FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\brm
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\brm
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
brahma
Annotation Symbol
CG5942
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0000212
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
19 publicly available
Gene Summary
brahma (brm) encodes the ATPase subunit of the Brahma chromatin-remodeling complex, which is involved in transcription regulation. It regulates Egfr signalling, stem cell proliferation, and innate immune response. It contributes to multiple processes including neurogenesis, muscle development, phagocytosis, His3-K27 acetylation and leg and wing morphogenesis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

l(3)72Aa, dBRM

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
72C1-72C1
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-43
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:15970082..15982869
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (37 terms)
Molecular Function (11 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables DNA-binding transcription factor binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:P30052
(Jin et al., 2013)
enables histone reader activity
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:His3; FB:FBgn0001199,FLYBASE:nej; FB:FBgn0261617
(Tie et al., 2012)
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:mor; FB:FBgn0002783
(Kal et al., 2000)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q7KTS4
(Koe et al., 2014)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VQ56
(Koe et al., 2014)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:CycE; FB:FBgn0010382
(Brumby et al., 2002)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Snr1; FB:FBgn0011715
(Brumby et al., 2002)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9V464
(Moshkin et al., 2002)
enables transcription coactivator binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q45VV3
(Jin et al., 2013)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ATP binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000330, InterPro:IPR014978
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables ATP hydrolysis activity
non-traceable author statement
(Tilly et al., 2021)
enables ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P51532
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
enables chromatin binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004198564
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables DNA binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004198564
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables histone binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR029295
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables nucleosome array spacer activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004198564
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (22 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (18 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in axonogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Grueber et al., 2007)
involved_in cell dedifferentiation
inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VQ56
(Koe et al., 2014)
involved_in chromatin remodeling
inferred from direct assay
(Armstrong et al., 2002)
involved_in dendrite guidance
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Tea and Luo, 2011)
involved_in dendrite morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Grueber et al., 2007)
involved_in imaginal disc-derived wing margin morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Terriente-Félix and de Celis, 2009)
involved_in imaginal disc-derived wing vein morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Terriente-Félix and de Celis, 2009)
involved_in imaginal disc-derived wing vein specification
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Marenda et al., 2004)
involved_in intestinal stem cell homeostasis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Jin et al., 2013)
involved_in negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:CycE; FB:FBgn0010382
(Brumby et al., 2002)
involved_in negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Koe et al., 2014)
inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VNC2
(Koe et al., 2014)
inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VQ56
(Koe et al., 2014)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:numb; FB:FBgn0002973
(Janssens et al., 2014)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:brat; FB:FBgn0010300
(Janssens et al., 2014)
involved_in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription
inferred from direct assay
(Armstrong et al., 2002)
involved_in positive regulation of stem cell proliferation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Jin et al., 2013)
involved_in regulation of innate immune response
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bonnay et al., 2014)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Rel; FB:FBgn0014018
(Bonnay et al., 2014)
involved_in regulation of neuroblast proliferation
inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:Q8MQJ9
(Janssens et al., 2014)
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bonnay et al., 2014)
involved_in transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Tie et al., 2012)
involved_in ventral cord development
inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype
(Bivik et al., 2015)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in chromatin remodeling
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000005816
(Dingwall et al., 1995)
involved_in hemocyte proliferation
traceable author statement
(Evans et al., 2003)
involved_in heterochromatin formation
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004198564
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000005816
(Dingwall et al., 1995)
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004198564
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in regulation of DNA-templated transcription
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR014978
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of brahma complex
inferred from direct assay
(Barish et al., 2020, Chalkley et al., 2008, Mohrmann et al., 2004, Kal et al., 2000)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Mohrmann et al., 2004, Armstrong et al., 2002)
located_in polytene chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Collins et al., 1999)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in chromatin
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001649185
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001649185
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in nucleus
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR014978
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
ATP hydrolysis activity
RHEA 13065:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
brahma (brm) encodes the ATPase subunit of the Brahma chromatin-remodeling complex, which is involved in transcription regulation. It regulates Egfr signalling, stem cell proliferation, and innate immune response. It contributes to multiple processes including neurogenesis, muscle development, phagocytosis, His3-K27 acetylation and leg and wing morphogenesis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
BRAHMA ASSOCIATED PROTEINS COMPLEX -
The Brahma associated proteins (BAP) complex is an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex. (Adapted from FBrf0192510.)
POLYBROMO-CONTAINING BRAHMA ASSOCIATED PROTEINS COMPLEX -
Brahma (BRM) complexes are ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes. The Polybromo-containing Brahma associated proteins (PBAP) complex is distinguished by the presence of polybromo and Bap170 subunits. (Adapted from FBrf0192510.)
SNF2-LIKE CHROMATIN REMODELERS -
Snf2-like chromatin remodelers are a family of helicase-like proteins that direct energy derived from ATP hydrolysis into the mechanical remodelling of chromatin structure. They are so-called due to the presence of a domain homologous to the helicase-like ATPase domain of the S. cerevisiae Snf2 protein. This domain, the Snf2 domain, consists of two tandem RecA-like folds and contains seven conserved helicase-related sequence motifs that classify it as part of the helicase superfamily 2 (SF2). However, Snf2 proteins are not bona fide helicases, lacking the ability to separate nucleic acid strands. Instead, Snf2 proteins are DNA translocases that apply an ATP-dependent torsional strain to DNA, which provides the necessary force to remodel nucleosomes or in some cases other DNA-protein complexes. (Adapted from PMID:21862382.)
NON-CANONICAL BRAHMA ASSOCIATED PROTEINS COMPLEX -
Brahma (BRM) complexes are ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes. The non-canonical BAP (ncBAP) complex is distinguished by the presence of a Bicra subunit. (Adapted from FBrf0247407.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Transcriptional regulator (PubMed:1346755). Acts as a coactivator, assisting one or more dedicated transcriptional activators of ANTC and BXC homeotic gene clusters (PubMed:1346755). Can counteract the repressive effect of Polycomb protein (PubMed:1346755). ATPase subunit of the Brahma complex, a multiprotein complex which is the equivalent of the yeast SWI/SNF complex and acts by remodeling the chromatin by catalyzing an ATP-dependent alteration in the structure of nucleosomal DNA (PubMed:1346755). This complex can both serve as a transcriptional coactivator or corepressor, depending on the context (PubMed:10809665). In type II neuroblast lineage, as part of the Brm remodeling complex, suppresses the formation of ectopic neuroblasts probably through interaction with erm and HDAC3 (PubMed:24618901).
(UniProt, P25439)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
brm: brahma (J.A. Kennison)
Dominant suppressor of Pc and Pcl alleles. Recessive embryonic lethal with strong maternal contribution. Maternal effect lethality is non-rescuable even by two wildtype zygotic alleles. There is a single 5.5 kb mRNA present throughout development with the greatest amounts in the unfertilized egg and early embryo. brm1 isolated as a dominant suppressor of the antennal to leg transformation associated with a Pc2 AntpNs double heterozygote.
Summary (Interactive Fly)

transcription factor - SWI2/SNF2 homolog - overcomes the repressive effect of chromatin to activate gene transcription - fine-tunes circadian transcription - regulates the Hippo pathway activity through forming complex with Yorkie-Scalloped and regulating the transcription of Crumbs

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
6
Number of Unique Polypeptides
4

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\brm for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P25439)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Stop-codon suppression (UAG) postulated; FBrf0216884.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
brm-RA
FBtr0075525
NM_080498
5339
1638
brm-RB
FBtr0075526
NM_168641
5553
1638
brm-RC
FBtr0075523
NM_080497
5327
1634
brm-RD
FBtr0075524
NM_168640
5322
1634
brm-RE
FBtr0330160
NM_001274977
5339
1658
brm-RF
FBtr0333580
NM_001274978
5351
1642
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

5.5 (northern blot)

(Dingwall et al., 1995, Tamkun et al., 1992)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
brm-PA
FBpp0075280
185.1
1638
7.60
P25439
NP_536746
AAF49558
brm-PB
FBpp0075281
185.1
1638
7.60
P25439
NP_730089
AAF49557
brm-PC
FBpp0075278
184.6
1634
7.52
NP_536745
AAN11773
brm-PD
FBpp0075279
184.6
1634
7.52
NP_730088
AAN11774
brm-PE
FBpp0303193
187.1
1658
7.60
M9PFS6
NP_001261906
AGB94599
brm-PF
FBpp0305757
185.6
1642
7.52
M9PFM5
NP_001261907
AGB94600
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

1634 aa isoforms: brm-PC, brm-PD
1638 aa isoforms: brm-PA, brm-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

1638 (aa); 185 (kD)

(Tamkun et al., 1992)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of the Brahma complex, which is composed of brm, osa, mor, Snr1/Bap45, dalao/Bap111, Bap55, Bap60 and Act42A/Bap47 (PubMed:10601025, PubMed:10809665). Interacts with asf1 (PubMed:12381660). Associates with the brm-HDAC3-erm repressor complex, composed of brm, HDAC3 and erm (PubMed:24618901). Interacts with erm and HDAC3 (PubMed:24618901).

(UniProt, P25439)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\brm using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.89

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 4 -- 12
organism | ubiquitous | uniform
(Elfring et al., 1994)
embryonic stage 13 -- 17
larval central nervous system
(Elfring et al., 1994)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage -- pupal stage
(Dingwall et al., 1995)
embryonic stage 1 -- 15
organism | intense
(Elfring et al., 1994)
embryonic stage 16 -- third instar larval stage
organism | faint
(Elfring et al., 1994)
P-stage
organism
(Elfring et al., 1994)
adult stage | female
(Dingwall et al., 1995)
organism | faint
(Elfring et al., 1994)
oogenesis
oocyte
(Elfring et al., 1994)
unfertilized egg
(Dingwall et al., 1995)
Additional Descriptive Data

brm transcripts are expressed maximally in unfertilized eggs and early embryos, indicating maternal contributions. Levels drop steadily during embryogenesis with a dramatic drop at 16hrs. Low levels of brm transcripts are observed in larvae, pupae, and adult females. The temporal pattern of brm transcription is very similar to that of Snr1.

(Dingwall et al., 1995)

brm transcript levels are highest in unfertilized eggs and early embryos and are significantly lower in other stages of development.

(Tamkun et al., 1992)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
embryonic/larval salivary gland
• chromosome
(Collins et al., 1999)
third instar larval stage
leg disc
(Zraly et al., 2003)
wing disc
(Zraly et al., 2003)
larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC
(Kirilly et al., 2011)
prepupal stage P1 -- P4
larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC
(Kirilly et al., 2011)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
• membrane
(Aradska et al., 2015)
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 17
organism

Comment: 0-22 hr AEL

(Papoulas et al., 2001)
P-stage
organism
(Papoulas et al., 2001)
adult stage | female
organism
(Papoulas et al., 2001)
adult stage | male
organism
(Papoulas et al., 2001)
Additional Descriptive Data

Protein is localized along the entire length of all chromosomes.

(Kirilly et al., 2011, Collins et al., 1999)

brm protein is detected throughout the entire leg and wing disc of the developing larva.

(Zraly et al., 2003)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of brahma complex
inferred from direct assay
(Barish et al., 2020, Chalkley et al., 2008, Mohrmann et al., 2004, Kal et al., 2000)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Mohrmann et al., 2004, Armstrong et al., 2002)
located_in polytene chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Collins et al., 1999)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\brm in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 46 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 31 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of brm
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of brm
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 17 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal
lethal, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI
lethal, with Scer\GAL4insc-Mz1407
lethal, with Scer\GAL4neur-GAL4-A101
lethal | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL469B
lethal | male (with brm2)
lethal | male (with brm22D)
lethal | male (with Df(3L)th102)
lethal | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4neur-GAL4-A101
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die before end of P-stage | partially, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | recessive
lethal - all die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4repo.PU
lethal - all die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
viable
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal cell shape | recessive
abnormal immune response, with Scer\GAL4c564
abnormal mitotic cell cycle
abnormal neuroanatomy
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4insc-Mz1407
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4wor.PA
abnormal neuroanatomy | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4ppk.PU
abnormal neuroanatomy | recessive
abnormal size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
abnormal size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
abnormal size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PU
abnormal size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4nub.PK
decreased cell number | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4NP5130
decreased cell number | adult stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
decreased occurrence of cell division | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4NP5130
enhancer of variegation | dominant, with In(1)wm4
enhancer of variegation | dominant, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-5
enhancer of variegation | dominant, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-27
enhancer of variegation | dominant, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-31
enhancer of variegation | dominant, with P{wA}4-4
homeotic | dominant
increased cell death | somatic clone | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Act.PU
increased cell number | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4NP5130
increased cell number | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4wor.PA, Scer\GAL80ase.PN
increased occurrence of cell division | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4NP5130
melanotic mass phenotype, with Scer\GAL4SPARC-MI00329-GAL4
some die during embryonic stage | recessive
some die during pharate adult stage | partially, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible, with Df(3L)brm11, Scer\GAL4ey.PH
visible, with Scer\GAL469B
visible, with Scer\GAL4bi-omb-Gal4
visible, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
visible, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
visible, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
visible, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm2
visible, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm795
visible, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm963
visible, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm1630
visible, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm2419
visible, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm3244
visible, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm3369
visible, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brmK804R.UAS.Tag:HA
visible, with Scer\GAL4salm-459.2
visible, with Scer\GAL4vg.PM
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PU
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4nub.PK
visible | adult stage | dominant
visible | dominant
visible | dominant | homeotic
visible | recessive
visible | recessive | somatic clone
visible | somatic clone
wild-type
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
abdominal segment 6
abdominal tergite
adult abdominal segment 5 | ectopic
adult abdominal segment 6
adult antennal lobe projection neuron DL1 adPN
adult midgut epithelium | adult stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
apterous-expressing neuron of the lateral cluster of the thorax Ap4
axon
campaniform sensillum | ectopic, with Scer\GAL469B
capitellum
capitellum & macrochaeta
dendrite
dendritic arborizing neuron
dendritic tree | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4ppk.PU
embryonic/larval hemocyte
enteroblast, with Scer\GAL4NP5130
eo neuron | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4neur-GAL4-A101
eye, with Df(3L)brm11, Scer\GAL4ey.PH
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm2
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm795
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm963
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm1630
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm2419
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm3244
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm3369
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brmK804R.UAS.Tag:HA
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PU
eye | somatic clone
eye disc | somatic clone
fat body, with Scer\GAL4SPARC-MI00329-GAL4
ganglion mother cell | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4insc-Mz1407
haltere
humeral bristle
intestinal stem cell | adult stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
intestinal stem cell of posterior adult midgut epithelium, with Scer\GAL4NP5130
intestinal stem cell of posterior adult midgut epithelium | somatic clone
larval brain | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4wor.PA, Scer\GAL80ase.PN
larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4ppk.PU
larval neuroblast | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4insc-Mz1407
macrochaeta
macrochaeta & wing, with Scer\GAL469B
macrochaeta | ectopic
macrochaeta | ectopic, with Scer\GAL469B
mechanosensory chaeta, with Scer\GAL469B
mechanosensory chaeta & adult abdomen | somatic clone
mechanosensory chaeta & adult head | somatic clone
mechanosensory chaeta & adult thorax | somatic clone
melanotic mass, with Scer\GAL4SPARC-MI00329-GAL4
ommatidium, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
ommatidium, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm2
ommatidium, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brm3369
ommatidium, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH, brmK804R.UAS.Tag:HA
photoreceptor neuron | somatic clone
posterior crossvein, with Scer\GAL469B
posterior crossvein, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
prothoracic leg, with Scer\GAL469B
sensillum campaniformium & wing, with Scer\GAL469B
sex comb, with Scer\GAL469B
thecogen cell, with Scer\GAL4neur-GAL4-A101
tormogen cell, with Scer\GAL4neur-GAL4-A101
type II neuroblast | increased number, with Scer\GAL4wor.PA
type II neuroblast | increased number | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4wor.PA, Scer\GAL80ase.PN
wing
wing, with Scer\GAL469B
wing, with Scer\GAL4bi-omb-Gal4
wing, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
wing, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
wing, with Scer\GAL4vg.PM
wing blade, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
wing blade, with Scer\GAL4nub.PK
wing disc | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB
wing hair | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4salm-459.2
wing margin, with Scer\GAL4salm-459.2
wing margin bristle | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4bi-omb-Gal4
wing margin bristle | posterior | proximal, with Scer\GAL4vg.PM
wing pouch | somatic clone | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Act.PU
wing sensillum | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4bi-omb-Gal4
wing sensillum | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4salm-459.2
wing vein, with Scer\GAL469B
wing vein, with Scer\GAL4bi-omb-Gal4
wing vein, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
wing vein, with Scer\GAL4nub.PK
wing vein, with Scer\GAL4salm-459.2
wing vein L5, with Scer\GAL469B
wing vein L5, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
wing vein L5 | distal, with Scer\GAL469B
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (29)
Hsap\SMARCA2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
2  
Hsap\SMARCA4
12 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\ASH1L
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\BTAF1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\CHD1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\CHD1L
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\CHD2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\CHD3
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\CHD4
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\CHD5
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\CHD6
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\CHD7
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\CHD8
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\CHD9
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\EP400
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\ERCC6
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\ERCC6L2
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\ERCC6L
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\FSBP
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\HELLS
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PBRM1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\RAD54B
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\RAD54L2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\RAD54L
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SMARCA1
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\SMARCA5
1 of 14
No
No
3  
Hsap\SMARCAD1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SMARCAL1
1 of 14
No
No
13  
Hsap\ZRANB3
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (23)
Rnor\Smarca2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Smarca4
12 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Ash1l
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Btaf1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Chd1l
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Chd1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Chd2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Chd3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Chd4
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Chd5
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Chd6
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Chd7
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Chd8
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Chd9
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ep400
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ercc6l2
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Ercc6l
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Ercc6
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Hells
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Pbrm1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Smarca1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Smarca5
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Smarcad1
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (23)
Mmus\Smarca2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Smarca4
11 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Ash1l
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Btaf1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Chd1l
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Chd1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Chd2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Chd3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Chd4
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Chd5
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Chd6
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Chd7
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Chd8
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Chd9
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ep400
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ercc6l2
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Ercc6l
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Ercc6
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Hells
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Pbrm1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Smarca1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Smarca5
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Smarcad1
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (20)
Xtro\smarca2
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\smarca4
10 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\chd1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\chd2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\chd3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\chd6
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\chd7
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\chd8
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\chd9
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\ep400
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\ercc6l2
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\ercc6l
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\ercc6
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\hells
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\LOC100145162
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\rad54b
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\rad54l2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\rad54l
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\smarcad1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\smarcal1
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (28)
Drer\smarca2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\smarca4a
12 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\LOC100535713
11 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\LOC100001344
4 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\ash1l
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\btaf1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\chd1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\chd1l
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\chd2
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\chd3
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\chd4a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\chd4b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\chd5
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\chd6
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\chd7
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\chd8
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\chd9
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ercc6
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\ercc6l2
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\ercc6l
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\hells
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\pbrm1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\pbrm1l
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\smarca1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\smarca5
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\smarcad1a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\smarcad1b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\smarcal1
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (18)
Cele\swsn-4
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\pqn-15
7 of 14
No
Yes
Cele\bet-2
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\btf-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\C52B9.8
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\chd-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\chd-3
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\chd-7
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\csb-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\F53H4.6
1 of 14
No
Yes
Cele\isw-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\let-418
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\M03C11.8
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\pbrm-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\rad-54.B
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\rad-54.L
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\smrc-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\ssl-1
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (12)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010462
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001099
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001820
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006945
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008426
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008482
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008698
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008748
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009980
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010699
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010700
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012009
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (21)
Atha\ATCHR12
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\CHR23
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\SYD
6 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\BRM
4 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\ASG3
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT5G07810
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\ATRX
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\CHR1
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\CHR4
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\CHR5
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\CHR8
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\CHR11
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\CHR17
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\CHR18
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\CHR24
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\ETL1
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\PKL
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\PKR2
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\RAD54
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\RGD3
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\SWI2
1 of 13
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (14)
Scer\STH1
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\SNF2
10 of 13
No
Yes
Scer\CHD1
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\FUN30
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\INO80
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\IRC5
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\ISW1
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\ISW2
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\MOT1
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\RAD26
1 of 13
No
Yes
Scer\RAD54
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\RDH54
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\RSC1
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\RSC2
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (12)
Spom\snf21
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\snf22
11 of 12
No
Yes
Spom\fft1
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\fft2
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\fft3
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\hrp1
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\hrp3
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\mit1
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\mot1
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\rhp26
1 of 12
No
Yes
Spom\rsc1
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\rsc4
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (1)
Ecol\rapA
1 of 11
Yes
No
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:brm. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (17)
Etl1
4 of 13
Hel89B
4 of 13
Iswi
4 of 13
Chd1
3 of 13
Chd3
3 of 13
kis
3 of 13
Mi-2
3 of 13
okr
3 of 13
CG4049
2 of 13
CG10445
2 of 13
dom
2 of 13
Ino80
2 of 13
lds
2 of 13
Marcal1
2 of 13
XNP
2 of 13
CG7376
1 of 13
polybromo
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 4 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
brmK804R.UAS.Tag:HA
ameliorates  cancer
modeled by dlg1HMS01954
(Bunker et al., 2015)
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
SMARCA2; SWI/SNF related BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit ATPase 2
14 of 14
SWI/SNF-RELATED, MATRIX-ASSOCIATED, ACTIN-DEPENDENT REGULATOR OF CHROMATIN, SUBFAMILY A, MEMBER 2; SMARCA2
 
SMARCA4; SWI/SNF related BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit ATPase 4
12 of 14
603254
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Interaction Browsers
View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
protein-protein
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
brm - Act42A
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving, molecular weight estimation by staining, pull down, edman degradation, protein cross-linking with a bifunctional reagent, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Mashtalir et al., 2018, Mohrmann et al., 2004, Kal et al., 2000, Papoulas et al., 1998)
brm - Act5C
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving, molecular weight estimation by staining, pull down, edman degradation, peptide massfingerprinting, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Tilly et al., 2021, Hong and Choi, 2016, Mohrmann et al., 2004, Kal et al., 2000, Collins et al., 1999, Papoulas et al., 1998)
brm - BCL7-like
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Tilly et al., 2021)
brm - Bap111
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, protein cross-linking with a bifunctional reagent, Identification by mass spectrometry, molecular weight estimation by staining, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving, pull down
(Tilly et al., 2021, Mashtalir et al., 2018, Mohrmann et al., 2004, Armstrong et al., 2002, Kal et al., 2000, Collins et al., 1999, Papoulas et al., 1998)
brm - Bap170
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, western blot, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving, molecular weight estimation by staining, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Tilly et al., 2021, Chalkley et al., 2008, Mohrmann et al., 2004, Kal et al., 2000)
brm - Bap26
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving, molecular weight estimation by staining
(Kal et al., 2000)
brm - Bap55
pull down, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving, edman degradation, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, experimental knowledge based, western blot, molecular weight estimation by staining, protein cross-linking with a bifunctional reagent, peptide massfingerprinting
(Tilly et al., 2021, Mashtalir et al., 2018, Hong and Choi, 2016, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Mohrmann et al., 2004, Armstrong et al., 2002, Kal et al., 2000, Collins et al., 1999, Papoulas et al., 1998)
brm - Bap60
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, Identification by mass spectrometry, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, protein cross-linking with a bifunctional reagent, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving, molecular weight estimation by staining, pull down, edman degradation, experimental knowledge based
(Tilly et al., 2021, Barish et al., 2020, Kuhn et al., 2019, Mashtalir et al., 2018, Nakayama et al., 2012, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Mohrmann et al., 2004, Kal et al., 2000, Collins et al., 1999, Papoulas et al., 1998)
brm - Bicra
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation
(Tilly et al., 2021, Barish et al., 2020)
brm - Brd7-9
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, protein cross-linking with a bifunctional reagent, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation
(Tilly et al., 2021, Barish et al., 2020, Mashtalir et al., 2018)
brm - CG10555
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Tilly et al., 2021)
brm - Cdk8
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - Clk
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, western blot, anti tag western blot
(Kwok et al., 2015, Kwok et al., 2015)
brm - Cpsf6
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, experimental knowledge based, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Yu et al., 2018, Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - Dsor1
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
(Friedman et al., 2011)
brm - EcR
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, proximity-dependent biotin identification, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Mazina et al., 2020)
brm - Elys
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
(Kuhn et al., 2019)
brm - Gtpbp2
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - HDAC3
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
(Koe et al., 2014)
brm - His3
pull down, western blot, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti tag western blot
(Regadas et al., 2021, Tie et al., 2012)
brm - Hsc70-4
pull down, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving, edman degradation
(Papoulas et al., 1998)
brm - Larp4B
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - Lasp
two hybrid
(Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
brm - Lkb1
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Vinayagam et al., 2016)
brm - MED11
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - MED14
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - MED15
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - MED17
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - MED18
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - MED23
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - MED24
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - MED27
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - MED30
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - MED4
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - MED6
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - MED8
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - Myc
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
(Secombe et al., 2007)
brm - Polr2A
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
(Hong and Choi, 2016)
brm - Psi
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - Ptip
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - S6kII
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Vinayagam et al., 2016)
brm - Sec13
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
(Kuhn et al., 2019)
brm - Snr1
pull down, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving, peptide massfingerprinting, western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, molecular weight estimation by staining, coimmunoprecipitation, experimental knowledge based, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Tilly et al., 2021, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Mohrmann et al., 2004, Zraly et al., 2004, Marenda et al., 2003, Kal et al., 2000, Collins et al., 1999, Papoulas et al., 1998, Dingwall et al., 1995)
brm - Tctp
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, two hybrid, pull down, western blot
(Hong and Choi, 2016)
brm - Trl
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
(Nakayama et al., 2012)
brm - Tsc1
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Vinayagam et al., 2016)
brm - Ubx
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, proximity-dependent biotin identification, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Carnesecchi et al., 2020)
brm - Usp10
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - Utx
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, molecular sieving
(Tie et al., 2012)
brm - asf1
pull down, western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation
(Moshkin et al., 2002)
brm - d4
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation
(Tilly et al., 2021, Barish et al., 2020)
brm - dsh
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - e(y)3
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation
(Tilly et al., 2021, Vorobyeva et al., 2009, Chalkley et al., 2008)
brm - ebi
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - enc
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
brm - erm
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, pull down
(Koe et al., 2014)
brm - foxo
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Vinayagam et al., 2016)
brm - geminin
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
(Herr et al., 2010)
brm - gig
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Vinayagam et al., 2016)
brm - mael
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
(Onishi et al., 2020)
brm - mle
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
(Nikolenko et al., 2021)
brm - mor
far western blotting, autoradiography, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, pull down, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving, peptide massfingerprinting, protein cross-linking with a bifunctional reagent, western blot, molecular weight estimation by staining, anti tag western blot, experimental knowledge based
(Tilly et al., 2021, Mashtalir et al., 2018, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Chalkley et al., 2008, Mohrmann et al., 2004, Kal et al., 2000, Collins et al., 1999, Crosby et al., 1999, Papoulas et al., 1998)
brm - nej
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, pull down, anti tag western blot, molecular sieving
(Tie et al., 2012)
brm - osa
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving, western blot, experimental knowledge based, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Tilly et al., 2021, Nakayama et al., 2012, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Chalkley et al., 2008, Mohrmann et al., 2004, Kal et al., 2000, Collins et al., 1999)
brm - p400
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving, molecular weight estimation by staining
(Kal et al., 2000)
brm - piwi
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Onishi et al., 2020)
brm - polybromo
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, peptide massfingerprinting, Identification by mass spectrometry, ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieving
(Tilly et al., 2021, Kuhn et al., 2019, Nakayama et al., 2012, Chalkley et al., 2008, Mohrmann et al., 2004)
brm - psq
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
(Chetverina et al., 2022)
brm - rictor
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Vinayagam et al., 2016)
brm - sd
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, anti tag western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation
(Zhu et al., 2015, Jin et al., 2013)
brm - sima
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Vinayagam et al., 2016)
brm - su(Hw)
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, full identification by DNA sequencing
(Vorobyeva et al., 2021, Matzat et al., 2013)
brm - tim
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, western blot
(Kwok et al., 2015)
brm - tth
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Tilly et al., 2021)
brm - yki
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
(Zhu et al., 2015, Jin et al., 2013, Oh et al., 2013)
brm - z
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, autoradiography
(Kal et al., 2000)
RNA-protein
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
brm - Cp190
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, full identification by DNA sequencing
(Matzat et al., 2013)
brm - shep
electrophoretic mobility shift assay, autoradiography
(Chen et al., 2019)
brm - su(Hw)
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, full identification by DNA sequencing
(Vorobyeva et al., 2021, Matzat et al., 2013)
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers
View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
brm
suppressible
a
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
ac
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Agps
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
AhcyL1
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
aop
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Apc2
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Argk1
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
enhanceable
asf1
(Moshkin et al., 2002)
trx|brm
enhanceable
Asx
(Gildea et al., 2000)
brm|trx
enhanceable
Bap60
(Möller et al., 2005)
brm
enhanceable
Bap60
(Möller et al., 2005)
brm
suppressible
Bap111
(Papoulas et al., 2001)
brm
suppressible
BicC
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
bnl
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
bowl
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Bub1
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
CanA1
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
CG3662
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
CG4945
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
CG4968
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
CG6805
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
CG7409
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
CG9386
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
CG9586
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
CG10348
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
CG11593
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
CG15803
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
CG17010
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
CG17637
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
CG40006
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
CG41378
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
enhanceable
CtBP
(Bi et al., 2022)
brm
suppressible
cyst
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Dab
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
enhanceable
Delta
(Armstrong et al., 2005)
brm
suppressible
dlp
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Dlst
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
trx|brm
suppressible
dom
(Ruhf et al., 2001)
brm
suppressible
dom
(Ruhf et al., 2001)
brm
suppressible
dpn
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
dpp
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
trx|brm
enhanceable
E(Pc)
(Gildea et al., 2000)
trx|brm
enhanceable
E(z)
(Gildea et al., 2000)
trx|brm
suppressible
esc
(Gildea et al., 2000)
brm
suppressible
Fs
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
gbb
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
GluRIIB
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
gsb-n
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Hex-A
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Hsp27
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
enhanceable
htt
(Dietz et al., 2015)
brm
suppressible
Invadolysin
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
trx|brm
enhanceable
JIL-1
(Zhang et al., 2003)
brm
suppressible
kay
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
trx|brm
enhanceable
Kdm5
(Gildea et al., 2000)
brm
suppressible
Klf15
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
kst
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
trx|brm
enhanceable
lawc
(Zorin et al., 1999)
brm
suppressible
lin-28
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
LpR1
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
enhanceable
Marcal1
(Morimoto et al., 2016)
trx|brm
enhanceable
mod(mdg4)
(Gerasimova and Corces, 1998)
brm
enhanceable
mor
(Armstrong et al., 2005)
brm
suppressible
mura
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
trx|brm
suppressible
mxc
(Gildea et al., 2000)
brm
enhanceable
N
(Armstrong et al., 2005)
brm
suppressible
NetB
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
ninaD
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Nrg
(Zhang et al., 2014)
brm
suppressible
nuf
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
enhanceable
osa
(Gutierrez et al., 2003, Collins et al., 1999)
brm
suppressible
par-6
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
trx|brm
suppressible
Pc
(Gildea et al., 2000)
trx|brm
suppressible
Pcl
(Gildea et al., 2000)
brm
suppressible
Pgant9
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
trx|brm
suppressible
ph-d
(Gildea et al., 2000)
trx|brm
suppressible
pho
(Gildea et al., 2000)
brm
suppressible
Pkc98E
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
enhanceable
Polr2A
(Armstrong et al., 2005)
brm
enhanceable
Polr2B
(Armstrong et al., 2005)
brm
enhanceable
pont
(Diop et al., 2008)
trx|brm
enhanceable
Psc
(Gildea et al., 2000)
brm
suppressible
ptc
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
pyd
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Rab27
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
rept
(Diop et al., 2008)
brm
suppressible
Rip11
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
RpS5b
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
trx|brm
suppressible
Sams
(Gildea et al., 2000)
trx|brm
enhanceable
Sce
(Gildea et al., 2000)
brm
suppressible
Sdc
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
sdt
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Sik2
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Sin1
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
sli
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
enhanceable
Snr1
(Armstrong et al., 2005)
brm
suppressible
Snr1
(Marenda et al., 2004)
rho|brm
suppressible
Snr1
(Marenda et al., 2004)
brm
suppressible
sob
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Sod2
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Sox14
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Spn43Ab
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Spn88Ea
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
stj
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
sty
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
trx|brm
enhanceable
Su(z)2
(Gildea et al., 2000)
trx|brm
enhanceable
Su(z)4
(Gildea et al., 2000)
trx|brm
enhanceable
Su(z)6
(Gildea et al., 2000)
trx|brm
enhanceable
Su(z)7
(Gildea et al., 2000)
trx|brm
suppressible
sxc
(Gildea et al., 2000)
brm|trx
enhanceable
sxc
(Gildea et al., 2000)
brm
enhanceable
tara
(Gutierrez et al., 2003)
brm
enhanceable
tara|tna
(Gutierrez et al., 2003)
brm
suppressible
Tm2
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
enhanceable
tna
(Gutierrez et al., 2003)
brm
enhanceable
tna|tara
(Gutierrez et al., 2003)
trx|brm
enhanceable
Trl
(Gildea et al., 2000)
brm|lawc
enhanceable
trx
(Zorin et al., 1999)
brm|tara
enhanceable
trx
(Calgaro et al., 2002)
mod(mdg4)|brm|y
enhanceable
trx
(Gerasimova and Corces, 1998)
brm
suppressible
unc-104
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
suppressible
Unc-115a
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
trx|brm
suppressible
upSET
(Rincon-Arano et al., 2012)
brm
suppressible
vis
(Tegeder et al., 2019)
brm
enhanceable
vn
(Armstrong et al., 2005)
brm
enhanceable
zen
(Armstrong et al., 2005)
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Antp|Pc
suppressible
brm
(Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
arm
suppressible
brm
(Barker et al., 2001)
asf1
suppressible
brm
(Moshkin et al., 2002)
brat
enhanceable
brm
(Janssens et al., 2014)
bs
suppressible
brm
(Marenda et al., 2004)
bs
suppressible
osa|brm
(Terriente-Félix and de Celis, 2009)
Bx
enhanceable
brm
(Milan et al., 2004)
Chi
enhanceable
brm
(Heitzler et al., 2003)
Chi
suppressible
brm
(Heitzler et al., 2003)
ct
enhanceable
brm
(Krupp et al., 2005)
ct
suppressible
brm
(Krupp et al., 2005)
CycE
enhanceable
brm
(Brumby et al., 2002)
CycE
suppressible
brm
(Brumby et al., 2004, Brumby et al., 2002)
Delta
enhanceable
brm
(Armstrong et al., 2005)
dlg1
suppressible
brm
(Bunker et al., 2015)
dom
enhanceable
brm
(Ellis et al., 2015)
Dp|E2f1
enhanceable
brm
(Staehling-Hampton et al., 1999)
Dref
suppressible
brm
(Hirose et al., 2001)
E2f1
suppressible
brm
(Ji et al., 2012)
e(y)3
enhanceable
brm
(Chalkley et al., 2008)
E(z)
enhanceable
brm
(Bajusz et al., 2001)
Egfr
suppressible
brm
(Herr et al., 2010)
erm
enhanceable
brm
(Janssens et al., 2014)
gcm
enhanceable
brm
(Popkova et al., 2012)
gcm
enhanceable
osa|brm
(Popkova et al., 2012)
H
enhanceable
brm
(Müller et al., 2005)
HDAC1|Snr1
suppressible
brm
(Zraly et al., 2004)
HDAC3|Snr1
suppressible
brm
(Zraly et al., 2004)
hh
suppressible
brm
(Felsenfeld and Kennison, 1995, Brizuela et al., 1994)
hop
suppressible
brm
(Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002)
lawc
enhanceable
trx|brm
(Zorin et al., 1999)
Marcal1
suppressible
brm
(Morimoto et al., 2016)
mod(mdg4)
enhanceable
trx|brm
(Gerasimova and Corces, 1998)
mor
enhanceable
brm
(Armstrong et al., 2005)
mxc
suppressible
brm
(Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002)
Myc
suppressible
brm
(Secombe et al., 2007)
net|px
suppressible
osa|brm
(Terriente-Félix and de Celis, 2009)
numb
enhanceable
brm
(Janssens et al., 2014)
osa
enhanceable
brm
(Gutierrez et al., 2003, Collins et al., 1999)
osa
suppressible
brm
(Collins et al., 1999)
Pc
suppressible
brm
(Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
ph-p
suppressible
brm
(Li et al., 2016)
Psc|Su(z)2
suppressible
brm
(Li et al., 2016)
Raf
suppressible
brm|geminin
(Herr et al., 2010)
Raf
suppressible
brm
(Herr et al., 2010)
rho
enhanceable
brm
(Marenda et al., 2004)
sd
enhanceable
brm
(Jin et al., 2013)
sev|Ras85D
suppressible
brm
(Maixner et al., 1998)
sgg
suppressible
brm
(Collins and Treisman, 2000)
shg
enhanceable
brm
(Barker et al., 2001)
Snr1
suppressible
brm
(Curtis et al., 2011, Marenda et al., 2004)
Snr1
enhanceable
brm
(Zraly et al., 2003)
tkv
suppressible
brm
(Marenda et al., 2004)
tna
enhanceable
brm
(Gutierrez et al., 2003)
vn
enhanceable
brm
(Armstrong et al., 2005)
yki
enhanceable
brm
(Jin et al., 2013)
yki
suppressible
brm
(Jin et al., 2013)
γTub23C
enhanceable
brm
(Vázquez et al., 2008)
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
Component of the Brahma complex, which is composed of brm, osa, mor, Snr1/Bap45, dalao/Bap111, Bap55, Bap60 and Act42A/Bap47 (PubMed:10601025, PubMed:10809665). Interacts with asf1 (PubMed:12381660). Associates with the brm-HDAC3-erm repressor complex, composed of brm, HDAC3 and erm (PubMed:24618901). Interacts with erm and HDAC3 (PubMed:24618901).
(UniProt, P25439 )
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
FlyBase
External Links
External Data
Linkouts
KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
3L
Recombination map
3-43
Cytogenetic map
72C1-72C1
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
72C1-72C1
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}Tfb2EP572 and P{lacW}thj5C8&P{PZ}Mbs03802
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
72A-72B
(determined by in situ hybridisation)
(Tamkun et al., 1992)
72A-72B
(Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
Mapped by complementation analysis with deficiency and duplication chromosomes (details unspecified).
(Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location

3-43

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-38.1

(Comeron et al., 2012)

3-43.0

(Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
Left of (cM)
(Staehling-Hampton et al., 1999)
Right of (cM)
(Staehling-Hampton et al., 1999)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (19)
Genomic Clones (10)
 

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (59)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     

    polyclonal

    (Chetverina et al., 2022, Nakayama et al., 2012, Tie et al., 2012, Kirilly et al., 2011, Papoulas et al., 2001, Kal et al., 2000)
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
      Other Comments

      DNA-protein interactions: genome-wide binding profile assayed for brm protein in S2 cells; GEO accession number GSE32404.

      (Moshkin et al., 2012)

      The 'l(3)72Aa' (brm) complementation group comprises 19 EMS-induced mutant alleles.

      (Cooper and Kennison, 2011)

      DNA-protein interactions: genome-wide binding profile assayed for brm protein in Kc167 cells; see Chromatin_types_NKI collection report. Individual protein-binding experiments listed under "Samples" at GEO_GSE22069 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE22069).

      (Filion et al., 2010)

      dsRNA has been made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene. RNAi of brm disrupts the dendritic routing patterns of the ddaD and ddaE neurons, resulting in aberrantly oriented primary dendrites. RNAi also causes defects in muscle, alterations in the number of MD neurons, defects in dendrite morphogenesis but no obvious defects in da dendrite development.

      (Parrish et al., 2006)

      S2 cells treated with dsRNA generated against this gene show reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans compared to untreated cells.

      (Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006)

      Loss of brm function results in loss of veins in the wing.

      (Marenda et al., 2004)

      D.melanogaster contains two distinct brahma (BRM) complexes: the BAP complex, defined by the presence of osa protein and the absence of both polybromo and Bap170 proteins, and the PBAP complex, which contains the polybromo and Bap170 proteins but lacks the osa protein.

      (Mohrmann et al., 2004)

      The chromatin remodelling activity of the brm complex may play a general role in facilitating transcription by RNA polymerase II.

      (Armstrong et al., 2002)

      Pc, Scm, Psc, ph-p and ph-d contribute to the PRC1 (Polycomb repressive complex 1). PRC1 directly antagonizes ATP-dependent remodeling of nucleosomal arrays in a purified system and may directly modulate (and be modified by) SWI/SNF (brm/mor) activity.

      (Shao et al., 1999)

      brm interacts with osa to regulate the expression of the Antp P2 promoter.

      (Vazquez et al., 1999)

      Used in an investigation to address the relationship between retrotransposons and retroviruses and the coadaptation of these retroelements to their host genomes. Results indicate retrotransposons are heterogeneous in contrast to retroviruses, suggesting different modes of evolution by slippage-like mechanisms.

      (Terzian et al., 1997)

      The Snr1 and brm proteins are present in a large complex and co-precipitate from extracts, these results suggest that the Drosophila counterpart of the yeast SWI/SNF complex plays an important role in counteracting the repressive effects of chromatin on homeotic gene transcription during development.

      (Dingwall et al., 1995)

      Phenotypic studies and genetic interactions suggest that Snr1 and brm act together, and with trx, to regulate homeotic gene transcription. Snr1 and brm proteins are present in a large complex, this complex may play an important role in maintaining homeotic gene transcription during development by counteracting the repressive effect of chromatin.

      (Dingwall et al., 1995)

      brm is a positive transcriptional regulator of hh in imaginal development.

      (Felsenfeld and Kennison, 1995)

      Regions of the Scr regulatory region may be important for regulation of Scr by Polycomb- and trithorax-group genes.

      (Gindhart and Kaufman, 1995)

      A method based on in-vivo formaldehyde crosslinking and chromatin immunoprecipitation has allowed the determination of the in vivo distribution of Pc, brm and Abd-B products at their target sites.

      (Orlando et al., 1995)

      Severe abnormalities caused by loss of brm expression demonstrates that homeotic genes are not the only target for brm activation. The complex pattern of interallelic complementation suggests that brm may act as a multimer.

      (Brizuela et al., 1994)

      Maternal and zygotic functions of brm are required during embryogenesis.

      (Brizuela et al., 1994)

      Mutations cannot rescue the lethality of the Df(1)ph-2-Psc1 interaction, demonstrating that trx group mutations cannot suppress Pc group phenotypes.

      (Cheng et al., 1994)

      The ATPase domains of brm and Scer\snf2, but not Iswi, are functionally interchangeable.

      (Elfring et al., 1994)

      Heterozygous brm mutations suppress the dominant phenotypes of Pc and Pcl mutations.

      (Tamkun et al., 1992)

      brm functions as an upstream activator of Scr expression and activates the Antp promoter directly.

      (Tamkun et al., 1992)

      brm is one of the 18 loci identified in a screen for dominant modifiers of Pc and/or Antp phenotypes. Alleles of Pc, Pcl, Scm, Dll, brm, kto, Scr and trx show clear dominant enhancement or suppression of AntpScx, whereas alleles of vtd, Vha55, Su(Pc)37D, urd, mor, skd and osa do not.

      (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)

      Identified as dominant suppressor of Pc and Pcl alleles. Mutants cause recessive embryonic lethal with strong maternal contribution. Maternal effect lethality is non-rescuable even by two wild-type zygotic alleles.

      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database merge of

      Source for merge of: brm CG18438

      (FlyBase, 1996-)
      Additional comments

      Source for merge of brm CG18438 was sequence comparison ( date:001104 ).

      (FlyBase, 1996-)

      A chimeric Scer\snf2-brm protein (in which the DNA-dependent ATPase domain of Scer\snf2 has been replaced with the corresponding region of brm) partially rescues the growth defects of S.cerevisiae Scer\snf2 mutant cells.

      (Elfring et al., 1994)

      Fifteen alleles induced by EMS, three alleles induced by γ irradiation and four alleles induced by hybrid dysgenesis.

      Nomenclature History
      Source for database identify of
      Nomenclature comments
      Etymology

      "Brahma" means "fate" in India.

      (Kennison, 1995)
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (16)
      Reported As
      Symbol Synonym
      BRD
      (Schuettengruber et al., 2011)
      BRM
      (Cenik and Shilatifard, 2021, Tilly et al., 2021, Vidaurre and Chen, 2021, Chetverina et al., 2020, Innis and Cabot, 2020, van Soldt and Cardoso, 2020, Jordán-Pla et al., 2018, Mashtalir et al., 2018, L Black et al., 2016, Ellis et al., 2015, Kingston and Tamkun, 2014, Tie et al., 2014, Yu et al., 2014, Moshkin et al., 2012, Filion et al., 2010, Mills, 2010, Reddy et al., 2010, Clapier and Cairns, 2009, Moshkin et al., 2009, Vorobyeva et al., 2009, Soshnikova et al., 2008, Srinivasan et al., 2008, Moshkin et al., 2007, Schwartz and Pirrotta, 2007, Bouazoune and Brehm, 2006, Polo and Almouzni, 2006, de la Cruz et al., 2005, Taylor-Harding et al., 2004, Moller and Jackle, 2003, Coveny et al., 2002, Mohd-Sarip et al., 2002, Corona et al., 2001, Aalfs and Kingston, 2000, Kal et al., 2000, Kadonaga, 1998, Tsukiyama et al., 1995)
      Brahma
      (Vorobyeva et al., 2021, He et al., 2014)
      Brg
      (van Soldt and Cardoso, 2020)
      Brm
      (Li et al., 2024, Rui, 2024, Cabrita and Martinho, 2023, Erokhin et al., 2023, Josserand et al., 2023, Krasnov et al., 2023, Chaouch and Lasko, 2021, Erokhin et al., 2021, Furusawa and Emoto, 2021, Mosier and Hurley, 2021, Onishi et al., 2021, Rajan et al., 2021, Barish et al., 2020, Mazina et al., 2020, Onishi et al., 2020, Sun et al., 2020, Zhang and Cai, 2020, Zhu and Belden, 2020, Kuhn et al., 2019, Zhang et al., 2019, Du et al., 2018, Maini et al., 2017, Marshall and Brand, 2017, Mazina et al., 2017, Monribot-Villanueva et al., 2017, Song et al., 2017, Bonfini et al., 2016, Mazina et al., 2016, Mazina et al., 2016, Doyen et al., 2015, Ghasemi et al., 2015, Nikalayevich and Ohkura, 2015, Banreti et al., 2014, Bonnay et al., 2014, Eroglu et al., 2014, Zhang et al., 2014, Jin et al., 2013, Tokusumi et al., 2012, Cooper and Kennison, 2011, Waldholm et al., 2011, Kallappagoudar et al., 2010, Sing et al., 2009, Tyagi et al., 2009, Curtis et al., 2008, Martin et al., 2007, Schuettengruber et al., 2007, Moorman et al., 2006, Moorman et al., 2006, Parrish et al., 2006, Marenda et al., 2003, Klochendler-Yeivin et al., 2002, Cavalli, 1999, Kingston et al., 1996)
      Brm @ Kto
      (Oh et al., 2013)
      CG18438
      (Whitfield, 2000.10.31)
      CG5942
      (Çiçek et al., 2016, Hosono et al., 2015, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Müller et al., 2010, Schneiderman et al., 2009, Chen et al., 2008, Ni et al., 2008, Klebes et al., 2005)
      E(E2F)3A
      (Staehling-Hampton et al., 1999)
      brahma
      (Tsui et al., 2018, Bonnay et al., 2014, Islam et al., 2011)
      brm
      (Bamgbose and Tulin, 2024, Collins et al., 2024, Emond-Fraser et al., 2023, Yheskel et al., 2023, Beaver et al., 2022, Jiang et al., 2022, Molnar et al., 2022, Bilder et al., 2021, Gong et al., 2021, Ponrathnam et al., 2021, Regadas et al., 2021, Salim et al., 2021, Shidlovskii et al., 2021, Tian and Smith-Bolton, 2021, Carnesecchi et al., 2020, Bangi et al., 2019, Chen et al., 2019, Chubak et al., 2019, Delandre and Marshall, 2019, Gervais et al., 2019, Jiang et al., 2019, Leatham-Jensen et al., 2019, Tegeder et al., 2019, Tiwari et al., 2019, Valanne et al., 2019, Dasari et al., 2018, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Richardson and Portela, 2018, Roesley et al., 2018, He et al., 2017, Hu et al., 2017.6.13, Sharma et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Xie et al., 2017, Brewer-Jensen et al., 2016, Du et al., 2016, Morimoto et al., 2016, Saadin and Starz-Gaiano, 2016, Bivik et al., 2015, Dietz et al., 2015, Dupont et al., 2015, Fischer et al., 2015, Gene Disruption Project members, 2015-, Kwok et al., 2015, Richardson, 2015.3.11, Singh and Mishra, 2015, Zang et al., 2015, Zhu et al., 2015, Bonnay et al., 2014, Eroglu et al., 2014, Gonzalez et al., 2014, He et al., 2014, Janssens et al., 2014, Slattery et al., 2014, Yan et al., 2014, Yasunaga et al., 2014, Bengani et al., 2013, Jin et al., 2013, Kockmann et al., 2013, Kwon et al., 2013, Matzat et al., 2013, Moshkin et al., 2013, Petruk et al., 2013, Vasanthi et al., 2013, Vinayagam et al., 2013, Zeng et al., 2013, Antao et al., 2012, Hainaut et al., 2012, Ji et al., 2012, Nakayama et al., 2012, Nowak et al., 2012, Popkova et al., 2012, Rincon-Arano et al., 2012, Thor, 2012.11.28, Tie et al., 2012, Zraly and Dingwall, 2012, Cooper and Kennison, 2011, Curtis et al., 2011, Davis et al., 2011, Di Stefano et al., 2011, Friedman et al., 2011, Friedman et al., 2011, Ghosh et al., 2011, Jungreis et al., 2011, Kirilly et al., 2011, Mikhaylova and Nurminsky, 2011, Nègre et al., 2011, Neumüller et al., 2011, Pérez et al., 2011, Rodriguez-Jato et al., 2011, Sultana et al., 2011, Tea and Luo, 2011, Toku et al., 2011, Vorobyeva et al., 2011, Arancio et al., 2010, Baig et al., 2010, Bhatia et al., 2010, Herr et al., 2010, Karam et al., 2010, Kühnlein, 2010, Lamiable et al., 2010, Müller et al., 2010, Smulders-Srinivasan et al., 2010, van Steensel et al., 2010, Christensen et al., 2009.5.6, Cook et al., 2009.11.25, Khan et al., 2009, Schneiderman et al., 2009, Shevelyov et al., 2009, Terriente-Félix and de Celis, 2009, Burgio et al., 2008, Carrera et al., 2008, Chalkley et al., 2008, Chen et al., 2008, Christensen et al., 2008.4.15, Christensen et al., 2008.7.11, de Wit et al., 2008, Diop et al., 2008, Hallson et al., 2008, Melicharek et al., 2008, Nakamura et al., 2008, Petruk et al., 2008, Remaud et al., 2008, Vázquez et al., 2008, Zhou et al., 2008, Baeg et al., 2007, Beltran et al., 2007, Chang et al., 2007, Corona et al., 2007, Goodfellow et al., 2007, Haigh and Lloyd, 2007, Ivaldi et al., 2007, Marfella and Imbalzano, 2007, Secombe et al., 2007, Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006, Zraly et al., 2006, Möller et al., 2005, Marenda et al., 2003, Balasov, 2002, Joanis and Lloyd, 2002, Gim et al., 2001, Hirose et al., 2001)
      dBRM
      (Fyodorov and Kadonaga, 2001, Dilworth et al., 2000)
      dSMARCA4
      (Yasunaga et al., 2014)
      dSNF2
      (Dilworth et al., 2000)
      l(3)72Aa
      (Cooper and Kennison, 2011, Brizuela et al., 1994)
      Name Synonyms
      Brahma
      (Mazina et al., 2016, Zhu et al., 2015, Banreti et al., 2014, Yu et al., 2014, Jin et al., 2013, Zeng et al., 2013, Nègre et al., 2011, Waldholm et al., 2011, Dekanty et al., 2010, Herr et al., 2010, Lemos et al., 2010, van Steensel et al., 2010, Terriente-Félix and de Celis, 2009, Tyagi et al., 2009, Vorobyeva et al., 2009, Chauhan et al., 2008, Curtis et al., 2008, Diop et al., 2008, Soshnikova et al., 2008, Armstrong et al., 2007, Goodfellow et al., 2007, Martin et al., 2007, Moorman et al., 2006, Stadeli, 2006, Zraly et al., 2006, Mohd-Sarip et al., 2002, Gim et al., 2001, Dilworth et al., 2000)
      Complementation group 3.5
      (Brumby et al., 2004)
      brahma
      (Zhang and Cai, 2020, Saadin and Starz-Gaiano, 2016, Pasco et al., 2015, Bonnay et al., 2014, Davis et al., 2011, Vorobyeva et al., 2011, Herr et al., 2010, Kühnlein, 2010, Schaaf et al., 2009, Sing et al., 2009, Vorobyeva et al., 2009, DeVido et al., 2008, Kwong et al., 2008, Melicharek et al., 2008, Remaud et al., 2008, Grueber et al., 2007, Ivaldi et al., 2007, Möller et al., 2005, Balasov, 2002, Gim et al., 2001, Hirose et al., 2001, Tamkun, 1992.2.25)
      Secondary FlyBase IDs
      • FBgn0036554
      Datasets (1)
      Study focus (1)
      Experimental Role
      Project
      Project Type
      Title
      • transgene_used
      FBGSE22069
      Protein profiling reveals five principal chromatin types in Drosophila cells.
      Study result (0)
      Result
      Result Type
      Title
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 78 )
      Sequence Crossreferences
      NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
      GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
      GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
      RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
      UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
      UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      Other crossreferences
      AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
      DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
      EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
      FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
      FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
      InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
      KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
      MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
      FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
      FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
      Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
      FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
      iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
      Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
      KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
      SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
      References (515)