A Database of Drosophila Genes & Genomes

FB2008_07, released August 8, 2008
 

Gene Dmel\dnc

General Information
SymbolDmel\dncSpeciesD. melanogaster
NamedunceAnnotation symbolCG32498
Feature typeprotein_coding_geneFlyBase IDFBgn0000479
Created / Updated2003-12-01/2003-12-01
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)XRecombination map1-3.9
Cytogenetic map3C9-3D1Sequence locationX:3,070,475..3,233,379 [+]
Map ( GBrowse ) detailed view
hide Summary Information
Automatically generated summary

See sections below for more information
The gene dunce is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol dnc (CG32498, FBgn0000479). It has the cytological map location 3C9-3D1. Its sequence location is X:3070475..3233379. Its molecular function is described by 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity; 3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity. It is involved in the biological processes described with 19 unique terms, many of which group under: learning and/or memory; learning; behavior; mating; circadian rhythm; behavioral interaction between organisms; response to chemical stimulus; cell communication; second-messenger-mediated signaling; olfactory learning; reproduction; synaptic transmission; locomotory behavior; primary metabolic process; memory; anatomical structure development; gamete generation; associative learning. 58 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with 14 unique terms, many of which group under: organ system; anatomical structure; nervous system; embryonic neuron; embryonic nervous system; organism; egg; synapse; postsynaptic membrane; adult brain; neuromuscular junction. It has 14 annotated transcripts and 14 annotated polypeptides.

External Summaries
hide Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage
dnc: dunce (R. Davis; J.C. Hall)
Gene encodes a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase. Mutants blocked or impaired in learning, with respect to several of the conditioning tests used on groups of flies or larvae or on individual adults, e.g., those involving odors and electric shocks or sugars (Aceves-Pina and Quinn, 1979, Science 206: 93-96; Tempel, Bonini, Dawson, and Quinn, 1983, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 1482-86; see also Aceves-Pina, Booker, Duerr, Livingstone, Quinn, Smith, Sziber, Tempel, and Tully, 1983, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 48: 831-40), visual stimuli (Folkers, 1982, J. Insect Physiol. 28: 535-39), or various elements of courtship (with respect to tests on mutant males or females, summarized by Hall, 1984, Dev. Genet. 4: 355-78); also, dncM14 males have reduced reproductive fitness after exposure to and courtship of immature females, i.e. when mutant males are put, post training, with mixed female/young male populations (Gailey, Siegel, and Hall, 1985, Genetics 111: 795-804). dnc females display an increased frequency of mating; it is suggested that this could account for their 50% normal longevity (Bellen and Kiger, 1987, Genetics 115: 153-60). dnc males are not conditioned to avoid virgin females by sequestration with such females in the presence of quinine; wild type males are (Ackerman and Siegel, 1986, J. Neurogenet. 3: 111-23). dnc mutants apparently learn normally, or nearly so, in certain experiments but have abnormally short memory (e.g., Dudai, 1979, J. Comp. Physiol. 130: 271-75; Mariath, 1985, J. Insect Physiol. 31: 779-87); more specifically, modificatons of original shock-odor testing system reveal that dnc is defective in short term memory, with long-term memory similar to wild type (Tully and Quinn, 1985, J. Comp. Physiol. 157: 263-77); dnc/+ females also memory deficient (Dudai, 1983, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 5445-48). Whereas dnc adults seem normal in several general behaviors (Dudai et al., 1976), the mutant displays aberrant "centrophobic" behavior [i.e., transient avoidance of the center of an arena displayed by normal adults (Gotz and Biesinger, 1985, J. Comp. Physiol. 156: 319-27, 329-37)]. Mosaic studies suggest that the focus of dnc/+ function is the brain, even though some learning responses demonstrated by headless flies (Aceves-Pina, et al.). Sensory fatigue associated with an adult mechanosensory neuron, as measured by bristle stimulation, occurs more rapidly than normal in dnc (allele not specified) (Corfas and Dudai, 1990, J. Neurosci. 10: 491-99). There is an increased number of mushroom-body axonal fibers in young adults expressing dnc1 or dncM11, which, unlike wild type, decreases over the next few days (Balling, Technau, and Heisenberg, 1987, J. Neurogenet. 4: 65-73). Mutations or deletions of the locus reduce or eliminate one form of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.17) activity; caffeine, an inhibitor of this enzyme, decreases visual learning performance of normal adults and of dnc1 as well, suggesting that the biochemical effects of the drug and the mutation are not identical (Folkers and Spatz, 1984, J. Insect Physiol. 30: 957-65). The effects of dnc mutations on heat stability or Km of this activity indicate that the locus codes for this enzyme (Kauvar, 1982, J. Neurosci. 2: 1347-58; Davis and Kauvar); dnc variants also lead to increased levels of cyclic AMP (summarized by Davis and Kauvar, 1983), more specifically, such that most of the excess is in free (vs. bound) nucleotide; both fractions exist in whole-fly homogenates (Friedrich, Solti, Gyurkovicz, 1984, J. Cell. Biochem. 26: 197-203). dncM11 affects the level of phosphorylation of the regulatory subunit of the cyclic-AMP-dependent kinase (Devay, Pinter, Yalcin, and Friedrich, 1986, Neurosci. 18: 193-203). Levels of regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase tend to be higher than normal in dnc1 and dnc2 (Muller and Spatz, 1989, J. Neurogenet. 6: 95-114). dncM11 flies exhibit increased levels of expression of copia (Yun and Davis, 1989, Nucleic Acids Res. 17: 8313-26). dnc alleles cause varying degrees of female sterility; oocytes of females homozygous for amorphic alleles rarely reach maturity, and for the most part are not oviposited; 90% of the few that are oviposited are fragile, lacking a chorion. That this phenotype is somatic in origin is demonstrated by the observation that homozygous germ-line clones produce morphologically normal eggs; some of these eggs undergo a few abortive nuclear divisions, but they never reach an identifiable stage of oogenesis. The maternal-effect lethality partially suppressible by rut, which reduces adenylate cyclase activity. The earliest defect seen in the embryos produced by dnc rut females occurs soon after fertilization and affects DNA replication and mitosis, prevents nuclear migration, and leads to large polyploid nuclei; a later defect prevents cleavage nuclei from migrating into, or dividing in, the poserior region of the egg, affecting the developmental behavior or fate of blastoderm cells. The few surviving offspring of double-mutant females show frequent developmental abnormalities of the second and third thoracic, and the first five abdominal segments; these include deficiencies, duplications, and transformation of structures; some 15% of the daughters of such females lack one or both ovaries (Livingstone, Sziber, and Quinn, 1984, Cell 37: 205-15; Bellen, Gregory, Olsson, and Kiger, 1987, Dev. Biol. 121: 432-44; Bellen and Kiger, 1988, Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 197: 258-68).
hide Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
3C9-3D1  
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}EP1362 and P{EP}dncEP1395  
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
3D2-3D2
Determined by deficiency mapping (details unspecified).  
3C12-3D4
(determined by in situ hybridisation)  
3D4-3D4
(determined by in situ hybridisation)  
3D4-3D4
(determined by in situ hybridisation)  
3C8-3D4
(determined by in situ hybridisation)  
3C12-3D4
(determined by in situ hybridisation)  
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
The interval between sam and dnc is that between sam2 (rightmost allele of sam in this study) and dncM11 (leftmost allele of dnc in this study). dncM11 is 0.04 +/- 0.01cM to the left of a cluster of dnc mutations (dncM14, dncML, dnc1 and dnc2). The interval between dnc and cff is that between dnc1 and cff1.
Maps about five-eighths of the recombinational distance from w to ec.
Molecular Map Data
Gene Order (in direction of increasing cytology)
References
In direction of increasing cytology: N+ CG18508- Fcp3C- CG3939+ dnc+
Gene Order (overall orientation not stated)
References
Overall orientation not stated: dnc+ ng1+ Pig1- Sgs4+ dnc+
Overall orientation not stated: dnc+ Pig1- Sgs4+ Indnc+ dnc+
Overall orientation not stated: dnc? ng2- ng3- ng1+ ng4- Pig1- Sgs4+ dnc?
Overall orientation not stated: CG14265- ng2- ng3- ng1+ ng4- dnc+ Pig1- Sgs4+
hide Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\dnc for information on other features
detailed view FBtr0070508 FBtr0070542 FBtr0070509 FBtr0070510 FBtr0070541 FBtr0070540 FBtr0070539 FBtr0070523 FBtr0070538 FBtr0070537 FBtr0070524 FBtr0070513 FBtr0070515 FBtr0070511 FBtr0070514 FBtr0070512 FBtr0070516 FBtr0070517 FBtr0070518 FBtr0070519 FBtr0070520 FBtr0070536 FBtr0070521 FBtr0070522 FBpp0070484 FBpp0070516 FBpp0070515 FBpp0070514 FBpp0070499 FBpp0070513 FBpp0070485 FBpp0070486 FBpp0070512 FBpp0070500 FBpp0070488 FBpp0070487 FBpp0070489 FBpp0070491 FBpp0070490 FBpp0070492 FBpp0070493 FBpp0070495 FBpp0070496 FBpp0070511 FBpp0070494 FBpp0070497 FBpp0070498 FBti0041798 FBti0044156 FBti0049930 FBti0047680 FBti0099753 FBti0011938 FBti0037253 FBti0069024 FBti0069855 FBti0070087 FBti0056644 FBti0070512 FBti0007422 FBti0023141 FBti0071529 FBti0071731 FBti0071223 FBti0049819 FBti0075381 FBti0052559 FBti0049570 FBti0017587 FBti0052582 FBti0065046 FBti0046562 FBti0038783 FBti0068082 FBti0052924 FBti0049918 FBti0055538 FBti0067620 FBti0049146 FBti0048560 FBti0071438 FBti0007344 FBti0027277 FBti0046549 FBti0067063 FBti0071642 FBti0038810 FBti0054738 FBti0029811 FBti0035182 FBti0071726 FBti0067468 FBti0050560 FBti0067957 FBti0050901 FBti0078297
Comments on Gene Model
hide Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Associated CDS (aa)
FBtr0070517
  2860
  701
FBtr0070509
  4110
  1209
FBtr0070512
  3811
  1057
FBtr0070515
  3844
  1068
FBtr0070518
  2405
  642
FBtr0070521
  2454
  662
FBtr0070520
  2623
  814
FBtr0070511
  3850
  1070
FBtr0070513
  3850
  1070
FBtr0070514
  3850
  1070
FBtr0070522
  2186
  521
FBtr0070516
  2885
  903
FBtr0070519
  3125
  983
FBtr0070510
  4069
  1209
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)
9.6, 9.5, 7.4, 7.2, 7.0, 6.7, 5.0, 4.2 (northern blot)
9.5, 7.0 (unknown)
Comments
This transcript was classified as a class III abundant transcript. Chromosomal rearrangements that remove the transcription start site of class III transcripts result in loss of mushroom body staining for dnc protein and reduce phosphodiesterase activity by half.
This transcript was classified as a class I/class II minor transcript. Chromosomal rearrangements that remove the transcription start site of class I/II transcripts had no detectable effect.
This transcript was classified as a class IV major transcript. Chromosomal rearrangements that remove the transcription start site of class IV transcripts affect neuropil staining for dnc protein, female fertility, and initial learning.
dnc transcripts were classified according to their transcription start sites.
This transcript was classified as a class III rare transcript. Chromosomal rearrangements that remove the transcription start site of class III transcripts result in loss of mushroom body staining for dnc protein and reduce phosphodiesterase activity by half.
This transcript was classified as a class V minor transcript. Chromosomal rearrangements that remove the transcription start site of class V transcripts affect female fertility and reduce phosphodiesterase activity by half.
This transcript was classified as a class I/class II major transcript. Chromosomal rearrangements that remove the transcription start site of class I/II transcripts had no detectable effect.
This transcript was classified as a class IV minor transcript. Chromosomal rearrangements that remove the transcription start site of class IV transcripts affect neuropil staining for dnc protein, female fertility, and initial learning.
This transcript was classified as a class V major transcript. Chromosomal rearrangements that remove the transcription start site of class V transcripts affect female fertility and reduce phosphodiesterase activity by half.
This transcript was classified as a class IV major transcript. Chromosomal rearrangements that remove the transcription start site of class IV transcripts affect neuropil staining for dnc protein, female fertility, and initial learning.
External Data
Crossreferences
hide Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kD)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank protein
dnc-PA  
FBpp0070493  
77.2  
701  
4.69  
dnc-PB  
FBpp0070485  
129.4  
1209  
5.99  
dnc-PC  
FBpp0070488  
113.5  
1057  
5.25  
dnc-PD  
FBpp0070491  
114.8  
1068  
5.20  
dnc-PE  
FBpp0070494  
70.6  
642  
4.71  
dnc-PF  
FBpp0070497  
73.0  
662  
4.74  
dnc-PG  
FBpp0070496  
89.1  
814  
4.72  
dnc-PI  
FBpp0070487  
115.1  
1070  
5.26  
dnc-PJ  
FBpp0070489  
115.1  
1070  
5.26  
dnc-PK  
FBpp0070490  
115.1  
1070  
5.26  
dnc-PL  
FBpp0070498  
57.4  
521  
4.61  
dnc-PM  
FBpp0070492  
98.0  
903  
5.97  
dnc-PN  
FBpp0070495  
107.3  
983  
5.35  
dnc-PO  
FBpp0070486  
129.4  
1209  
5.99  
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kD)
777, 714, 702, 628 (aa); 85, 79, 77, 71 (kD predicted)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
PANTHER - Protein classification by function, families, and pathways
Crossreferences
InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites
hide Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ /
EMBL /
GenBank
DNA sequence
Protein sequence
Name