FB2020_02, released Apr 14, 2020

Gene: Dmel\emc

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\emc
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
extra macrochaetae
Annotation Symbol
CG1007
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0000575
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
29 publicly available
Gene Snapshot
In progress.Contributions welcome.
Other Summaries
Also Known As

ms(3)61CD, l(3)05592, Ach, extramacrochaete, gov

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
61C9-61C9
Sequence location
3L:749,400..753,492 [+]
Recombination map

3-0.5

RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:749400..753492
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Molecular Function (GO)
[Detailed GO annotations]
Experimental Evidence
protein heterodimerization activity; transcription corepressor activity
Predictions / Assertions
-
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that regulate transcription. They are characterized by a 60 amino acid region comprising a basic DNA binding domain followed by a HLH motif formed from two amphipathic α-helices connected by a loop. bHLH transcription factors form homo- and hetero-dimeric complexes, which bind to a E box consensus sequence. (Adapted from PMID:15186484).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Participates in sensory organ patterning by antagonizing the neurogenic activity of the Achaete-scute complex (AS-C). It lacks a basic DNA-binding domain but is able to form heterodimers with other HLH proteins, thereby inhibiting DNA binding. May sequester proneural proteins in complexes inefficient for DNA interaction. EMC also affects vein differentiation. Inhibits the activity of AS-C proteins by forming an non-DNA binding heterodimer.
(UniProt, P18491)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
emc: extra machrochaetae (H.M. Ellis)
Hypomorphic alleles, or amorphic alleles when heterozygous with a hypomorphic allele, cause formation of extra macrochaetae. Severely hypomorphic combinations also cause formation of extra microchaetae. Amorphic alleles when homozygous result in embryonic lethality. Amorphic alleles when heterozygous with a normal third chromosome result in the appearance of ectopic chaetae in the occipital and premandibular regions. Extra chaetae in emc mutant flies appear on the head and notum (weak alleles) as well as on the wing blade, pleura, post-scutellum, tergites and legs in more severe allelic combinations. In severely hypomorphic allelic combinations extra campaniform sensilla occasionally appear on the wing blade. Reduction of wild-type emc function also causes the presence of extra bits of wing vein. A dominant emc allele (emcD) causes a reduction in the number of macrochaetae on the head and notum. emcD is homozygous viable; emcD homozygotes are more mutant than emcD/+ individuals. The L4 and L5 wing veins are shortened in emcD homozygotes but only rarely in emcD/+ heterozygotes. The insufficiency produced by emc can be titrated by altering the dosage of ASC; increased function of ASC produced by gain-of-function mutations (Hw) can be titrated by altering the dosage of emc+.
Summary (Interactive Fly)

transcription factor - HLH non basic - antagonist of proneural genes - the Notch pathway is required in combination with Emc to define the proneural cluster which gives rise to the sensory organ precursor cell

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\emc or the JBrowse view of Dmel\emc for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
emc-RA
FBtr0072578
NM_079152
2049
199
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

2.5 (northern blot)

(Ellis, 1994)

4.1, 2.3, 1.85, 1.7 (northern blot)

(Ellis et al., 1990)

2.0 (northern blot)

(Garrell and Modolell, 1990)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank
emc-PA
FBpp0072477
22.0
199
4.78
NP_523876
AAF47413
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

199 (aa); 22 (kD predicted)

(Ellis et al., 1990)

199 (aa)

(Garrell and Modolell, 1990)
Comments

Heterodimers between the da protein and either the ac, sc, or l(1)sc proteins were found to bind specifically to E box consensus sequences in the ac promoter region in vitro. The three heterodimers had differing affinities for the E boxes acE1-acE3 and none bound to acE4. This binding was inhibited in a concentration dependent manner by the emc protein. emc did not inhibit sequence specific DNA-binding by the mouse CREB transcription factor showing that it is not a general antagonist of DNA binding.

(van Doren et al., 1991)

emc protein contains the dimerization domain of other helix-loop-helix proteins but lacks the basic region thought to be important for DNA binding. It is thought to form heterodimers with other bHLH proteins and interfere with their activity.

(Ellis et al., 1990)

emc contains a helix-loop-helix region but lacks the basic domain thought to be important for DNA-binding. It is thought to sequester proneural proteins in complexes inefficient for DNA interaction.

(Garrell and Modolell, 1990)
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Heterodimer with other HLH proteins.

(UniProt, P18491)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
UniProt
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\emc using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Gene Ontology (24 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
protein heterodimerization activity
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:da; FB:FBgn0267821
(Cabrera et al., 1994, van Doren et al., 1991)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:ac; FB:FBgn0000022
(Cabrera et al., 1994)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:l(1)sc; FB:FBgn0002561
(Cabrera et al., 1994)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:sc; FB:FBgn0004170
(Cabrera et al., 1994)
transcription corepressor activity
inferred from direct assay
(Cabrera et al., 1994)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (19 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (15 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
chorion-containing eggshell pattern formation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Papadia et al., 2005)
compound eye cone cell differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)
dorsal appendage formation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Papadia et al., 2005)
dorsal closure
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Saito et al., 2002)
head involution
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Saito et al., 2002)
imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Egfr; FB:FBgn0003731
(Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:vn; FB:FBgn0003984
(Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
imaginal disc-derived wing vein morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:net; FB:FBgn0002931
(Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:px; FB:FBgn0003175
(Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:bs; FB:FBgn0004101
(Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
midgut development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Saito et al., 2002)
negative regulation of DNA binding
inferred from direct assay
(Cabrera et al., 1994, van Doren et al., 1991)
negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
inferred from direct assay
(Cabrera et al., 1994)
photoreceptor cell fate commitment
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2011)
progression of morphogenetic furrow involved in compound eye morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Spratford and Kumar, 2013, Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)
R3/R4 cell differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)
R7 cell differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)
sex determination
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:dpn; FB:FBgn0010109, FLYBASE:Sxl; FB:FBgn0264270
(Younger-Shepherd et al., 1992)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
cell differentiation
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000919548
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
chaeta morphogenesis
traceable author statement
(Heng and Tang, 2003)
circadian regulation of gene expression
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000919548
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
traceable author statement
(Schutt and Nothiger, 2000)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000919548
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
nucleoplasm
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Lye et al., 2014)
nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
cytoplasm
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR026052
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
nucleus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000919548
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 13 -- 15
visceral mesoderm
(Cubas et al., 1994)
ventral nerve cord
(Cubas et al., 1994)
embryonic stage 10
inclusive hindgut primordium
(Cubas et al., 1994)
stomodeum
(Cubas et al., 1994)
tracheal pit | presumptive
(Cubas et al., 1994)
amnioserosa
(Cubas et al., 1994)
Malpighian tubule primordium
(Cubas et al., 1994)
embryonic stage 6 -- 7
amnioproctodeal invagination
(Cubas et al., 1994)
embryonic stage 7
posterior transverse furrow
(Cubas et al., 1994)
anterior midgut primordium
(Cubas et al., 1994)
embryonic stage 13
procephalic segment
(Cubas et al., 1994)
embryonic/larval foregut
(Cubas et al., 1994)
embryonic stage 15
apodeme
(Cubas et al., 1994)
supraesophageal ganglion
(Cubas et al., 1994)
central nervous system
(Cubas et al., 1994)
embryonic stage 8
anterior transverse furrow
(Cubas et al., 1994)
proctodeum
(Cubas et al., 1994)
mesoderm
(Cubas et al., 1994)
third instar larval stage
wing disc | restricted
(van Doren et al., 1992)
eye disc

Comment: reduced at the morphogenetic furrow

(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)
embryonic stage 11
tracheal pit
(Cubas et al., 1994)
embryonic stage 5 -- 9
embryonic optic lobe primordium
(Ellis, 1994)
embryonic stage 6
cephalic furrow
(Cubas et al., 1994)
ventral furrow
(Cubas et al., 1994)
embryonic stage 5
organism | striped
(Cubas et al., 1994)
embryonic stage 8 -- 10
posterior midgut primordium
(Cubas et al., 1994)
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
dorsal ectoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
posterior ectoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
amnioserosa anlage
(Fisher et al., 2012)
antennal anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
anterior endoderm anlage
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
foregut anlage
(Fisher et al., 2012)
hindgut anlage
(Fisher et al., 2012)
posterior endoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
amnioserosa
(Fisher et al., 2012)
amnioserosa primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
foregut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
inclusive hindgut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
posterior endoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
amnioserosa
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal epidermis primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
foregut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
hindgut proper primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
posterior midgut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
proventriculus primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral epidermis primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic brain
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic dorsal apodeme
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval nervous system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord
(Fisher et al., 2012)
midline neuron
(Kearney et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 14 -- 17
ventral nerve cord
(Edwards et al., 2009)
embryonic stage 14
embryonic/larval brain
(Edwards et al., 2009)
oogenesis stage S1 -- S6
egg chamber | ubiquitous
(Papadia et al., 2005)
oogenesis stage S1 -- S14
follicle cell | subset
(Papadia et al., 2005)
oogenesis stage S10
nurse follicle cell
(Papadia et al., 2005)
oogenesis stage S13
dorsal appendage forming follicle cell
(Papadia et al., 2005)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage -- adult stage
(Ellis et al., 1990, Garrell and Modolell, 1990)
embryonic stage 5 -- 9
amnioserosa
(Ellis, 1994)
embryonic/larval hindgut
(Ellis, 1994)
mesoderm
(Ellis, 1994)
embryonic/larval anterior midgut
(Ellis, 1994)
ectoderm | dorsal
(Ellis, 1994)
embryonic stage 11 -- 13
Malpighian tubule
(Ellis, 1994)
embryonic/larval foregut
(Ellis, 1994)
embryonic/larval anterior midgut
(Ellis, 1994)
embryonic/larval posterior midgut
(Ellis, 1994)
embryonic stage 11
ventral midline | restricted
(Ellis, 1994)
tracheal pit
(Ellis, 1994)
epidermis | segmentally repeated
(Ellis, 1994)
unfertilized egg stage
unfertilized egg
(Ellis, 1994)
embryonic stage 5
(Ellis, 1994)
organism | 10% egg length
(Ellis, 1994)
third instar larval stage
organism | ubiquitous
(Garrell and Modolell, 1990)
imaginal disc
(Garrell and Modolell, 1990)
embryonic stage
organism | ubiquitous
(Ellis et al., 1990, Garrell and Modolell, 1990)
Additional Descriptive Data

emc expression is reduced in the region of the morphogenetic furrow but is otherwise uniform in eye discs from third instar larvae.

(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)

emc is expressed ubiquitously in oogenesis stages 1-6 in the follicle cells and in the nurse cell cytoplasm. Subsequently, expression becomes restricted to a tight band of follicle cells at the nurse cell-oocyte boundary and to the stretched follicle cells over the nurse cells at stage 10A and 10B. During stage 11, expression is refined to two subsets of follicle cells either side of the dorsal midline. Expression persists in these follicle cells as they migrate anteriorly, secreting the dorsal appendages, but becomes expressed in a single large area covering the dorsal midline. By stage 14, expression is limited to a small group of folicle cells located between the dorsal appendages.

(Papadia et al., 2005)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
third instar larval stage
eye disc

Comment: absent from the morphogenetic furrow

(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)
oogenesis stage S1
germarium
(Papadia et al., 2005)
oogenesis stage S1 -- S14
follicle cell | subset
(Papadia et al., 2005)
oogenesis stage S10 -- S12
nurse cell
(Papadia et al., 2005)
oogenesis stage S10
centripetally migrating follicle cell
(Papadia et al., 2005)
oogenesis stage S10 -- S11
polar follicle cell
(Papadia et al., 2005)
oogenesis stage S13
dorsal appendage forming follicle cell
(Papadia et al., 2005)
Additional Descriptive Data

emc protein expression is absent from the morphogenetic furrow but is otherwise relatively uniform in eye discs from third instar larvae.

(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)

emc protein is detected by immunolocalization in follicle cells at all stages of oogenesis. Expression is not very strong at stage 7-8. It is present in all germline cell nuclei in middle and late oogenesis (stages 8-13), in the centripetal cells at stage 10 and in the posterior pole cells (stage 10,11). At stages 11-12, emc is expressed in two dorsal anterior subsets of follicle cells on either side of the dorsal midline. During stage 12, these dorsal folicle cells migrate anteriorly and at stage 13, emc is only detected in the follicle cells of the developing dorsal appendages.

(Papadia et al., 2005)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
nucleoplasm
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Lye et al., 2014)
nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{A92}emcP5c
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
third instar larval stage
mesothoracic tergum
(Usui et al., 2008)
Reporter: P{lacW}emcS009426
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
(Salzberg et al., 1997)
Reporter: P{lacW}emcS020310
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 14 -- 17
organism
(Salzberg et al., 1997)
embryonic stage 6 -- 9
mesoderm
(Salzberg et al., 1997)
Reporter: P{lacW}emcS058701
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
(Salzberg et al., 1997)
Reporter: P{lacW}emcS097709a
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
(Salzberg et al., 1997)
Reporter: P{lacW}S026131
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
oogenesis stage S2 -- S11
follicle cell | subset
(Papadia et al., 2005)
oogenesis stage S10 -- S11
nurse follicle cell
(Papadia et al., 2005)
centripetally migrating follicle cell
(Papadia et al., 2005)
oogenesis stage S13
dorsal appendage forming follicle cell
(Papadia et al., 2005)
Reporter: P{lwB}emc4218
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
wing disc | restricted
(Tomoyasu et al., 1998)
Reporter: P{PZ}emc03970
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
wandering third instar larval stage
imaginal disc
(Meister and Braun, 1995.10)
Malpighian tubule
(Meister and Braun, 1995.10)
embryonic/larval trachea
(Meister and Braun, 1995.10)
hindgut imaginal ring
(Meister and Braun, 1995.10)
embryonic/larval hindgut
(Meister and Braun, 1995.10)
third instar larval stage
eye disc
(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)
photoreceptor cell
(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)
cone cell
(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)
Reporter: P{PZ}emc04322
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
wandering third instar larval stage
imaginal disc
(Meister and Braun, 1995.10)
embryonic/larval trachea
(Meister and Braun, 1995.10)
hindgut imaginal ring
(Meister and Braun, 1995.10)
embryonic/larval hindgut
(Meister and Braun, 1995.10)
adult stage
adult optic lobe
(Vosshall, 1998.8.10)
third instar larval stage
eye disc
(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)
photoreceptor cell
(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)
cone cell
(Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)
Reporter: PBac{754.P.FSVS-0}emcCPTI002740
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult brain cell body rind
(Knowles-Barley, 2011.8.24)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\emc in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, and Transgenic Constructs
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 93 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 22 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of emc
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of emc
Deletions and Duplications ( 10 )
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
FlyBase_internaltransgene_features:cell lethal:cell lethal | somatic clone
lethal
lethal (with Df(3L)Fpa1)
lethal | recessive
lethal | somatic clone
lethal - all die before end of embryonic stage
lethal - all die before end of embryonic stage (with emc1)
lethal - all die before end of embryonic stage (with emcAP6)
lethal - all die before end of embryonic stage (with emcG4.1)
lethal - all die before end of embryonic stage (with emcΔ1)
lethal - all die before end of embryonic stage | recessive
partially lethal, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
partially lethal - majority die
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4Act.PU, emcAP6/emcΔ1
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
partially lethal - majority die (with emcAP6), with Scer\GAL4Act.PU, emcUAS.cdCa
partially lethal - majority die (with emcΔ1), with Scer\GAL4Act.PU, emcUAS.cdCa
partially lethal - majority die | recessive
viable
viable | recessive
Sterility
Allele
male sterile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
behavior defective | recessive
decreased cell number
decreased cell number | embryonic stage
decreased cell number | recessive | somatic clone
decreased occurrence of cell division (with Df(3L)emc-E12)
decreased occurrence of cell division | somatic clone
neuroanatomy defective | embryonic stage
size defective | somatic clone
some die during embryonic stage
some die during embryonic stage (with emc1)
some die during embryonic stage (with emcG4.1)
some die during embryonic stage | recessive
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
stress response defective
visible
visible, with Scer\GAL4179
visible, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
visible, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
visible, with Scer\GAL4unspecified
visible (with emc1)
visible (with emcd09015)
visible | dominant
visible | recessive
visible | recessive | somatic clone
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
antennal segment 3 sensillum, with Scer\GAL4179
axon | embryonic stage
cephalopharyngeal skeleton
chaeta | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
chorion
cone cell
denticle belt
denticle row 1 & abdominal 1 ventral denticle belt
denticle row 1 & abdominal 2 ventral denticle belt
denticle row 1 & abdominal 3 ventral denticle belt
denticle row 1 & abdominal 4 ventral denticle belt
denticle row 1 & abdominal 5 ventral denticle belt
denticle row 1 & abdominal 6 ventral denticle belt
denticle row 1 & abdominal 7 ventral denticle belt
denticle row 2 & abdominal 1 ventral denticle belt
denticle row 2 & abdominal 2 ventral denticle belt
denticle row 2 & abdominal 3 ventral denticle belt
denticle row 2 & abdominal 4 ventral denticle belt
denticle row 2 & abdominal 5 ventral denticle belt
denticle row 2 & abdominal 6 ventral denticle belt
denticle row 2 & abdominal 7 ventral denticle belt
dorsal appendage
dorsal fold (with Df(3L)Fpa1)
dorsocentral bristle, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
dorsocentral bristle | ectopic
egg chamber
egg chamber, with Scer\GAL4c306
egg chamber | anterior, with Scer\GAL4upd1.PU
egg chamber | somatic clone
embryonic/larval midgut | embryonic stage
embryonic/larval midgut primordium (with Df(3L)Fpa1)
embryonic/larval somatic muscle
embryonic/larval spiracle | embryonic stage
embryonic dorsal epidermis (with Df(3L)Fpa1)
embryonic head
embryonic head (with Df(3L)Fpa1)
embryonic midgut constriction 1
embryonic midgut constriction 2
embryonic midgut constriction 3
endoderm
external sensory organ
external sensory organ precursor cell | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
eye disc | somatic clone
eye disc | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4FRT.Rnor\Cd2.Act5C
eye disc anterior to the morphogenetic furrow | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4FRT.Rnor\Cd2.Act5C
filzkorper | embryonic stage
haltere | somatic clone
interommatidial bristle | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU
leg | somatic clone
leg disc anterior compartment | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
leg sensillum | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
longitudinal connective
macrochaeta
macrochaeta & thorax
macrochaeta | ectopic
macrochaeta | supernumerary (with emc1)
macrochaeta | supernumerary (with emcd09015)
Malpighian tubule
Malpighian tubule tip cell
mandibular segment | embryonic stage
mesothoracic tergum
mesothoracic tergum, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
mesothoracic tergum & macrochaeta
mesothoracic tergum | somatic clone
microchaeta
microchaeta, with Scer\GAL4Act.PU, emcAP6/emcΔ1
microchaeta (with emcAP6), with Scer\GAL4Act.PU, emcUAS.cdCa
microchaeta (with emcΔ1), with Scer\GAL4Act.PU, emcUAS.cdCa
microchaeta & mesothoracic tergum | supernumerary
morphogenetic furrow
neuron
ocellar bristle
ommatidium
oocyte, with Scer\GAL4upd1.PU
photoreceptor cell R1 | ectopic
photoreceptor cell R2 | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4FRT.Rnor\Cd2.Act5C
photoreceptor cell R3 | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4FRT.Rnor\Cd2.Act5C
photoreceptor cell R4
photoreceptor cell R4 | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4FRT.Rnor\Cd2.Act5C
photoreceptor cell R5 | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4FRT.Rnor\Cd2.Act5C
photoreceptor cell R6 | ectopic
photoreceptor cell R7
photoreceptor cell R8 | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4FRT.Rnor\Cd2.Act5C
polar follicle cell, with Scer\GAL4upd1.PU
polar follicle cell | somatic clone
polar follicle cell | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4upd1.PU
posterior scutellar bristle
postvertical bristle
scutellar bristle, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
scutellum & microchaeta, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
segment | somatic clone
sense organ | ectopic
sensory mother cell
sensory mother cell | ectopic
tormogen cell, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
visceral mesoderm
wing
wing, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
wing | somatic clone
wing | somatic clone (with Df(3L)emc-E12)
wing margin bristle, with Scer\GAL4Act.PU, emcAP6/emcΔ1
wing margin bristle (with emcAP6), with Scer\GAL4Act.PU, emcUAS.cdCa
wing margin bristle (with emcΔ1), with Scer\GAL4Act.PU, emcUAS.cdCa
wing vein | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4unspecified
wing vein | ectopic | somatic clone
wing vein | somatic clone
wing vein L5
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Download All OrthoDB Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1)
Homo sapiens (Human) (5)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Hsap\ID1
10 of 15
Yes
Yes
Hsap\ID4
10 of 15
Yes
Yes
Hsap\ID2
9 of 15
No
Yes
 
Hsap\ID3
8 of 15
No
Yes
Hsap\ID2B
1 of 15
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (6)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Mmus\Id4
10 of 15
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Id2
9 of 15
No
Yes
Mmus\Id1
8 of 15
No
Yes
Mmus\Id3
8 of 15
No
Yes
Mmus\LOC101056296
2 of 15
No
Yes
Mmus\LOC101056300
2 of 15
No
Yes
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)
Rnor\Id1
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Id2
7 of 13
No
Yes
Rnor\Id3
7 of 13
No
Yes
Rnor\Id4
6 of 13
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (3)
Xtro\id2
8 of 12
Yes
Yes
Xtro\id4
8 of 12
Yes
Yes
Xtro\id3
7 of 12
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (5)
Drer\id1
10 of 15
Yes
Yes
Drer\id4
10 of 15
Yes
Yes
Drer\id2a
8 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\id2b
8 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\id3
8 of 15
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
No records found.
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
No records found.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
No records found.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
No records found.
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG09190HN6 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
AAA Syntenic Ortholog
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Drosophila suzukii
Spotted wing Drosophila
Dsuz\DS10_00004575
Drosophila simulans
Dsim\GD13571
Drosophila sechellia
Dsec\GM14354
Drosophila erecta
Dere\GG14734
Drosophila yakuba
Dyak\emc
Drosophila ananassae
Dana\GF10395
Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura
Dpse\GA10048
Drosophila persimilis
Dper\GL20711
Drosophila willistoni
Dwil\GK17519
Drosophila virilis
Dvir\GJ12114
Drosophila mojavensis
Dmoj\GI13022
Drosophila grimshawi
Dgri\GH15419
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG09150F3G )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17011318
Glossina morsitans
Tsetse fly
Gmor\GMOY001230
Lucilia cuprina
Australian sheep blowfly
Lcup\FF38_06775
Aedes aegypti
Yellow fever mosquito
Aaeg\AAEL002721
Anopheles darlingi
American malaria mosquito
Adar\ADAC004889
Anopheles gambiae
Malaria mosquito
Agam\AGAP007944
Anopheles gambiae
Malaria mosquito
Agam\SRPN7
Culex quinquefasciatus
Southern house mosquito
Cqui\CPIJ007015
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W0N5S )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Bombyx mori
Silkmoth
Bmor\BGIBMGA012124
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly
Dple\DPOGS207256-PA
Heliconius melpomene
Postman butterfly
Hmel\HMEL007972
Apis florea
Little honeybee
Aflo\3667940004
Apis florea
Little honeybee
Aflo\3667939972
Apis mellifera
Western honey bee
Amel\GB42178
Bombus impatiens
Common eastern bumble bee
Bimp\BIMP14679
Bombus terrestris
Buff-tailed bumblebee
Bter\15209783
Linepithema humile
Argentine ant
Lhum\LH10790
Megachile rotundata
Alfalfa leafcutting bee
Mrot\MROTU:000d71
Nasonia vitripennis
Parasitic wasp
Nvit\Nasvi2EG022307
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain pine beetle
Dpod\YQE_09812
Tribolium castaneum
Red flour beetle
Tcas\TC000024
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM294340
Rhodnius prolixus
Kissing bug
Rpro\RPRC005973
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC007449
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid
Apim\ACYPI002529
Zootermopsis nevadensis
Nevada dampwood termite
Znev\Znev_12129
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X0NER )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strigamia maritima
European centipede
Smar\SMAR013716
Ixodes scapularis
Black-legged tick
Isca\ISCW014470
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM65664.1
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM68095.1
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_347553
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_299740
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091G11W4 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\ENSCING00000019712
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v7.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (0)
No records found.
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Model Summary Ribbon
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    ID1; inhibitor of DNA binding 1, HLH protein
    10 of 15
    600349
        ID4; inhibitor of DNA binding 4, HLH protein
        10 of 15
        600581
            ID2; inhibitor of DNA binding 2
            9 of 15
            600386
                 
                ID3; inhibitor of DNA binding 3, HLH protein
                8 of 15
                600277
                    Functional Complementation Data
                    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
                    Interactions
                    Summary of Physical Interactions
                    Summary of Genetic Interactions
                    esyN Network Diagram
                    esyN Network Key:
                    Suppression
                    Enhancement
                    View in Interactions Browser
                    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
                    Starting gene(s)
                    Interaction type
                    Interacting gene(s)
                    Reference
                    emc
                    enhanceable
                    bs
                    (Roch et al., 1998)
                    emc
                    suppressible
                    da
                    (Bhattacharya and Baker, 2011)
                    emc
                    enhanceable
                    Dl
                    (Baonza et al., 2000)
                    emc
                    suppressible
                    Dl
                    (Mari-Beffa et al., 1991)
                    emc
                    enhanceable
                    H
                    (Abdelilah-Seyfried et al., 2000)
                    emc
                    suppressible
                    N
                    (Mari-Beffa et al., 1991)
                    emc
                    enhanceable
                    N
                    (Baonza et al., 2000, Mari-Beffa et al., 1991)
                    emc
                    suppressible
                    RpS17
                    (Bhattacharya and Baker, 2011)
                    emc
                    suppressible
                    sc
                    (Wrischnik et al., 2003)
                    Starting gene(s)
                    Interaction type
                    Interacting gene(s)
                    Reference
                    ac
                    suppressible
                    emc
                    (Mari-Beffa et al., 1991)
                    ac
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Mari-Beffa et al., 1991)
                    amos
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Villa-Cuesta et al., 2003)
                    amos
                    suppressible
                    emc
                    (Villa-Cuesta et al., 2003)
                    bs
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
                    Dl
                    suppressible
                    emc
                    (Mari-Beffa et al., 1991)
                    dom
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Kwon et al., 2013)
                    E(spl)mβ-HLH
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Baonza et al., 2000)
                    Egfr
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
                    Egfr
                    suppressible
                    emc
                    (Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
                    H
                    suppressible
                    emc
                    (Johannes and Preiss, 2002)
                    H
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Johannes and Preiss, 2002)
                    Kr
                    suppressible
                    emc
                    (Abrell et al., 2000, Carrera et al., 1998)
                    l(1)sc
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Rottgen et al., 1998)
                    L
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Singh et al., 2005)
                    L
                    suppressible
                    emc
                    (Singh et al., 2005)
                    mam
                    suppressible
                    emc
                    (Kwon et al., 2013)
                    N
                    suppressible
                    emc
                    (Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009)
                    net
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
                    net
                    suppressible
                    emc
                    (Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
                    pnr
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Pena-Rangel et al., 2002)
                    px
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
                    px
                    suppressible
                    emc
                    (Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
                    pyd
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Chen et al., 1996)
                    rho
                    suppressible
                    emc
                    (Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
                    rho
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
                    sc
                    suppressible
                    emc
                    (Mari-Beffa et al., 1991)
                    sc
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Mari-Beffa et al., 1991)
                    vn
                    enhanceable
                    emc
                    (Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
                    vn
                    suppressible
                    emc
                    (Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
                    External Data
                    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
                    Heterodimer with other HLH proteins.
                    (UniProt, P18491 )
                    Linkouts
                    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                    InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
                    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                    Pathways
                    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
                    Metabolic Pathways
                    External Data
                    Linkouts
                    KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.
                    Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
                    Chromosome (arm)
                    3L
                    Recombination map

                    3-0.5

                    Cytogenetic map
                    61C9-61C9
                    Sequence location
                    3L:749,400..753,492 [+]
                    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
                    Cytogenetic map
                    Evidence for location
                    61C9-61C9
                    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)0596705967 and P{PZ}l(3)0264002640
                    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
                    Cytogenetic map
                    Notes
                    References
                    61D1-61D2
                    (Prokopenko, 1999.8.3)
                    61D-61D
                    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
                    (Szeged Stock Center, 1998-, Deak et al., 1997, Salzberg et al., 1997)
                    61D1-61D2
                    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
                    (Abdelilah-Seyfried et al., 2000, Spradling et al., 1999, Posakony, 1994, Ellis et al., 1990)
                    61C1-61D4
                    (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
                    61C-61D
                    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
                    (Garrell and Modolell, 1990)
                    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
                    Location

                    3-0.5

                    (FlyBase, 2016)

                    3-0.6

                    (Comeron et al., 2012)

                    3-0.0

                    Left of (cM)
                    Right of (cM)
                    Notes
                    Stocks and Reagents
                    Stocks (29)
                    Genomic Clones (7)
                     

                    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

                    cDNA Clones (206)
                     

                    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

                    cDNA clones, fully sequences
                    BDGP DGC clones
                    Other clones
                      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                      BDGP DGC clones
                      Other clones
                      RNAi and Array Information
                      Linkouts
                      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                      GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
                      Antibody Information
                      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                       
                      Commercially Available Antibodies
                       
                      Other Information
                      Relationship to Other Genes
                      Source for database identify of

                      Source for identity of: emc CG1007

                      (Zhang, 1999.11)
                      Source for database merge of

                      Source for merge of: emc ms(3)61CD

                      (Beaton, 1999.12.12)
                      Additional comments

                      FlyBase curator comment: "EP3087" overexpression phenotype stated to be due to its effect on emc but orientation of the P{EP} element suggests otherwise.

                      (Singh et al., 2005, Pena-Rangel et al., 2002)
                      Other Comments

                      emc acts as a downstream component of N, at least in wing margin formation and vein differentiation.

                      (Baonza et al., 2000)

                      emc is required during development of the imaginal wing discs in both cell proliferation and cell differentiation processes.

                      (Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)

                      Candidate gene for quantitative trait (QTL) locus determining bristle number.

                      (Nuzhdin et al., 1999)

                      The consensus Rbp9 binding site, UUUXUUUU, is present in two copies in the 3' untranslated region of emc mRNA. UV crosslinking demonstrates a specific interaction between the two, and Northern analysis revealed that Rbp9 functions as a regulator of mRNA stability.

                      (Park et al., 1998)

                      Mutations show strong interactions with high and low selection lines, abdominal and sternopleural bristle numbers are affected. Results suggest emc is a candidate for bristle number quantitative trait loci (QTL) in natural populations or is in the same genetic pathway.

                      (Long et al., 1996)

                      Five additional alleles have been derived by Δ2-3 mobilization of P{lArB} during an analysis of quantitative trait loci effects on bristle number.

                      (Lyman et al., 1996)

                      emc and h are expressed ahead of the morphogenetic furrow, emc has only a minor function in normal eye development. In emc- h- clones the morphogenetic furrow and differentiated eye field advance up to eight ommatidial rows ahead of adjacent wild type tissue. Results indicate that the morphogenetic furrow and neuronal differentiation are negatively regulated by a combination of anteriorly expressed HLH regulatory proteins, emc and h function together to regulate timing of furrow progression and photoreceptor development.

                      (Brown et al., 1995)

                      Clonal analysis demonstrates the emc gene participates in the control of cell proliferation within inter-vein regions in the wing. Similar effects are seen in the haltere and the leg. Behaviour of emc cells indicates that proliferation is locally controlled within intervein sectors, cells proliferate according to their genetic activity along preferential positions in the wing morphogenetic landscape and cell proliferation in the wing is integrated by 'accommodation' between mutant and wild-type cells.

                      (de Celis et al., 1995)

                      emc forms heterodimers with the ac, sc, l(1)sc, and da products. emc inhibits DNA-binding of ac, sc and l(1)sc/da heterodimers and da homodimers. emc is a repressor of sc function whose action may take place post-transcriptionally.

                      (Cabrera et al., 1994)

                      emc is required for a variety of developmental processes occurring in derivatives of the three embryonic germ layers.

                      (Cubas et al., 1994)

                      emc transcript is maternally contributed and distribution of emc transcripts during embryonic development is determined. emc function is required for normal midgut and Malpighian tubule development. Results suggest that negative regulation by emc may be a common feature of developmental processes involving da the AS-C and possibly other helix-loop-helix proteins.

                      (Ellis, 1994)

                      Mutants display hyperplastic phenotype, tissue overgrowth in mitotic recombination clones.

                      (Mechler, 1994)

                      Postmeiotic differentiation defect.

                      (Castrillon et al., 1993)

                      emc down regulates the ac promoter. Modified emc can interfere with the binding of proneural proteins to an ac E-box.

                      (Martinez et al., 1993)

                      emc contributes to sensory organ positioning in the wing disc.

                      (Cubas and Modolell, 1992)

                      Maternal effect on viability of flies heterozygous for dpn1 and carrying a duplication for sc described: if mother is emcML/+ or emc1/emc1 their viability is <1%, whereas if mother is emc+ their viability is ~40%.

                      (Younger-Shepherd et al., 1992)

                      Direct, positive transcriptional autoregulation by the ac protein and cross-regulation by sc are essential for high level expression of the ac promoter in the proneural cluster. These auto- and cross-regulatory activities are antagonized in a dose-dependent manner by the emc gene product, whose expression pattern in wing discs is complementary to that of the proneural genes.

                      (van Doren et al., 1992)

                      Negatively regulates sc expression, probably by interfering with activators of the gene.

                      (Cubas et al., 1991)

                      A synergistic interaction is observed between E(spl) and emc alleles with regard to the ectopic posterior macrochaetae. emc+ exerts its function by repressing ASC functions and consequently modifying the time and place where sensory organ mother cells are singularized. The NAx-1, NAx-M2 and NAx-M3 alleles reduce the phenotype of emc alleles.

                      (Mari-Beffa et al., 1991)

                      Negative regulator that suppresses sensory neurogenesis by selectively repressing ac and sc gene expression in different spatial domains and at different developmental stages.

                      (Skeath and Carroll, 1991)

                      Lack-of-function alleles of emc exaggerate Hw phenotypes in both ectopic and normal positions.

                      (de Celis et al., 1991)

                      DNA sequence analysis reveals four E box binding sites, for the binding of hetero-oligomeric complexes composed of da or AS-C proteins, in the first 877 bp of the ac upstream region. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrate that the emc protein can specifically antagonise DNA binding of the da/AS-C complexes in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, h and E(spl) proteins fail to exhibit this inhibitory effect.

                      (van Doren et al., 1991)

                      Mutations in emc cause extra longitudinal or transverse veins with plexated vein phenotypes. Px, px, net, dsr and emc belong to the same synergistic group and act synergistically against kn, fu and shf.

                      (Diaz-Benjumea and Garcia-Bellido, 1990)

                      emc has been cloned and characterised.

                      (Ellis et al., 1990)

                      emc encodes a protein with a helix-loop-helix domain, but lacks a basic region (which is presumably important for DNA binding).

                      (Garrell and Modolell, 1990)

                      Px, net, dsr, px and emc loci belong to the plexus phenotypic group within the 'excess-of-vein' mutant class. Extra veins occur parallel to and between normal veins that connect to each other by crossveins, forming plexi. Plexi are distal. Proximal regions shift to the margin leaving a central area devoid of veins. Sensilla and chaetae appear shifted. Combinations of mutations produce superadditive phenotypes.

                      (Diaz-Benjumea et al., 1989)

                      A negative regulator of ac and sc transcription.

                      (Romani et al., 1989)

                      Genetic mosaic analysis demonstrates that emc is involved in cell to cell interaction process and patterning of the wing veins.

                      (Garcia-Alonso and Garcia-Bellido, 1988)

                      h and emc code for repressors that interact with the ac and sc region of the achaete-scute complex respectively.

                      (del Prado and Garcia-Bellido, 1984)

                      emc and sc mutants were used to study how different levels of sc expression affect the pattern of chaetae.

                      (del Prado and Garcia-Bellido, 1984)

                      Hypomorphic alleles, or amorphic alleles when heterozygous with a hypomorphic allele, cause formation of extra macrochaetae. Severely hypomorphic combinations also cause formation of extra microchaetae. Amorphic alleles when homozygous result in embryonic lethality. Amorphic alleles when heterozygous with a normal third chromosome result in the appearance of ectopic chaetae in the occipital and premandibular regions. Extra chaetae in emc mutant flies appear on the head and notum (weak alleles) as well as on the wing blade, pleura, post-scutellum, tergites and legs in more severe allelic combinations. In severely hypomorphic allelic combinations extra campaniform sensilla occasionally appear on the wing blade. Reduction of wild-type emc function also causes the presence of extra bits of wing vein. A dominant emc allele (emcD) causes a reduction in the number of macrochaetae on the head and notum. emcD is homozygous viable; emcD homozygotes are more mutant than emcD/+ individuals. The L4 and L5 wing veins are shortened in emcD homozygotes but only rarely in emcD/+ heterozygotes. The insufficiency produced by emc can be titrated by altering the dosage of ASC; increased function of ASC produced by gain-of-function mutations (Hw) can be titrated by altering the dosage of emc+.

                      Origin and Etymology
                      Discoverer
                      Etymology
                      Identification
                      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 115 )
                      Sequence Crossreferences
                      NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                      GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                      GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                      RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                      UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                      UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                      Other crossreferences
                      BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
                      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                      Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                      Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                      Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                      GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
                      iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                      InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                      KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                      modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
                      Linkouts
                      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                      FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
                      FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                      FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                      FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                      Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
                      InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
                      KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.
                      MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (30)
                      Reported As
                      Symbol Synonym
                      0094/26
                      (Deak et al., 1997)
                      0203/10
                      (Deak et al., 1997)
                      0587/01
                      (Deak et al., 1997)
                      0977/09
                      (Deak et al., 1997)
                      Ach
                      (Craymer, 1980)
                      CG1007
                      (Meadows, 2018.4.4, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Krejcí et al., 2009, Perkins et al., 2009.3.31, Stevens et al., 2008, Stevens et al., 2008, Quinones-Coello, 2007, Norga et al., 2003)
                      Dm0688
                      (Teeter et al., 2000)
                      Emc
                      (He et al., 2019, Sato et al., 2019, Mbodj et al., 2016, Mbodj et al., 2013, Sato et al., 2013, Foronda et al., 2012, Krejcí et al., 2009, Jafar-Nejad and Bellen, 2004, Tapanes and Baylies, 2002)
                      bHLHb28
                      (Stevens et al., 2008)
                      emc
                      (Dorafshan et al., 2019, Ishibashi et al., 2019, Qiu et al., 2019, Shokri et al., 2019, Bischof et al., 2018, Bhattacharya et al., 2017, Revaitis et al., 2017, Golubyatnikov et al., 2015, Schertel et al., 2015, Spratford and Kumar, 2015, Spratford and Kumar, 2015, Verhulst and van de Zande, 2015, Wang and Baker, 2015, Costa et al., 2014, Tanaka-Matakatsu et al., 2014, Victorsen and White, 2014.4.15, Bischof et al., 2013, Das et al., 2013, Kwon et al., 2013, Spratford and Kumar, 2013, Weasner and Kumar, 2013, Foronda et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Abruzzi et al., 2011, Bhattacharya and Baker, 2011, Michaut et al., 2011, Ozdemir et al., 2011, Popova et al., 2011, San-Juán and Baonza, 2011, Yamasaki et al., 2011, Arancio et al., 2010, Blanco et al., 2010, Kazemian et al., 2010, Sakurai et al., 2010, Salzer et al., 2010, Ayroles et al., 2009, Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009, Krejcí et al., 2009, Song et al., 2009, Yamamoto et al., 2009, Bhattacharya and Baker, 2008, Casso et al., 2008, Christensen et al., 2008.4.15, Christensen et al., 2008.10.20, Usui et al., 2008, Yamamoto et al., 2008, Beckstead et al., 2007, Beltran et al., 2007, Bhattacharya et al., 2007, Buszczak et al., 2007, Kankel et al., 2007, Quinones-Coello, 2007, Zhang et al., 2007, Macdonald and Long, 2005, Papadia et al., 2005, Wong et al., 2005)
                      gov
                      (DeZazzo et al., 1997)
                      l(3)04322
                      l(3)05592
                      (Abrell et al., 2000, Carrera et al., 1998)
                      l(3)61Da
                      (Saito et al., 2002)
                      l(3)j4E11
                      ms(3)61CD
                      (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999, Castrillon et al., 1993)
                      Name Synonyms
                      Achetous
                      Extra Macrocheatae
                      (Popova et al., 2011)
                      Extramacrochaetae
                      (Wang and Baker, 2015, Bhattacharya and Baker, 2011)
                      Extramacrochaete
                      (Ishihara and Shibata, 2008)
                      Extramacrocheate
                      (Tanaka-Matakatsu et al., 2014)
                      extra macroachaetae
                      (Ishibashi et al., 2019)
                      extra macrochaetae
                      (Young and Marcotte, 2017, Weasner and Kumar, 2013, Salzer et al., 2010, Edwards et al., 2009, Mummery-Widmer et al., 2009, Bhattacharya et al., 2007)
                      extra macrochaete
                      (Kankel et al., 2007)
                      extramachrochaetae
                      (Krejcí et al., 2009)
                      extramacrochaetae
                      (Spratford and Kumar, 2015, Das et al., 2013, Spratford and Kumar, 2013, Bhattacharya and Baker, 2009, Yamamoto et al., 2009, Bhattacharya and Baker, 2008, Usui et al., 2008, Yamamoto et al., 2008, Tsuda et al., 2006, Papadia et al., 2005, Lee and Verheyen, 2004, de Celis and Diaz Benjumea, 2003)
                      extramacrochaete
                      (Golubyatnikov et al., 2015, Bellotto et al., 2002)
                      extramacrocheatae
                      (Verhulst and van de Zande, 2015)
                      golovan
                      male sterile(3)61CD
                      Secondary FlyBase IDs
                      • FBgn0010839
                      • FBgn0010869
                      • FBgn0011251
                      • FBgn0011371
                      • FBgn0013464
                      Datasets (0)
                      Study focus (0)
                      Experimental Role
                      Project
                      Project Type
                      Title
                      References (336)