et al., 1994) Combined action of wg-expressing cells in the leg ventral-anterior compartment and dpp-expressing cells in the leg dorsal-anterior compartment activates expression of Dll. (Diaz-Benjumea et al., 1994) Comparison of Dll and wg expression in Drosophila and the butterfly P.coenia suggests a common mechanism underlying the formation of all insect appendages. The limb-type-specific patterns of Dll expression indicate that the regulation of Dll expression may be critical to limb morphology, and are inconsistent with Dll functioning in a simple distal-to-proximal concentration gradient. (Panganiban et al., 1994) The initiation of Dll expression that marks the allocation of thoracic imaginal primordia is dependent upon wg. (Cohen et al., 1993) Dll and Dfd are both persistently expressed in ventral maxillary cells, and combinatorially specify a subsegmental code required for a group of cells to differentiate maxillary cirri. The regulatory effect of Dfd on Dll is mediated by a ventral maxillary-specific enhancer located 3' to the Dll transcription unit. (O'Hara et al., 1993) Null alleles are recessive embryonic lethals, with dominant developmental defects of distal appendages. Lethal embryos lack certain sensilla, including Keilin's organs and antennal, maxillary, labial and labral sense organs, all of which are thought to correspond to vestiges of the distal sensilla of rudimentary larval appendages. No other embryonic sensilla are affected, nor are the neurons innervating the rudimentary appendages detectably abnormal. In homozygous-viable or pharate-adult-lethal hypomorphic alleles defects are found in all appendages represented by the above larval structures. Heterozygotes for lethal alleles are characterized by transformations of distal antennal segments (i.e., AII, AIII and arista) to mesothoracic leg and by variable loss of distal leg segments, depending on severity of allele. Transformation in the case of Dll1 sensitive to low-temperature pulses throughout larval development, whereas the TSP for leg truncation is at end of the third larval instar. Clones of homozygous Dll- cells incapable of contributing to any but the coxal segment of the legs and for the most part, the first antennal segment; in the relatively infrequent cases, in which Dll- clones involve distal antennal segments, Dll- portions, which always include at least the arista, are absent and Dll+ portions develop normally indicating cellular autonomy. (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992) A minimal cis-regulatory enhancer element, Dll-304, directs Dll expression in larval leg primordia. Bithorax complex proteins repress Dll expression in abdominal segments by binding to a small number of specific sites in the element, and mutating the sites eliminates binding of bithorax complex proteins and renders the element insensitive to their regulation. (Vachon et al., 1992) Limb development depends specifically on Dll gene activity. (Cohen et al., 1991) disco expression in limb primordia is Dll-dependent. (Cohen et al., 1991) Homeotic gene activity programs primordia as either discs or histoblast nests by the early extended germ band stage. (Simcox et al., 1991) Dll plays an important part in specifying proximo-distal positional information. (Cohen, 1990) Dll acts as a developmental switch that is required to promote the development of limb structures. (Cohen et al., 1989) Dll activity is required for the distal domains of the adult limbs: legs, labial palps, maxillary palps, antennae and clypeolabrum. (Cohen and Jurgens, 1989) Dll is one of the 18 loci identified in a screen for dominant modifiers of Pc and/or Antp phenotypes. Alleles of Pc, Pcl, Scm, Dll, brm, kto, Scr and trx show clear dominant enhancement or suppression of AntpScx, whereas alleles of vtd, Vha55, Su(Pc)37D, urd, mor, skd and osa do not. (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_079133 NM_166689 NM_001144287 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_523857 NP_726486 NP_001137759 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AAB24059 AAF47279 AAF47280 AAM29375 ACL83212 AI258548 AQ025585 AY113370 AY863775 AY863776 AY863777 AY863778 AY863779 AY863780 AY863781 AY863782 AY863783 AY863784 AY863785 AY863786 AY863787 AY863788 AY863789 AY863790 AY863791 AY863792 AY863793 AY863794 AY863795 L02539 S47947 S47948 Z50267 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 37973 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • P20009
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Homeobox, conserved site (IPR017970) Helix-turn-helix motif, lambda-like repressor (IPR000047) Homeobox (IPR001356) Homeodomain-like (IPR009057) Homeodomain-related (IPR012287) Homeobox, eukaryotic (IPR020479)
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 63542 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0000157 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0000157 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0000157 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG3629-RB;CG3629-RB;CG3629-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0000157 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 37973 InParanoid A subset of ortholog calls from InParanoid. • AAEL001780-PA Aedes aegypti (mosquito) AGAP007058-PA Anopheles gambiae (mosquito) XP_001122433.1 Apis mellifera (honey bee) 120805 Branchiostoma floridae (lancelet) 263333 Branchiostoma floridae (lancelet) BGIBMGA010810-PA Bombyx mori (silk worm) ENSBTAP00000044029 Bos taurus (bovine) CN03223 Caenorhabditis brenneri (small nematode) CBP10854 Caenorhabditis briggsae (nematode) ENSCAFP00000031627 Canis familiaris (dog) ENSCINP00000014584 Ciona intestinalis (sea squirt) JA18496 Caenorhabditis japonica (nematode) CPIJ004950 Culex pipens (mosquito) ENSCPOP00000019478 Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) RP15743 Caenorhabditis remanei (nematode) ENSCSAVP00000004951 Ciona savignyi (sedentary tunicate) 74740 Capitella spl (polychaete worm) ENSDARP00000021032 Danio rerio (zebra fish) ENSECAP00000012575 Equus caballus (horse) ENSGACP00000013056 Gymnopilus aculeatus (mushroom) ENSGALP00000015233 Gallus gallus (chicken) ENSP00000234198 Homo sapiens (human) ENSMODP00000011090 Monodelphis domestica (gray opossum) ENSMMUP00000023156 Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) ENSMUSP00000024159 Mus musculus (house mouse) 127891 Nematostella vectensis (starlet anemone) XP_001601872.1 Nasonia vitripennis (wasp) ENSOANP00000013673 Ornithorynchus anatinus (platypus) ENSORLP00000005152 Oryzias latipes (japanese killifish) PHUM001422-PA Pediculus humanus (human body louse) ENSPPYP00000014439 Pongo pygmaeus (orangutan) 820741 Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) 822005 Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) ENSPTRP00000015940 Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) ENSRNOP00000002076 Rattus norvegicus (norway rat) XP_782745.1 Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (purple sea urchin) NP_001034528.1 Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) ENSTNIP00000015832 Tetraodon nigroviridis (green spotted pufferfish) ENSTRUP00000019188 Takifugu rubripes (pufferfish Takifugu) Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution • /gene/distal.htm InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 37973 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0000157 OrthoDB (Arthropod subset) The hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs. • PB14078 NV12885 LH22094 LH22095 ISCW020504 FBgn0232053 FBgn0223660 FBgn0208410 FBgn0183640 FBgn0166845 JGI_V11_9287 FBgn0077581 FBgn0154383 FBgn0142771 FBgn0130936 FBgn0127826 FBgn0115167 FBgn0090375 CPIJ004950 CPIJ004948 CPIJ004949 ACYPI36102 GB14516 AGAP007058 AAEL001780 AAEL001776 PHUM031280 GLEAN_09351 REDfly - A database of transcriptional regulatory elements. • FBgn0000157
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 20 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	2.7 (Gibson et al., 1999) Art   Ba (Fauvarque et al., 1995, Gindhart and Kaufman, 1995, Lindsley and Zimm, 1992, Kennison, 1993, Kennison and Tamkun, 1988, Sunkel and Whittle, 1987, ) BcDNA:LP01770   CG3629 (Hansen et al., 2009, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009) dl (Halfon and Arnosti, 2007) Dll (Pearson et al., 2005, Fortier et al., 2006, Noro and Mann, 2007, Estella et al., 2007, McKay and Mann, 2007, Matakatsu and Blair, 2006, Mosimann et al., 2006, Koelzer and Klein, 2006, Rives et al., 2006, Baena-Lopez and Garcia-Bellido, 2006, Fang et al., 2006, Franch-Marro et al., 2006, Culi et al., 2006, Bolinger and Boekhoff-Falk, 2005, Hufnagel et al., 2006, Joulia et al., 2006, Luque and Milan, 2007, Galindo et al., 2007, Duong et al., 2008, Gim et al., 2001, Yoshioka et al., 2007, Roy et al., 2007, Thomas and van Meyel, 2007, Seto and Bellen, 2006, Hueber et al., 2007, Hirose et al., 2001, Bhambhani et al., 2008, Wu et al., 2008, Hayward et al., 2005, Reig et al., 2007, Christensen et al., 2008.9.3, Christensen et al., 2008.9.3, Christensen et al., 2008.9.3, Macdonald and Long, 2005, Ayala-Camargo et al., 2007, Taghli-Lamallem et al., 2008, Guan et al., 2007, Zecca and Struhl, 2007, Nekrasov et al., 2007, Katanaev et al., 2008, Herranz et al., 2008, Loncle et al., 2007, Estella et al., 2008, Wu et al., 2008, Gallet et al., 2008, Emmons et al., 2007, Patel et al., 2007, Estella and Mann, 2008, Lebreton et al., 2008, Nusinow et al., 2008, Baig-Lewis et al., 2007, Inoue and Hayashi, 2007, Merabet et al., 2007, Rusten et al., 2006, Kim et al., 2008, Zeng et al., 2008, Pueyo and Couso, 2008, Piddini and Vincent, 2009, Oktaba et al., 2008, McKay et al., 2009, Eid et al., 2008, Lee, 2001, Punzo et al., 2004, Fang et al., 2009, Dworkin et al., 2009, Christensen et al., 2009.7.22, Hansen et al., 2009, Grimm et al., 2009, Liu et al., 2009, Glavic et al., 2009, Kennell et al., 2008, Mieszczanek et al., 2008, Gambetta et al., 2009, Gambetta et al., 2009, Li et al., 2007, Jaiswal et al., 2006, Pereira et al., 2006, Akimoto et al., 2005, Brás-Pereira and Casares, 2008, Grad et al., 2004, Varelas et al., 2010, Papadopoulos et al., 2010, Hermle et al., 2010, Lemons et al., 2010, Mukai et al., 2010, Tajiri et al., 2010, Kleinschmit et al., 2010, Jung et al., 2010, Roy et al., 2011, Song et al., 2010, Dworkin et al., 2011, Ahn et al., 2011, Cunha et al., 2010) dll (Taghli-Lamallem et al., 2005, DeSousa et al., 2003, Baeg and Perrimon, 2000, Fitzpatrick et al., 2003, Nybakken and Perrimon, 2002, Popovici et al., 2001, Park et al., 1999, Zuckerkandl, 1999, Tautz and Schmid, 1998, Sagerstrom, 1997, Zeller and Duboule, 1997, Negeri et al., 2005, Kreuger et al., 2004, Ebacher et al., 2007, Ayyub et al., 2005, Belenkaya et al., 2008, Barrio et al., 2007, Zeng et al., 2008, Morante and Desplan, 2008, Franch-Marro et al., 2008, Yan et al., 2009, Zhang et al., 2009, Mohan et al., 2010, Yan et al., 2009, Bosch et al., 2010, Morante et al., 2011, The modENCODE Consortium, 2010, The modENCODE Consortium, 2010) DLL (modENCODE Consortium et al., 2010) E(Arp)   En(Arp) (Adler et al., 1989) l(2)387   l(2)01092 (Ashburner et al., 1999.10.12, Beaton, 1997.12.27, )
Name Synonym	Brista (Sunkel and Whittle, 1987, ) Distal-less (Schwartz and Pirrotta, 2007, Yasunaga et al., 2006, Vachon, 1992.11.23, Fortier et al., 2006, Bhambhani et al., 2007, Pueschel and Boekhoff-Falk, 2006, Bolinger and Boekhoff-Falk, 2005, Monier et al., 2007, Ebacher et al., 2007, Hufnagel et al., 2006, Duong et al., 2008, Gim et al., 2001, Yoshioka et al., 2007, Roy et al., 2007, Hueber et al., 2007, Hirose et al., 2001, Reig et al., 2007, Taghli-Lamallem et al., 2008, Emmons et al., 2007, Patel et al., 2007, Baig-Lewis et al., 2007, Kim et al., 2008, Lee, 2001, Widmann and Dahmann, 2009, Fang et al., 2009, Gambetta et al., 2009, Rehmsmeier et al., 2004, Li et al., 2007, Pereira et al., 2006, Akimoto et al., 2005, Lemons et al., 2010, Mukai et al., 2010, Kleinschmit et al., 2010, Jung et al., 2010, Morante et al., 2011, Song et al., 2010, Uhl et al., 2010) Distalless (Carrera et al., 2003, Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 2000, Marsh and Theisen, 1999, Noro and Mann, 2007, Estella et al., 2007, McKay and Mann, 2007, Strutt et al., 2006, Maitra et al., 2006, Luque and Milan, 2007, Thomas and van Meyel, 2007, Hayward et al., 2005, Guan et al., 2007, Katanaev et al., 2008, Herranz et al., 2008, Estella et al., 2008, Estella and Mann, 2008, Rusten et al., 2006, McKay et al., 2009, Jaiswal et al., 2006, Glavic et al., 2009, Papadopoulos et al., 2010, Hermle et al., 2010, Tajiri et al., 2010, Ahn et al., 2011) distal-less (Kennell and Cadigan, 2007, Kennell and Cadigan, 2008, Morante and Desplan, 2008, Zimmerman et al., 2010, Sharma et al., 2011) distalless (Ayyub et al., 2005, Belenkaya et al., 2008, Franch-Marro et al., 2008, Zhang et al., 2009, Eivers et al., 2009, Mohan et al., 2010, Terriente-Félix et al., 2010) Distall-less (Nekrasov et al., 2007, Oktaba et al., 2008) Enhancer of Arp
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBgn0010474 FBgn0026807 FBgn0063133
References ( 532 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 532 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 314 ) Supplementary material  ( 9 ) Review  ( 94 ) Erratum  ( 1 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 15 ) Abstract  ( 78 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 2 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 1 ) Conference report  ( 4 ) Book  ( 1 ) Stock list  ( 1 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 2 ) Letter  ( 5 ) Computer file  ( 2 ) Protein sequence record  ( 1 ) Automatic genome annotation  ( 1 ) Thesis  ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 22 )
	Ahn et al., 2011, Dev. Biol. 355(2): 336--348 Segment-specific regulation of the Drosophila AP-2 gene during leg and antennal development. [FBrf0213960] Dworkin et al., 2011, Genetics 187(4): 1171--1184 The effects of weak genetic perturbations on the transcriptome of the wing imaginal disc and its association with wing shape in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0214376] Morante et al., 2011, Development 138(4): 687--693 Cell migration in Drosophila optic lobe neurons is controlled by eyeless/Pax6. [FBrf0212874] Roy et al., 2011, Mol. Genet. Genomics 285(2): 113--123 Lack of the Drosophila BEAF insulator proteins alters regulation of genes in the Antennapedia complex. [FBrf0212912] Sharma et al., 2011, Chemosphere 82(3): 370--376 Transcriptome analysis provides insights for understanding the adverse effects of endosulfan in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0212610] Bosch et al., 2010, Int. J. Dev. Biol. 54(8-9): 1241--1250 Leg regeneration in Drosophila abridges the normal developmental program. [FBrf0211809] Cunha et al., 2010, PLoS Genet. 6: e1001014 Combinatorial binding leads to diverse regulatory responses: Lmd is a tissue-specific modulator of Mef2 activity. [FBrf0211225] Duncan et al., 2010, Dev. Biol. 347(1): 82--91 Control of the spineless antennal enhancer: Direct repression of antennal target genes by Antennapedia. [FBrf0211931] Hermle et al., 2010, Curr. Biol. 20(14): 1269--1276 Regulation of Frizzled-Dependent Planar Polarity Signaling by a V-ATPase Subunit. [FBrf0211335] Jung et al., 2010, Genomics 96(3): 154--166 Identification of conserved Drosophila-specific euchromatin-restricted non-coding sequence motifs. [FBrf0211521] Kleinschmit et al., 2010, Dev. Biol. 345(2): 204--214 Drosophila heparan sulfate 6-O endosulfatase regulates Wingless morphogen gradient formation. [FBrf0211640] Lemons et al., 2010, Dev. Biol. 344(1): 358--362 Co-option of an anteroposterior head axis patterning system for proximodistal patterning of appendages in early bilaterian evolution. [FBrf0211346] modENCODE Consortium et al., 2010, Science 330(6012): 1787--1797 Identification of functional elements and regulatory circuits by Drosophila modENCODE. [FBrf0212741] Mohan et al., 2010, Genes Dev. 24(6): 574--589 Linking H3K79 trimethylation to Wnt signaling through a novel Dot1-containing complex (DotCom). [FBrf0210203] Mukai et al., 2010, EMBO J. 29(13): 2114--2125 Balanced ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation of Frizzled regulate cellular responsiveness to Wg/Wnt. [FBrf0211204] Papadopoulos et al., 2010, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107(9): 4087--4092 Function and specificity of synthetic Hox transcription factors in vivo. [FBrf0210157] Song et al., 2010, Genes Dev. 24(9): 881--886 Coop functions as a corepressor of Pangolin and antagonizes Wingless signaling. [FBrf0213249] Tajiri et al., 2010, Development 137(12): 2055--2063 Dynamic shape changes of ECM-producing cells drive morphogenesis of ball-and-socket joints in the fly leg. [FBrf0210874] Terriente-Félix et al., 2010, Genetics 185(2): 671--684 Identification of genes affecting wing patterning through a loss-of-function mutagenesis screen and characterization of med15 function during wing development. [FBrf0211230] Uhl et al., 2010, Dev. Biol. 343(1-2): 154--166 Comparing anterior and posterior Hox complex formation reveals guidelines for predicting cis-regulatory elements. [FBrf0214949] Varelas et al., 2010, Dev. Cell 18(4): 579--591 The Hippo pathway regulates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. [FBrf0210631] Zimmerman et al., 2010, Dev. Biol. 340(1): 54--66 Apical constriction and invagination downstream of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway require Rho1 and Myosin II. [FBrf0210185] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2010 Show reviews ...