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Gene Dmel\Cha

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\Cha	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	Choline acetyltransferase	Annotation symbol	CG12345
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0000303
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	12 publicly available
Also Known As	ChAT, dChAT
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	3R	Recombination map	3-64.6
Cytogenetic map	91C1-91C5	Sequence location	3R:14,531,245..14,558,068 [+]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents Beta	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene Choline acetyltransferase is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\Cha (CG12345, FBgn0000303). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: choline O-acetyltransferase activity. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: neuromuscular synaptic transmission. 36 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: motor neuron; dorsal medial muscle; dendrite. It has 2 annotated transcripts and 2 annotated polypeptides. Protein features are: Acyltransferase ChoActase/COT/CPT. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed within 18-24 hour embryonic stages, during early larval stages. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult central nervous system. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, larval central nervous system. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1640284_at completely aligns to an exonic region of only a subset of 1 of the 2 FlyBase-annotated transcript isoforms of Cha. Gene sequence location is 3R:14531245..14558068.
User Contributed Data
	Beta version, feedback welcome
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	Cha: Choline acetyltransferase (J.C. Hall) Probable structural gene for choline acetyl transferase [ChAT, acetyl CoA-choline-O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6)], which has been purified and whose molecular weight approximates 67 kilodaltons (Slemmon, Salvaterra, Crawford and Roberts, 1982, J. Biol. Chem. 257: 3847-52); monoclonal antibodies prepared and inhibit enzyme (Crawford, Slemmon, and Salvaterra, 1982, J. Biol. Chem. 257: 3853-56); homozygotes and hemizygotes for either of the original two non-conditionally mutant alleles, Chal1 or Chal2, show no detectable enzymatic activity as late embryos, which is when the mutants die; other non-conditional lethals at the locus not tested for lethal stage or ChAT activity; either of two temperature sensitive alleles, Chats1 or Chats2, causes a variety of phenotypic defects when hemizygous or homozygous: reduced viability at 25 and death at 29 (Chats1), reduced viability at 18 and death at 22 or above (Chats2) plus gradual but reversible decline of enzymatic activity and of acetylcholine levels following transfer of low-temperature reared Chats adults to 29-30 or above (Greenspan, 1980; Salvaterra and McCaman, 1985, J. Neurosci. 5: 903-10); correlated with decrements in these biochemical parameters (reversible on lowering temperature), are heat-induced abnormalities of general mobility, male courtship ability, plus electroretinogram (Greenspan, 1980), landing response (Gorczyca and Hall, 1985, Neurosci. Abstr. 11: 512), and of several elements of physiological responses made by thoracic indirect flight muscles following stimulation of giant fiber pathway, implying that certain interneuronal synapses in this pathway are cholinergic (Gorczyca and Hall, 1984, J. Neurogenet. 1: 289-313); whereas wild type exhibits two molecular forms of ChAT activity after isoelectric focusing, homogenates of Chats1 lead to a single form, and of Chats2 to two forms shifted to higher-than-normal pI (Salvaterra and McCaman, 1985); these two conditional Cha mutations also cause ChAT activity to have accentuated thermolability in vitro (Greenspan, 1980; Salvaterra and McCaman, 1985). Immunohistochemical staining of ChAT reveals wide distribution in CNS; this staining is strong in Chats1 at permissive temperature but diminishes after in-vivo heat treatment (Gorczyca and Hall, 1987, J. Neurosci. 7: 1361-69); Chats2 staining is poor even at permissive temperature and diminishes after heating the flies (Gorczyca and Hall, 1987). In situ hybridization to tissue sections detected transcriptional activity in most neuronal elements of the cell-rich areas of the cortical regions of the cerebrum and optic lobes; however, some cells in the lamina including the amacrine neurons showed no label. Highest expression is seen in laminar monopolar-cell region, and the cerebral cortical rind, and to a lesser degree, over cortical cells of medulla-lobula, the antennal sensory neurons, and the retinular-cell layer of the compound eye (Barber, Sugihara, Lee, Vaughn, and Salvaterra, 1989, J. Comp. Neurol. 280: 533-43). Immunolocalization of ChAT in the adult cephalic ganglion reveals weak staining in the lamina corresponding to the synaptic layer of photoreceptor cells 1-6 of the ommatidia, three layers of strong reaction corresponding to the synaptic layers in the medulla, and labeling of four layers in the lobula (Ikeda and Salvaterra, 1989, J. Comp. Neurol. 280: 283-90). In Chats1 staining seen at 19 but disappears by 120 hours after shift to 30; Chats2 shows reduced staining at 19 and none after 80 hours at 30.
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 91C1-91C5   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}sprd05284 and P{PZ}cdi07013&P{lacW}nosj3B6
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 91B8-91C3   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Ranz et al., 2001) 91B-91D   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Sugihara et al., 1991) 91B-91D   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Carbini et al., 1990) 91B-91D   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Carbini et al., 1990) 91B-91D   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Itoh et al., 1986)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	3-64.6
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Cha for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Shares 5' UTR with upstream gene. gene_with_non_canonical_start_codon ; SO:0001739 Unconventional translation start (GUG) postulated; FBrf0052176. Tissue-specific extension of 3' UTRs observed during later stages (FBrf0218523, FBrf0219848); all variants may not be annotated
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) Cha-RA FBtr0089367  NM_057656   3991   721 Cha-RB FBtr0089368  NM_206517   2807   714
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	4 (northern blot) (Sugihara et al., 1991) 4.0 (northern blot) (Kitamoto et al., 1998)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein Cha-PA   FBpp0088397   81.3   721   5.64     NP_477004   AAF55588 Cha-PB   FBpp0088977   80.5   714   5.54     NP_996239   AAS65177
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)	67 (kD) (Slemmon, 1989)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Acyltransferase ChoActase/COT/CPT (IPR000542)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA698788   AA698897   AA801486   AE014297 AAF55588   AE014297 AAS65177   AC007812   AI107823   AI404210   AW942014   AY128433 AAM75026   BG633336   BI162085   BI213538   BI230806   BI565463   BI583559   BI584010   BI610073   BI629707   BP551702   BT120106   CL844408   CO264463   CO274414   CO294116   CO296822   CO299554   CO299770   CO303415   CO307296   CO311478   CO325902   EC063865   EC064926   EC066091   EC088570   EC201802   EC209474   EC237656   EC251536   EV581126   GH768740   M63724 AAA28406   X78370   X78371   X78372   X78373   X78374   X78375   X78376   X78377   X78378   X78379   X78380   X78381   X78382   X78383   Z71014
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	P07668
UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References protein binding site FBsf0000160445 3R:14,530,997..14,531,018 evidence=experimental (Kitamoto and Salvaterra, 1995, Bergman et al., 2005) protein binding site FBsf0000160446 3R:14,531,042..14,531,056 evidence=experimental (Bergman et al., 2005, Kitamoto and Salvaterra, 1995)
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 13 -- 16   embryonic brain   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic head sensory system   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic/larval nervous system   (Fisher et al., 2012) ventral nerve cord   (Fisher et al., 2012) RNase protection, primer extension, SI map Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage     (Kitamoto et al., 1998) RT-PCR Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage   lamina monopolar neuron L2   (Takemura et al., 2011) lamina monopolar neuron L4   (Takemura et al., 2011) transmedullary neuron Tm2   (Takemura et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data
	VAChT and Cha transcripts are detected in heads and bodies of adult flies. The ratios of the two transcripts vary in different samples indicating that they are differentially regulated despite sharing a common first exon. (Kitamoto et al., 1998) Cha transcripts were detected in adult head RNA. (Sugihara et al., 1991)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference larval stage   embryonic/larval brain | restricted   (Keene et al., 2011) Rh6 photoreceptor of Bolwig organ   (Keene et al., 2011) Rh5 photoreceptor of Bolwig organ   (Keene et al., 2011) third instar larval stage   Bolwig nerve   (Malpel et al., 2002) ventral nerve cord | restricted   • terminal bouton (Baqri et al., 2006) ventral nerve cord | restricted   (Voemel and Wegener, 2007) adult stage   local interneuron of adult antennal lobe | subset   (Chou et al., 2010) cholinergic neuron   (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008) lamina   (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008) optic lobe neuron | subset   (Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 1999) lamina | distal & restricted   (Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 1999) medulla layer M1 | restricted   (Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 1999) medulla layer M2 | restricted   (Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 1999) medulla layer M5 | restricted   (Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 1999) medulla layer M9 | restricted   (Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 1999) medulla layer M10 | restricted   (Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 1999) lobula layer 1 | restricted   (Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 1999) lobula layer 3 | restricted   (Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 1999) lobula layer 4 | anterior & restricted   (Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 1999) lobula layer 6 | anterior & restricted   (Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 1999) eyelet photoreceptor   (Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 1999) cholinergic neuron   • terminal bouton (Yasuyama et al., 2002) inner antenno-cerebral tract   (Yasuyama et al., 2002) mushroom body calyx | restricted   (Yasuyama et al., 2002) adult protocerebrum | lateral   (Yasuyama et al., 2002) adult antennal nerve   (Yasuyama et al., 2002) adult antennal lobe   (Yasuyama et al., 2002) lamina | restricted   • nucleus (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) medulla | restricted   • nucleus (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) lobula | restricted   • nucleus (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) lobula plate | restricted   • nucleus (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) neuron | subset of cortex of medulla   (Hasegawa et al., 2011) medullary intrinsic neuron Mi1   (Hasegawa et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data
	Cha protein has widespread expression in the ventral nerve cord and it is in close apposition to the processes of neurons labelled by Scer\GAL4Ccap.PP. (Voemel and Wegener, 2007) Cha protein labels a subset of neurons in the adult medulla cortex, including the medullary intrinsic neuron Mi1. (Hasegawa et al., 2011) The axon terminals of Bolwig's nerve that contact the dendritic arborizations of the lateral neurons (LNs) are immunopositive for Cha. (Malpel et al., 2002) Cha protein labels the axonal projections in the central brain of Rh5 and Rh6 photoreceptors of Bolwig organ. (Keene et al., 2011) Cha protein is expressed in a subset of neurons of the lamina, medulla, lobula and lobula plate. (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) Cha protein is expressed in the presynaptic terminals in the ventral nerve cord, in a mutually exclusive pattern to Ace protein, and colocalising with VAChT protein. (Baqri et al., 2006) Expression of Cha is seen in both large and small monopolar neurons of the lamina. (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008)
Marker for
	cholinergic neuron
Subcellular Localization (GO Cellular Component)
CV term Evidence References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{Cha-GAL4.7.4} Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference larval stage   ventral nerve cord | restricted   (Nässel et al., 2008) embryonic/larval protocerebrum | restricted   (Nässel et al., 2008) embryonic/larval optic neuropil | restricted   (Keene et al., 2011) Rh6 photoreceptor of Bolwig organ   (Keene et al., 2011) Rh5 photoreceptor of Bolwig organ   (Keene et al., 2011) third instar larval stage   cholinergic neuron   (Daniels et al., 2008) ventral nerve cord   (Daniels et al., 2008) sensory neuron | subset of embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system   (Stork et al., 2008) adult stage   cholinergic neuron   (Wittmann et al., 2001, Beramendi et al., 2007, Boerner and Duch, 2010, Wu et al., 2010, Zhou et al., 2008) neuron | subset   (Wittmann et al., 2001) optic lobe   (Nässel et al., 2008) adult protocerebrum   (Nässel et al., 2008) adult deuterocerebrum   (Nässel et al., 2008) adult subesophageal ganglion   (Nässel et al., 2008) adult olfactory receptor neuron   (Nässel et al., 2008) antenna   (Nässel et al., 2008) maxillary palpus   (Nässel et al., 2008) adult antennal lobe glomerulus   (Nässel et al., 2008) lamina tangential neuron   (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008) lamina | distal   (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008) cholinergic neuron | subset   (Hamada et al., 2008) AC thermosensory neuron   (Hamada et al., 2008) cholinergic neuron of adult subesophageal ganglion | subset   (Zhou et al., 2008) LNd neuron | subset   (Johard et al., 2009) Pdf negative s-LNV neuron   (Johard et al., 2009) neuron | subset of adult brain   (Chen et al., 2012) dorsal anterior lateral neuron of the protocerebrum   (Chen et al., 2012) ellipsoid body   (Chen et al., 2012) Comment:strong expression adult mushroom body   (Chen et al., 2012) Comment:strong expression eye   (Chen et al., 2012) Comment:strong expression antennal lobe projection neuron   (Chen et al., 2012) Comment:faint expression lamina | restricted   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) medulla | restricted   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) lobula | restricted   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) lobula plate | restricted   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary neuron Tm1   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary neuron Tm2   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary neuron Tm4   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary neuron Tm4a   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary neuron Tm7   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary neuron Tm8   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary neuron Tm11   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary neuron Tm12   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary neuron Tm15   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary neuron Tm22   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary neuron Tm24   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary Y neuron TmY2   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary Y neuron TmY5   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary Y neuron TmY9   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary Y neuron TmY10   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary Y neuron TmY11   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary Y neuron TmY12   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) medullary intrinsic neuron Mi2   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) medullary intrinsic neuron Mi7   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) medullary intrinsic neuron Mi11   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) proximal medullary amacrine neuron Pm1   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) proximal medullary amacrine neuron Pm1a   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) medullary tangential neuron Mt4   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) medullary tangential neuron Mt10   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) T neuron T2   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) T neuron T4   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) translobula plate neuron Tlp2   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) translobula plate neuron Tlp3   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) lobula columnar neuron Lcn1   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) lobula columnar neuron Lcn2   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) lobula tangential neuron Lt6   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary neuron ChaTmnew1   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary neuron ChaTmnew2   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary neuron ChaTmnew3   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) T neuron ChaTnew1   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) transmedullary Y neuron ChaTmYnew1   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) medullary tangential neuron ChaMtnew1   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) medullary intrinsic neuron ChaMinew1   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) medullary intrinsic neuron ChaMinew2   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) medullary intrinsic neuron ChaMinew3   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) lobula columnar neuron ChaLcnnew1   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) lobula intrinsic neuron ChaLinew1   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) lobula plate intrinsic neuron ChaLPinew1   (Varija Raghu et al., 2011) cholinergic neuron of adult antennal lobe   (Zhou et al., 2008) Reporter: P{Cha.7.4kb-lacZ} Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage   accessory pharyngeal nerve   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) cholinergic neuron   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) supraesophageal ganglion   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) sensory neuron of antenna   (Kitamoto et al., 1992) leg sensillum | subset   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) sensory neuron of adult labral sense organ   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) sensory neuron of wing vein L1   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) subesophageal ganglion   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) adult labral sense organ   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) male terminalia sensillum | subset   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) optic lobe   (Kitamoto et al., 1992) wing vein L1 | restricted   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) adult central complex   (Kitamoto et al., 1992) sensory neuron of antennal sense organ   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) antennal sense organ   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) sensory neuron of male terminalia sensillum   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) sensory neuron of leg sensillum   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) thoracico-abdominal ganglion   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) labellum sensillum   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) antenna   (Kitamoto et al., 1992) stomodeal ganglion   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) sensory neuron of labellum sensillum   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) sensory neuron of maxillary palp sense organ   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) maxillary palp sense organ   (Kitamoto et al., 1995) adult antennal lobe   (Kitamoto et al., 1992)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools
Reference	See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
FlyAtlas Anatomy Microarray
FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (FlyAtlas-RNA.adult) (FlyAtlas-RNA.larva)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult central nervous system. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, larval central nervous system. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (>999.999) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    459.65 Larval Midgut    8.7 Larval Hindgut    7 Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.3 Larval Fat Body    7.7 Larval Salivary Gland    7.8 Larval Trachea    11.025 Larval Carcass    13.475 Adult Head    343.2 Adult Eye    383.725 Adult Brain    1185 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1021.7 Adult Crop    10.7 Adult Midgut    4.9 Adult Hindgut    6.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    8.2 Adult Fat Body    19.2 Adult Salivary Gland    19.9 Adult Heart    7.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    11.1 Adult Ovary    2.6 Adult Testis    3.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.5 Adult Carcass    33.8 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    459.65 Larval Midgut    8.7 Larval Hindgut    7 Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.3 Larval Fat Body    7.7 Larval Salivary Gland    7.8 Larval Trachea    11.025 Larval Carcass    13.475 Adult Head    343.2 Adult Eye    383.725 Adult Brain  (1185) Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  (1021.7) Adult Crop    10.7 Adult Midgut    4.9 Adult Hindgut    6.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    8.2 Adult Fat Body    19.2 Adult Salivary Gland    19.9 Adult Heart    7.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    11.1 Adult Ovary    2.6 Adult Testis    3.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.5 Adult Carcass    33.8 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    459.65 Larval Midgut    8.7 Larval Hindgut    7 Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.3 Larval Fat Body    7.7 Larval Salivary Gland    7.8 Larval Trachea    11.025 Larval Carcass    13.475 Adult Head    343.2 Adult Eye    383.725 Adult Brain  (1185) Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  1021.7 Adult Crop    10.7 Adult Midgut    4.9 Adult Hindgut    6.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    8.2 Adult Fat Body    19.2 Adult Salivary Gland    19.9 Adult Heart    7.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    11.1 Adult Ovary    2.6 Adult Testis    3.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.5 Adult Carcass    33.8 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    459.65 Larval Midgut    8.7 Larval Hindgut    7 Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.3 Larval Fat Body    7.7 Larval Salivary Gland    7.8 Larval Trachea    11.025 Larval Carcass    13.475 Adult Head    343.2 Adult Eye    383.725 Adult Brain    1185 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1021.7 Adult Crop    10.7 Adult Midgut    4.9 Adult Hindgut    6.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    8.2 Adult Fat Body    19.2 Adult Salivary Gland    19.9 Adult Heart    7.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    11.1 Adult Ovary    2.6 Adult Testis    3.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.5 Adult Carcass    33.8 Expression Level Scale  Very high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    459.65 Larval Midgut    8.7 Larval Hindgut    7 Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.3 Larval Fat Body    7.7 Larval Salivary Gland    7.8 Larval Trachea    11.025 Larval Carcass    13.475 Adult Head    343.2 Adult Eye    383.725 Adult Brain    1185 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1021.7 Adult Crop    10.7 Adult Midgut    4.9 Adult Hindgut    6.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    8.2 Adult Fat Body    19.2 Adult Salivary Gland    19.9 Adult Heart    7.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    11.1 Adult Ovary    2.6 Adult Testis    3.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.5 Adult Carcass    33.8 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    459.65 Larval Midgut    8.7 Larval Hindgut    7 Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.3 Larval Fat Body    7.7 Larval Salivary Gland    7.8 Larval Trachea    11.025 Larval Carcass    13.475 Adult Head    343.2 Adult Eye    383.725 Adult Brain  (1185) Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  (1021.7) Adult Crop    10.7 Adult Midgut    4.9 Adult Hindgut    6.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    8.2 Adult Fat Body    19.2 Adult Salivary Gland    19.9 Adult Heart    7.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    11.1 Adult Ovary    2.6 Adult Testis    3.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.5 Adult Carcass    33.8 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    459.65 Larval Midgut    8.7 Larval Hindgut    7 Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.3 Larval Fat Body    7.7 Larval Salivary Gland    7.8 Larval Trachea    11.025 Larval Carcass    13.475 Adult Head    343.2 Adult Eye    383.725 Adult Brain  1185 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  1021.7 Adult Crop    10.7 Adult Midgut    4.9 Adult Hindgut    6.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    8.2 Adult Fat Body    19.2 Adult Salivary Gland    19.9 Adult Heart    7.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    11.1 Adult Ovary    2.6 Adult Testis    3.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.5 Adult Carcass    33.8 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    459.65 Larval Midgut    8.7 Larval Hindgut    7 Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.3 Larval Fat Body    7.7 Larval Salivary Gland    7.8 Larval Trachea    11.025 Larval Carcass    13.475 Adult Head    343.2 Adult Eye    383.725 Adult Brain    1185 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1021.7 Adult Crop    10.7 Adult Midgut    4.9 Adult Hindgut    6.5 Adult Malpighian Tubules    8.2 Adult Fat Body    19.2 Adult Salivary Gland    19.9 Adult Heart    7.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.7 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    11.1 Adult Ovary    2.6 Adult Testis    3.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.5 Adult Carcass    33.8 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    343.2   NA  Eye    383.725   NA  Brain    1185   459.65  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1021.7   NA  Crop    no informative data   8.7  Midgut    4.9   7  Hindgut    6.5   5.3  Malpighian Tubules    8.2   7.7  Fat Body    19.2   7.8  Salivary Gland    19.9   NA  Heart    7.15   no informative data  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    12.7   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    11.1   NA  Ovary    2.6   NA  Testis    3.9   NA  Male Accessory Gland    7.5   13.475  Carcass    33.8 FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
modENCODE Anatomy RNA-Seq
modENCODE Tissue Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_tissues)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    11 central nervous system, pupae P8    16 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    14 head, virgin 20-day female    13 head, mated 1-day female    14 head, mated 4-day female    15 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male    35 head, mated 4-day male    28 head, mated 20-day male    29 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    1 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    11 central nervous system, pupae P8    16 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    14 head, virgin 20-day female    13 head, mated 1-day female    14 head, mated 4-day female    15 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male  (35) head, mated 4-day male  (28) head, mated 20-day male  (29) salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    1 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    11 central nervous system, pupae P8    16 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    14 head, virgin 20-day female    13 head, mated 1-day female    14 head, mated 4-day female    15 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male    35 head, mated 4-day male    28 head, mated 20-day male    29 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    1 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    11 central nervous system, pupae P8    16 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    14 head, virgin 20-day female    13 head, mated 1-day female    14 head, mated 4-day female    15 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male    35 head, mated 4-day male    28 head, mated 20-day male    29 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    1 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    11 central nervous system, pupae P8    16 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    14 head, virgin 20-day female    13 head, mated 1-day female    14 head, mated 4-day female    15 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male    35 head, mated 4-day male    28 head, mated 20-day male    29 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    1 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    11 central nervous system, pupae P8    16 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    14 head, virgin 20-day female    13 head, mated 1-day female    14 head, mated 4-day female    15 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male  (35) head, mated 4-day male  28 head, mated 20-day male  29 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    1 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    11 central nervous system, pupae P8    16 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    14 head, virgin 20-day female    13 head, mated 1-day female    14 head, mated 4-day female    15 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male    35 head, mated 4-day male    28 head, mated 20-day male    29 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    1 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    11 central nervous system, pupae P8    16 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    14 head, virgin 20-day female    13 head, mated 1-day female    14 head, mated 4-day female    15 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male    35 head, mated 4-day male    28 head, mated 20-day male    29 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    1 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering     central nervous system, larvae L3     central nervous system, pupae P8     head, virgin 1-day female     head, virgin 4-day female     head, virgin 20-day female     head, mated 1-day female     head, mated 4-day female     head, mated 20-day female     head, mated 1-day male     head, mated 4-day male     head, mated 20-day male     salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering     salivary gland, white prepupae     digestive system, larvae L3 wandering     digestive system, 1-day adult     digestive system, 4-day adult     digestive system, 20-day adult     fat body, larvae L3 wandering     fat body, white prepupae     fat body, pupae P8     carcass, larvae L3 wandering     carcass, 1-day adult     carcass, 4-day adult     carcass, 20-day adult     ovary, virgin 4-day female     ovary, mated 4-day female     testis, mated 4-day male     accessory gland, mated 4-day male
modENCODE Development RNA-Seq
modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_U)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed within 18-24 hour embryonic stages, during early larval stages. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    6 embryo 16-18hr    9 embryo 18-20hr    14 embryo 20-22hr    19 embryo 22-24hr    21 larva L1    20 larva L2    7 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    1 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    10 pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    6 embryo 16-18hr    9 embryo 18-20hr    14 embryo 20-22hr    19 embryo 22-24hr    21 larva L1    20 larva L2    7 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    1 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    10 pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    6 embryo 16-18hr    9 embryo 18-20hr    14 embryo 20-22hr    19 embryo 22-24hr    21 larva L1    20 larva L2    7 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    1 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    10 pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    6 embryo 16-18hr    9 embryo 18-20hr    14 embryo 20-22hr    19 embryo 22-24hr    21 larva L1    20 larva L2    7 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    1 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    10 pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    6 embryo 16-18hr    9 embryo 18-20hr    14 embryo 20-22hr    19 embryo 22-24hr    21 larva L1    20 larva L2    7 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    1 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    10 pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    6 embryo 16-18hr    9 embryo 18-20hr    14 embryo 20-22hr    19 embryo 22-24hr    21 larva L1    20 larva L2    7 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    1 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    10 pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    6 embryo 16-18hr    9 embryo 18-20hr    14 embryo 20-22hr    19 embryo 22-24hr    21 larva L1    20 larva L2    7 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    1 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    10 pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    6 embryo 16-18hr    9 embryo 18-20hr    14 embryo 20-22hr    19 embryo 22-24hr    21 larva L1    20 larva L2    7 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    1 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    10 pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    8 adult male 30day    7 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011)
modENCODE Cell Lines RNA-Seq
modENCODE Cell Line Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.A) (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.B)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+     Schneider line 2 Sg4     embryonic 1182-4H     embryonic GM2     embryonic Kc167     embryonic S1     embryonic S3     leg disc CME L1     wing disc CME-W2     wing disc ML-DmD8     wing disc ML-DmD9     wing disc ML-DmD16-c3     wing disc ML-DmD21     wing disc ML-DmD32     haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3     eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11     antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5     mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1     CNS ML-DmBG1-c1     CNS ML-DmBG2-c2     tumorous blood cells mbn2     ovary fGS/OSS     ovary OSC     ovary OSS
modENCODE Treatments RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatment Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_treatments)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    2 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    2 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    2 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    2 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    2 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    2 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    2 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    2 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult     cold shock, 4-day adult     heat shock, 4-day adult     Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3     Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (Graveley et al., 2011) mE1_20_mRNA_expression_cluster_11
External Data & Images
Linkouts	BDGP expression data • HL05903 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0000303 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG12345-RA FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data) • Show all FlyExpress processed images for Cha Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele lethal, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu ChaGD7577 lethal | adult stage | recessive | heat sensitive Chats1 lethal | embryonic stage | heat sensitive Chats1 lethal | embryonic stage | recessive Chal13 lethal | embryonic stage | recessive | heat sensitive Chats1 lethal | heat sensitive (with Df(3R)Cha5) Chats3 lethal | recessive ChaIJ50 Chal3 Chal4 Chal5 Chal7 Chal8 Chal9 Chal10 Chal11 Chal12 Chal13 Chal14 lethal | recessive | heat sensitive Chats1 Chats2 viable ChaEY11136 viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 ChaGD7577 Sterility Allele fertile ChaEY11136 Other Phenotypes Allele behavior defective Cham0.8 Cham1.2 Cham7.4 locomotor behavior defective Cham0.8 Cham1.2 Cham7.4 neuroanatomy defective Chal13 neuroanatomy defective | pupal stage | somatic clone | heat sensitive Chats2 neuroanatomy defective | somatic clone | wandering third instar larval stage | heat sensitive Chats2 neurophysiology defective Chats2 neurophysiology defective | heat sensitive Chats2 neurophysiology defective | heat sensitive (with Df(3R)Cha5) Chats1 paralytic Chats1 paralytic | adult stage | heat sensitive Chats1 paralytic | heat sensitive Chats1 paralytic | heat sensitive (with Df(3R)Cha5) Chats1 Chats2 Chats3 phototaxis defective, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PFa ChadsRNA.Scer\UAS phototaxis defective, with Scer\GAL4Rh5.PT ChadsRNA.Scer\UAS wild-type Cham0.5 Cham0.8 Cham1.2 Cham3.3 Cham7.4 Phenotype manifest in Allele aCC neuron | heat sensitive Chats2 dendrite Chal13 dorsal medial muscle Chats1 eye photoreceptor cell & axon & pupa | somatic clone | conditional ts Chats2 eye photoreceptor cell & axon & stage 2 third instar larva | somatic clone | conditional ts Chats2 lamina anlage | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone | heat sensitive Chats2 motor neuron Chal13 RP2 motor neuron | heat sensitive Chats2
Classical Alleles ( 26 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of Cha Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion ChaNP4784 2 -- Cha2-1 P-element activity 1 -- ChaEY11136 P-element activity 1 -- ChaKG09028 P-element activity 1 -- Chal9 ethyl methanesulfonate 1 -- ChaMB06338 1 -- ChaMB11366 1 -- ChaMI04508 1 -- ChaMI06451 1 -- ChaDG38101 P-element activity 0 -- ChaIJ50 0 -- Chal10 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Chal11 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Chal12 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Chal13 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Chal14 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Chal2 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Chal3 X ray 0 -- Chal4 gamma ray 0 -- Chal5 X ray 0 -- Chal7 gamma ray 0 -- Chal8 gamma ray 0 -- ChaM3 0 -- Chats1 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Chats2 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Chats3 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 10 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of Cha Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion ChaGD7577 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes ChaJF01877 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes ChadsRNA.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Cham0.5 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes Cham0.8 in vitro construct - genomic fragment in vitro construct - minigene 0 Yes Cham0 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes Cham1.2 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - minigene in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes Cham3.3 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - minigene in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes Cham7.4 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - minigene in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes ChaScer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(3R)Cha1a (Gailey and Hall, 1989) Df(3R)Cha2 (Kitamoto et al., 2000) Df(3R)Cha5 (Kitamoto et al., 1998, Gailey and Hall, 1989) Df(3R)Cha7 (Gailey and Hall, 1989) Df(3R)ChaM5 (Gailey and Hall, 1989) In(3R)Chal4 (Kitamoto et al., 2000) T(3;4)ChaM4 (Kitamoto et al., 2000)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data reporter construct P{3.34kbΔ1.2kb-hsp-lacZ} No P{7.4kbΔ3.3kb-hsp-lacZ} No P{Cha.0.5kb-lacZ} No P{Cha.1.2kb-lacZ} No P{Cha.3.3kb-lacZ} No P{Cha.7.4kb-lacZ} No GAL4 construct P{Cha-GAL4.1.2} No P{Cha-Switch.L} No P{shakB(lethal)-GAL4.4.1} No UAS construct P{GD7577} NA P{TRiP.JF01877} NA P{UAS-Cha.dsRNA} NA P{UAS-GFP-Cha} NA characterization construct P{Cha.3.3kb-Gal80} NA P{Cham0.5} NA P{Cham0.8} NA P{Cham0} NA P{Cham1.2} NA P{Cham3.3} NA P{Cham7.4} NA P{Cha-dsRed.7347} NA P{Cha-GAL4.7.4} NA P{Cha-GAL80.K} NA P{Cha-LexA.GAD} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data insertion of enhancer trap binary system Mi{ET1}ChaMB06338 No Mi{ET1}ChaMB11366 No P{GawB}ChaNP4784 No insertion of mobile activating element P{EPgy2}ChaEY11136 NA miscellaneous insertions Mi{MIC}ChaMI04508 NA Mi{MIC}ChaMI06451 NA P{SUPor-P}ChaKG09028 NA P{wA}Cha2-1 NA P{wHy}ChaDG38101 NA
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 3 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
choline O-acetyltransferase activity inferred from direct assay (assigned by UniProtKB) (Slemmon et al., 1991)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
neuromuscular synaptic transmission inferred from mutant phenotype (Baines, 2004)
Cellular Component ( 0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 2 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
choline O-acetyltransferase activity inferred from sequence or structural similarity with mouse Chat (FlyBase, 1992-)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
acetylcholine biosynthetic process non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.4.1)
Cellular Component ( 0 terms)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	gene_with_dicistronic_primary_transcript (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003) nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions Cha allele Gene References unspecified gbb (Baines, 2004)
External Data
Linkouts	DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0000303 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 42249
Orthologs
OrthoDB Orthologs (52) - based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 5.41
OrthoDB Ortholog Groups
	OrthoDB orthology group searches (Waterhouse et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39(Database issue): D283--D288) Drosophila inclusive ortholog search EOG6MKP1Q Dipteran inclusive ortholog search EOG6N5W4Z Insect inclusive ortholog search EOG6JHBB2 Arthropod inclusive ortholog search EOG6547DZ Metazoa inclusive ortholog search EOG6742JF
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (EOG6MKP1Q)
Organism Common Name Gene AAA Syntenic Ortholog Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\Cha     Drosophila simulans   Dsim\GD19246 Y   Drosophila sechellia   Dsec\GM17887 Y   Drosophila erecta   Dere\GG23058 Y   Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE25557 Y   Drosophila ananassae   Dana\GF17123 Y   Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura   Dpse\GA11570 Y   Drosophila persimilis   Dper\GL24430 Y   Drosophila willistoni   Dwil\GK13739 Y   Drosophila virilis   Dvir\GJ14408 Y   Drosophila mojavensis   Dmoj\GI10809 Y   Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH18641     Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH23211     Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH13910
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (EOG6N5W4Z)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\AAEL010471   Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito  Agam\AGAP002370   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ001609
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (EOG6JHBB2)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\GB47962   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG013916   Acromyrmex echinatior Panamanian leafcutter ant  Aech\AECH18205   Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP19532   Camponotus floridanus Florida carpenter ant  Cflo\CFLO16374   Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL16279   Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH18363   Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB18933   Solenopsis invicta Red fire ant  Sinv\SINV14761   Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI000615   Bombyx mori Silkmoth  Bmor\BGIBMGA013468   Pediculus humanus Human body louse  Phum\PHUM569800   Tribolium castaneum Red flour beetle  Tcas\TC000946
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (EOG6547DZ)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\UBR4   Ixodes scapularis Deer tick  Isca\ISCW022171
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (EOG6742JF)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\cha-1 Y Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\B0395.3 Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_024249gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_001214gn Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\chat Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\cratb Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\CH211-163B2.5 Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\crata Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\crat.1 Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\chat Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\crat.2 Y Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\CRAT Y Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\CHAT Y Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Chat Y Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Crat Y Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\ENSRNOG00000025012 Y Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\ENSRNOG00000039059 Y Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Crat Y Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\CRAT Y Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\ENSG00000070748 Y
Human Orthologs (2)
Gene OMIM HGNC Hsap\CRAT     Hsap\ENSG00000070748
AAA Orthologs (10) based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 4.3
Organism Gene Drosophila simulans Dsim\GD19246 Drosophila sechellia Dsec\GM17887 Drosophila erecta Dere\GG23058 Drosophila yakuba Dyak\GE25557 Drosophila ananassae Dana\GF17123 Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura Dpse\GA11570 Drosophila persimilis Dper\GL24430 Drosophila willistoni Dwil\GK13739 Drosophila virilis Dvir\GJ14408 Drosophila mojavensis Dmoj\GI10809
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 12 )
Bloomington	25856 y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF01877}attP2 32009 Chal9/TM3, y+ Ser1 10816 w1118; P{wA}Cha2-1/TM3, Sb1 20262 y1 w67c23; P{EPgy2}ChaEY11136 26045 w1118; Mi{ET1}ChaMB06338 VAChTMB06338 29201 w1118; Mi{ET1}ChaMB11366 CG7714MB11366 41527 y1 w*; Mi{MIC}ChaMI06451/TM3, Sb1 Ser1 15153 y1; ry506 P{SUPor-P}ChaKG09028/TM3, Sb1 Ser1 37817 y1 w*; Mi{MIC}ChaMI04508 CG7715MI04508/TM3, Sb1 Ser1
Kyoto	104779 w*; P{GawB}ChaNP4784 / TM3, Sb1 Ser1 113523 w*; P{GawB}ChaNP4784 / TM3, Sb1 Ser1
VDRC	v20183 w1118; P{GD7577}v20183/CyO
Genomic Clones ( 3 )
	BACR01D01 BACR01F15 BACR40J10 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 35 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	HL05903
Other clones	MIP14469
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	GH05680 GH23840 GH24680 HL02393 HL05689 RE01505 RE15250 RE18958 RH14945 RH22203 RH22761 RH58613 RH63239
Other clones	13072 74927 81691 103103 121342 148432 214279.68 Dmel_dig_008435_0668_3067 EK114040 EK139308 EK175805 EK176513 EK206036 EK215233 EK224662 EK241412 EK254314 EP02862 FGM214C10 RP001049626
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0000303 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 42249
Antibody Information
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of
Source for database merge of
Additional comments	One or more of the processed transcripts for this gene share(s) untranslated sequences with a transcript of an adjacent gene, but encode(s) a single open reading frame (ORF). The non-overlapping ORFs that share untranslated sequences are represented by Cha and VAChT. (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003) Cha and VAChT share a common first exon. The remainder of the VAChT transcript contains a single coding exon residing entirely within the first intron of Cha. The relative levels of Cha and VAChT transcript differ in different tissues or Cha mutants indicating independent regulation of Cha and VAChT transcripts may occur post-transcriptionally. (Kitamoto et al., 1998)
Other Comments
	The effect of restrictive temperature on the in vivo expression of Cha mRNA and immunohistochemical observations of the central brain indicate Cha expression is differentially regulated in particular cholinergic neurons in response to a temperature shift. (Yasuyama et al., 1996) Analysis of Cha constructs containing different lengths of 5' flanking sequences has defined a 0.3kb region which is essential for rescuing the Cha lethal mutant phenotype. (Kitamoto and Salvaterra, 1995) The cis-regulatory regions involved in expression of Cha have been analysed using germline transformants. The 5' flanking DNA of Cha can be divided into several separable positive and negative regulatory regions, which define various subsets of cholinergic neurons in the nervous system. (Yasuyama et al., 1995) A complete Cha cDNA is able to direct the expression of hydrophilic and amphiphilic enzyme activity in Xenopus oocyte. (Salem et al., 1994) Proper expression of Cha requires at least 7.4kb of upstream region. (Kitamoto and Salvaterra, 1993) Homozygotes and hemizygotes for either of the original two non-conditionally mutant alleles, Df(3R)Cha9 or Chal2, show no detectable choline acetyl transferase enzymatic activity as late embryos, which is when the mutants die; Either of two temperature-sensitive alleles, Chats1 or Chats2, causes a variety of phenotypic defects when hemizygous or homozygous: reduced viability at 25oC and death at 29oC (Chats1), reduced viability at 18oC and death at 22oC or above (Chats2). Chats1 or Chats2 show heat-induced abnormalities of general mobility and male courtship ability. (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992) Recombinant Cha enzyme shares the same kinetic properties and same catalytic residues as the enzyme from a variety of different sources. (Carbini et al., 1990) A major point of regulation of Cha expression may occur at the transcriptional level. (Carbini et al., 1990) The site of cleavage of the 67kD enzyme that gives rise to the clipped enzyme polypeptide has been determined. The cleavage site has identified an important functional domain and may be the result of cellular processing. (Slemmon, 1989) Immunohistochemical staining of ChAT reveals wide distribution in CNS; this staining is strong in Chats1 at permissive temperature but diminishes after in-vivo heat treatment (FBrf0046829); Chats2 staining is poor even at permissive temperature and diminishes after heating the flies. (Gorczyca and Hall, 1987) Chats1 or Chats2 show heat-induced abnormalities in the landing response. (Gorczyca and Hall, 1985) Whereas wild type exhibits two molecular forms of ChAT activity after isoelectric focusing, homogenates of Chats1 lead to a single form and of Chats2 to two forms shifted to higher-than-normal pI. Chats1 and Chats2 also cause ChAT activity to have accentuated thermolability in vitro, plus gradual but reversible decline of enzymatic activity and of acetylcholine levels following transfer of low-temperature reared mutants to 29-30oC or above. (Salvaterra and McCaman, 1985) Chats1 or Chats2 show heat-induced abnormalities of several elements of physiological responses made by thoracic indirect flight muscles following stimulation of giant fiber pathway, implying that certain interneuronal synapses in this pathway are cholinergic. (Gorczyca and Hall, 1984) Chats1 or Chats2 show heat-induced abnormalities in the electroretinogram. (Greenspan, 1980)
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_057656 NM_206517 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_477004 NP_996239 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AA698897 AAA28406 AAF55588 AAF55588.3 AAF55588.4 AAM75026 AAS65177 AAS65177.1 AC007812 AW942014 AY128433 CL844408 M63724 X78370 X78371 X78372 X78373 X78374 X78375 X78376 X78377 X78378 X78379 X78380 X78381 X78382 X78383 Z71014 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 42249 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • P07668
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Acyltransferase ChoActase/COT/CPT (IPR000542) BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis • HL05903
Linkouts
	DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0000303 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0000303 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0000303 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG12345-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0000303 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 42249 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 42249 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0000303 REDfly - A database of transcriptional regulatory elements. • FBgn0000303
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 20 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	Cat   CG12345 (Labourier et al., 2002, Butler, 2000.10.9, Whitfield, 2000.9.20, Salvaterra, 2000.5.30, Perkins et al., 1.15.2009, Smibert et al., 2012) cha (Yang and Kunes, 2004, Kitamoto and Salvaterra, 1991, Takemura et al., 2011, Daniels et al., 2008, Mundiyanapurath et al., 2009, Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008, Allen and Murphey, 2007) Cha (Hoopfer et al., 2008, McGurk et al., 2007, Baines, 2004, Dietzl et al., 2007, Keene et al., 2004, Lajeunesse et al., 2010, Mondal et al., 2011, Keene et al., 2011, Schnakenberg et al., 2011, Tayler et al., 2012, Tripodi et al., 2008, Hall, 2003, Johard et al., 2009, Johard et al., 2008, Mauss et al., 2009, Sanyal et al., 2003, Nässel et al., 2008, Fradkin et al., 2008, Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2010, Tellam et al., 2003, Kahsai and Winther, 2011, Takemura et al., 2011, Soshnev et al., 2012) ChAT (Yasuyama et al., 2003, Ramaekers et al., 2005, Yang and Kunes, 2004, Lee and Salvaterra, 2002, Yasuyama, 2003, Yasuyama and Salvaterra, 1999, Python and Stocker, 2002, Salvaterra and Kitamoto, 2001, Yasuyama et al., 2002, Malpel et al., 2002, Yasuyama et al., 2001, Lee et al., 2001, Certel et al., 2000, Yao et al., 2000, Kitamoto et al., 2000, Cole, 1999, Sugihara, 1994.3.29, Sugihara, 1994.3.29, Sugihara, 1994.3.29, Sugihara, 1994.3.29, Sugihara, 1994.3.29, Sugihara, 1994.3.29, Sugihara, 1994.3.29, Sugihara, 1994.3.29, Sugihara, 1994.3.29, Sugihara, 1994.3.29, Sugihara, 1994.3.29, Sugihara, 1994.3.29, Sugihara, 1994.3.29, Sugihara, 1994.3.29, Ray et al., 1999, Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 1999, Bowman et al., 1999, Lee and O'Dowd, 1999, Pahud et al., 1998, Kitamoto et al., 1998, Yasuyama et al., 1995, Kitamoto and Salvaterra, 1995, Raeber et al., 1995, Kitamoto et al., 1995, Kitamoto and Salvaterra, 1995, Pahud et al., 1995, Salvaterra et al., 1991, Salem et al., 1994, Salem et al., 1994, Wu and Hersh, 1994, Wu et al., 1993, Carbini and Hersh, 1993, Kitamoto et al., 1992, Salem and Eder-Colli, 1992, Sugihara et al., 1991, Carbini et al., 1990, Salem et al., 1990, Ashraf et al., 2006, Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008, Thum et al., 2011, Voemel and Wegener, 2007, Nicolaï et al., 2010, Colodner and Feany, 2010, Baqri et al., 2006, Séjourné et al., 2011, Johard et al., 2008, Selcho et al., 2009, Pauls et al., 2010, de Haro et al., 2010, Varija Raghu et al., 2011, Liu et al., 2011, Hasegawa et al., 2011, Pauls et al., 2010, Sadananda et al., 2012, Kahsai and Winther, 2011) ChaT (Acebes et al., 2004, Bader et al., 2007) ChAt (Honjo and Furukubo-Tokunaga, 2009) CHAT (Salem et al., 1993) CLAT_DROME (Storm and Sonnhammer, 2003) CT23399 (Butler, 2000.10.9) dChAT (Fisher et al., 1993) DChAT (Thum et al., 2011) l(3)91Cc
Name Synonym	Cholinacetyltransferase (Pauls et al., 2010) choline acetyltransferase (Kueppers et al., 2003, Salvaterra, 1994.10.3, Keene et al., 2004, Johard et al., 2009, Johard et al., 2008, Mauss et al., 2009, Nässel et al., 2008, Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008, de Haro et al., 2010, Liu et al., 2011, Kahsai and Winther, 2011, Salem et al., 1993, Allen and Murphey, 2007, Hasegawa et al., 2011) choline acetyl transferase (Wolf and Heberlein, 2003, Voemel and Wegener, 2007, Tripodi et al., 2008, Honjo and Furukubo-Tokunaga, 2009, Keene et al., 2011) Choline acetyltransferase (Kitamoto, 2002, Schnakenberg et al., 2011, Baqri et al., 2006, Pauls et al., 2010, Chou et al., 2010) Choline-acetyltransferase (Hall, 2003) Cholineacetyltransferase (Selcho et al., 2009) choline-O-acetyltransferase (Tellam et al., 2003)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBgn0064131
References ( 197 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 197 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 121 ) Supplementary material  ( 9 ) Review  ( 9 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 14 ) Abstract  ( 19 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 3 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 15 ) Book  ( 1 ) Protein sequence record  ( 1 ) Website  ( 1 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 2 ) Letter  ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 16 )
	Burman et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109(26): 10438--10443 Analysis of neural subtypes reveals selective mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic neurons from parkin mutants. [FBrf0218718] Chen et al., 2012, Science 335(6069): 678--685 Visualizing long-term memory formation in two neurons of the Drosophila brain. [FBrf0217453] Sadananda et al., 2012, Traffic 13(7): 979--991 Interaction with a Kinesin-2 tail propels choline acetyltransferase flow towards synapse. [FBrf0218568] Soshnev et al., 2012, Nucleic Acids Res. 40(12): 5415--5431 Genome-wide studies of the multi-zinc finger Drosophila Suppressor of Hairy-wing protein in the ovary. [FBrf0218724] Acebes et al., 2011, J. Neurosci. 31(8): 2734--2745 Synapse loss in olfactory local interneurons modifies perception. [FBrf0213264] Chiang et al., 2011, Curr. Biol. 21(1): 1--11 Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Brain-wide Wiring Networks in Drosophila at Single-Cell Resolution. [FBrf0212704] Hasegawa et al., 2011, Development 138(5): 983--993 Concentric zones, cell migration and neuronal circuits in the Drosophila visual center. [FBrf0213020] Kahsai and Winther, 2011, J. Comp. Neurol. 519(2): 290--315 Chemical neuroanatomy of the Drosophila central complex: distribution of multiple neuropeptides in relation to neurotransmitters. [FBrf0212649] Keene et al., 2011, J. Neurosci. 31(17): 6527--6534 Distinct visual pathways mediate Drosophila larval light avoidance and circadian clock entrainment. [FBrf0213587] Liu et al., 2011, J. Neurosci. 31(6): 2052--2063 Drosophila Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long-Chain Family Member 4 Regulates Axonal Transport of Synaptic Vesicles and Is Required for Synaptic Development and Transmission. [FBrf0212968] Mondal et al., 2011, Traffic 12(4): 372--385 Imaging in vivo neuronal transport in genetic model organisms using microfluidic devices. [FBrf0214440] Schnakenberg et al., 2011, PLoS Biol. 9(11): e1001192 Sperm-storage defects and live birth in Drosophila females lacking spermathecal secretory cells. [FBrf0216767] Séjourné et al., 2011, Nat. Neurosci. 14(7): 903--910 Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory memory retrieval in Drosophila. [FBrf0214029] Takemura et al., 2011, Curr. Biol. 21(24): 2077--2084 Cholinergic circuits integrate neighboring visual signals in a Drosophila motion detection pathway. [FBrf0217052] Thum et al., 2011, J. Comp. Neurol. 519(17): 3415--3432 Diversity, variability, and suboesophageal connectivity of antennal lobe neurons in D. melanogaster larvae. [FBrf0216269] Varija Raghu et al., 2011, J. Comp. Neurol. 519(1): 162--176 Neurons with cholinergic phenotype in the visual system of Drosophila. [FBrf0212356] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2011 Show reviews ...