FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\cos

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\cos

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

costa

Annotation Symbol

CG1708

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0000352

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

22 publicly available

Gene Summary

costa (cos) encodes a kinesin-like protein and a key component in the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway that is involved in pattern formation and growth control. It forms a complex with the product of fu to restrict the activity of the Hh pathway transcription factor encoded by ci. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Pathway
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Red Book
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

Cos2, Costal2, cos-2, Costal-2, Costal 2

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

43B1-43B2

Sequence location

2R:7,382,176..7,387,115 [-]

Recombination map

2-56

RefSeq locus

NT_033778 REGION:7382176..7387115

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (26 terms)

Molecular Function (12 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables microtubule binding

inferred from direct assay

(Sisson et al., 1997)

enables molecular sequestering activity

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Wang et al., 2000)

enables protein binding

inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:P18431

(Zhang et al., 2005)

inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:P54367

(Zhang et al., 2005)

inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:P91682

(Zhang et al., 2005)

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Sxl; FB:FBgn0264270

(Horabin et al., 2003, Vied and Horabin, 2001)

enables protein kinase binding

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:fu; FB:FBgn0001079

(Zhang et al., 2011, Ascano et al., 2002)

enables RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:ci; FB:FBgn0004859

(Zhou and Kalderon, 2010, Wang et al., 2000, Sisson et al., 1997)

enables signaling adaptor activity

inferred from direct assay

(Zhang et al., 2005)

enables smoothened binding

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:smo; FB:FBgn0003444

(Fan et al., 2012, Jia et al., 2003, Ogden et al., 2003)

enables ubiquitin protein ligase binding

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Ubr3; FB:FBgn0260970

(Li et al., 2016)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables ATP binding

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001752

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables ATP hydrolysis activity

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000648413

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

enables cytoskeletal motor activity

inferred from sequence or structural similarity with FLYBASE:Khc; FB:FBgn0001308

(Sisson et al., 1997)

enables microtubule binding

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001752

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000648413

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

enables microtubule motor activity

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000648413

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001752, InterPro:IPR027640

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

Biological Process (7 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in follicle cell of egg chamber development

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Dai et al., 2017)

involved_in imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Dworkin and Gibson, 2006)

involved_in intraciliary transport

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Kuzhandaivel et al., 2014)

involved_in negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway

inferred from mutant phenotype

(He et al., 2022, Zhang et al., 2017, Smelkinson et al., 2007, Lum et al., 2003, Ruel et al., 2003, Jia et al., 2002, Methot and Basler, 2000, Wang and Holmgren, 2000, Wang et al., 2000, Wang and Holmgren, 1999)

inferred from direct assay

(Fukumoto et al., 2001)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:cos; FB:FBgn0000352

(Zhang et al., 2005)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Su(fu); FB:FBgn0005355

(Oh et al., 2015, Shi et al., 2014)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:ci; FB:FBgn0004859

(Zhou and Kalderon, 2010)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Rack1; FB:FBgn0020618

(Li et al., 2020)

involved_in regulation of apoptotic process

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:hid; FB:FBgn0003997

(Christiansen et al., 2013)

involved_in smoothened signaling pathway

inferred from direct assay

(Giordano et al., 2018, Li et al., 2014, Fan et al., 2012, Ranieri et al., 2012, Zhang et al., 2011, Raisin et al., 2010, Nybakken et al., 2002)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Oh et al., 2015, Shi et al., 2011, Liu et al., 2007, Lum et al., 2003, Wang and Holmgren, 1999)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:smo; FB:FBgn0003444

(Zhou and Kalderon, 2011)

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:smo; FB:FBgn0003444

(Jia et al., 2003, Ogden et al., 2003)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:fu; FB:FBgn0001079,FLYBASE:smo; FB:FBgn0003444,FLYBASE:ci; FB:FBgn0004859

(Oh et al., 2015)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Su(fu); FB:FBgn0005355

(Wang et al., 2000)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in microtubule-based movement

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001752, InterPro:IPR027640

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000648413

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Cellular Component (7 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytosol

inferred from direct assay

(Zhang et al., 2011, Stegman et al., 2000, Sisson et al., 1997)

colocalizes_with extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane

inferred from direct assay

(Stegman et al., 2004)

part_of Hedgehog signaling complex

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:fu; FB:FBgn0001079

(Stegman et al., 2000)

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:ci; FB:FBgn0004859

(Stegman et al., 2000)

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:fu; FB:FBgn0001079,FLYBASE:ci; FB:FBgn0004859

(Robbins et al., 1997)

part_of microtubule associated complex

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:ci; FB:FBgn0004859

(Sisson et al., 1997)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in cytoplasm

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000648413

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

part_of kinesin complex

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000648413

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

inferred from sequence or structural similarity with FLYBASE:Khc; FB:FBgn0001308

(Sisson et al., 1997)

is_active_in microtubule

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000648413

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

KINESINS

HEDGEHOG SIGNALING COMPLEX

Pathway (FlyBase)

Negative Regulators of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Core Components

Protein Family (UniProt)

Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIF27 subfamily. (O16844)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)

ATP hydrolysis activity
RHEA 13065:

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Gene Group (FlyBase)

KINESINS -: Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) are microtubule motor proteins which use the hydrolysis of ATP to drive directional movement along microtubules. KIFs possess a well-conserved 360 residue globular head domain which binds and hydrolyses ATP and interacts with microtubules. Many KIFs homodimerize via coiled-coil interactions in the stalk region. KIFs bind cargo through their variable tail regions and are involved in transporting organelles, protein complexes, mRNAs and the movement of spindles and chromosomes during cell division. (Adapted from FBrf0219884).
HEDGEHOG SIGNALING COMPLEX -: The Hedgehog signaling complex (HSC) is involved in hedgehog signaling pathway. In the absence of hh, HSC promotes the proteolytic processing of the transcription factor and HSC component ci to its repressor form. hh activation of the pathway blocks the processing of ci, allowing the accumulation of the full-length activator protein. (Adapted from FBrf0174381.)

Pathway (FlyBase)

Negative Regulators of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway -: Negative regulators of hedgehog signaling down-regulate the pathway, resulting in the repression of transcription of hh-responsive genes.
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Core Components -: The hedgehog signaling pathway is initiated by hedgehog (hh) ligand binding to the extracellular domain of patched receptor (ptc), leading to the derepression of smoothened (smo) activity. Activation of the atypical GPCR smo results in the accumulation of the transcriptional activator form of cubitus interruptus (ci) and the derepression/activation of hh target genes. In the absence of hh, smo is repressed by ptc and ci is processed to a truncated repressor form. (Adapted from FBrf0220683 and FBrf0231236).

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

Regulates cubitus interruptus (ci) processing by recruiting multiple kinases to promote its efficient phosphorylation. Scaffolds multiple kinases and ci into proximity to promote its hyperphosphorylation, which then targets it for SCFSlimb/proteasome-mediated processing to generate its repressor form. Hh signaling inhibits ci phosphorylation by interfering with the cos-ci-kinases complex formation. Negatively regulates hh-signaling pathways during various processes, including photoreceptor differentiation (PubMed:25639794, PubMed:27195754). May negatively regulate a hh-signaling pathway which functions in the intestinal immune response to bacterial uracil by activating the Duox-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:25639794).

(UniProt, O16844)

Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)

cos: costa (P. Simpson)

Homozygotes, hemizygotes, and heteroallelic heterozygotes for class I alleles die as embryos with a normal cuticular phenotype. When derived from homozygous ovarian clones, however, abnormal deletion-duplication patterns in each segment are observed; posterior rows of abdominal denticles are replaced by mirror-image duplications of the anterior rows, including the segmental boundary, which is thereby duplicated; thoracic denticle belts missing; cos1 especially severely affected in this regard, including loss of entire segments. Heterozygotes derived from homozygous ovarian clones show slightly abnormal segmental patterning. Flies heterozygous for class I alleles or cos deficiencies and at the same time heterozygous for Cos alleles display pattern duplications of wings and halteres. Class II alleles are hemizygous lethal but homozygous viable. They display wing and haltere duplications indistinguishable from those found for cos1/Cos1 heterozygotes as described by Whittle. Flies heterozygous for class III alleles and Cos show moderately reduced viability and occasional wing duplications; flies homozygous for class III alleles show reduced viability and have wild-type phenotype, but enhance the pattern duplications associated with Cos/+; hemizygotes for class III alleles or heterozygotes with class I alleles are lethal or nearly so in the presence of Cos, the survivors invariably exhibiting pattern duplications of wings and halteres.

Summary (Interactive Fly)

kinesin like protein - hedgehog signaling - a cytoplasmic anchor for Cubitus interruptus

Interactive Fly

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\cos for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry O16844)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.48

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

cos-RA

FBtr0089015

NM_057744

4763

1201

cos-RB

FBtr0336916

NM_001273836

4416

1201

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

4.9 (northern blot)

(Sisson et al., 1997)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

cos-PA

FBpp0088087

133.1

1201

5.64

FBpp0307854

133.1

1201

5.64

O16844

NP_001260765

AGB93298

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

1201 aa isoforms: cos-PA, cos-PB

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

1201 (aa); 175 (kD observed); 133 (kD predicted)

(Sisson et al., 1997)

Comments

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homodimer (Potential). Binds microtubules. Interacts with ci, smo, sgg, CkIalpha and protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PubMed:15691767, PubMed:9244298). Interacts (via kinesin motor domain) with Ubr3 (PubMed:27195754).

(UniProt, O16844)

Post Translational Modification

Polyubiquitinated by Ubr3, which leads to proteasomal degradation.

(UniProt, O16844)

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\cos using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

cos_1

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.54

Transcript Expression

northern blot

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage & larval stage

(Sisson et al., 1997)

Additional Descriptive Data

cos transcripts are detected at high levels during the first 4 hours of embryogenesis, at moderate levels between 8 and 12 hours and at low levels in later embryos. They are also detected in third instar larvae on northern blots.

(Sisson et al., 1997)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

immunolocalization

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage

segment | anterior

(Sisson et al., 1997)

embryonic stage 4 -- 6

organism | ubiquitous

(Sisson et al., 1997)

embryonic stage 9 -- 12

organism | segment polarity expression pattern

(Sisson et al., 1997)

larval stage

wing disc | anterior

(Sisson et al., 1997)

third instar larval stage

wing disc anterior compartment | intense

(Gao et al., 2013, Ranieri et al., 2012)

wing disc

(Gao et al., 2013)

wing disc posterior compartment

(Ranieri et al., 2012)

Additional Descriptive Data

In syncytial embryos, cos protein is distributed uniformly in the cortical cytoplasm. In the late syncytial embryo, it accumulates between and apical to nuclei. From the surface, the pattern looks like a honeycomb. Throughout cellularization, cos protein is associated with furrow canals and during late cellularization is associated with expanded furrow canals. In cellular blastoderm embryos and during gastrulation, cos protein is in the cytoplasm and at the periphery of all cells. A striped pattern of cos protein is observed beginning in late stage 9 and decaying in stage 12. Each stripe is continuous along the dorsal/ventral axis both in the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm. The stripes appear to form in the anterior compartment of each segment. In wing discs, cos protein levels are elevated in the anterior compartment

(Sisson et al., 1997)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytosol

inferred from direct assay

(Zhang et al., 2011, Stegman et al., 2000, Sisson et al., 1997)

colocalizes_with extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane

inferred from direct assay

(Stegman et al., 2004)

part_of Hedgehog signaling complex

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:fu; FB:FBgn0001079

(Stegman et al., 2000)

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:ci; FB:FBgn0004859

(Stegman et al., 2000)

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:fu; FB:FBgn0001079,FLYBASE:ci; FB:FBgn0004859

(Robbins et al., 1997)

part_of microtubule associated complex

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:ci; FB:FBgn0004859

(Sisson et al., 1997)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\cos in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\cos

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\cos

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0000352

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

35653/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0000352

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0000352

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0000352

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG1708

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0000352

Images

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 32 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 46 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of cos

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of cos

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 48 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 48 )

Gene disrupted in

Df(2R)CA58

(Grau and Simpson, 1987)

Df(2R)cn-S5

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)cos-2

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)cos-3

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)Drl^rv3

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)Drl^rv5

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)Drl^rv7

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)Drl^rv15

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)Drl^rv17

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)Drl^rv18

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)Drl^rv20

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)Drl^rv21

(Sisson et al., 1997, Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)Drl^rv24

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)Drl^rv25

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)Drl^rv26

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)Drl^rv28

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)Drl^rv30

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)DX1

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)DX14

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)nap16

(Spradling et al., 1999, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)

Df(2R)Npk-rv1

(Roote and Ashburner, 2005.6)

Df(2R)pk78k

(Spradling et al., 1999, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999, Grau and Simpson, 1987)

Df(2R)pk78s

(BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999, Grau and Simpson, 1987)

Df(2R)sple-D2

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)sple-D3

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)sple-J1

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)sple-J2

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)sple-N3

(Heitzler et al., 1993)

Df(2R)ST1

(Spradling et al., 1999, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999, Grau and Simpson, 1987)

Gene duplicated in

Dp(2;3)P32

(Grau and Simpson, 1987)

Inferred from location ( 4 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal

cos^k16128

lethal | embryonic stage | germline clone | maternal effect | recessive

cos^2R-183-20

lethal | embryonic stage | rescuable maternal effect

lethal | recessive

lethal - all die before end of pupal stage

cos⁷

lethal - all die during embryonic stage

cos³

lethal - all die during embryonic stage | germline clone | maternal effect | recessive

cos^2R-183-20

lethal - all die during embryonic stage | rescuable maternal effect

cos⁷

partially lethal (with cos³)

cos¹¹

partially lethal (with cos¹¹)

cos³

partially lethal - majority live | recessive

cos⁷

viable

cos¹¹

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^da.G32

cos^KK106270

decreased occurrence of cell division | larval stage | somatic clone

cos^H29

hyperplasia

cos^k16128

increased cell number | oogenesis | somatic clone

increased cell number | oogenesis | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act.PU

cos^KK106270

increased occurrence of cell division | larval stage | somatic clone

cos^H29

increased occurrence of cell division | oogenesis | somatic clone

cos¹

some die during embryonic stage

cos³

some die during embryonic stage | maternal effect | recessive

cos^2R-183-20

some die during embryonic stage | rescuable maternal effect

cos⁷

some die during pupal stage

cos⁷

visible, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

visible, with Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1

cos^{CSBD.UAS.Tag:HA}

visible | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone

visible | dominant

cos^k16101

visible | recessive

cos⁷

visible | somatic clone

wild-type

cos^+t6.1

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

adult head | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone

cos^H29

adult head | somatic clone

cos^H29

adult midgut, with Scer\GAL4^da.G32

cos^KK106270

antenna | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone

cos^H29

antenna | somatic clone

cos^H29

basal stalk | somatic clone

cos^H29

basal stalk | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act.PU

cos^KK106270

border follicle cell | ectopic

cos^52B7

border follicle cell | ectopic | somatic clone

cos^52B7

border follicle cell | somatic clone

cos^52B7

border follicle cell | somatic clone | increased number

cos^52B7

egg chamber | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PP

cos^UAS.cHa

embryonic/first instar larval cuticle | germline clone

embryonic abdominal segment | germline clone | maternal effect

cos^2R-183-20

embryonic epidermis

cos⁵

embryonic epidermis | germline clone

embryonic segment | germline clone

embryonic segment | germline clone | maternal effect

cos^2R-183-20

epandrial ventral lobe

epandrium

epiproct

eye | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone

eye | somatic clone

cos^L51

eye disc | somatic clone

cos^H29

first posterior wing cell, with Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1

cos^{CSBD.UAS.Tag:HA}

follicle cell | ectopic | somatic clone

cos¹

germarium | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PP

cos^UAS.cHa

haltere

cos⁷

lipid droplet | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^da.G32

cos^KK106270

oocyte | somatic clone

cos¹

oviprovector

polar follicle cell | ectopic | somatic clone

pupal epidermis

cos⁵

sex comb | ectopic | somatic clone

cos¹

stalk follicle cell | somatic clone

cos^H29

stalk follicle cell | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PP

cos^UAS.cHa

stalk follicle cell | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act.PU

cos^KK106270

surstylus

ventral denticle belt | embryonic stage

ventral denticle belt | embryonic stage | germline clone

wing

wing (with cos³)

cos¹¹

wing (with cos¹¹)

cos³

wing | anterior, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

wing | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

wing | somatic clone

cos^unspecified

wing blade, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

wing blade anterior compartment

cos^V1

wing blade posterior compartment

cos^V1

wing disc

cos²

wing disc | anterior | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PP

wing vein

cos¹

wing vein L3, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

cos^{S182T.UAS.GFP}

wing vein L3 | ectopic | somatic clone

cos^unspecified

wing vein L3 | proximal, with Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1

cos^{CSBD.UAS.Tag:HA}

wing vein L4, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

cos^{S182T.UAS.GFP}

wing vein L4 | proximal, with Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1

cos^{CSBD.UAS.Tag:HA}

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (2)

Hsap\KIF17

1 of 14

Yes

Hsap\KIFC2

1 of 14

Yes

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (3)

Rnor\Kif7

1 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Kif17

1 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Kifc2

1 of 14

Yes

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)

Mmus\Kif3c

1 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Kif7

1 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Kif17

1 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Kifc2

1 of 14

Yes

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (3)

Drer\kif7

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\kif17

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\LOC103909932

1 of 14

Yes

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)

Cele\osm-3

1 of 14

Yes

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)

Agam\AgaP_AGAP010883

11 of 12

Yes

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (1)

Atha\AT4G14330

1 of 13

Yes

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:cos. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (26)

Khc-73

2 of 13

Khc

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

neb

2 of 13

nod

2 of 13

pav

2 of 13

sub

2 of 13

2 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

ncd

1 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

cos^EY08735

ameliorates amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 8

modeled by Vap33^{P58S.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

(Sanhueza et al., 2015)

cos^k16101

exacerbates amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 8

modeled by Vap33^{P58S.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

(Sanhueza et al., 2015)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:

Off

Show/hide secondary interactors
(data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)

Select Layout:

Force Directed

Circle

Concentric

Legend:

Protein

RNA

Selected Interactor(s)

Other Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

RNA-RNA

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

cos - mir-12

fluorescence technology

(Friggi-Grelin et al., 2008)

cos - mir-283

fluorescence technology

(Friggi-Grelin et al., 2008)

cos - mir-960

fluorescence technology, immunocytochemistry, luminiscence technology, necessary binding region

(Gao et al., 2013)

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

cos

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, colocalization, fluorescence microscopy, inferred by author, fluorescent resonance energy transfer

(Ranieri et al., 2012, Zhang et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2005)

cos - CkIα

pull down, anti tag western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, colocalization, fluorescence microscopy, inferred by author

(Shi et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2005)

cos - Drep2

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Andlauer et al., 2014)

cos - Gαi

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot

(Ogden et al., 2008)

cos - Pka-C1

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Chen et al., 2017, Ranieri et al., 2014, Zhang et al., 2005)

cos - Pp4-19C

pull down, anti tag western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation

(Jia et al., 2009)

cos - Rack1

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Li et al., 2020)

cos - Su(fu)

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, pull down, molecular sieving

(Farzan et al., 2009, Lum et al., 2003, Stegman et al., 2000)

cos - Sumo

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Zhang et al., 2017)

cos - Sxl

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot

(Walthall et al., 2007, Horabin et al., 2003)

cos - Ubr3

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Li et al., 2016)

cos - fu

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, pull down, molecular sieving, autoradiography, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy, peptide massfingerprinting, enzymatic study, experimental knowledge based, two hybrid, protein kinase assay, colocalization, inferred by author

cos - ptc

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot

(Walthall et al., 2007)

cos - sgg

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, pull down, western blot, colocalization, fluorescence microscopy, inferred by author

(Shi et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2005)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

Show/hide secondary interactors
(data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)

esyN Network Key:

Suppression

Enhancement

Other Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

cos

enhanceable

Axn

(Dai et al., 2017)

cos

suppressible

(Christiansen et al., 2012)

cos

enhanceable

smo

(Ogden et al., 2006)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Axn

enhanceable

cos

(Dai et al., 2017)

suppressible

cos

(Besse et al., 2002)

suppressible

(Hooper, 2003)

enhanceable

(Friggi-Grelin et al., 2008)

suppressible

cos

(Lum, 2003)

hid

suppressible

cos

(Christiansen et al., 2013)

smo

enhanceable

cos

(Ogden et al., 2006)

suppressible

(Hooper, 2003)

suppressible

(Li et al., 2016)

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

(UniProt, O16844 )

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

61534

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0000352

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

35653

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

35653

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Negative Regulators of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Core Components

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

External Links

External Data

Linkouts

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Hedgehog signaling pathway - fly

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.

O16844

Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

2-56

Cytogenetic map

43B1-43B2

Sequence location

2R:7,382,176..7,387,115 [-]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

43B1-43B2

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}vimar^k16722 and P{lacW}cos^k16101

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

43B1-43B2

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Spradling et al., 1999)

42E-43E

(Liu and Montell, 1999)

43B2-43C2

(Sisson et al., 1997)

43A1-43C2

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Scott, 1992)

43B1-43B2

(BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)

43B-43B

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Torok et al., 1993)

Placed in 42E--43E by deficiency mapping (details unspecified).

(Liu and Montell, 1999)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

2-56

(FlyBase, 2016)

2-56.4

(Comeron et al., 2012)

2-57

(Grau and Simpson, 1987)

Left of (cM)

(Grau and Simpson, 1987)

Right of (cM)

(Grau and Simpson, 1987)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (22)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

67187

w^*; P{UAS-cos.H}3

55041

w^*; P{UAS-cos.1-500.HA}20

55044

w^*; P{UAS-cos.500-1201.HA}36/MKRS

44472

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.HMC02347}attP2

55039

w^*; P{UAS-cos.N}18; MKRS/TM6B, Tb¹

11156

y¹ w^67c23; P{lacW}cos^k16101/CyO

55043

P{UAS-cos.500-1201.HA}21, w^*; sna^Sco/SM5

55045

w^*; sna^Sco/SM5; P{UAS-cos.S572A}37/MKRS

19759

y¹ w^67c23; P{EPgy2}cos^EY08735/CyO

NIG-Fly

HMC02347

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.HMC02347}attP2

VDRC

v330301

P{VSH330301}attP40

v108914

P{KK106270}VIE-260B

More stocks available...

Genomic Clones (17)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (30)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

FI03725

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0000352

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0000352

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

polyclonal

(Ranieri et al., 2012, Sisson et al., 1997)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research

Costal-2_(17E11)

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

Other Comments

cos blocks smo phosphorylation through binding with smo.

(Liu et al., 2007)

Identified as a component of the hh signalling pathway in a genome-wide RNAi screen. dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed affects the extent of expression of a hh signaling reporter construct in Clone 8 cells.

(Nybakken et al., 2005)

dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R⁺ cell morphology.

(Kiger et al., 2003)

dsRNA made from templates generated with primers against this gene tested in an RNAi assay in S2 cells.

(Lum, 2003)

Epistatic analysis places cos function downstream of ptc and smo.

(Ruel et al., 2003)

The last 301 amino acids of the cos COOH terminus are sufficient to provide full association with smo.

(Ruel et al., 2003)

1 allele of cos been recovered in a screen for mutations with mutant phenotypes in clones in the wing.

(Vegh and Basler, 2003)

fu protein phosphorylates cos protein. The primary site of phosphorylation is Ser-572, with Ser-931 being phosphorylated to a lesser extent.

(Nybakken et al., 2002)

Mutants are isolated in a screen of the second chromosome isolating disc morphology defects.

(Roch et al., 1998)

hh elicits signal transduction via a complex that includes the products of the fu, ci and cos genes. The complex binds with high affinity to microtubules in the absence of hh protein, but not when hh is present. The complex may facilitate signalling from hh by governing access of the ci product to the nucleus.

(Robbins et al., 1997)

cos encodes a kinesin-related protein that accumulates preferentially in cells capable of responding to hh signal. The product is cytoplasmic and binds microtubules. The ci protein associates with the cos product in a large protein complex, suggesting that cos directly controls the activity of ci.

(Sisson et al., 1997)

The small lobe of fu may play a role in generating the neomorphic cos phenotype displayed by an unregulated fu protein in a Su(fu)^- background.

(Alves et al., 1995)

cos function is required maternally for the patterning of the central portion of each segment, in the absence of cos activity the central portion is replaced by a mirror image duplication of the anterior partion. The cos protein may be involved in localisation or transport of other segment polarity gene products within the cell, facilitating cell polarisation.

(Sisson et al., 1995)

Viable mutations in the segmentation genes cos cause specific alterations in dpp expression within the anterior-posterior compartment boundary of the wing disc.

(Capdevila et al., 1994)

Mutants display hyperplastic phenotype, imaginal disc overgrowth.

(Mechler, 1994)

cos negatively regulates ptc and wg transcription.

(Forbes et al., 1993)

Genetic and developmental characteristics of the imaginal disc overgrowth mutant have been determined.

(Torok et al., 1993)

wg and en expression patterns are studied in all known segment polarity mutants to investigate the requirement of other segment polarity genes in mediating the maintenance of wg and en.

(van den Heuvel et al., 1993)

cos suppresses the segment polarity and zygotic phenotype of one class of fu alleles and causes a lethal interaction with the other class of fu alleles.

(Preat et al., 1989)

cos falls into the segment polarity class of genes, and has both a maternal and a zygotic action.

(Grau and Simpson, 1987)

Leaky alleles of cos display wing duplications that are part of a larger syndrome of polarity defects that affect the embryonic and imaginal segment. The dominant phenotype seen in flies heterozygous for the neomorphic "Cos" mutants is the result of a reduced level of function at the cos locus. Haploidy for cos enhances, whereas triploidy for cos suppresses the phenotype of "Cos" heterozygotes.

(Grau and Simpson, 1987)

Homozygotes, hemizygotes and heteroallelic heterozygotes for class I alleles die as embryos with a normal cuticular phenotype. When derived from homozygous ovarian clones, however, abnormal deletion-duplication patterns in each segment are observed; posterior rows of abdominal denticles are replaced by mirror-image duplications of the anterior rows, including the segmental boundary, which is thereby duplicated; thoracic denticle belts missing; cos¹ especially severely affected in this regard, including loss of entire segments. Heterozygotes derived from homozygous ovarian clones show slightly abnormal segmental patterning. Flies heterozygous for class I alleles or cos deficiencies and at the same time heterozygous for Cos alleles display pattern duplications of wings and halteres. Class II alleles are hemizygous lethal but homozygous viable. They display wing and haltere duplications indistinguishable from those found for cos¹/Pka-C1^Cos-1 heterozygotes as described by Whittle. Flies heterozygous for class III alleles and Cos show moderately reduced viability and occasional wing duplications; flies homozygous for class III alleles show reduced viability and have wild-type phenotype, but enhance the pattern duplications associated with Cos/+; hemizygotes for class III alleles or heterozygotes with class I alleles are lethal or nearly so in the presence of Cos, the survivors invariably exhibiting pattern duplications of wings and halteres.

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Additional comments

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Source for identity of: cos CG1708

(Gabrielian, 1999.11)

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (29)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

CG1708

(Meadows, 2017.1.11, Andlauer et al., 2014, Cui et al., 2013, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Molnar et al., 2006, Nybakken et al., 2005, Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000)

COS2

(Ingham et al., 2011, Malpel et al., 2007, Sanial and Plessis, 2007, Sisson et al., 1997)

COS²

(Hammerschmidt et al., 1997)

Cos

(Deng et al., 2021, Lee et al., 2018, Lee et al., 2015, Mbodj et al., 2013, Hirokawa, 2012.11.20)

Cos-2

(Smelkinson et al., 2017, Price, 2006, van den Heuvel, 2003, Zhang et al., 2003, Zhang et al., 2002, Greaves, 2001, Ingham and McMahon, 2001, Aza-Blanc and Kornberg, 1999, Monnier et al., 1999, Murone et al., 1999, Wang and Holmgren, 1999, Ingham, 1997, Johnson and Scott, 1997, Robbins et al., 1997, Tabin and McMahon, 1997, Nusse, 1996)

Cos2

(Moore et al., 2022, Surkova et al., 2021, Zhang and Jiang, 2021, Li et al., 2020, Han et al., 2019, Jiang et al., 2019, Giordano et al., 2018, Jiang et al., 2018, Zhou et al., 2018, Chen et al., 2017, Zhang et al., 2017, Zhao et al., 2017, Giordani et al., 2016, Lee et al., 2016, Oh et al., 2015, Zhou et al., 2015, Andlauer et al., 2014, Kim et al., 2014, Kuzhandaivel et al., 2014, Li et al., 2014, Maier et al., 2014, Ranieri et al., 2014, Briscoe and Thérond, 2013, Chen and Jiang, 2013, Gao et al., 2013, Gao et al., 2013, Tran et al., 2013, Carroll et al., 2012, Cheng et al., 2012, Fan et al., 2012, Robbins et al., 2012, Wu et al., 2012, Marks and Kalderon, 2011, Shi et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2011, Zhou and Kalderon, 2011, Raisin et al., 2010, Zhou and Kalderon, 2010, Farzan et al., 2009, Jia et al., 2009, Liu et al., 2008, Ogden et al., 2008, Wang and Price, 2008, Zhao and Jiang, 2008, Liu et al., 2007, Walthall et al., 2007, Zhao et al., 2007, Casso et al., 2006, De Rivoyre et al., 2006, Huangfu and Anderson, 2006, Ogden et al., 2006, Ogden et al., 2006, Osterlund and Kogerman, 2006, Singla, 2006, Varjosalo et al., 2006, Briscoe and Therond, 2005, Ho et al., 2005, Ishii, 2005, Nybakken et al., 2005, Ruel et al., 2005, Torroja et al., 2005, Walthall et al., 2005, Zhang et al., 2005, Ascano and Robbins, 2004, Beachy et al., 2004, Bijlsma et al., 2004, Jia et al., 2004, Kalderon, 2004, Lum and Beachy, 2004, Lum et al., 2004, Ogden et al., 2004, Stegman et al., 2004, Wang and Jiang, 2004, Zhang et al., 2004, Collins and Cohen, 2003, Fouix et al., 2003, Horabin, 2003, Jia et al., 2003, Lefers and Holmgren, 2003, Lum, 2003, Lum et al., 2003, Ogden et al., 2003, Ou et al., 2003, Ruel et al., 2003, Ruel et al., 2003, Ascano et al., 2002, Jiang, 2002, Kalderon, 2002, Lefers et al., 2002, Monnier et al., 2002, Nybakken and Perrimon, 2002, Nybakken et al., 2002, Ascano et al., 2001, Lefers et al., 2001, Miki et al., 2001, Ramirez-Weber et al., 2001, Taipale and Beachy, 2001, Vied et al., 2001, Wang et al., 2001, Stegman et al., 2000, Stegman et al., 2000, Wang et al., 2000, Chen et al., 1999, Maniatis, 1999, Marsh and Theisen, 1999, Matise and Joyner, 1999, Lee, 1998, Cadigan and Nusse, 1997, Perrimon, 1996)

Cos²

(Perrimon, 1995, Perrimon, 1994)

Costal2

(Piedade and Famulski, 2021)

DmCos2

(Miki et al., 2001)

KIF26A/B

(Hirokawa, 2012.11.20)

Kif7

(Zhou and Kalderon, 2011)

cos2

(Jang et al., 2024, He et al., 2022, Li et al., 2020, Little et al., 2020, Garcia-Garcia et al., 2017, Li et al., 2016, Oh et al., 2015, Su, 2015, Shi et al., 2014, Chen and Jiang, 2013, Christiansen et al., 2013, Christiansen et al., 2012, Marks and Kalderon, 2011, Molnar et al., 2011, Zhou and Kalderon, 2011, Zhou and Kalderon, 2010, Ayers et al., 2009, Mosimann et al., 2009, Farzan et al., 2008, Friggi-Grelin et al., 2008, Claret et al., 2007, Malpel et al., 2007, Ruel et al., 2007, Smelkinson et al., 2007, Sisson et al., 2006, Yao et al., 2006, Zhang et al., 2005, Collier et al., 2004, Nakano et al., 2004, Ogden et al., 2004, Horabin et al., 2003, Lum et al., 2003, Vegh and Basler, 2003, Bai and Montell, 2002, Besse et al., 2002, Collier et al., 2002, Jia et al., 2002, Lefers et al., 2001, Vied and Horabin, 2001, Vied and Horabin, 2000, Wang and Holmgren, 2000, Zhang and Kalderon, 2000, Wang and Holmgren, 1999, Wang and Holmgren, 1999, Biesecker, 1997, Kalderon, 1997, Robbins et al., 1997, Ruiz i Altaba, 1997, Sanchez et al., 1997, Sisson et al., 1997, Srivastava, 1997, Sisson and Scott, 1996, Therond et al., 1996, Alves et al., 1995, Pham et al., 1995, Capdevila and Guerrero, 1994, Capdevila et al., 1994, Martinez Arias, 1993)

l(2)161/28

(Gateff, 1994, Mechler, 1994, Watson et al., 1994, Torok et al., 1993)

l(2)cos₂

(Whittle, 1976)

l(2)k16101

l(2)k16128

Name Synonyms

COSTAL2

(Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000)

Costa

(Cui et al., 2020, Hirokawa, 2012.11.20, Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Costal 2

(Kuzhandaivel et al., 2014, Tran et al., 2013, Marks and Kalderon, 2011, Zhou and Kalderon, 2011, Jia et al., 2009, Sanial and Plessis, 2007, Zhao et al., 2007, Gundersen and Cook, 1999)

Costal-2

(Lee et al., 2015, Andlauer et al., 2014, Maier et al., 2014, Cheng et al., 2012, Raisin et al., 2010, Farzan et al., 2009, Walthall et al., 2007, Torroja et al., 2005, Lum et al., 2004, Vied and Horabin, 2002, Zhang et al., 2002, Dussillol et al., 2000, Dussillol et al., 1999, Leahy, 1999, Marsh and Theisen, 1999, Ruiz i Altaba, 1999, The et al., 1998, Nusse, 1996, Orsulic and Peifer, 1996)

DmCostal2

(Dagenbach and Endow, 2004)

Enhancer of Epaulette

Kinesin_B

(Kollmar, 2015.9.15)

costa

(Cui et al., 2013)

costal 2

(Liu and Montell, 1999, Johnston and Scott, 1998)

costal-2

(Spratford and Kumar, 2013, Christiansen et al., 2012, Dworkin and Gibson, 2006, Janody et al., 2004, Vied and Horabin, 1999, Sisson, 1997.8.13, Cohen, 1993, van den Heuvel et al., 1993, Ingham, 1991, Ingham, 1991)

costal2

(Jimenez-Sanchez et al., 2012, Hyman and Scott, 2005, Dubnau et al., 2003, Ho et al., 2000, Vied and Horabin, 2000, Ho and Scott, 1998, Therond, 1998)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0014275
FBgn0021829

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 57 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

35653

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

O16844

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

O16844

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

A0A0B4KED9

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

O16844

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0000352

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

35653/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0000352

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0000352

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0000352

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG1708

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

35653

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

61534

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0000352

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0000352

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0000352

Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research

Costal-2_(17E11)

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

cos_1

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0000352

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0000352

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG1708

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0000352

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC007589

Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution

Interactive Fly

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Hedgehog signaling pathway - fly

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

35653

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

35653

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.

O16844

References (336)

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

-0.54

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