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Gene Dmel\exu

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\exu	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	exuperantia	Annotation symbol	CG8994
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0000615
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	16 publicly available
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	2R	Recombination map	2-93
Cytogenetic map	57A9-57A10	Sequence location	2R:16,554,932..16,558,588 [-]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents Beta	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene exuperantia is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\exu (CG8994, FBgn0000615). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. Its molecular function is unknown. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: lateral inhibition; embryonic development via the syncytial blastoderm; bicoid mRNA localization; regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization; anterior/posterior axis specification, embryo. 40 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: embryonic head; embryonic maxillary segment; embryonic labral segment; tarsal segment; prothoracic ventral denticle belt; embryonic thorax; wing vein; labrum; cephalic furrow; embryonic antennal segment. It has 4 annotated transcripts and 4 annotated polypeptides. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of very high expression to a trough of very low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-06 hour embryonic stages, during late pupal stages, in stages of adults of both sexes. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Two or more Affy2 ProbeSets identify exons of this gene. This is a summary of the tissue expression peaks exhibited in at least one of these ProbeSets. Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval fat body, adult ovary, adult testis. Gene sequence location is 2R:16554924..16558379.
User Contributed Data
	Beta version, feedback welcome
External Summaries
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	exu: exuperantia (T. Schupbach) Maternal-effect lethal mutant; embryos from homozygous mothers lack anterior-most head structures. Instead they form an inverted posterior midgut and proctodeal region at their anterior end. Cephalic furrow at gastrulation is shifted towards anterior. Analysis of germline clones indicates that the mutation is germline autonomous (Schupbach and Wieschaus, l986, Dev. Biol. 113: 443-48). Causes shift in blastoderm fate map as indicated by ftz expression; thoracic stripes broadened and shifted anteriorly; abdominal stripes narrowed and compressed posteriorly (Mlodzik et al.). Eggs produced by exu mothers appear to have a more uniform distribution of bcd+ product, i.e., less concentration anteriorly (Fronhofer and Nusslein-Volhard).
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 57A9-57A10   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)k02206k02206 and P{lacW}l(2)k06409k06409&P{PZ}insc05475
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 57A4-57B1   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (MacDonald et al., 1991) 57A4-57B1   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Marcey et al., 1991) 56F-57B   Tentative cytological location determined by segmental aneuploidy.   (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	2-93 (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987, Schupbach and Wieschaus, 1989)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\exu for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Gene model reviewed during 5.51
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) exu-RA FBtr0086242  NM_166410   2320   532 exu-RB FBtr0086243  NM_166411   1988   532 exu-RC FBtr0086244  NM_166412   2621   532 exu-RD FBtr0302285  NM_001169747   2631   532
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	3.0, 2.3 (northern blot) (MacDonald et al., 1991) 2.9, 2.5, 2.1 (northern blot) (Hazelrigg et al., 1990)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein exu-PA   FBpp0085555   58.0   532   10.11     NP_725995   AAF57429 exu-PB   FBpp0085556   58.0   532   10.11     NP_725996   AAM68399 exu-PC   FBpp0085557   58.0   532   10.11     NP_725997   AAF57430 exu-PD   FBpp0291491   58.0   532   10.11     NP_001163218   ACZ94490
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)	532 (aa); 58 (kD) (Marcey et al., 1991) 58 (kD) (MacDonald et al., 1991)
Comments	No similarity was observed between exu protein and other proteins in the databases. (MacDonald et al., 1991) The exu protein is very basic with a pI of 10.12. No significant sequence similarity was observed between exu protein and other known proteins. The amino acid sequence of exuPJ42shows that Arg-339 is important for exu function in females. (Marcey et al., 1991)
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA201931   AA202965   AA264845   AA697071   AA816854   AA820283   AA942434   AA979697   AE013599 AAF57429   AE013599 AAF57430   AE013599 AAM68399   AE013599 ACZ94490   AI064404   AI106724   AI109572   AI260570   AI293285   AI294027   AI295848   AI295893   AI389158   AI389898   AI404097   AI404305   AI455380   AI513112   AI514129   AI515476   AI516082   AI518205   AI944888   AI944890   AI945500   AI945723   AI946032   AI946104   AI946125   AI946238   AI946275   AI946343   AI946357   AI946811   AI946812   AI947196   AQ073755   AW942850   AY051739 AAK93163   BE662130   BE975271   BE975950   BE976069   BE976142   BE976615   BE976676   BE978124   BE978343   BE978525   BE978550   BE978579   BF485574   BF485649   BF485839   BF486130   BF486671   BF486709   BF487191   BF487673   BF488581   BF488633   BF488664   BF488860   BF489247   BF489496   BF489500   BF489521   BF489715   BF490415   BF490426   BF490752   BF494827   BF494966   BF496664   BF497025   BF497272   BF498541   BF499097   BF499721   BF499960   BF500169   BF500528   BF500676   BF500710   BF500877   BF502177   BF502204   BF502693   BF503012   BF503113   BF503451   BF503912   BF504083   BF504504   BF504687   BF504795   BF506463   BG634346   BG634562   BG634865   BI171296   BI171955   BI215950   BI229244   BI237051   BI238602   BI240135   BI354475   BI368313   BI368504   BI368902   BI374397   BI484680   BI581651   BI614073   BI627933   BI630775   BI634048   BT126187   CK658614   CK661891   CL844452   CO188774   CO192276   CO195101   CO195516   CZ486500   CZ486501   EC052154   EC054660   EC080647   EL877774   EL887234   ES689363   ES689373   ES689533   ES689562   ES689626   ES693323   EV575852   EV576188   EV577620   EV577641   EV577873   EV579864   EV579934   EV582161   EV582348   EV582767   EV583398   EV583501   EV584052   EV584088   EV585912   EV588796   EV590752   EV598918   EV600409   S72363 AAB20670   S72757 AAB20673
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	P28750
UniProtKB/TrEMBL	E1JGN9
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
No Assay Recorded Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage | early     (MacDonald et al., 1991) pupal stage     (MacDonald et al., 1991) adult stage | male     (Hazelrigg et al., 1990, MacDonald et al., 1991) adult stage & oogenesis   oocyte   (MacDonald et al., 1991) in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 1 -- 3   pole plasm   (Fisher et al., 2012) Comment:maternally deposited organism   • pole plasm (Fisher et al., 2012) Comment:maternally deposited embryonic stage 4 -- 6   organism   (Fisher et al., 2012) Comment:rapidly degraded pole cell   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic stage 7 -- 8   pole cell   (Fisher et al., 2012) adult stage & oogenesis   germarium   (MacDonald et al., 1991) nurse cell   (MacDonald et al., 1991) northern blot Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference larval stage | late     (MacDonald et al., 1991) adult stage | female     (Hazelrigg et al., 1990) adult stage | male     (Hazelrigg et al., 1990)
Additional Descriptive Data
	The male exu transcript is present in late larval, pupal, and adult stages. (MacDonald et al., 1991) The exu 2.9kb transcript is specific to males and is limited to the germline, since flies without germ cells, produced from tud mothers, lack sex-specific transcripts. (Hazelrigg et al., 1990)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
No Assay Recorded Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage & oogenesis   nurse cell   (MacDonald et al., 1991) adult stage & oogenesis stage S10   centripetally migrating follicle cell   (Marcey et al., 1991) immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage & oogenesis   nurse cell   (MacDonald et al., 1991) adult stageoogenesis stage S7 -- S8   oocyte   (Marcey et al., 1991) spermatogenesis & adult stage   testis   (MacDonald et al., 1991)
Additional Descriptive Data
	exu protein is observed in a punctate, perinuclear distribution in the cytoplasm of nurse cells. (MacDonald et al., 1991, Marcey et al., 1991) Significant amounts of exu protein are first seen at stages S7 and S8 in nurse cells and the oocyte. In stages S7-S9, a punctate, perinuclear distribution is seen in the cytoplasm of nurse cells. In stages S8-S10, high concentrations of exu protein are seen at the anterior pole and cortical regions of the oocyte and less throughout the oocyte. By stage S10, exu protein is concentrated and homogenous in nurse cells. It is absent in mature oocytes and early embryos. The exu protein is thought to be transported from the nurse cells to the oocyte since the transcript is found in the nurse cells, but not in the oocyte. (MacDonald et al., 1991, Marcey et al., 1991)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization (GO Cellular Component)
CV term Evidence References
cytoplasm inferred from direct assay (MacDonald et al., 1991, Wilsch-Brauninger et al., 1997, Pokrywka et al., 2009) cytoplasmic mRNA processing body inferred from direct assay (Fan et al., 2011) precatalytic spliceosome inferred from direct assay (Herold et al., 2009)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools
Reference	See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
FlyAtlas Anatomy Microarray
FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (FlyAtlas-RNA.adult) (FlyAtlas-RNA.larva)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Two or more Affy2 ProbeSets identify exons of this gene. This is a summary of the tissue expression peaks exhibited in at least one of these ProbeSets. Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval fat body, adult ovary, adult testis. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (>999.999) Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
modENCODE Anatomy RNA-Seq
modENCODE Tissue Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_tissues)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    351 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    3 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    1 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    12 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    7 digestive system, 1-day adult    8 digestive system, 4-day adult    13 digestive system, 20-day adult    6 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    7 fat body, white prepupae    66 fat body, pupae P8    97 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    4 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    8 ovary, virgin 4-day female    156 ovary, mated 4-day female    133 testis, mated 4-day male    674 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    83 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering  (351) central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    3 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    1 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    12 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    7 digestive system, 1-day adult    8 digestive system, 4-day adult    13 digestive system, 20-day adult    6 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    7 fat body, white prepupae  (66) fat body, pupae P8  (97) carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    4 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    8 ovary, virgin 4-day female  (156) ovary, mated 4-day female  (133) testis, mated 4-day male  (674) accessory gland, mated 4-day male  (83) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering  (351) central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    3 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    1 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    12 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    7 digestive system, 1-day adult    8 digestive system, 4-day adult    13 digestive system, 20-day adult    6 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    7 fat body, white prepupae    66 fat body, pupae P8    97 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    4 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    8 ovary, virgin 4-day female  (156) ovary, mated 4-day female  (133) testis, mated 4-day male  (674) accessory gland, mated 4-day male    83 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    351 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    3 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    1 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    12 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    7 digestive system, 1-day adult    8 digestive system, 4-day adult    13 digestive system, 20-day adult    6 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    7 fat body, white prepupae    66 fat body, pupae P8    97 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    4 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    8 ovary, virgin 4-day female    156 ovary, mated 4-day female    133 testis, mated 4-day male    674 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    83 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    351 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    3 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    1 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    12 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    7 digestive system, 1-day adult    8 digestive system, 4-day adult    13 digestive system, 20-day adult    6 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    7 fat body, white prepupae    66 fat body, pupae P8    97 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    4 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    8 ovary, virgin 4-day female    156 ovary, mated 4-day female    133 testis, mated 4-day male    674 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    83 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering  (351) central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    3 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    1 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    12 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    7 digestive system, 1-day adult    8 digestive system, 4-day adult    13 digestive system, 20-day adult    6 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    7 fat body, white prepupae  (66) fat body, pupae P8  (97) carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    4 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    8 ovary, virgin 4-day female  (156) ovary, mated 4-day female  (133) testis, mated 4-day male  (674) accessory gland, mated 4-day male  (83) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering  (351) central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    3 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    1 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    12 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    7 digestive system, 1-day adult    8 digestive system, 4-day adult    13 digestive system, 20-day adult    6 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    7 fat body, white prepupae    66 fat body, pupae P8    97 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    4 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    8 ovary, virgin 4-day female  (156) ovary, mated 4-day female  133 testis, mated 4-day male  (674) accessory gland, mated 4-day male    83 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    351 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    3 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    1 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    12 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    7 digestive system, 1-day adult    8 digestive system, 4-day adult    13 digestive system, 20-day adult    6 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    7 fat body, white prepupae    66 fat body, pupae P8    97 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    4 carcass, 4-day adult    8 carcass, 20-day adult    8 ovary, virgin 4-day female    156 ovary, mated 4-day female    133 testis, mated 4-day male    674 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    83 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering     central nervous system, larvae L3     central nervous system, pupae P8     head, virgin 1-day female     head, virgin 4-day female     head, virgin 20-day female     head, mated 1-day female     head, mated 4-day female     head, mated 20-day female     head, mated 1-day male     head, mated 4-day male     head, mated 20-day male     salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering     salivary gland, white prepupae     digestive system, larvae L3 wandering     digestive system, 1-day adult     digestive system, 4-day adult     digestive system, 20-day adult     fat body, larvae L3 wandering     fat body, white prepupae     fat body, pupae P8     carcass, larvae L3 wandering     carcass, 1-day adult     carcass, 4-day adult     carcass, 20-day adult     ovary, virgin 4-day female     ovary, mated 4-day female     testis, mated 4-day male     accessory gland, mated 4-day male
modENCODE Development RNA-Seq
modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_U)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of very high expression to a trough of very low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-06 hour embryonic stages, during late pupal stages, in stages of adults of both sexes. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    204 embryo 02-04hr    6 embryo 04-06hr    2 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    2 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    3 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    23 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    46 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    57 white prepupae new    57 white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr    119 pupae 2d postWPP    147 pupae 3d postWPP    134 pupae 4d postWPP    104 adult male 01day    214 adult male 05day    264 adult male 30day    236 adult female 01day    66 adult female 05day    169 adult female 30day    165 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (204) embryo 02-04hr    6 embryo 04-06hr    2 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    2 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    3 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    23 larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (46) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (57) white prepupae new  (57) white prepupae 12hr  (90) white prepupae 24hr  (119) pupae 2d postWPP  (147) pupae 3d postWPP  (134) pupae 4d postWPP  (104) adult male 01day  (214) adult male 05day  (264) adult male 30day  (236) adult female 01day  (66) adult female 05day  (169) adult female 30day  (165) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (204) embryo 02-04hr    6 embryo 04-06hr    2 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    2 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    3 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    23 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    46 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    57 white prepupae new    57 white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr  (119) pupae 2d postWPP  (147) pupae 3d postWPP  (134) pupae 4d postWPP  104 adult male 01day  (214) adult male 05day  (264) adult male 30day  (236) adult female 01day    66 adult female 05day  (169) adult female 30day  (165) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    204 embryo 02-04hr    6 embryo 04-06hr    2 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    2 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    3 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    23 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    46 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    57 white prepupae new    57 white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr    119 pupae 2d postWPP    147 pupae 3d postWPP    134 pupae 4d postWPP    104 adult male 01day    214 adult male 05day    264 adult male 30day    236 adult female 01day    66 adult female 05day    169 adult female 30day    165 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    204 embryo 02-04hr    6 embryo 04-06hr    2 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    2 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    3 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    23 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    46 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    57 white prepupae new    57 white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr    119 pupae 2d postWPP    147 pupae 3d postWPP    134 pupae 4d postWPP    104 adult male 01day    214 adult male 05day    264 adult male 30day    236 adult female 01day    66 adult female 05day    169 adult female 30day    165 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (204) embryo 02-04hr    6 embryo 04-06hr    2 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    2 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    3 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    23 larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (46) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (57) white prepupae new  (57) white prepupae 12hr  (90) white prepupae 24hr  (119) pupae 2d postWPP  (147) pupae 3d postWPP  (134) pupae 4d postWPP  (104) adult male 01day  (214) adult male 05day  (264) adult male 30day  (236) adult female 01day  (66) adult female 05day  (169) adult female 30day  (165) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (204) embryo 02-04hr    6 embryo 04-06hr    2 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    2 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    3 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    23 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    46 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    57 white prepupae new    57 white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr  119 pupae 2d postWPP  (147) pupae 3d postWPP  134 pupae 4d postWPP  104 adult male 01day  (214) adult male 05day  (264) adult male 30day  (236) adult female 01day    66 adult female 05day  (169) adult female 30day  (165) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    204 embryo 02-04hr    6 embryo 04-06hr    2 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    2 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    3 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    0 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    23 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    46 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    57 white prepupae new    57 white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr    119 pupae 2d postWPP    147 pupae 3d postWPP    134 pupae 4d postWPP    104 adult male 01day    214 adult male 05day    264 adult male 30day    236 adult female 01day    66 adult female 05day    169 adult female 30day    165 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011)
modENCODE Cell Lines RNA-Seq
modENCODE Cell Line Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.A) (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.B)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    9 Schneider line 2 Sg4    4 embryonic 1182-4H    7 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    3 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    6 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    8 wing disc ML-DmD8    3 wing disc ML-DmD9    2 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    4 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    1 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    4 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    4 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    6 tumorous blood cells mbn2    12 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    9 Schneider line 2 Sg4    4 embryonic 1182-4H    7 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    3 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    6 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    8 wing disc ML-DmD8    3 wing disc ML-DmD9    2 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    4 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    1 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    4 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    4 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    6 tumorous blood cells mbn2    12 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    9 Schneider line 2 Sg4    4 embryonic 1182-4H    7 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    3 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    6 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    8 wing disc ML-DmD8    3 wing disc ML-DmD9    2 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    4 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    1 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    4 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    4 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    6 tumorous blood cells mbn2    12 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    9 Schneider line 2 Sg4    4 embryonic 1182-4H    7 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    3 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    6 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    8 wing disc ML-DmD8    3 wing disc ML-DmD9    2 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    4 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    1 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    4 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    4 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    6 tumorous blood cells mbn2    12 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    9 Schneider line 2 Sg4    4 embryonic 1182-4H    7 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    3 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    6 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    8 wing disc ML-DmD8    3 wing disc ML-DmD9    2 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    4 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    1 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    4 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    4 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    6 tumorous blood cells mbn2    12 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    9 Schneider line 2 Sg4    4 embryonic 1182-4H    7 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    3 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    6 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    8 wing disc ML-DmD8    3 wing disc ML-DmD9    2 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    4 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    1 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    4 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    4 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    6 tumorous blood cells mbn2    12 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    9 Schneider line 2 Sg4    4 embryonic 1182-4H    7 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    3 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    6 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    8 wing disc ML-DmD8    3 wing disc ML-DmD9    2 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    4 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    1 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    4 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    4 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    6 tumorous blood cells mbn2    12 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    9 Schneider line 2 Sg4    4 embryonic 1182-4H    7 embryonic GM2    8 embryonic Kc167    3 embryonic S1    2 embryonic S3    6 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    8 wing disc ML-DmD8    3 wing disc ML-DmD9    2 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    4 wing disc ML-DmD21    2 wing disc ML-DmD32    1 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    1 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    4 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    4 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    6 tumorous blood cells mbn2    12 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+     Schneider line 2 Sg4     embryonic 1182-4H     embryonic GM2     embryonic Kc167     embryonic S1     embryonic S3     leg disc CME L1     wing disc CME-W2     wing disc ML-DmD8     wing disc ML-DmD9     wing disc ML-DmD16-c3     wing disc ML-DmD21     wing disc ML-DmD32     haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3     eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11     antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5     mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1     CNS ML-DmBG1-c1     CNS ML-DmBG2-c2     tumorous blood cells mbn2     ovary fGS/OSS     ovary OSC     ovary OSS
modENCODE Treatments RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatment Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_treatments)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    30 cold shock, 4-day adult    24 heat shock, 4-day adult    62 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    9 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    26 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    61 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    139 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    114 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    10 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    131 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    150 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    13 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    96 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    40 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    132 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    108 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult  (30) cold shock, 4-day adult    24 heat shock, 4-day adult  (62) Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    9 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3  26 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (61) Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (139) Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (114) Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    10 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (131) Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (150) Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    13 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (96) Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (40) Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (132) Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (108) Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    30 cold shock, 4-day adult    24 heat shock, 4-day adult    62 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    9 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    26 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    61 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (139) Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (114) Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    10 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (131) Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (150) Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    13 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    96 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    40 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (132) Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (108) Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    30 cold shock, 4-day adult    24 heat shock, 4-day adult    62 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    9 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    26 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    61 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    139 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    114 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    10 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    131 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    150 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    13 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    96 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    40 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    132 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    108 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    30 cold shock, 4-day adult    24 heat shock, 4-day adult    62 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    9 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    26 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    61 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    139 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    114 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    10 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    131 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    150 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    13 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    96 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    40 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    132 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    108 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult  30 cold shock, 4-day adult    24 heat shock, 4-day adult  (62) Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    9 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3  26 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (61) Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (139) Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (114) Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    10 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (131) Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (150) Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    13 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (96) Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (40) Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (132) Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (108) Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    30 cold shock, 4-day adult    24 heat shock, 4-day adult    62 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    9 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    26 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    61 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  139 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  114 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    10 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  131 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (150) Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    13 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    96 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    40 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  132 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  108 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    30 cold shock, 4-day adult    24 heat shock, 4-day adult    62 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    9 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    26 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    61 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    139 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    114 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    10 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    131 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    150 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    13 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    96 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    40 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    132 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    108 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult     cold shock, 4-day adult     heat shock, 4-day adult     Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3     Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_21
External Data & Images
Linkouts	BDGP expression data • LD26657 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0000615 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG8994-RC;CG8994-RA FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data) • Show all FlyExpress processed images for exu Stages(s) 1-3 Stages(s) 4-6 Stages(s) 9-10
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele lethal, with Scer\GAL429BD exuGS2115 exuGS2220 lethal, with Scer\GAL4c355 exuGS2115 lethal | embryonic stage | maternal effect exu1 exu2 exu3 exu4 exuVL exuXL1 exuXL2 lethal | embryonic stage | maternal effect | recessive exu1 exu2 exu3 exu4 lethal | maternal effect exu4 exuSco2 lethal | maternal effect | recessive exu4 partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4c355 exuGS2220 viable exuEY11368 viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 exuGD14088 Sterility Allele female fertile exuDP3 female sterile exu1 exu2 exu3 exu4 exuSco2 exuVL exuXL1 exuXL2 female sterile | recessive exu1 exu2 exu3 exu4 fertile exuEY11368 male sterile exu2 exu3 exu4 exuDP3 exuSco2 exuunspecified exuVL exuXL1 exuXL2 male sterile | recessive exu4 Other Phenotypes Allele long lived, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB exuGS2115 visible, with Scer\GAL4c355 exuGS2220 visible, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1 exuGS2115 exuGS2220 visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 exuGD14088 wild-type exu+t7.4 exu+t9.9 exuHH exuNGE.T:Avic\GFP exuT:Avic\GFP,T:Zzzz\His6 wild-type, with Scer\GAL4hs.2sev exuGS2115 exuGS2220 Phenotype manifest in Allele cephalic furrow exu1 cephalic furrow | maternal effect exu2 exu3 exu4 chaeta | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 exuGD14088 embryo | anterior exuunspecified embryo | posterior exu1 embryonic/first instar larval cuticle | anterior exu1 embryonic/first instar larval cuticle | anterior | maternal effect exu2 exu3 exu4 embryonic abdomen | posterior exu1 embryonic antennal segment exu1 embryonic head (with exu4) exuVL embryonic head (with exuVL) exu4 embryonic head | anterior exu1 embryonic labral segment exu1 embryonic maxillary segment exu1 embryonic thorax exu1 labrum exu1 prothoracic ventral denticle belt exu1 tarsal segment, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1 exuGS2220 wing vein, with Scer\GAL4c355 exuGS2220 wing vein, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1 exuGS2115
Classical Alleles ( 19 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of exu Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion exu1 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 6 Yes exu4 amorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 1 Yes exuCB-0198-3 1 -- exuDG04401 P-element activity 1 -- exuEY11368 P-element activity 1 -- exuf03897 piggyBac transposase 1 -- exuGS2115 Delta2-3 1 Yes exuSco2 amorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- exu2 loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes exu3 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- exuDP3 X ray 0 Yes exuEP2643 P-element activity 0 -- exuf06588 0 -- exuF4 0 -- exuGS2220 Delta2-3 0 Yes exuunspecified 0 -- exuVL PM hybrid dysgenesis P-element activity 0 Yes exuXL1 X ray 0 -- exuXL2 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 21 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of exu Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion exuGD14088 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes exuGL01244 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes exuHM05112 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes exuKK113030 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes exu+t7.4 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes exu+t9.9 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes exu7.4.BRE in vitro construct 0 Yes exuA5B2 in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes exuA6 in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes exuA6B3.T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes exuA6B3 in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes exuB2 in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes exuB3 in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes exuCGE.T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes exuHH in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes exuHN in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes exuNGE.T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes exuNIG.8994R in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes exuS457E in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes exuScer\UAS.cSa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes exuT:Avic\GFP,T:Zzzz\His6 in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(2R)BSC400 (Christensen et al., 2007.10.29) Df(2R)BSC402 (Christensen et al., 2007.10.29) Df(2R)BSC403 (Christensen et al., 2007.10.29) Df(2R)BSC404 (Christensen et al., 2007.10.29) Df(2R)BSC702 (Christensen et al., 2008.12.28) Df(2R)Exel6070 (Ryder, 2004.4.26) Df(2R)exu1 (Hazelrigg et al., 1990) Df(2R)exu2 (Hazelrigg et al., 1990) Ts(YSt;2Rt)L107+Ts(YSt;2Lt)L139 (Frohnhofer and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data UAS construct P{GD14088} NA P{KK113030} NA P{NIG.8994R} NA P{TRiP.GL01244} NA P{TRiP.HM05112} NA P{UAS-exu.S} NA characterization construct P{594} NA P{595} NA P{exu.A5B2} NA P{exu.A6} NA P{exu.A6B3} NA P{exu.B2} NA P{exu.B3} NA P{exu.S457E} NA P{exu+9.9} NA P{exu+} NA P{exuHH} NA P{exuHN} NA P{exu-GFP.A6B3} NA P{exu-GFP} NA P{GFP-exu} NA P{GFP-exu-His6} NA P{S200-exu} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data miscellaneous insertions P{RS3}exuCB-0198-3 NA P{wHy}exuDG04401 NA PBac{WH}exuf03897 NA PBac{WH}exuf06588 NA insertion of mobile activating element P{EP}exuEP2643 NA P{EPgy2}exuEY11368 NA P{GSV1}exuGS2115 NA P{GSV1}exuGS2220 NA
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 13 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 8 terms )
Molecular Function ( 0 terms)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
anterior/posterior axis specification, embryo inferred from genetic interaction with mira (Irion et al., 2006) bicoid mRNA localization inferred from expression pattern (Marcey et al., 1991, MacDonald et al., 1991) inferred from mutant phenotype (Pokrywka and Stephenson, 1991) embryonic development via the syncytial blastoderm inferred from mutant phenotype (Schupbach and Wieschaus, 1989) lateral inhibition inferred from mutant phenotype (Mummery-Widmer et al., 2009) regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization inferred from genetic interaction with mira (Irion et al., 2006)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
cytoplasm inferred from direct assay (MacDonald et al., 1991, Wilsch-Brauninger et al., 1997, Pokrywka et al., 2009) cytoplasmic mRNA processing body inferred from direct assay (Fan et al., 2011) precatalytic spliceosome inferred from direct assay (Herold et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 7 terms )
Molecular Function ( 0 terms)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
bicoid mRNA localization traceable author statement (Grau and Gutzeit, 1990, Eldon and Pirrotta, 1991, Ding et al., 1993, van Eeden and St. Johnston, 1999, Johnstone and Lasko, 2001) mRNA splicing, via spliceosome inferred by curator from GO:0071011 (Herold et al., 2009) ovarian nurse cell to oocyte transport traceable author statement (van Eeden and St. Johnston, 1999) pole plasm oskar mRNA localization traceable author statement (Johnstone and Lasko, 2001) regulation of bicoid mRNA localization non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1992.12.1) spermatogenesis traceable author statement (MacDonald et al., 1991)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
cytoplasm traceable author statement (Johnstone and Lasko, 2001)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
protein-protein
Interacting group Assay References
exu - ATPsyn-γ anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Atg4 experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) exu - Bacc anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Bap55 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG10483 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG10880 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23, Guruharsha et al., 2011) exu - CG13126 experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) exu - CG13894 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG14356 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG14786 experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) exu - CG15098 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG15784 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG2199 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG31650 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG32698 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG3817 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG4407 experimental knowledge based, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Guruharsha et al., 2011, Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG6196 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG6724 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG7194 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG7414 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG7686 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG7845 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG8379 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG8939 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG9114 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - CG9967 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Cbp80 experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) exu - Cct1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Cyp9f2 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Dlc90F anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - EndoG anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - FK506-bp2 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - GABPI anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Gβ13F anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Hmgs anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23, Guruharsha et al., 2011) exu - Incenp anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Ipk1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Lmpt anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Lst8 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - ND75 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Nlp anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Ns1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Ns2 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Nurf-38 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Nxt1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Ote anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - P32 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - PSR anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23, Guruharsha et al., 2011) exu - R anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Rbm13 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - RpL24-like anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - RpL35A anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - RpS21 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Rrp4 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Rrp46 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - SPE experimental knowledge based, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Guruharsha et al., 2011, Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - SmD3 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - TFAM anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Tapδ anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - Vha55 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - ana2 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - bocksbeutel anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - bsf experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) exu - crn anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - ct anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - eIF4AIII anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - eIF6 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - igl anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - l(1)G0230 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - l(1)G0469 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - lig3 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - mRpL52 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - mts anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - nwk anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - pit anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - pont anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - rept anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - sc anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - scat anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - snama anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - spoon anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - ste24a anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - thoc5 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) exu - yps anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, pull down, autoradiography, edman degradation (Wilhelm et al., 2000)
RNA-protein
Interacting group Assay References
exu - bcd nucleic acid uv cross-linking assay, autoradiography (Macdonald et al., 1995)
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions exu allele Gene References exuunspecified bcd (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987) exu::Dpse\exu1 (Luk et al., 1994) vas (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987) unspecified mira (Irion et al., 2006) RpII140 (Parkhurst and Ish-Horowicz, 1991)
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 62994 DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0000615 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0000615 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 37345
Orthologs
OrthoDB Orthologs (63) - based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 5.41
OrthoDB Ortholog Groups
	OrthoDB orthology group searches (Waterhouse et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39(Database issue): D283--D288) Drosophila inclusive ortholog search EOG63FHGS Dipteran inclusive ortholog search EOG61C74R Insect inclusive ortholog search EOG6XWDTC Arthropod inclusive ortholog search EOG68GTJV Metazoa inclusive ortholog search No orthologs identified
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (EOG63FHGS)
Organism Common Name Gene AAA Syntenic Ortholog Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\exu     Drosophila simulans   Dsim\GD25256 Y   Drosophila sechellia   Dsec\GM13550     Drosophila sechellia   Dsec\GM19766 Y   Drosophila erecta   Dere\GG20837 Y   Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE13776 Y   Drosophila ananassae   Dana\GF12748 Y   Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura   Dpse\exu1 Y   Drosophila persimilis   Dper\GL17430 Y   Drosophila willistoni   Dwil\GK21418 Y   Drosophila virilis   Dvir\exu Y   Drosophila mojavensis   Dmoj\GI19844 Y   Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH19889 Y   Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH25272
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (EOG61C74R)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\AAEL010097   Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito  Agam\AGAP007365   Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito  Agam\AGAP007364   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ010739
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (EOG6XWDTC)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\GB42261   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG016274   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG011183   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG017443   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG021141   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG005588   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG020819   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG017452   Acromyrmex echinatior Panamanian leafcutter ant  Aech\AECH22703   Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP15587   Camponotus floridanus Florida carpenter ant  Cflo\CFLO21150   Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL12640   Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH15926   Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB23171   Solenopsis invicta Red fire ant  Sinv\SINV25687   Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI005096   Bombyx mori Silkmoth  Bmor\BGIBMGA013996   Pediculus humanus Human body louse  Phum\PHUM046120   Tribolium castaneum Red flour beetle  Tcas\exu
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (EOG68GTJV)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\COI   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\rbcL   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_335241   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_244424   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_19144   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_245491   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_112065   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_113627   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_121438   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\kdpA   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\gpd   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_97630   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_119569   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_318723   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_302230   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\Sec11a   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_318797   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_247552   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_229767   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\PB2   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\ndhF   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_118975   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\cytb   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_272933   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_238438   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\tbpB
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (None identified)
No non-Arthropod Metazoa orthologies identified
Human Orthologs (0)
Gene OMIM HGNC
AAA Orthologs (11) based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 4.3
Organism Gene Drosophila simulans Dsim\GD25256 Drosophila sechellia Dsec\GM19766 Drosophila erecta Dere\GG20837 Drosophila yakuba Dyak\GE13776 Drosophila ananassae Dana\GF12748 Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura Dpse\exu1 Drosophila persimilis Dper\GL17430 Drosophila willistoni Dwil\GK21418 Drosophila virilis Dvir\exu Drosophila mojavensis Dmoj\GI19844 Drosophila grimshawi Dgri\GH19889
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 16 )
Bloomington	1989 cn1 exu1 bw1/CyO 28902 y1 v1; P{TRiP.HM05112}attP2 41816 y1 v1; P{TRiP.GL01244}attP2 20303 y1 w67c23; P{EPgy2}exuEY11368 1764 tor1 cn1 exu1 bw1/CyO 2813 vas1 cn1 exu1 bw1/CyO 3248 BicC4 cn1 exu1 bw1/CyO
Harvard	- PBac{WH}exuf03897
Kyoto	106619 cn1 exu1 bw1/CyO 123068 w1118; P{RS3}exuCB-0198-3
VDRC	v102992 P{KK113030}VIE-260B v42182 w1118; P{GD14088}v42182/CyO
	More stocks available...
Genomic Clones ( 2 )
	BACR08P05 BACR33D17 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 150 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	AT02443 LD26657
Other clones	DPiM_LD26657
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	AT03582 AT03758 AT05146 AT05368 AT05875 AT06289 AT06824 AT08939 AT10552 AT11072 AT11414 AT12969 AT13585 AT14356 AT14746 AT15081 AT15506 AT15672 AT15710 AT16029 AT17828 AT17862 AT18494 AT18904 AT19023 AT19442 AT19614 AT19747 AT19893 AT20327 AT21145 AT21215 AT21907 AT22707 AT24049 AT24118 AT24165 AT24522 AT25191 AT25453 AT25458 AT25483 AT25845 AT26873 AT26885 AT27319 AT30526 AT30806 AT31240 GH01608 GH04815 GH07654 GH08806 GH16444 GH20258 GH21190 GH23690 GH23957 GH27190 GM09040 GM26951 LD03379 LD04080 LD09553 LD20034 LD25555 LD37650 LD41834 LD47326 LP04483 LP07316 LP09607 LP09657 LP15679 LP21675 RE13038 RE13857 RE22728 RE26987 RE33205 RE35105 RE36784 RE54264 RE54484 RE54961 RE61974 RE67821 RH19182 RH43363 RH60074 RH69432 SD28286
Other clones	bs06f03 bs06f05 bs13e12 bs16b03 bs19h05 bs20h10 bs21b11 bs22e01 bs22h05 bs23h03 bs24c02 bs24e08 bs30h09 bs30h10 bs36b11 bs40g08 bs46b05 bs46g08 bs47d09 bs53g07 bs54e07 bs74b11 bs77d01 bs78h07 bs79b08 bs80d09 CK01.50D.D12 Dmel_dig_000328_0658_0281 Dmel_dig_001754_0667_3720 Dmel_dig_002640_0645_1608 Dmel_dig_004092_0709_2034 Dmel_dig_005657_0710_0732 Dmel_dig_009108_0632_3712 Dmel_dig_009412_0680_3212 Dmel_dig_010384_0676_0937 Dmel_dig_010515_0678_3355 Dmel_dig_010950_0708_0538 Dmel_dig_011930_0661_1285 Dmel_dig_011942_0667_1948 Dmel_dig_014386_0666_2647 Dmel_dig_015699_0590_3411 Dmel_dig_017309_0626_2242 Dmel_neb_010213_0925_1355 Dmel_neb_011665_0950_1177 Dmel_neb_012814_0377_1697 Dmel_neb_013520_0184_2731 EC33467 EC39710 EC40510 EC052154 EC054660 EK041846 IP07742 IP18381 LD23817
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0000615 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 37345
Antibody Information
	polyclonal (Marcey et al., 1991)
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of	Source for identity of: exu CG8994 (Milshina, 1999.11)
Source for database merge of
Additional comments
Other Comments
	exu protein is highly enriched in the sponge bodies, subcellular structures in nurse cells. Neither the accumulation of, or level of exu protein is dependent on the amount of bcd mRNA present in the ovaries. Results propose that sponge bodies are structures that, by assembly and transport of included molecules or associated structures, are involved in localisation of mRNAs in oocytes. (Wilsch-Brauninger et al., 1997) Deletions within the male-specific 3'-UTR lead to male sterility associated with reduced steady-state levels of the mutant mRNA in vivo. (Crowley and Hazelrigg, 1995) An ovarian protein, exl binds to BLE1, an RNA localisation element from bcd mRNA. exl localisation is disrupted in exu mutants suggesting exl and exu proteins interact. (Macdonald et al., 1995) Drug studies indicate that the Avic\GFP exu fusion protein is co-localised with microtubules during oogenesis. These particles are RNP complexes which transport and target bcd mRNA to the oocyte anterior cortex. (Hazelrigg and Wang, 1994) tra2 is required in male germ cells for efficient male-specific processing of exu RNA. In the absence of tra2 males produce a new exu mRNA which is processed at its 3' end so that it contains sequences normally specific to the female 3' untranslated region. The male and female mRNAs differ in the untranslated regions so the predicted polypeptide is the same. (Hazelrigg and Tu, 1994) In vitro binding and precipitation assays show that bacterially expressed exu protein binds to tubulin. Particles seen with the exu Avic\GFP fusion protein are RNP complexes that bind bcd mRNA, the particles associate with microtubules via exu in nurse cells and is transported along the microtubules and targetted to the anterior cortex of the oocyte. (Wang and Hazelrigg, 1994) Comparison of bcd and hts transcript distribution in swa, exu and stau mutant embryos indicates different genetic requirements for proper localization of bcd and hts RNAs. (Ding et al., 1993) exu is required for the proper localization of bcd mRNA in the oocyte. (Eldon and Pirrotta, 1991) bcd mRNA localization requires the function of at least three genes, the exu gene acts earliest in the pathway. exu acts in initiating bcd mRNA localization but does not play a persistant role in that process. (MacDonald et al., 1991) exu is not required for the maintenance of bcd mRNA localization during late stages of oogenesis or early embryogenesis. It is required for the establishment of bcd mRNA localization in the developing oocyte. (Marcey et al., 1991) Mutations in maternal anterior class gene exu interact with RpII140wimp. (Parkhurst and Ish-Horowicz, 1991) The effects of taxol treatment on exu mutants suggest general roles for the exu gene product in the multi-step bcd mRNA localization process. (Pokrywka and Stephenson, 1991) In embryos from exu mutant females bcd transcripts are delocalized and exposed to nos activity in the posterior. (Wharton and Struhl, 1991) exu mutants exhibit weak anterior deletions, and weak segmentation defects in the posterior abdomen. (Gaul and Jaeckle, 1990) Mature follicles are immunologically stained for asymmetric distribution of ecdysteroid-related antigen. During late oogenesis localisation of the antigen changes dramatically suggesting the antigen plays a role in early embryogenesis and, perhaps, in pattern formation. (Grau and Gutzeit, 1990) Mutations in exu result in a maternal effect phenotype with defects during the early stages of gastrulation and defects in the anteroposterior axis. (Schupbach and Wieschaus, 1989) exu mutations disrupt the second stage of bcd RNA localization during oogenesis, localization to the apical regions of the nurse cells. (St. Johnston et al., 1989) Mutations at exu cause anterior defects, rarely posterior defects in the embryo. (Schupbach and Wieschaus, 1986)
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_166410 NM_166411 NM_166412 NM_001169747 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_725995 NP_725996 NP_725997 NP_001163218 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AA942434 AA979697 AAB20670 AAB20673 AAF57429 AAF57430 AAK93163 AAM68399 ACZ94490 AI106724 AI404305 AI455380 AI513112 AI944888 AI944890 AI945500 AI945723 AI946032 AI946104 AI946125 AI946238 AI946275 AI946343 AI946357 AI946811 AI946812 AI947196 AQ073755 AW942850 AY051739 BE662130 CL844452 CZ486500 CZ486501 S72363 S72757 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 37345 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • P28750 UniProtKB/TrEMBL • E1JGN9
Other Crossreferences
	BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis • LD26657
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 62994 DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0000615 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0000615 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0000615 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0000615 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG8994-RC;CG8994-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0000615 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 37345 Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution • /torstoll/exuper1.htm InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 37345 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0000615
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 7 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	bs30h09.y1 (Andrews et al., 2000) CG8994 (Seong et al., 2001, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Herold et al., 2009, Ni et al., 2010.12.1) Exu (Mansfield et al., 2000, Lin et al., 2006, McDermott et al., 2012, Fan et al., 2011, Mische et al., 2007, Snee and Macdonald, 2009) exu (Irion and St Johnston, 2007, Irion and St Johnston, 2007, Christensen et al., 2007.10.29, Christensen et al., 2007.10.29, Christensen et al., 2007.10.29, Christensen et al., 2007.10.29, Snee and Macdonald, 2004, Gan et al., 2010, Chang et al., 2011, Christensen et al., 2008.12.28, Ochoa-Espinosa et al., 2009, Wang et al., 1994, Snee and Macdonald, 2009, Pokrywka et al., 2009, Herold et al., 2009, Salzer et al., 2010, Blanco and Gehring, 2008, Parisi et al., 2004, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21) exu1 (Bartolome and Charlesworth, 2006)
Name Synonym	exuperantia (Tadros et al., 2007, Bushati et al., 2008, Ochoa-Espinosa et al., 2009, Salzer et al., 2010, Blanco and Gehring, 2008, Musters et al., 2006) Exuperantia (Weil et al., 2007, Irion et al., 2006, Shav-Tal and Singer, 2005, Mische et al., 2007, Pokrywka et al., 2009)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
References ( 217 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 217 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 101 ) Supplementary material  ( 6 ) Review  ( 49 ) Erratum  ( 1 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 17 ) Abstract  ( 30 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 2 ) Stock list  ( 2 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 3 ) Protein sequence record  ( 1 ) Website  ( 1 ) Conference report  ( 2 ) Letter  ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 4 )
	Chen et al., 2012, Cell 149(3): 618--629 A system of repressor gradients spatially organizes the boundaries of Bicoid-dependent target genes. [FBrf0218713] McDermott et al., 2012, Biol. Open 1(5): 488--497 Drosophila Syncrip binds the gurken mRNA localisation signal and regulates localised transcripts during axis specification. [FBrf0218722] Chang et al., 2011, Genetics 188(4): 883--896 Anterior-Posterior Axis Specification in Drosophila Oocytes: Identification of Novel bicoid and oskar mRNA Localization Factors. [FBrf0214626] Fan et al., 2011, PLoS ONE 6(5): e20612 Drosophila Ge-1 Promotes P Body Formation and oskar mRNA Localization. [FBrf0213914] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2011 Show reviews ...