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Gene Dmel\e

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\e	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	ebony	Annotation symbol	CG3331
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0000527
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	1192 publicly available
Also Known As	ebony
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	3R	Recombination map	3-70.7
Cytogenetic map	93C7-93D1	Sequence location	3R:17,055,561..17,062,899 [-]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents Beta	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene ebony is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\e (CG3331, FBgn0000527). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: beta-alanyl-dopamine synthase activity. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: cuticle pigmentation; chitin-based cuticle sclerotization; regulation of adult chitin-containing cuticle pigmentation; dopamine metabolic process; negative regulation of melanin biosynthetic process; histamine metabolic process; amino acid adenylylation by nonribosomal peptide synthase. 56 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: trident; retina; embryonic/larval spiracle; adult cuticle; mesothoracic tergum; wing; synaptic vesicle. It has one annotated transcript and one annotated polypeptide. Protein features are: AMP-binding, conserved site; AMP-dependent synthetase/ligase; Acyl carrier protein-like. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of very high expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed during late larval stages, at stages throughout the pupal period. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult eye, larval carcass. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult central nervous system, larval trachea. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1639823_at completely aligns to an exonic region of the only FlyBase-annotated transcript isoform of e. Gene sequence location is 3R:17055561..17062899.
User Contributed Data
	Beta version, feedback welcome
External Summaries
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	e: ebony Body color varies from shining black to slightly darker than wild type, depending on allele. Puparia much lighter than wild type. Classifiable throughout larva period by darkened color of spiracle sheaths (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 27: 254-61). Viability lowered to about 80% wild type. Heterozygotes for dark alleles have slightly darker body color than normal. For interaction with other body color mutants, see Waddington (1941, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Ser. A 111: 173-80). Postulated to encode β-alanyl dopamine synthetase, a 90-kd enzyme that requires ATP and MgCl2 to catalyze the formation of N-β-alanyl dopamine from β alanine and dopamine; β alanyl dopamine absent from newly eclosed e flies (Wright, 1987, Adv. Genet. 24: 127-222); β alanine and dopamine accumulate in pupae and pharate adults, dopamine to twice normal levels, in e and e11 homozygotes; levels return to normal in older adults (Hodgetts, 1972, J. Insect Physiol. 18: 937-47; Hodgetts and Konopka, 1973, J. Insect Physiol. 19: 1211-20). Unable to utilize β alanine in tanning of puparium. Labeled β alanine or uracil injected into e pupae remains in hemocoel, not incorporated into pupal case as in +; light-colored pupa result; e/+ intermediate in these respects. Only newly emerged + adults incorporate uracil or β alanine into cuticle; e flies and older + flies do not; β alanine toxic to the latter two types (Jacobs, 1968, Biochem. Genet. 1: 267-75). Defect in tanning leads to spongey cuticle which responds to β alanine administration (Jacobs, 1980, Biochem. Genet. 18: 65-76). Phenylthiocarbamide inhibits development of e11 homozygotes more than wild type; reverse is true for inhibition by silver chloride; heterozygotes intermediate in both cases. Mixtures of the two inhibitors affect heterozygotes to a greater extent (Kroman and Parsons, 1960, Nature 186: 411-12). Electroretinograms of e flies abnormal; lamina potential reduced or absent (Hotta and Benzer, 1969, Nature 222: 354-56). Threshold for phototaxis 200-fold higher than that for wild type; high sensitivity (retinulae 1-6) optomotor threshold 500 times normal and high acuity (retinulae 7 and 8) optomotor threshold ten times normal [Heisenberg, 1972, Information Processing in the Visual Systems of Arthropods (R. Wehner, ed.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York, pp. 265-68]. e flies more sensitive to polarized light than wild type (Heisenberg, 1972). Abnormal distribution of uptake of 3H-GABA by the lamina ganglionaris described by Campos-Ortega (Cell Tissue Res. 147: 415-31). Reduced mating success compared to wild type (Rendel, 1951, Evolution 5: 226-30). Courtship frequently aborts owing to mismounting by male [Crossley and Zuill, 1970, Nature (London) 225: 1064-65]; relative mating success increased in dark (Kyriacou, 1981, Anim. Behav. 29: 462-71) but not according to Crossley (1970, DIS 45: 170). Courtship shows deficiency in wing vibration; low proportion of sine song and long intra-pulse interval; e/+ outsings +/+ (Kyriacou, Burnet, and Connolly, 1978, Anim. Behav. 26: 1195-1206). RK1.
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 93C7-93D1   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}Atpα01164 and P{PZ}mod(mdg4)07038&P{lacW}mod(mdg4)L3101
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 93D3-93D3     (Hovemann, 1998.2.24) 93C-93D   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Caizzi et al., 1987)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	3-70.7 (Ives, 1949, Neel, 1942, Buzzati-Traverso, 1947, Fernandez Gianotti, 1950, Goldschmidt, 1944, Lefevre, 1940)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)	st Wk (Furman and Kozhemyakina, 1991)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\e for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Gene model reviewed during 5.39 Gene model reviewed during 5.49 Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) e-RA FBtr0084106  NM_079707   3142   879
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	3.2 (northern blot) (Caizzi et al., 1987, Hovemann et al., 1998)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein e-PA   FBpp0083505   98.5   879   5.55     NP_524431   AAF55870
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)	879 (aa); 99 (kD predicted) (Hovemann et al., 1998)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • AMP-dependent synthetase/ligase (IPR000873) Acyl carrier protein-like (IPR009081) AMP-binding, conserved site (IPR020845)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA698287   AE014297 AAF55870   AF301896 AAG28774   AI062284   AI064146   AI113689   AI134610   AI238807   AI257617   AI258542   AI259653   AI259962   AI260619   AI294106   AI294332   AI294610   AI296157   AI296988   AI389076   AI404341   AJ224446 CAA11962   AW941857   AY094728 AAM11081   BF495307   BG639320   BI574432   BI581439   BI581467   BI581640   BI591844   BI593405   BI605601   BI609002   BI617118   BI623683   BI626500   BI628458   BT016047 AAV36932   CK132405   CK657847   CK659941   CK660019   CK660270   CK660775   CO274033   CO274531   DQ056348   DQ118414   EC060564   EC072046   EC236825   EC252472   GH942645   GH945409   GH947641   GH966238   GH978348
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/TrEMBL	Q9VDC6 Q8SXA1 Q9GSP4 O76858
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References regulatory region FBsf0000435050 3R:17,065,989..17,068,318 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Rebeiz et al., 2009, Halfon, 2012.6.19) regulatory region FBsf0000435251 3R:17,067,244..17,067,961 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Rebeiz et al., 2009, Halfon, 2012.6.19) regulatory region FBsf0000435785 3R:17,058,764..17,062,589 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Rebeiz et al., 2009, Halfon, 2012.6.19) regulatory region FBsf0000436042 3R:17,064,631..17,066,943 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Rebeiz et al., 2009, Halfon, 2012.6.19) regulatory region FBsf0000436088 3R:17,064,382..17,068,318 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Rebeiz et al., 2009, Halfon, 2012.6.19) regulatory region FBsf0000436154 3R:17,067,573..17,068,318 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Rebeiz et al., 2009, Halfon, 2012.6.19) regulatory region FBsf0000436199 3R:17,066,545..17,067,293 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Rebeiz et al., 2009, Halfon, 2012.6.19) regulatory region FBsf0000436382 3R:17,066,892..17,067,622 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Rebeiz et al., 2009, Halfon, 2012.6.19) regulatory region FBsf0000436518 3R:17,064,631..17,068,318 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Rebeiz et al., 2009, Halfon, 2012.6.19) regulatory region FBsf0000436650 3R:17,066,518..17,067,319 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Rebeiz et al., 2009, Halfon, 2012.6.19) regulatory region FBsf0000436686 3R:17,066,230..17,066,943 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Rebeiz et al., 2009, Halfon, 2012.6.19) regulatory region FBsf0000436720 3R:17,062,964..17,065,343 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Rebeiz et al., 2009, Halfon, 2012.6.19)
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 13 -- 16   embryonic dorsal epidermis   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic foregut sensory structure   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic head epidermis   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic head sensory system   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic labial sensory complex   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic ventral epidermis   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic/larval oenocyte   (Fisher et al., 2012) third instar larval stage   ventral nerve cord | restricted   (Hovemann et al., 1998) northern blot Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage -- adult stage     (Hovemann et al., 1998) third instar larval stage   embryonic/larval brain | restricted   (Hovemann et al., 1998) adult stage   adult brain   (Hovemann et al., 1998) thoracico-abdominal ganglion   (Hovemann et al., 1998) medulla   (Hovemann et al., 1998) lamina   (Hovemann et al., 1998)
Additional Descriptive Data
	e transcripts are detected at all developmental stages on northern blots. An e-:-Eco/lacZ reporter construct was used to investigate expression in third instar larvae and adults. In adults, strong expression is observed in the lamina with weaker expression in the medulla. Weak staining is also observed in the central brain and thoracic ganglion. In third instar larvae, expression is observed in single cells distributed in two rows along the ventral ganglion and in restricted areas of the brain. (Hovemann et al., 1998)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 12 -- 13   embryonic abdominal segment 1 -- embryonic abdominal segment 7   (Richardt et al., 2002) first instar larval stage   embryonic/larval brain | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) ventral nerve cord | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) embryonic/larval anterior spiracle | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) embryonic/larval posterior spiracle | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) second instar larval stage   embryonic/larval brain | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) ventral nerve cord | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) embryonic/larval anterior spiracle | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) embryonic/larval posterior spiracle | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) third instar larval stage   embryonic/larval brain | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) ventral nerve cord | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) embryonic/larval anterior spiracle | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) embryonic/larval posterior spiracle | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) pharate adult stage   lamina neuropil | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) medulla | distal & restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) lobula | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) lobula plate | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) adult stage   neuron | subset of optic lobe   (Richardt et al., 2002) medulla | distal & restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) glial cell | subset of cortex of medulla   (Richardt et al., 2002) lobula | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) lobula plate | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) lamina neuropil | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) glial cell of lamina neuropil | subset   (Richardt et al., 2002) glial cell | subset of lamina neuropil   (Wagner et al., 2007)
Additional Descriptive Data
	Expression of e is seen in two cells dorsolaterally in each embryonic segment 1 to 7. e expression was detected in all larval stages where it is preferentially located at the periphery of the brain hemispheres and in cells within the hemispheres, which are arranged in a crescent-shape. In the larval ventral ganglion, e-expressing cells are arranged in two rows, one each side of the ventral nerve cord. Expression of e is seen within pharate adults in a single cell at the distal border of the medulla. (Richardt et al., 2002)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization (GO Cellular Component)
CV term Evidence References
cytoplasm inferred from direct assay (Pérez et al., 2010)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{e-lacZ.4.6} Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference third instar larval stage   ventral nerve cord | restricted   (Hovemann et al., 1998) embryonic/larval brain | restricted   (Hovemann et al., 1998) adult stage   thoracico-abdominal ganglion   (Hovemann et al., 1998) medulla   (Hovemann et al., 1998) lamina   (Hovemann et al., 1998) adult brain   (Hovemann et al., 1998) medulla | distal & restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) lobula | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) lobula plate | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) lamina neuropil | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002) optic lobe | restricted   (Richardt et al., 2002)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools
Reference	See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
FlyAtlas Anatomy Microarray
FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (FlyAtlas-RNA.adult) (FlyAtlas-RNA.larva)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult eye, larval carcass. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult central nervous system, larval trachea. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (>999.999) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    62.3 Larval Midgut    7.9 Larval Hindgut    19.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    6.6 Larval Fat Body    4.5 Larval Salivary Gland    34.6 Larval Trachea    161.1 Larval Carcass    708.525 Adult Head    367.4 Adult Eye    831.5 Adult Brain    328.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    313.9 Adult Crop    24.8 Adult Midgut    2.4 Adult Hindgut    14.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    6.9 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland    12.3 Adult Heart    7.175 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    8.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    12.9 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    12.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.8 Adult Carcass    53.6 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    62.3 Larval Midgut    7.9 Larval Hindgut    19.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    6.6 Larval Fat Body    4.5 Larval Salivary Gland    34.6 Larval Trachea    161.1 Larval Carcass  (708.525) Adult Head    367.4 Adult Eye  (831.5) Adult Brain    328.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    313.9 Adult Crop    24.8 Adult Midgut    2.4 Adult Hindgut    14.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    6.9 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland    12.3 Adult Heart    7.175 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    8.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    12.9 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    12.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.8 Adult Carcass    53.6 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    62.3 Larval Midgut    7.9 Larval Hindgut    19.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    6.6 Larval Fat Body    4.5 Larval Salivary Gland    34.6 Larval Trachea    161.1 Larval Carcass    708.525 Adult Head    367.4 Adult Eye    831.5 Adult Brain    328.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    313.9 Adult Crop    24.8 Adult Midgut    2.4 Adult Hindgut    14.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    6.9 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland    12.3 Adult Heart    7.175 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    8.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    12.9 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    12.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.8 Adult Carcass    53.6 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    62.3 Larval Midgut    7.9 Larval Hindgut    19.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    6.6 Larval Fat Body    4.5 Larval Salivary Gland    34.6 Larval Trachea    161.1 Larval Carcass    708.525 Adult Head    367.4 Adult Eye    831.5 Adult Brain    328.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    313.9 Adult Crop    24.8 Adult Midgut    2.4 Adult Hindgut    14.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    6.9 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland    12.3 Adult Heart    7.175 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    8.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    12.9 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    12.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.8 Adult Carcass    53.6 Expression Level Scale  Very high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    62.3 Larval Midgut    7.9 Larval Hindgut    19.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    6.6 Larval Fat Body    4.5 Larval Salivary Gland    34.6 Larval Trachea    161.1 Larval Carcass    708.525 Adult Head    367.4 Adult Eye    831.5 Adult Brain    328.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    313.9 Adult Crop    24.8 Adult Midgut    2.4 Adult Hindgut    14.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    6.9 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland    12.3 Adult Heart    7.175 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    8.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    12.9 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    12.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.8 Adult Carcass    53.6 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    62.3 Larval Midgut    7.9 Larval Hindgut    19.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    6.6 Larval Fat Body    4.5 Larval Salivary Gland    34.6 Larval Trachea    161.1 Larval Carcass  708.525 Adult Head    367.4 Adult Eye  (831.5) Adult Brain    328.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    313.9 Adult Crop    24.8 Adult Midgut    2.4 Adult Hindgut    14.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    6.9 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland    12.3 Adult Heart    7.175 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    8.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    12.9 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    12.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.8 Adult Carcass    53.6 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    62.3 Larval Midgut    7.9 Larval Hindgut    19.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    6.6 Larval Fat Body    4.5 Larval Salivary Gland    34.6 Larval Trachea    161.1 Larval Carcass    708.525 Adult Head    367.4 Adult Eye    831.5 Adult Brain    328.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    313.9 Adult Crop    24.8 Adult Midgut    2.4 Adult Hindgut    14.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    6.9 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland    12.3 Adult Heart    7.175 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    8.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    12.9 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    12.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.8 Adult Carcass    53.6 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    62.3 Larval Midgut    7.9 Larval Hindgut    19.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    6.6 Larval Fat Body    4.5 Larval Salivary Gland    34.6 Larval Trachea    161.1 Larval Carcass    708.525 Adult Head    367.4 Adult Eye    831.5 Adult Brain    328.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    313.9 Adult Crop    24.8 Adult Midgut    2.4 Adult Hindgut    14.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    6.9 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland    12.3 Adult Heart    7.175 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    8.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    12.9 Adult Ovary    3.7 Adult Testis    12.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    7.8 Adult Carcass    53.6 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    367.4   NA  Eye    831.5   NA  Brain    328.5   62.3  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    313.9   NA  Crop    no informative data   7.9  Midgut    2.4   no informative data  Hindgut    no informative data   6.6  Malpighian Tubules    6.9   4.5  Fat Body    no informative data   34.6  Salivary Gland    no informative data   NA  Heart    7.175   161.1  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    8.8   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    no informative data   NA  Ovary    3.7   NA  Testis    no informative data   NA  Male Accessory Gland    7.8   708.525  Carcass    53.6 FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
modENCODE Anatomy RNA-Seq
modENCODE Tissue Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_tissues)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    12 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    6 head, virgin 20-day female    8 head, mated 1-day female    8 head, mated 4-day female    6 head, mated 20-day female    7 head, mated 1-day male    19 head, mated 4-day male    11 head, mated 20-day male    18 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    7 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    1 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    4 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    281 carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    12 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    6 head, virgin 20-day female    8 head, mated 1-day female    8 head, mated 4-day female    6 head, mated 20-day female    7 head, mated 1-day male    19 head, mated 4-day male    11 head, mated 20-day male    18 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    7 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    1 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    4 carcass, larvae L3 wandering  (281) carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    12 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    6 head, virgin 20-day female    8 head, mated 1-day female    8 head, mated 4-day female    6 head, mated 20-day female    7 head, mated 1-day male    19 head, mated 4-day male    11 head, mated 20-day male    18 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    7 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    1 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    4 carcass, larvae L3 wandering  (281) carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    12 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    6 head, virgin 20-day female    8 head, mated 1-day female    8 head, mated 4-day female    6 head, mated 20-day female    7 head, mated 1-day male    19 head, mated 4-day male    11 head, mated 20-day male    18 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    7 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    1 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    4 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    281 carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    12 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    6 head, virgin 20-day female    8 head, mated 1-day female    8 head, mated 4-day female    6 head, mated 20-day female    7 head, mated 1-day male    19 head, mated 4-day male    11 head, mated 20-day male    18 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    7 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    1 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    4 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    281 carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    12 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    6 head, virgin 20-day female    8 head, mated 1-day female    8 head, mated 4-day female    6 head, mated 20-day female    7 head, mated 1-day male    19 head, mated 4-day male    11 head, mated 20-day male    18 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    7 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    1 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    4 carcass, larvae L3 wandering  (281) carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    12 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    6 head, virgin 20-day female    8 head, mated 1-day female    8 head, mated 4-day female    6 head, mated 20-day female    7 head, mated 1-day male    19 head, mated 4-day male    11 head, mated 20-day male    18 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    7 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    1 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    4 carcass, larvae L3 wandering  (281) carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    0 central nervous system, larvae L3    12 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    22 head, virgin 4-day female    6 head, virgin 20-day female    8 head, mated 1-day female    8 head, mated 4-day female    6 head, mated 20-day female    7 head, mated 1-day male    19 head, mated 4-day male    11 head, mated 20-day male    18 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    7 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    1 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    9 fat body, pupae P8    4 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    281 carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering     central nervous system, larvae L3     central nervous system, pupae P8     head, virgin 1-day female     head, virgin 4-day female     head, virgin 20-day female     head, mated 1-day female     head, mated 4-day female     head, mated 20-day female     head, mated 1-day male     head, mated 4-day male     head, mated 20-day male     salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering     salivary gland, white prepupae     digestive system, larvae L3 wandering     digestive system, 1-day adult     digestive system, 4-day adult     digestive system, 20-day adult     fat body, larvae L3 wandering     fat body, white prepupae     fat body, pupae P8     carcass, larvae L3 wandering     carcass, 1-day adult     carcass, 4-day adult     carcass, 20-day adult     ovary, virgin 4-day female     ovary, mated 4-day female     testis, mated 4-day male     accessory gland, mated 4-day male
modENCODE Development RNA-Seq
modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_U)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of very high expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed during late larval stages, at stages throughout the pupal period. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    5 embryo 18-20hr    20 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    7 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    3 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    9 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    352 white prepupae new    1258 white prepupae 12hr    119 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    16 pupae 3d postWPP    92 pupae 4d postWPP    300 adult male 01day    36 adult male 05day    6 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day    27 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    5 embryo 18-20hr    20 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    7 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    3 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    9 larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (352) white prepupae new  (1258) white prepupae 12hr  (119) white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    16 pupae 3d postWPP  (92) pupae 4d postWPP  (300) adult male 01day  (36) adult male 05day    6 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day  (27) adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    5 embryo 18-20hr    20 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    7 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    3 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    9 larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (352) white prepupae new  (1258) white prepupae 12hr  (119) white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    16 pupae 3d postWPP    92 pupae 4d postWPP  (300) adult male 01day    36 adult male 05day    6 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day    27 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    5 embryo 18-20hr    20 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    7 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    3 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    9 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    352 white prepupae new    1258 white prepupae 12hr    119 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    16 pupae 3d postWPP    92 pupae 4d postWPP    300 adult male 01day    36 adult male 05day    6 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day    27 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    5 embryo 18-20hr    20 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    7 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    3 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    9 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    352 white prepupae new    1258 white prepupae 12hr    119 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    16 pupae 3d postWPP    92 pupae 4d postWPP    300 adult male 01day    36 adult male 05day    6 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day    27 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    5 embryo 18-20hr    20 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    7 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    3 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    9 larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (352) white prepupae new  (1258) white prepupae 12hr  (119) white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    16 pupae 3d postWPP  (92) pupae 4d postWPP  (300) adult male 01day  (36) adult male 05day    6 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day  27 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    5 embryo 18-20hr    20 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    7 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    3 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    9 larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (352) white prepupae new  (1258) white prepupae 12hr  119 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    16 pupae 3d postWPP    92 pupae 4d postWPP  (300) adult male 01day    36 adult male 05day    6 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day    27 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    2 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    5 embryo 18-20hr    20 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    7 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    3 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    9 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    352 white prepupae new    1258 white prepupae 12hr    119 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    16 pupae 3d postWPP    92 pupae 4d postWPP    300 adult male 01day    36 adult male 05day    6 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day    27 adult female 05day    1 adult female 30day    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011)
modENCODE Cell Lines RNA-Seq
modENCODE Cell Line Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.A) (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.B)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    1 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    34 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    1 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2  (34) tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    1 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    34 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    1 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    34 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    1 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    34 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    1 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2  (34) tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    1 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    34 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    1 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    34 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+     Schneider line 2 Sg4     embryonic 1182-4H     embryonic GM2     embryonic Kc167     embryonic S1     embryonic S3     leg disc CME L1     wing disc CME-W2     wing disc ML-DmD8     wing disc ML-DmD9     wing disc ML-DmD16-c3     wing disc ML-DmD21     wing disc ML-DmD32     haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3     eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11     antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5     mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1     CNS ML-DmBG1-c1     CNS ML-DmBG2-c2     tumorous blood cells mbn2     ovary fGS/OSS     ovary OSC     ovary OSS
modENCODE Treatments RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatment Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_treatments)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    12 cold shock, 4-day adult    13 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    52 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    12 cold shock, 4-day adult    13 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3  (52) Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    12 cold shock, 4-day adult    13 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    52 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    12 cold shock, 4-day adult    13 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    52 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    12 cold shock, 4-day adult    13 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    52 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  log, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    12 cold shock, 4-day adult    13 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3  (52) Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    12 cold shock, 4-day adult    13 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    52 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    12 cold shock, 4-day adult    13 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    52 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    1 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult     cold shock, 4-day adult     heat shock, 4-day adult     Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3     Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_04
External Data & Images
Linkouts	BDGP expression data • GH24002 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0000527 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG3331-RA FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data) • Show all FlyExpress processed images for e Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele viable eH1 eH3 es est viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 eGD1268 viable | reduced eUg Other Phenotypes Allele body color defective e1 e49l e50b e60h e100.265 e300.96 eAFA eH1 eH3 es eUg body color defective, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 eGD1268 eScer\UAS.cWa body color defective | recessive e100.307 eLE1 est body color defective | semidominant e40b heat stress response defective eunspecified locomotor rhythm defective e1 e11 locomotor rhythm defective | recessive e4 es eunspecified neurophysiology defective e11 optomotor response defective | recessive eAFA visible e1 visible, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI edsRNA.Scer\UAS visible (with e1) eTW1 visible (with eTW1) e1 visible | recessive eAFA eTW1 visual behavior defective e11 wild-type e+t13.9 Phenotype manifest in Allele adult cuticle e1 eAFA adult cuticle, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 eScer\UAS.cWa embryonic/larval spiracle e4 es mesothoracic tergum, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 eGD1268 retina e11 synaptic vesicle e1 trident eTW1 trident, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI edsRNA.Scer\UAS trident (with e1) eTW1 trident (with eTW1) e1 wing e1
Classical Alleles ( 39 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of e Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion e1 spontaneous 662 -- es spontaneous 309 -- e4 spontaneous 162 Yes e11 spontaneous 54 -- eLE1 8 -- eAFA X ray 4 -- e+ 2 -- eT10 2 -- ex 2 -- eG5381 P-element activity 1 -- eMI02359 1 -- e100.25 X ray 0 -- e100.265 X ray 0 -- e100.307 X ray 0 -- e300.96 X ray 0 -- e40b spontaneous 0 -- e41f29 spontaneous 0 -- e45j natural population 0 -- e48j spontaneous 0 -- e49l spontaneous 0 -- e50a spontaneous 0 -- e50b spontaneous 0 -- e52h spontaneous 0 -- e60h spontaneous 0 -- e87f 0 -- e88f24 0 -- eAT5 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- eAT8 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- eD12 X ray 0 -- eD8 X ray 0 -- eF5 X ray 0 -- eF6 X ray 0 -- eH1 X ray 0 -- eH3 X ray 0 -- eN24 0 -- est spontaneous 0 -- eTW1 natural population 0 -- eUg spontaneous natural population 0 -- eunspecified 0 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 17 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of e Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion eGD1268 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 2 Yes eJF03027 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes eKK106278 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes eScer\UAS.cWa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes e+t13.9 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes e0.4.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes e4.6.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes edsRNA.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - RNAi 0 Yes eMtnA.T:Zzzz\His6 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes eNIG.3331R in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes eS611A.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes eScer\UAS.cRa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes et9.6 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes etU62.U76 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes etU62 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes etU76.U62 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes etU76 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(3R)e67l (Korge, 1972) Df(3R)e100.172 (Ward and Alexander, 1957) Df(3R)e100.256 (Ward and Alexander, 1957) Df(3R)e-D7 (D'Alessandro et al., 1977, Caggese et al., 1979, Mohler and Pardue, 1984) Df(3R)e-F1 (Mohler and Pardue, 1984) Df(3R)e-F2 (Mohler and Pardue, 1984) Df(3R)e-F3 (Mohler and Pardue, 1984) Df(3R)e-F4 (Mohler and Pardue, 1984) Df(3R)e-GC3 (Mohler and Pardue, 1984) Df(3R)e-GC9 (Mohler and Pardue, 1984) Df(3R)e-Gp4 (Mohler and Pardue, 1984) Df(3R)e-H4 (Mohler and Pardue, 1984) Df(3R)e-H5 (Henikoff, 1980, Mohler and Pardue, 1984) Df(3R)e-H6 (Mohler and Pardue, 1984) Df(3R)e-R1 (Mohler and Pardue, 1984) In(3R)100.265 (Ward and Alexander, 1957) In(3R)AFA (Borycz et al., 2002, D'Alessandro et al., 1977, Caggese et al., 1979) In(3R)eD12 (D'Alessandro et al., 1977) In(3R)eH3 (Henikoff, 1980) In(3R)GC18LGC23R (Mohler and Pardue, 1984) T(2;3)eD8 (D'Alessandro et al., 1977)
Not disrupted in	Df(3R)GC14 (Mohler and Pardue, 1984)
Duplicated in	Dp(3;1)O5 (Oliver, 1937)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data UAS construct P{GD1268} NA P{KK106278} NA P{NIG.3331R} NA P{TRiP.JF03027} NA P{UAS-e.IR} NA P{UAS-e.R} NA P{UAS-e.S611A} NA P{UAS-e.W} NA reporter construct P{e-lacZ.0.4} No P{e-lacZ.4.6} No characterization construct P{20XUAS-eNpHR3.0.YFP} NA P{e.U62.U76} NA P{e.U62} NA P{e.U76} NA P{e+t13.9} NA P{et9.6} NA P{e-GAL4.9.9} NA P{eU76.U62} NA P{QUAS-eNpHR3.0.YFP} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data insertion of mobile activating element P{EP}eG5381 NA miscellaneous insertions Mi{MIC}eMI02359 NA
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 14 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 9 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
beta-alanyl-dopamine synthase activity inferred from direct assay (Richardt et al., 2003, Pérez et al., 2010) inferred from mutant phenotype (Walter et al., 1996)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
amino acid adenylylation by nonribosomal peptide synthase inferred from direct assay (Richardt et al., 2003) chitin-based cuticle sclerotization inferred from mutant phenotype (Walter et al., 1996) cuticle pigmentation inferred from genetic interaction with y (Wittkopp et al., 2002) inferred from mutant phenotype (Wittkopp et al., 2002) dopamine metabolic process inferred from direct assay (Richardt et al., 2003) histamine metabolic process inferred from mutant phenotype (Borycz et al., 2002) negative regulation of melanin biosynthetic process inferred from mutant phenotype (Wittkopp et al., 2002) regulation of adult chitin-containing cuticle pigmentation inferred from genetic interaction with Pk92B (Sekine et al., 2011) inferred from mutant phenotype (Rebeiz et al., 2009)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
cytoplasm inferred from direct assay (Pérez et al., 2010)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 6 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
beta-alanyl-dopamine synthase activity traceable author statement (Wittkopp et al., 2003)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
circadian rhythm non-traceable author statement (Sokolowski, 2001) developmental pigmentation traceable author statement (Wittkopp et al., 2003) locomotor rhythm non-traceable author statement (Sokolowski, 2001) melanin biosynthetic process from tyrosine traceable author statement (Wittkopp et al., 2003) pigment metabolic process traceable author statement (Calleja et al., 2002)
Cellular Component ( 0 terms)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions e allele Gene References e1 y (Wittkopp et al., 2002) eScer\UAS.cWa y (Wittkopp et al., 2002)
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 67491 DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0000527 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0000527 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 42521
Orthologs
OrthoDB Orthologs (32) - based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 5.41
OrthoDB Ortholog Groups
	OrthoDB orthology group searches (Waterhouse et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39(Database issue): D283--D288) Drosophila inclusive ortholog search EOG64QTK9 Dipteran inclusive ortholog search EOG6VT658 Insect inclusive ortholog search EOG6RBPDJ Arthropod inclusive ortholog search EOG66DJHN Metazoa inclusive ortholog search No orthologs identified
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (EOG64QTK9)
Organism Common Name Gene AAA Syntenic Ortholog Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\e     Drosophila simulans   Dsim\e Y   Drosophila sechellia   Dsec\GM15090 Y   Drosophila erecta   Dere\GG14772 Y   Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE25005 Y   Drosophila ananassae   Dana\GF16040 Y   Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura   Dpse\GA17384 Y   Drosophila persimilis   Dper\GL27165 Y   Drosophila willistoni   Dwil\GK12773 Y   Drosophila virilis   Dvir\GJ14444 Y   Drosophila mojavensis   Dmoj\GI10839 Y   Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH18948 Y
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (EOG6VT658)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\AAEL005793   Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito  Agam\AGAP002291   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ003423
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (EOG6RBPDJ)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\ebony   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG008484   Acromyrmex echinatior Panamanian leafcutter ant  Aech\AECH17269   Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP13053   Camponotus floridanus Florida carpenter ant  Cflo\CFLO17288   Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL23822   Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL20076   Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL15044   Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH22146   Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB14138   Solenopsis invicta Red fire ant  Sinv\SINV13164   Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI007852   Bombyx mori Silkmoth  Bmor\BGIBMGA000031   Pediculus humanus Human body louse  Phum\PHUM456920   Tribolium castaneum Red flour beetle  Tcas\TC011976
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (EOG66DJHN)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_333977   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_304408
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (None identified)
No non-Arthropod Metazoa orthologies identified
Human Orthologs (0)
Gene OMIM HGNC
AAA Orthologs (11) based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 4.3
Organism Gene Drosophila simulans Dsim\e Drosophila sechellia Dsec\GM15090 Drosophila erecta Dere\GG14772 Drosophila yakuba Dyak\GE25005 Drosophila ananassae Dana\GF16040 Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura Dpse\GA17384 Drosophila persimilis Dper\GL27165 Drosophila willistoni Dwil\GK12773 Drosophila virilis Dvir\GJ14444 Drosophila mojavensis Dmoj\GI10839 Drosophila grimshawi Dgri\GH18948
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 1192 )
Bloomington	498 es 1658 e1 497 e11 2552 pp e1 507 gl2 e4
Kyoto	105940 es 106436 e1 101630 e11 105939 e11 105947 gl2 e4 106441 se1 e1
VDRC	v104174 P{KK106278}VIE-260B
	More stocks available...
Genomic Clones ( 1 )
	BACR10M16 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 51 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	GH24002 LP19442
Other clones	DPiM_LP19442
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	AT04289 GH01433 GH04418 GH10118 GH12124 GH14924 GH20160 HL04217 LP01764 LP03120 LP03496 LP03960 LP04551 LP06030 LP07410 LP07676 LP08025 LP09984 LP11126 LP13913 LP18088 LP18236 LP18706 LP19638 LP24463 RH07639 RH11442 RH13730 RH18872 RH18932 RH19167 RH23460 RH47352 RH56008 RH56869 RH67460 RH71424
Other clones	12126 12330 102733 214317.67 EK112935 EK114360 RP004206188 RP004231264 RP004261262 RP004265455 RP004482316
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0000527 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 42521
Antibody Information
	polyclonal (Richardt et al., 2002)
Other Information
Discoverer
	E. M. Wallace, 15th Feb. 1912.
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of	Source for identity of: e CG3331 (Gong, 1999.11)
Source for database merge of
Additional comments
Other Comments
	Haploinsufficient locus (not associated with strong haplolethality or haplosterility). (Cook et al., 2012) e protein activates β-alanine to aminoacyladenylate by an adenylation domain and covalently attaches it as a thioester to a thiolation domain in a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) related mechanism. In a second reaction, biogenic amines act as external nucleophiles on β-alanyl-S-panthetheine-e, thereby releasing in a fast reaction the dipeptide (peptidoamine). e is therefore defined as a β-alanyl-biogenic amine synthetase. (Richardt et al., 2003) e regulates the conjugation of histamine to β-alanyl histamine. (Borycz et al., 2002) y and e expression together appear to determine the pattern and intensity of melanisation. (Wittkopp et al., 2002) Shows particularly robust cycling of transcription in adult heads, as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated during three 12-point time course experiments over the course of 6 days. (Claridge-Chang et al., 2001) Gene is involved in pre-replication DNA photorepair. (de Buendia, 1998) At temperatures ranging from 20oC to 37.5oC temperature sensitive mutants exhibit no effect on the heart rate of larvae. (Dowse et al., 1995) Higher Cat activity is associated with reduced life span for e mutant. (Durusoy et al., 1995) The e phenotype is seen in progeny derived from adult fertile flies subjected to 31oC for 120 hours and in further generations. (Lage and Rocha, 1994) Phenotypic variation of the genetic components underlying oviposition behaviour is analysed using the complete diallel mating design. (Ruiz-Dubreuil and del Solar, 1993) Homozygous e mutants exhibit a variety of locomotor rhythm anomalies in constant darkness and cycles of light. Eclosion rhythms are indistinguishable from wild type. (Hall, 1990) Molecular cloning of the 93C--93D region has allowed probable identification of the ebony gene. (Caizzi et al., 1987) Mutant alleles are useful as markers in clonal analysis. (Lawrence et al., 1986) Body color varies from shining black to slightly darker than wild type, depending on allele. Puparia much lighter than wild type. Classifiable throughout larva period by darkened color of spiracle sheaths (Brehme, 1941). Viability lowered to about 80% wild type. Heterozygotes for dark alleles have slightly darker body color than normal. For interaction with other body color mutants, see Waddington (1941). Postulated to encode β-alanyl dopamine synthetase, a 90kD enzyme that requires ATP and MgCl2 to catalyze the formation of N-β-alanyl dopamine from β alanine and dopamine; β alanyl dopamine absent from newly eclosed e flies (Wright, 1987); β alanine and dopamine accumulate in pupae and pharate adults, dopamine to twice normal levels, in e and e11 homozygotes; levels return to normal in older adults (Hodgetts, 1972; Hodgetts and Konopka, 1973). Unable to utilize β alanine in tanning of puparium. Labeled β alanine or uracil injected into e pupae remains in hemocoel, not incorporated into pupal case as in +; light-colored pupa result; e/+ intermediate in these respects. Only newly emerged + adults incorporate uracil or β alanine into cuticle; e flies and older + flies do not; β alanine toxic to the latter two types (Jacobs, 1968). Defect in tanning leads to spongey cuticle which responds to β alanine administration (Jacobs, 1980). Phenylthiocarbamide inhibits development of e11 homozygotes more than wild type; reverse is true for inhibition by silver chloride; heterozygotes intermediate in both cases. Mixtures of the two inhibitors affect heterozygotes to a greater extent (Kroman and Parsons, 1960). Electroretinograms of e flies abnormal; lamina potential reduced or absent (Hotta and Benzer, 1969). Threshold for phototaxis 200-fold higher than that for wild type; high sensitivity (retinulae 1-6) optomotor threshold 500 times normal and high acuity (retinulae 7 and 8) optomotor threshold ten times normal [Heisenberg, 1972). e flies more sensitive to polarized light than wild type (Heisenberg, 1972). Abnormal distribution of uptake of 3H-GABA by the lamina ganglionaris described (Campos-Ortega, 1974). Reduced mating success compared to wild type (Rendel, 1951). Courtship frequently aborts owing to mismounting by male (Crossley and Zuill, 1971); relative mating success increased in dark (Kyriacou, 1981) but not according to Crossley (1970). Courtship shows deficiency in wing vibration; low proportion of sine song and long intrapulse interval; e/+ outsings +/+ (Kyriacou, Burnet and Connolly, 1978).
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_079707 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_524431 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AAF55870 AAG28774 AAM11081 AAV36932 AF301896 AI404341 AJ224446 AW941857 AY094728 BT016047 CAA11962 DQ056348 DQ118414 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 42521 UniProtKB/TrEMBL • O76858 Q8SXA1 Q9GSP4 Q9VDC6
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • AMP-dependent synthetase/ligase (IPR000873) Acyl carrier protein-like (IPR009081) AMP-binding, conserved site (IPR020845) BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis • GH24002
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 67491 DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0000527 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0000527 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0000527 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0000527 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG3331-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0000527 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 42521 Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution • /sturtevant/ebony1.htm InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 42521 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0000527
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 5 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	CG3331 (Jin et al., 2001, Takahashi et al., 2007, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009) e (Liu et al., 2005, Vermeulen et al., 2006, Siegel et al., 2004, Whitlock and Bourguet, 2000, Gibert et al., 2007, Guan et al., 2011, Gavin et al., 2007, Takahashi et al., 2007, Kennison and Cook, 2008.11.20, Suh and Jackson, 2007, Wittkopp et al., 2002, Takahashi and Ting, 2004, Anaka et al., 2008, Borycz et al., 2008, Wicker-Thomas and Hamann, 2008, Wright, 1987, Wagner et al., 2007, Meyer et al., 2008, Gleason, 2005, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Cook et al., 2012, Borycz et al., 2012) ebony (Edwards et al., 2006, Rebeiz et al., 2009)
Name Synonym	ebony (Edwards et al., 2006, Hovemann, 1998.2.24, Robin et al., 2007, Pool and Aquadro, 2007, Mehta et al., 2005, Vermeulen et al., 2006, Bickel et al., 2008, Kirchner et al., 2008, Siegel et al., 2004, Whitlock and Bourguet, 2000, Gibert et al., 2007, Gavin et al., 2007, Takahashi et al., 2007, Pérez et al., 2011, Guan et al., 2011, Liu et al., 2008, Perez et al., 2006, Takahashi and Ting, 2004, Borycz et al., 2008, Wicker-Thomas and Hamann, 2008, Wright, 1987, Ou et al., 2009, Wagner et al., 2007, Wittkopp et al., 2009, Pérez et al., 2010, Aust et al., 2010, Bogomolova et al., 2010, Neal et al., 2006, Telonis-Scott et al., 2011, Gleason, 2005, Sekine et al., 2011, Wang et al., 2008, Shao et al., 2011) Ebony (Hovemann et al., 2007, Williamson et al., 2010, Górska-Andrzejak et al., 2009, Romero-Calderón et al., 2008, Kato et al., 2011, Borycz et al., 2012) NBAD-synthase (Pérez et al., 2010)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
References ( 230 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 230 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 169 ) Supplementary material  ( 3 ) Review  ( 18 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 16 ) Abstract  ( 11 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 1 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 1 ) Stock list  ( 2 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 3 ) Website  ( 1 ) Book  ( 2 ) Teaching note  ( 1 ) Letter  ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 13 )
	Ziegler et al., 2013, J. Comp. Neurol. 521(6): 1207--1224 Activity and coexpression of Drosophila black with ebony in fly optic lobes reveals putative cooperative tasks in vision that evade electroretinographic detection. [FBrf0220857] Borycz et al., 2012, J. Exp. Biol. 215(8): 1399--1411 The metabolism of histamine in the Drosophila optic lobe involves an ommatidial pathway: β-alanine recycles through the retina. [FBrf0217847] Cook et al., 2012, Genome Biol. 13(3): R21 The generation of chromosomal deletions to provide extensive coverage and subdivision of the Drosophila melanogaster genome. [FBrf0219066] Cooley et al., 2012, Evol. Dev. 14(4): 317--325 The ontogeny of color: developmental origins of divergent pigmentation in Drosophila americana and D. novamexicana. [FBrf0218835] Ferguson et al., 2012, J. Cell Sci. 125(6): 1407--1419 Modulation of gurken translation by insulin and TOR signaling in Drosophila. [FBrf0218097] Lagisz et al., 2012, Heredity 108(6): 602--608 Two distinct genomic regions, harbouring the period and fruitless genes, affect male courtship song in Drosophila montana. [FBrf0218390] Guan et al., 2011, Learn. Mem. 18(4): 191--206 Altered gene regulation and synaptic morphology in Drosophila learning and memory mutants. [FBrf0213277] Kato et al., 2011, PLoS Biol. 9(8): e1001133 The Glial Regenerative Response to Central Nervous System Injury Is Enabled by Pros-Notch and Pros-NFκB Feedback. [FBrf0215236] Pérez et al., 2011, Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 41(9): 653--659 Constitutive expression and enzymatic activity of Tan protein in brain and epidermis of Ceratitis capitata and of Drosophila melanogaster wild-type and tan mutants. [FBrf0214068] Sekine et al., 2011, J. Cell Sci. 124(17): 3006--3016 p38 MAPKs regulate the expression of genes in the dopamine synthesis pathway through phosphorylation of NR4A nuclear receptors. [FBrf0215011] Shao et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108(46): 18831--18836 Schizophrenia susceptibility gene dysbindin regulates glutamatergic and dopaminergic functions via distinctive mechanisms in Drosophila. [FBrf0216775] Takahashi and Takano-Shimizu, 2011, Mol. Ecol. 20(20): 4277--4287 Divergent enhancer haplotype of ebony on inversion In(3R)Payne associated with pigmentation variation in a tropical population of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0217955] Telonis-Scott et al., 2011, Mol. Ecol. 20(10): 2100--2110 The molecular genetics of clinal variation: a case study of ebony and thoracic trident pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster from eastern Australia. [FBrf0213613] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2011 Show reviews ...