FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\exd

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\exd

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

extradenticle

Annotation Symbol

CG8933

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0000611

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

11 publicly available

Gene Summary

extradenticle (exd) encodes a homeodomain transcription factor that is imported to the nuclueus upon binding the product of hth. The protein complex hth-exd are Hox cofactors but also have additional Hox-independent functions such as in antennal development, proximal appendages patterning, and cell division promotion of the undifferentiated eye field. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Red Book
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

Dpbx, lincRNA.S9404

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

14A5-14A5

Sequence location

X:15,992,468..15,996,509 [+]

Recombination map

1-52

RefSeq locus

NC_004354 REGION:15992468..15996509

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse GBrowse

Help me choose

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

GO Summary Ribbons

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (27 terms)

Molecular Function (11 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (10 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

inferred from direct assay

(Wang et al., 2017, Stultz et al., 2012)

enables DNA binding

inferred from direct assay

(Stultz et al., 2006)

inferred from direct assay

(assigned by UniProt )

(Passner et al., 1999)

contributes_to DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:lab; FB:FBgn0002522

(Grieder et al., 1997)

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:hth; FB:FBgn0001235

(Joshi et al., 2010)

enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

inferred from direct assay

(Li-Kroeger et al., 2008, Li et al., 1999)

enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity

inferred from mutant phenotype

(assigned by UniProt )

(Rauskolb et al., 1993)

enables DNA-binding transcription factor binding

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Dfd; FB:FBgn0000439

(Li et al., 1999)

enables protein binding

inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:P83949

(assigned by UniProt )

(Passner et al., 1999)

inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:O46339

(assigned by UniProt )

(Kurant et al., 1998, Pai et al., 1998)

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:hth; FB:FBgn0001235

(Rieckhof et al., 1997)

enables protein heterodimerization activity

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:lab; FB:FBgn0002522

(Grieder et al., 1997)

enables sequence-specific DNA binding

inferred from direct assay

(Ahn et al., 2011)

enables transcription coactivator activity

inferred from direct assay

(Li et al., 1999)

enables transcription factor binding

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:hth; FB:FBgn0001235

(Joshi et al., 2010)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000219731

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

enables RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000219731

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

Biological Process (12 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in brain development

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Nagao et al., 2000)

involved_in eye development

inferred from mutant phenotype

(assigned by UniProt )

(Pai et al., 1998)

involved_in oenocyte development

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Brodu et al., 2002)

involved_in peripheral nervous system development

inferred from mutant phenotype

(assigned by UniProt )

(Kurant et al., 1998)

involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

inferred from direct assay

(Wang et al., 2017, Joshi et al., 2010)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Grieder et al., 1997)

involved_in regulation of cell fate specification

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Bryantsev et al., 2012)

involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

inferred from mutant phenotype

(assigned by UniProt )

(Rauskolb et al., 1993)

involved_in somatic muscle development

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Bryantsev et al., 2012)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in animal organ morphogenesis

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000932593

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

involved_in embryonic organ development

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000932593

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

involved_in neuron development

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000932593

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000219731

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

involved_in salivary gland boundary specification

traceable author statement

(Abrams et al., 2003, Bradley et al., 2001)

Cellular Component (4 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytoplasm

inferred from direct assay

(Abu-Shaar and Mann, 1998, Rieckhof et al., 1997)

located_in nucleus

inferred from direct assay

(Kurant et al., 2001, Ryoo and Mann, 1999, Abu-Shaar and Mann, 1998, Azpiazu and Morata, 1998, Rieckhof et al., 1997)

part_of RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:abd-A; FB:FBgn0000014, FLYBASE:hth; FB:FBgn0001235

(Wang et al., 2017)

part_of transcription regulator complex

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:abd-A; FB:FBgn0000014

(Li-Kroeger et al., 2008)

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:hth; FB:FBgn0001235

(Li-Kroeger et al., 2008)

inferred from direct assay

(assigned by UniProt )

(Rauskolb et al., 1993)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

TALE HOMEOBOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

Protein Family (UniProt)

Belongs to the TALE/PBX homeobox family. (P40427)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Gene Group (FlyBase)

TALE HOMEOBOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -: TALE homeobox transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA binding proteins that regulate transcription. These proteins are characterized by an atypical homeodomain that possesses a three amino acid insertion in the first loop. (Adapted from FBrf0232555 and PMID:18797923).

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

Transcription factor which acts with the selector homeodomain proteins altering the regulation of downstream target genes such as wingless (wg), teashirt (tsh) and decapentaplegic (dpp), thus affecting segmental identity. Delimits the eye field and prevent inappropriate eye development. Required for proper localization of chordotonal organs within the peripheral nervous system.

(UniProt, P40427)

Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)

exd: extradenticle

Homozygous lethal; meso- and metathoracic segments resemble prothorax; first abdominal like posterior abdominal segments. In combination with Pc-like mutants shows abdominal transformations.

Summary (Interactive Fly)

TALE-class homeodomain transcription factor - cooperatively interacts with homeotic proteins to increase the specificity of homeotic protein binding to DNA - Engrailed cooperates directly with Extradenticle and Homothorax on a distinct class of homeodomain binding sites to repress - controls dendritic and axonal targeting of olfactory projection neurons in the brain - control adult muscle fiber identity

Interactive Fly

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\exd for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure New Section

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry P40427)

If you don't see the viewer to the right, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Tissue-specific extension of 3' UTRs observed during later stages (FBrf0218523, FBrf0219848); all variants may not be annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.52

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

exd-RA

FBtr0074135

NM_078636

2386

376

exd-RB

FBtr0074137

NM_167478

2347

376

exd-RD

FBtr0333322

NM_001272663

2930

376

exd-RE

FBtr0333323

NM_001272664

2883

376

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

3.4, 2.8 (northern blot)

(Rauskolb et al., 1993)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

exd-PA

FBpp0073940

41.7

376

7.00

FBpp0073942

41.7

376

7.00

FBpp0305514

41.7

376

7.00

FBpp0305515

41.7

376

7.00

P40427

NP_001259593

AGB95435

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

376 aa isoforms: exd-PA, exd-PB, exd-PD, exd-PE

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

376 (aa); 41.7 (kD)

(Rauskolb et al., 1993)

Comments

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Interacts with Ubx and hth.

(UniProt, P40427)

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\exd using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

exd_1
exd_2

Linkouts

Expression Data

Expression Summary Ribbons

Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that the Fly Cell Atlas project found the gene expressed in that cell type. Darker colors mean that more cells of that cell type express the gene:

low

high

Colorless tiles indicate that there is no scRNAseq data for the gene in that cell type.

Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data (RNA and/or protein) has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.

Colored tiles in the ribbon indicate the average RNA expression level of the gene at the indicated stages:

low

high

as determined by RNA-seq (RPKM) using whole organism samples modENCODE, Brown et al., 2014. For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.

Transcript Expression

No Assay Recorded

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage

presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system

(Rauskolb et al., 1993)

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage

visceral mesoderm | gradient

(Rauskolb et al., 1993)

embryonic stage 1 -- 3

organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 4 -- 6

anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal ectoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

foregut anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

hindgut anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

mesectoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

mesoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

organism | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral ectoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

visual anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 7 -- 8

antennal anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

central brain anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal head epidermis anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

visual anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

anterior endoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal ectoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

foregut anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

head mesoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

hindgut anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

mesectoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

organism | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

posterior endoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

trunk mesoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral ectoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral nerve cord primordium

Comment: reported as ventral nerve cord anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 9 -- 10

antennal primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

central brain primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

visual primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

anterior endoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal ectoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

head mesoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

inclusive hindgut primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

organism | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

posterior endoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

trunk mesoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral ectoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral nerve cord primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 11 -- 12

anterior midgut primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

central brain primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal epidermis primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

organism | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

posterior midgut primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

trunk mesoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral epidermis primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 12

abdomen

(Rauskolb et al., 1993)

embryonic stage 12 -- 17

organism | gradient

(Rauskolb et al., 1993)

Additional Descriptive Data

exd is expressed at all stages of development. exd transcripts are present at high levels in early embryos except in the pole cells. Levels decline at gastrulation and then rise during germ band extension. From stage 12 on, transcript levels are modulated with high levels in head and thoracic regions and declining levels in abdominal regions. Levels are moderate in abdominal segments 1 and 2, lower in segments 3 and 4, and lowest in segments 5 and 6. Abdominal segments 7-9 have levels intermeditiate between those of segments 4 and 5. Expression is also observed in the CNS, visceral mesoderm, and somatic mesoderm.

(Rauskolb et al., 1993)

exd transcript levels are greatly reduced in the exd¹ mutant.

(Rauskolb et al., 1993)

exd transcript levels are greatly reduced in the exd² mutant.

(Rauskolb et al., 1993)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

immunolocalization

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 10

parasegment 2 | ventral

• nucleus

(Ryoo and Mann, 1999)

embryonic stage 11 -- 17

neuroblast NB5-6 of thorax

(Karlsson et al., 2010)

neuroblast NB5-6 of abdomen

(Karlsson et al., 2010)

embryonic stage 12

bridge cell

(Merabet et al., 2005)

embryonic stage 13 -- 16

embryonic/larval Malpighian tubule | distal | restricted

(Zohar-Stoopel et al., 2014)

embryonic stage 15

embryonic/larval central nervous system | variable

(Huang et al., 2003)

embryonic stage 15 -- 16

chordotonal organ

• nucleus

(Kurant et al., 2001)

presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system

• nucleus

(Kurant et al., 2001)

ectoderm

• nucleus

(Kurant et al., 2001)

third instar larval stage

embryonic/larval motor neuron | subset of larval thoracic neuromere

(Baek et al., 2013)

tracheal metamere 1

(Sato et al., 2008)

tracheal metamere 2

(Sato et al., 2008)

tracheal metamere 3

(Sato et al., 2008)

pupal stage

motor neuron | subset of thoracic neuromere

(Baek et al., 2013)

Additional Descriptive Data

exd is expressed in NB5-6 starting at embryonic stage 11 in abdominal and thoracic lineages, is expressed in all cells in the lineage at stage 13, and is maintained throughout the lineage in subsequent stages. It is also expressed in more anterior NB5-6 lineages.

(Karlsson et al., 2010)

Cells in the embryonic CNS anterior to the border of metathoracic segment (T3) and abdominal segment 1 express high levels of exd, largely in nuclei, wheras cells to the posterior of that boundary express lower levels of exd in the cytoplasm.

(Huang et al., 2003)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytoplasm

inferred from direct assay

(Abu-Shaar and Mann, 1998, Rieckhof et al., 1997)

located_in nucleus

inferred from direct assay

(Kurant et al., 2001, Ryoo and Mann, 1999, Abu-Shaar and Mann, 1998, Azpiazu and Morata, 1998, Rieckhof et al., 1997)

part_of RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:abd-A; FB:FBgn0000014, FLYBASE:hth; FB:FBgn0001235

(Wang et al., 2017)

part_of transcription regulator complex

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:abd-A; FB:FBgn0000014

(Li-Kroeger et al., 2008)

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:hth; FB:FBgn0001235

(Li-Kroeger et al., 2008)

inferred from direct assay

(assigned by UniProt )

(Rauskolb et al., 1993)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\exd in GBrowse 2

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\exd

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\exd

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0000611

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

32567/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0000611

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0000611

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0000611

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG8933

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0000611

Images

FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)

Show all FlyExpress processed images for Dmel\exd

Stages(s) 1-3
Stages(s) 4-6
Stages(s) 7-8
Stages(s) 9-10
Stages(s) 11-12
Stages(s) 13-16

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 12 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 59 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of exd

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of exd

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 10 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 10 )

Gene duplicated in

Gene disrupted in

Df(1)19

(Katzen and Bishop, 1996, Rauskolb et al., 1993, Katzen, 1990, Peifer and Wieschaus, 1990)

Df(1)EM43

(Katzen, 1990)

Df(1)sd72b

(Katzen and Bishop, 1996, Harbecke and Lengyel, 1995, Rauskolb et al., 1993, Katzen, 1990, Peifer and Wieschaus, 1990, Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987)

Dp(1;4)r⁺m

(Katzen and Bishop, 1996)

Dp(1;4)r⁺s

(Katzen and Bishop, 1996)

Gene not duplicated in

Dp(1;Y)B^Ssog⁺y⁺

(Wickline and Lindsley, 1997)

Inferred from location ( 0 )

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

exd^GD1439

lethal | recessive

lethal - all die before end of larval stage | recessive

exd^EM5

lethal - all die before end of P-stage | recessive

exd^EM5

lethal - all die during embryonic stage

lethal - all die during embryonic stage | recessive

lethal - all die during larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

exd^GD1439

partially lethal, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

exd^GD1439

partially lethal, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

exd^GD1439

partially lethal - majority die | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

exd^GD1439

viable

exd^GFP

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal neuroanatomy

exd^B108

abnormal size, with Scer\GAL4¹¹⁵¹

exd^KK107437

pair rule phenotype | embryonic stage

exd¹

pair rule phenotype | ventral

exd¹

short lived | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

exd^GD1439

some die during embryonic stage

some die during embryonic stage | recessive

some die during larval stage | recessive

exd^EM5

some die during pharate adult stage | recessive

exd^EM5

visible

exd¹

visible, with Scer\GAL4^Dll-md23

visible, with Scer\GAL4^dpp.blk1

exd^UAS.cGa

visible, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

exd^GD1439

visible, with Scer\GAL4^upd1-E132

exd^UAS.cGa

visible | recessive | somatic clone

exd¹

visible | somatic clone

wild-type

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

abdominal segment 1

exd^unspecified

abdominal sternite 2

exd¹

abdominal sternite 3

exd¹

abdominal sternite 4

exd¹

abdominal sternite 5

exd¹

abdominal tergite 1

exd¹

abdominal tergite 2

exd¹

abdominal tergite 3

exd¹

abdominal tergite 4

exd¹

adult abdominal segment 1

exd¹

adult abdominal segment 1 | somatic clone

exd¹

adult abdominal segment 2 | ectopic

exd¹

adult abdominal segment 2 | somatic clone

exd¹

adult abdominal segment 3 | somatic clone

exd¹

adult abdominal segment 4 | somatic clone

exd¹

adult abdominal segment 6

exd^EM5

adult abdominal segment 6 | somatic clone

adult abdominal segment 7

exd^EM5

adult abdominal segment 7 | somatic clone

adult abdominal segment 8

adult abdominal segment 9

adult cervical connective

exd¹

adult head

exd¹

adult head | somatic clone

adult heart, with Scer\GAL4^HCH.Hand

exd^GD1439

adult optic lobe | precursor

exd¹

antenna

exd¹

arista

arista | somatic clone

Bolwig nerve

exd¹

Bolwig organ

exd¹

cuticle | pharate adult stage

exd^EM5

dental sclerite

exd¹

deutero/tritocerebral embryonic fiber tract founder cluster

exd¹

embryonic/larval Malpighian tubule | embryonic stage

exd¹

embryonic/larval oenocyte

exd^B108

embryonic/larval salivary gland | embryonic stage

exd¹

embryonic abdominal segment 1

exd¹

embryonic abdominal segment 1 | ventral

exd²

embryonic abdominal segment 2

exd¹

embryonic abdominal segment 2 | ventral

exd²

embryonic abdominal segment 3 | ventral

exd²

embryonic abdominal segment 4 | ventral

exd²

embryonic abdominal segment 5 | ventral

exd²

embryonic abdominal segment | ventral

exd¹

embryonic gnathal segment | ventral

exd¹

embryonic head

exd¹

embryonic mesothoracic segment | dorsal | posterior

exd¹

embryonic mesothoracic segment | ventral

exd²

embryonic metathoracic segment

exd¹

embryonic metathoracic segment | dorsal | posterior

exd¹

embryonic metathoracic segment | ventral

exd²

embryonic stomatogastric nervous system

exd¹

embryonic thorax | ventral

exd¹

epipharyngeal sclerite

exd¹

extracoxal depressor muscle cell | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4¹¹⁵¹

exd^KK107437

eye | ectopic

exd¹

female genitalia

female genitalia | somatic clone

femur

exd¹

femur, with Scer\GAL4^Dll-md23

exd^UAS.cGa

femur, with Scer\GAL4^dpp.blk1

exd^{UAS.NLS.Tag:FLAG}

femur | distal, with Scer\GAL4^dpp.blk1

exd^UAS.cGa

femur | distal, with Scer\GAL4^upd1-E132

exd^UAS.cGa

flight muscle cell, with Scer\GAL4¹¹⁵¹

exd^KK107437

head | dorsal | posterior

exd¹

head | ventral

exd¹

head segment

exd¹

hypostomal sclerite

larval abdominal 1 lch5 neuron | embryonic stage

exd¹

larval abdominal 2 lch5 neuron | embryonic stage

exd¹

larval abdominal 3 lch5 neuron | embryonic stage

exd¹

larval abdominal 4 lch5 neuron | embryonic stage

exd¹

larval abdominal 5 lch5 neuron | embryonic stage

exd¹

larval abdominal 6 lch5 neuron | embryonic stage

exd¹

larval abdominal 7 lch5 neuron | embryonic stage

exd¹

lateral process of cephalopharyngeal skeleton

exd¹

leg

exd¹

leg, with Scer\GAL4^Dll-md23

exd^{UAS.lacZ,Tag:NLS(SV40-largeT)}

leg | distal | ectopic

exd¹

leg | ectopic

exd¹

leg | ectopic | medial

exd¹

leg | ectopic | proximal

exd¹

leg | ectopic | somatic clone

exd¹

leg | proximal

leg | proximal | somatic clone

leg | somatic clone

exd¹

leg sensillum | ectopic

leg sensillum | ectopic | somatic clone

macrochaeta & scutum

exd¹

male genitalia

male genitalia | somatic clone

exd¹

mandibular segment

exd¹

median tooth

exd¹

mesothoracic segment

exd^unspecified

mesothoracic tergum, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

exd^GD1439

mesothoracic tergum & macrochaeta | ectopic | somatic clone

exd²

mesothoracic ventral denticle belt

exd^EM5

metathoracic laterotergite

exd¹

metathoracic segment

exd^unspecified

metathoracic ventral denticle belt

exd^EM5

neuroblast NB6-4 of abdomen

exd^B108

neuroblast NB6-4 of thorax | ectopic

exd^B108

presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system

exd¹

proboscis

exd¹

proboscis | somatic clone

exd¹

prothoracic dorsal trichome

exd^EM5

prothoracic ventral denticle belt

exd^EM5

sarcomere, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

exd^GD1439

scutellum & chaeta | somatic clone

exd²

scutum | ectopic

exd¹

subesophageal embryonic fiber tract founder cluster

exd¹

supraesophageal embryonic fiber tract founder cluster

exd¹

tarsal segment, with Scer\GAL4^Dll-md23

exd^UAS.cGa

tarsal segment | distal, with Scer\GAL4^dpp.blk1

exd^UAS.cGa

third segment of antenna

exd¹

third segment of antenna | somatic clone

exd¹

tibia, with Scer\GAL4^dpp.blk1

exd^{UAS.NLS.Tag:FLAG}

tibia, with Scer\GAL4^upd1-E132

exd^UAS.cGa

tibia | distal, with Scer\GAL4^dpp.blk1

exd^UAS.cGa

tritocerebral commissure

exd¹

trochanter

exd¹

unguis, with Scer\GAL4^Dll-md23

exd^UAS.cGa

unguis | distal, with Scer\GAL4^dpp.blk1

exd^UAS.cGa

ventral thoracic disc, with Scer\GAL4^Dll-md23

exd^UAS.cGa

ventral thoracic disc, with Scer\GAL4^upd1-E132

exd^UAS.cGa

Z disc, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

exd^GD1439

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Homo sapiens (Human) (13)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Hsap\PBX1

13 of 15

Yes

Hsap\PBX2

13 of 15

Yes

Hsap\PBX3

13 of 15

Yes

Hsap\PBX4

8 of 15

Yes

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (13)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Mmus\Pbx2

13 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Pbx3

13 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Pbx1

12 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Pbx4

8 of 15

Yes

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (12)

Rnor\Pbx3

12 of 13

Yes

Rnor\Pbx2

11 of 13

Yes

Rnor\Pbx4

8 of 13

Yes

Rnor\Pbx1

4 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (9)

Xtro\pbx1

12 of 12

Yes

Xtro\pbx2

11 of 12

Yes

Xtro\pbx3

6 of 12

Yes

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (17)

Drer\pbx1b

13 of 15

Yes

Drer\pbx4

13 of 15

Yes

Drer\pbx1a

9 of 15

Yes

Drer\pbx3b

9 of 15

Yes

Drer\pbx2

6 of 15

Yes

Drer\pbx3a

6 of 15

Yes

Drer\LOC100537845

3 of 15

Yes

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (4)

Cele\ceh-20

7 of 15

Yes

Cele\F31E3.2

7 of 15

Yes

Cele\ceh-40

5 of 15

Yes

Cele\ceh-60

3 of 15

Yes

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (21)

Atha\BLH5

4 of 9

Yes

Atha\ATH1

3 of 9

Yes

Atha\BLH7

3 of 9

Yes

Atha\BLH11

3 of 9

Yes

Atha\BEL10

2 of 9

Yes

Atha\BLH3

2 of 9

Yes

Atha\KNAT3

2 of 9

Yes

1 of 9

1 of 9

1 of 9

1 of 9

Yes

1 of 9

1 of 9

1 of 9

1 of 9

1 of 9

1 of 9

1 of 9

1 of 9

1 of 9

1 of 9

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (6)

Scer\CUP9

1 of 15

Yes

Scer\HMLALPHA2

1 of 15

Yes

Scer\HMRA1

1 of 15

Yes

Scer\HMRA2

1 of 15

Yes

Scer\MATALPHA2

1 of 15

Yes

Scer\TOS8

1 of 15

Yes

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

No records found.

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (3)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

2 of 10

hth

2 of 10

vis

2 of 10

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Model Summary Ribbon

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

exd^KK107300

ameliorates acute myeloid leukemia

modeled by Hsap\HOXA9::Hsap\NUP98^WT.UAS

(Gavory et al., 2021)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

PBX1; PBX homeobox 1

13 of 15

176310

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT SYNDROME WITH OR WITHOUT HEARING LOSS, ABNORMAL EARS, OR DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY; CAKUTHED

13 of 15

13 of 15

8 of 15

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

Interactions Browser

View in Interactions Browser

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

exd - Abd-B

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy, pull down, autoradiography, electrophoretic mobility shift assay

(Romero-Pozuelo et al., 2019, Rivas et al., 2013, Hudry et al., 2012)

exd - Antp

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, autoradiography

(Altamirano-Torres et al., 2018, Hudry et al., 2012, Ahn et al., 2011, Ryoo and Mann, 1999)

exd - CG32425

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based

(Rhee et al., 2014)

exd - CG34163

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based

(Rhee et al., 2014)

exd - CG9776

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

exd - CtBP

two hybrid array, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Shokri et al., 2019, Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - Dfd

nuclear magnetic resonance, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, autoradiography

(Maiti et al., 2019, Sánchez-Higueras et al., 2019, Joshi et al., 2010, Li et al., 1999, Grieder et al., 1997)

exd - Dll

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - Doc2

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - Dref

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - Poxm

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - Su(H)

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - Tsen34

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based

(Rhee et al., 2014)

exd - YL-1

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

exd - abd-A

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, autoradiography, two hybrid

(Duffraisse et al., 2014, Hudry et al., 2012, Hudry et al., 2011, Ryoo and Mann, 1999, Johnson et al., 1995)

exd - bap

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - bin

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - crm

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

exd - dsx

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Romero-Pozuelo et al., 2019)

exd - eve

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - ey

pull down, autoradiography

(Bessa et al., 2002)

exd - kni

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - lab

electrophoretic mobility shift assay, autoradiography, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Sánchez-Higueras et al., 2019, Hudry et al., 2012, Stultz et al., 2012, Ryoo et al., 1999, Grieder et al., 1997)

exd - lbe

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - mam

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - mid

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - nau

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - pnt

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - salm

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - slou

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - slp2

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - srp

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - tin

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

exd - tsh

pull down, autoradiography, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018, Bessa et al., 2002)

exd - tup

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

esyN Network Key:

Suppression

Enhancement

View in Interactions Browser

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Antp

suppressible

exd

(Prince et al., 2008)

Antp|N

suppressible

exd

(Prince et al., 2008)

Dfd

enhanceable

exd

(Florence and McGinnis, 1998, Pinsonneault et al., 1997)

suppressible

exd

(Kobayashi et al., 2003)

hth

suppressible

exd

(Gavory et al., 2021)

Ubx

suppressible

exd|hth

(Sprecher et al., 2004)

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Interacts with Ubx and hth.

(UniProt, P40427 )

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

58911

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0000611

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

External Data

Linkouts

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

1-52

Cytogenetic map

14A5-14A5

Sequence location

X:15,992,468..15,996,509 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

14A5-14A5

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}Gβ13F^EP1071 and P{EP}EP1458&P{EP}EP1522

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

14A-14A

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Flegel et al., 1993)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

1-52

(FlyBase, 2016, Pinsonneault et al., 1997)

1-52.4

(Comeron et al., 2012)

1-54

(Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (11)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

29338

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.JF02500}attP2

81272

y¹ w^*; PBac{exd-EGFP.S}VK00033/TM6B, Tb¹

34897

y¹ sc^* v¹ sev²¹; P{TRiP.HMS01242}attP2

5277

C(1;YL)1, y¹ cv¹ v¹ g² exd^S136/FM7c

3293

y¹ ec¹ cv¹ ct¹ v¹ exd¹/FM7c

FlyORF

F004513

M{UAS-exd.ORF-CC}ZH-21F

F000036

M{UAS-exd.ORF.3xHA.GW}ZH-86Fb

Kyoto

108143

C(1;YL)1, y¹ cv¹ v¹ g² exd^S136/FM7c

106961

y¹ ec¹ cv¹ ct¹ v¹ exd¹/FM7c

VDRC

v100259

P{KK107300}VIE-260B

v100687

P{KK107437}VIE-260B

Genomic Clones (10)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (335)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

LD03509

Other clones

DPiM_LD03509

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0000611

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0000611

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

32567

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

polyclonal

(Bakshi et al., 2020)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research

EXD_B11M

Other Information

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database identify of

Source for identity of: exd CG8933

(Wang, 1999.11)

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: exd anon- EST:fe1H3

(Bayraktaroglu, 2000.11.2)

Additional comments

Other Comments

exd is required for salivary gland formation.

(Henderson and Andrew, 2000)

exd mutants show patterning defects in the primary axonal scaffolds of the developing embryonic brain.

(Nagao et al., 2000)

The exd gene product's function is balanced by the activities of its NES and NLS. The hth protein alters this balance in favor of the NLS.

(Abu-Shaar et al., 1999)

The exd gene encodes a product that includes an NLS (nuclear localization signal), an NES (nuclear export signal) and a region required for hth-mediated nuclear localization. The hth gene product is required to overcome the influence of the exd NES (nuclear export signal), possibly by inducing a conformational change in the exd product. The exd and hth gene products interact in the cytoplasm.

(Abu-Shaar et al., 1999)

The subcellular location of exd gene product and its mammalian counterpart Hsap\PBX1 depends on nuclear export and import signals and is modulated by association with hth protein or its mammalian counterpart Hsap\PKNOX1.

(Berthelsen et al., 1999)

exd encodes a specificity cofactor for the trunk Hox genes. The control of exd subcellular localization is a mechanism to regulate Hox activity during development.

(Ryoo and Mann, 1999)

Scr negatively regulates hth, which is required for the nuclear localization of the exd gene product.

(Ryoo and Mann, 1999)

exd activity is required for the apparent stability of the hth protein.

(Abu-Shaar and Mann, 1998)

Subcellular localisation of exd is regulated by the BX-C genes and each BX-C gene can prevent or reduce nuclear translocation of exd to different extents. Ubx and abd-A require exd activity for their maintenance and functions.

(Azpiazu and Morata, 1998)

exd and hth are antennal-determining genes. hth is an antennal selector gene and Antp promotes leg development by repressing hth and consequently nuclear exd.

(Casares and Mann, 1998)

exd function and dpp/wg signalling are antagonistic and divide the leg into two mutually exclusive domains. In the proximal domain exd activity prevents cells from responding to dpp and wg. In the distal domain, exd function is suppressed by the dpp/wg response gene Dll, which prevents the nuclear transport of exd. The division of the limb into two antagonistic domains, as defined by exd function and hh signaling, may be a general feature of limb development.

(Gonzalez-Crespo et al., 1998)

hth acts upstream of exd and is required and sufficient for nuclear localisation of exd protein. hth and exd are both negative regulators of eye development.

(Pai et al., 1998)

exd protein localised to the nucleus is proposed to suppress tarsus development and activate arista development. In the mesodermal adepithelial cells of the leg imaginal discs, Scr protein is proposed to be required for the synthesis of a tarsus-inducer that when secreted acts on the ectoderm cells inhibiting nuclear accumulation of exd protein, such that tarsus determination is no longer suppressed and arista determination is no longer activated.

(Percival-Smith and Hayden, 1998)

Loss of exd activity is epistatic to loss of pb activity or loss of pb and Scr activity.

(Percival-Smith and Hayden, 1998)

Normal ph-p and ph-d expression depends on exd expression in vivo.

(Serrano and Maschat, 1998)

The nucleocytoplasmic localisation of exd protein is highly regulated throughout development.

(Aspland and White, 1997)

exd function is required for the autoactivation phase of Dfd expression in the posterior head. A minimal Dfd response element is regulated directly by the combination of Dfd and exd without the need for a specialised heterodimer-binding site for the two proteins.

(Pinsonneault et al., 1997)

hth is necessary for the nuclear localisation of exd protein.

(Rieckhof et al., 1997)

Although exd product affects wing development the presence of exd fails to modify the wing to haltere transformation caused by ectopic expression of either Ubx or abd-A.

(Casares et al., 1996)

Protein-DNA interactions are important for forming the lab-exd-DNA complex. Data suggests a model in which lab and exd bind DNA as a heterodimer in a head-to-tail orientation.

(Chan and Mann, 1996)

A 20bp oligonucleotide from the 5' region of Mmus\Hoxb1, a homolog of lab, is sufficient to direct an expression pattern in Drosophila very similar to endogenous lab. This expression requires lab abd exd function. In vitro DNA binding studies reveal that lab requires exd to bind DNA with high affinity.

(Chan et al., 1996)

Clonal analysis establishes a precise boundary for exd requirement along the proximal-distal axis of the leg at the proximal femur; exd is required in proximal, not in distal leg. exd and Dll are required in near complementary domains along the leg, with the exception of the trochanter and proximal femur where both gene functions are needed. exd is expressed in a normal pattern in the absence of hh function.

(Gonzalez-Crespo and Morata, 1996)

Both dpp and wg are required for the nuclear localization of exd protein in the endoderm. Ectopic expression of dpp and wg expands the domain of nuclear exd. The nuclear import of exd product correlates with the transcription of an exd-dependent reporter gene in the endoderm.

(Mann and Abu-Shaar, 1996)

Two trypotophan residues within the en EH2 domain are required for cooperativity with the exd gene product.

(Peltenburg and Murre, 1996)

Mosaic analysis reveals that exd is cell autonomously required and critically involved in adult morphogenesis, not only in the homeotic function, but also in several other developmental processes.

(Gonzalez-Crespo and Morata, 1995)

The physical association of exd protein with Ubx protein and other HOM proteins is studied using a yeast two-hybrid system. Highly selective interactions exist between exd and certain isoforms of Ubx and with the abd-A protein.

(Johnson et al., 1995)

exd is critically involved in adult morphogenesis, not only in the homeotic function, but also in several other developmental processes. In some regions of the adult exd mutant clones exhibit homeotic transformations similar to those produced by known homeotic mutations at Ubx, lab, ss or Antp. In other regions the lack of exd causes novel homeotic transformations producing ectopic eyes and legs. exd is also required for functions not normally associated with homeosis, such as the maintenance of the dorso-ventral pattern in the abdomen, the specification of subpatterns in adult appendages or the arrangement of bristles in the mesonotum and genitalia.

(Morata, 1995)

In vitro DNA binding studies indicate that Dfd product affinity for the 120bp Dfd epidermal element is markedly enhanced when exd protein is added to the binding reaction.

(Pinsonneault and McGinnis, 1995)

Virtually all of the P{r4/lacZ} expression in Drosophila depends on the same three conserved sequence elements involved in regulating expression in the mouse and lab expression. Expression in the head and the visceral mesoderm requires exd function.

(Popperl et al., 1995)

Uniform expression of exd⁺ suppresses the phenotype of exd null mutations. exd mosaics survive to adult stages but with reduced viability, exd does play an essential role in the development of adult structures. Loss of exd in the adult abdomen and in the head leads to homeotic transformations.

(Rauskolb et al., 1995)

Ubx protein directly regulates dpp expression. At least one other activity, possibly exd, is required in conjunction with Ubx for PS7-specific activation.

(Sun et al., 1995)

Cooperative interactions between Ubx protein and exd protein selectively increase the affinity of Ubx but not Antp for a particular DNA target.

(Chan et al., 1994)

exd is required for the appropriate regulation of at least some of the selector homeodomain proteins downstream target genes.

(Rauskolb and Wieschaus, 1994)

The exd protein raises the DNA binding specificity of Ubx and abd-A protein, but not that of Abd-B. The exd protein modulates the DNA binding activity of en to a different site. While a region N-terminal of the exd homeodomain is required for Ubx and abd-A cooperativity, en requires a domain C-terminal of the exd homeobox.

(van Dijk and Murre, 1994)

Isolated from a Drosophila adult cDNA library, using a fragment containing the human pbx1 homeobox as a probe, under low stringency conditions.

(Flegel et al., 1993)

An exd cDNA has been cloned and sequenced, and its expression pattern has been analysed.

(Flegel et al., 1993)

Mutations in exd cause homeotic transformations in both the embryo and the adult. The exd gene product acts with the selector homeodomain proteins as a DNA binding transcription factor, thereby altering their regulation of downstream target genes.

(Rauskolb et al., 1993)

exd alters segmental identity without altering the pattern of expression of homeotic genes. It may act by altering the target specificity of these genes.

(Peifer and Wieschaus, 1990)

exd mutants display mesothoracic and metathoracic segments like the prothorax, first abdominal segment is like the posterior abdomen.

(Wieschaus et al., 1984)

Origin and Etymology

Discoverer

Etymology

Identification

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 59 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

32567

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

P40427

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

P40427

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

M9PHV1

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

P40427

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0000611

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0000611

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

32567/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0000611

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

exd_1
exd_2

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0000611

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0000611

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG8933

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0000611

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

32567

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC011311

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

Dmel_CG8933

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

32567

modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project

FBgn0000611

SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.

P40427

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

58911

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0000611

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0000611

Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research

EXD_B11M

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0000611

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0000611

Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution

Interactive Fly

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (16)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

CG8933

(Kumar et al., 2016, Hosono et al., 2015, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Neely et al., 2010, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009)

DExd

(Galant and Carroll, 2002)

Dm-EXD

(Prpic et al., 2003)

Dpbx

(Flegel et al., 1993, Flegel, 1992.12.1)

EXD

(De Kumar and Darland, 2021, Altamirano-Torres et al., 2018, Blatti et al., 2015, Sivanantharajah and Percival-Smith, 2015, Bischof et al., 2013, Kim et al., 2010, Plaza et al., 2008, Percival-Smith et al., 2005, Rauskolb, 1993)

Exd

(Buffry and McGregor, 2022, Boukhatmi, 2021, Gavory et al., 2021, Loganathan et al., 2021, Loker et al., 2021, Poliacikova et al., 2021, Carnesecchi et al., 2020, Duffraisse et al., 2020, Fuqua et al., 2020, Khan et al., 2020, Kribelbauer et al., 2020, Poovathumkadavil and Jagla, 2020, Delker et al., 2019, Sánchez-Higueras et al., 2019, Zandvakili et al., 2019, Bischof et al., 2018, Powers and Srivastava, 2018, Chambers et al., 2017, Requena et al., 2017, Beh et al., 2016, Uhl et al., 2016, Zandvakili and Gebelein, 2016, Foos et al., 2015, Garaulet and Lai, 2015, Boekhoff-Falk and Eberl, 2014, Duffraisse et al., 2014, Hsiao et al., 2014, Makki et al., 2014, Spletter and Schnorrer, 2014, Wernet et al., 2014, Heffer et al., 2013, Sambrani et al., 2013, Wang et al., 2013, Agelopoulos et al., 2012, Fujioka et al., 2012, Hudry et al., 2012, Papadopoulos et al., 2012, Agrawal et al., 2011, Hudry et al., 2011, Lelli et al., 2011, Noro et al., 2011, Slattery et al., 2011, Reed et al., 2010, Uhl et al., 2010, Witt et al., 2010, Liu et al., 2009, Gebelein et al., 2008, Heffer and Pick, 2008, Karlsson et al., 2008, Moretti et al., 2008, Joshi et al., 2007, Joshi et al., 2007, Karlsson et al., 2007, Merabet et al., 2007, Merabet et al., 2007, Monier et al., 2007, Noro and Mann, 2007, Friedrich, 2006, Noro et al., 2006, Pueschel and Boekhoff-Falk, 2006, Bolinger and Boekhoff-Falk, 2005, Merabet et al., 2005, Mann and Carroll, 2002)

Pbx1

anon-EST:fe1H3

exd

(Garaulet et al., 2021, Gavory et al., 2021, Mishra et al., 2021, Aboukilila et al., 2020, Li and Hidalgo, 2020, Rust et al., 2020, DeAguero et al., 2019, Romero-Pozuelo et al., 2019, Shokri et al., 2019, Bischof et al., 2018, Rastogi et al., 2018, Baril et al., 2017, Bielmeier et al., 2016, Bürglin and Affolter, 2016, Lycette et al., 2016, Baëza et al., 2015, Camino et al., 2015, Schertel et al., 2015, Oas et al., 2014, Rogers et al., 2014, Sambrani et al., 2014, Shukla et al., 2014, Spletter and Schnorrer, 2014, Zohar-Stoopel et al., 2014, Baek et al., 2013, Corsetti and Azpiazu, 2013, Li et al., 2013, Bryantsev et al., 2012, Spokony and White, 2012.5.22, Stultz et al., 2012, Ahn et al., 2011, Kuzin et al., 2011, Merabet et al., 2011, Nègre et al., 2011, Saadaoui et al., 2011, Singh et al., 2011, Duncan et al., 2010, Joshi et al., 2010, Kannan et al., 2010, Karlsson et al., 2010, Popodi et al., 2010-, Venken et al., 2010, Venken et al., 2009, Venken et al., 2009, Coiffier et al., 2008, Li-Kroeger et al., 2008, Prince et al., 2008, Rogulja-Ortmann et al., 2008, Sato et al., 2008, Singh et al., 2008, Stultz et al., 2008, Aldaz et al., 2007, Ebacher et al., 2007, Mukherjee and Bürglin, 2007, Singh and Wook-Choi, 2007, Sprecher et al., 2007, Stevens and Mann, 2007, Chopra and Mishra, 2006, Legube et al., 2006, Stultz et al., 2006, Conant and Wagner, 2005, Merabet et al., 2005, Pearson et al., 2005, Grienenberger et al., 2003, Huang et al., 2003, Gim et al., 2001, Trachtulec and Forejt, 2001)

l(1)IV

lincRNA.S9404

(FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2014, Young et al., 2012)

td48

(Rauskolb et al., 1993)

Name Synonyms

Pbx1-oncogene-like

anon-fast-evolving-1H3

extradenticle

(Powers and Srivastava, 2018, Wieschaus and Nüsslein-Volhard, 2016, Shukla et al., 2014, Baek et al., 2013, Bryantsev et al., 2012, Stultz et al., 2012, Kannan et al., 2010, Karlsson et al., 2010, Neely et al., 2010, Coiffier et al., 2008, Moretti et al., 2008, Stultz et al., 2008, Ebacher et al., 2007, Chopra and Mishra, 2006, Merabet et al., 2005, Grienenberger et al., 2003, Gim et al., 2001, Smith, 1995.8.11)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0010248
FBgn0025242

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

References (405)

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