FB2019_05, released Oct 15, 2019

Gene: Dmel\Gαo

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Gαo
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
G protein α o subunit
Annotation Symbol
CG2204
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0001122
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
29 publicly available
Gene Snapshot
G protein α o subunit (Gαo) encodes the most abundant G protein in the nervous tissue and is involved in signaling by a variety of GPCRs. It contributes to heart development, axonogenesis, neuro-muscular junction formation, asymmetric cell division, planar cell polarity, blood-brain barrier establishment, Wnt signaling, and gustatory and olfactory sensory perception. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Other Summaries
Also Known As
G-oα47A, G-oalpha47A, Go, Goα, Gαo
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
47A7-47A9
Sequence location
2R:10,437,985..10,465,701 [+]
Recombination map
2-62
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(i/o/t/z) subfamily. (P16378)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Molecular Function (GO)
[Detailed GO annotations]
Experimental Evidence
GTP binding; protein binding
Predictions / Assertions
G protein-coupled receptor binding; G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding; GTPase activity
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEIN ALPHA SUBUNITS -
The Heterotrimeric G-protein alpha subunits (Gα) can bind guanine nucleotide. When inactive, Gα is bound to GDP and associates with Gβγ forming an heterotrimer. Upon GTP binding, Gα dissociates from the heterotrimer Gαβγ. Gα has an intrinsic guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity. (Adapted from FBrf0209904 and FBrf0183798).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Plays a role in glial cell differentiation during embryogenesis; loco, Galphai and the G-protein coupled receptor, moody, are required in the surface glia to achieve effective insulation of the nerve cord.
(UniProt, P16378)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
Gα47A: G protein α subunit at 47A
Encodes a G protein α subunit that is expressed mainly in the nervous system (DeSousa et al., 1989; Thambi et al., 1989) and shows homology to mammalian Goα. Low levels of this G protein are found in the embryo until completion of germband shortening; then high levels begin to be expressed in the neuropil (Wolfgang, et al., 1990).
Summary (Interactive Fly)
G protein alpha subunit - regulates mesenchymal-epithelial transition that takes place in cardial cells and precursor cells of the visceral musculature
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
10
Number of Unique Polypeptides
3

Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Gαo or the JBrowse view of Dmel\Gαo for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Comments on Gene Model
Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.
Gene model reviewed during 5.46
Tissue-specific extension of 3' UTRs observed during later stages (FBrf0218523, FBrf0219848); all variants may not be annotated
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Gαo-RA
FBtr0088266
NM_078960
3462
354
Gαo-RB
FBtr0088264
NM_165772
2312
354
Gαo-RC
FBtr0088265
NM_165773
2367
354
Gαo-RD
FBtr0088267
NM_176124
2239
354
Gαo-RE
FBtr0088268
NM_176125
2294
354
Gαo-RF
FBtr0088269
NM_176126
2212
354
Gαo-RG
FBtr0088270
NM_176127
2322
354
Gαo-RH
FBtr0088271
NM_206080
2194
354
Gαo-RI
FBtr0088272
NM_206079
5457
354
Gαo-RJ
FBtr0333064
NM_001273940
1785
127
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Gαo-PA
FBpp0087361
40.5
354
5.20
NP_523684
AAF58790
Gαo-PB
FBpp0087359
40.5
354
5.20
NP_724934
AAF58789
Gαo-PC
FBpp0087360
40.5
354
5.20
NP_724935
AAM68759
Gαo-PD
FBpp0087362
40.5
354
5.20
NP_788304
AAO41420
Gαo-PE
FBpp0087363
40.5
354
5.20
NP_788305
AAO41421
Gαo-PF
FBpp0087364
40.5
354
5.20
NP_788306
AAO41422
Gαo-PG
FBpp0087365
40.5
354
5.20
NP_788307
AAO41423
Gαo-PH
FBpp0089315
40.5
354
5.20
NP_995802
AAS64872
Gαo-PI
FBpp0089316
40.5
354
5.20
NP_995801
AAS64873
Gαo-PJ
FBpp0305278
14.6
127
4.48
NP_001260869
AGB93402
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

354 aa isoforms: Gαo-PB, Gαo-PD, Gαo-PE, Gαo-PF, Gαo-PG, Gαo-PH
354 aa isoforms: Gαo-PA, Gαo-PC, Gαo-PI
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
39-40 (kD)
(Guillen et al., 1990)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site.
(UniProt, P16378)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Gαo using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Gene Ontology (23 terms)
Molecular Function (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
GTP binding
inferred from direct assay
(Cooper et al., 2011)
protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Dhit; FB:FBgn0028743
(Lin et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
G protein-coupled receptor binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000026392
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000026392
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
GTPase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000026392
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Biological Process (16 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (14 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
asymmetric cell division
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Katanaev and Tomlinson, 2006)
axon ensheathment in central nervous system
inferred from mutant phenotype
(assigned by UniProt )
(Schwabe et al., 2005)
behavioral response to starvation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Koon and Budnik, 2012)
calcium-mediated signaling
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ignatious Raja et al., 2014)
cell adhesion involved in heart morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Yi et al., 2008)
cortical actin cytoskeleton organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Schwabe et al., 2005)
establishment of glial blood-brain barrier
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Schwabe et al., 2005)
establishment of imaginal disc-derived wing hair orientation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Katanaev et al., 2005)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
inferred from mutant phenotype
(assigned by UniProt )
(Schwabe et al., 2005)
negative regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Koon and Budnik, 2012)
non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Katanaev et al., 2005)
sensory perception of sweet taste
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bredendiek et al., 2011)
septate junction assembly
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Schwabe et al., 2005)
ventral cord development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Schwabe et al., 2005)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000026392
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
heart development
traceable author statement
(Cripps and Olson, 2002)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
heterotrimeric G-protein complex
inferred from direct assay
(Katanayeva et al., 2010)
plasma membrane
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Tan et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
heterotrimeric G-protein complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000026392
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
distribution deduced from reporter
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 13
embryonic dorsal vessel
(Zaffran et al., 2001)
ventral nerve cord
(Zaffran et al., 2001)
visceral mesoderm of midgut
(Zaffran et al., 2001)
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11
cardiogenic mesoderm | segmentally repeated

Comment: one cell cluster per segment

(Fremion et al., 1999)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
visceral muscle primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012, Fremion et al., 1999)
dorsal vessel primordium

Comment: reported as dorsal vessel specific anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 13
embryonic cardioblast
(Fremion et al., 1999)
embryonic stage 11 -- 15
procephalic neuroblast
(Fremion et al., 1999)
neuroblast of ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fremion et al., 1999)
embryonic stage 12 -- 15
neuroblast of embryonic/larval central nervous system
(Fremion et al., 1999)
embryonic stage 13 -- 14
dorsal vessel primordium
(Fremion et al., 1999)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic brain
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval dorsal vessel
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval visceral muscle
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 17
embryonic visceral muscle
(Fremion et al., 1999)
neuron of embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system
(Fremion et al., 1999)
embryonic stage 15 -- 17
embryonic dorsal vessel
(Fremion et al., 1999)
neuron of embryonic/larval central nervous system
(Fremion et al., 1999)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage -- pupal stage
(Wolfgang et al., 1991)
embryonic stage 1 -- 4

Comment: reference states 0-2 hr AEL

(Wolfgang et al., 1991)
radioisotope in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage & oogenesis
nurse cell
(Wolfgang et al., 1991)
oocyte
(Wolfgang et al., 1991)
RT-PCR
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Boto et al., 2010)
third segment of antenna
(Boto et al., 2010)
maxillary palpus

Comment: all isoforms except Go-RA, Go-RC and Go-RI (G-oα47A-RA, G-oα47A-RC and G-oα47A-RI)

(Boto et al., 2010)
antenna
(Yao and Carlson, 2010)
labellum
(Bredendiek et al., 2011)
adult stage | male
testis
(McGurk et al., 2008)
Additional Descriptive Data
RT-PCR analysis shows that all isoforms of G-oα47A except G-oα47A-RA, G-oα47A-RC and G-oα47A-RI are expressed in the adult head, third segment of the antenna and maxillary palps. The latter 3 isoforms are only detected in the adult head and third segment of the antenna.
(Boto et al., 2010)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 15 -- 17
embryonic/larval digestive system
(Fremion et al., 1999)
embryonic/larval central nervous system
(Fremion et al., 1999)
embryonic/larval dorsal vessel
(Fremion et al., 1999)
adult stage
lamina | restricted
(Wolfgang et al., 1990)
adult antennal nerve | restricted
(Wolfgang et al., 1990)
adult brain cell body rind
(Wolfgang et al., 1990)
ocellar nerve | proximal
(Wolfgang et al., 1990)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood
adult heart
(Cammarato et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data
Up to stage 13 of embryogenesis, G-oα47A protein is detected only at low levels. After germ band retraction, and through the rest of embryogenesis, G-oα47A protein is detected in the neuropil of the brain and ventral ganglion.
(Wolfgang et al., 1991)
G-oα47A protein is more abundant in heads than bodies. No changes in protein levels were seen in para, sev, ora and norpA mutants. G-oα47A protein levels are decreased in gust mutants and increased in rut, dnc and tur mutants and the over-expression is sex-dependent in the rut mutant.
(Guillen et al., 1990)
G-oα47A protein is detected in the neuropil of the brain and the thoracic ganglion, and at lower levels in cortical regions. Some staining was detected in the distal lamina and in the synaptic zone of the lamina. The proximal half of the ocellar nerve, and a bundle of axons in the antennal nerve also stained for G-oα47A protein.
(Wolfgang et al., 1990)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
heterotrimeric G-protein complex
inferred from direct assay
(Katanayeva et al., 2010)
plasma membrane
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Tan et al., 2009)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Gαo in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, and Transgenic Constructs
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 39 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 22 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Gαo
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Gαo
Deletions and Duplications ( 6 )
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
lethal (with Df(2R)47A)
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die during embryonic stage, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
partially lethal - majority die
viable
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Other Phenotypes
Allele
cell polarity defective, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
cell polarity defective, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
cell polarity defective | somatic clone
circadian rhythm defective, with Scer\GAL4P0.5.Pdf
heat stress response defective | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ppk.1.9
memory defective | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4GH146
memory defective | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4NP2631
mitotic cell cycle defective, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
neuroanatomy defective, with Scer\GAL4repo
neuroanatomy defective | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4BG439
neuroanatomy defective | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4futsch-C380
neuroanatomy defective | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ppk.1.9
neuroanatomy defective | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Tdc2.PC
neurophysiology defective
neurophysiology defective, with Scer\GAL4Gr5a.PUn
neurophysiology defective | dominant
neurophysiology defective | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB
planar polarity defective, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
planar polarity defective, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
planar polarity defective | cell autonomous, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
planar polarity defective | cell non-autonomous | recessive | somatic clone
planar polarity defective | recessive | somatic clone
planar polarity defective | somatic clone
starvation stress response defective | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Tdc2.PC
taste perception defective
taste perception defective, with Scer\GAL4Gr5a.PUn
taste perception defective | dominant
taste perception defective | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB
visible, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
visible | somatic clone
wild-type
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
dendrite | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ppk.1.9
denticle belt
embryonic/first instar larval cuticle
embryonic/larval dorsal vessel
embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Tdc2.PC
embryonic/larval visceral muscle
embryonic pericardial cell
eo glial cell, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
eo glial cell | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
eo neuron, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
eo neuron | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
eo neuron | ectopic | somatic clone
eo neuron | somatic clone
eo sensory structure, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
eo sensory structure, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
eo sensory structure | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
eo sensory structure | ectopic | somatic clone
eo sensory structure | somatic clone
heart primordium | embryonic stage
large labellar taste bristle
large labellar taste bristle, with Scer\GAL4Gr5a.PUn
large labellar taste bristle | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB
larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ppk.1.9
longitudinal connective
macrochaeta, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
macrochaeta | somatic clone
mechanosensory sensory organ, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
medial triple row, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
medial triple row & eo neuron, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
medial triple row & eo sensory structure, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
medial triple row & sensory organ cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
medial triple row & socket, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
motor neuron | embryonic stage
nervous system
neuroblast, with Scer\GAL4VP16.mat.αTub67C
neuroblast & spindle, with Scer\GAL4VP16.mat.αTub67C
pupa, with Scer\GAL4CCAP.PP
scolopidial neuron, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
scolopidial neuron | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
sensory mother cell, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
sensory organ cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
sensory organ cell | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
sensory organ cell | ectopic | somatic clone
sensory organ cell | somatic clone
thecogen cell, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
thecogen cell | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
tormogen cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
tormogen cell, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
tormogen cell | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
tormogen cell | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
tormogen cell | ectopic | somatic clone
tormogen cell | somatic clone
type I bouton | supernumerary | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4BG439
type I bouton | supernumerary | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4futsch-C380
type II bouton | supernumerary | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4futsch-C380
type II bouton | supernumerary | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Tdc2.PC
wing, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
wing | somatic clone
wing hair | cell autonomous | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
wing hair | somatic clone | supernumerary
wing hair | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
wing margin | somatic clone
wing margin bristle, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
wing margin bristle, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
wing margin bristle | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Download All OrthoDB Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1)
Homo sapiens (Human) (16)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Hsap\GNAO1
15 of 15
Yes
Yes
 
Hsap\GNAI1
5 of 15
No
No
Hsap\GNAI2
5 of 15
No
No
Hsap\GNAI3
4 of 15
No
No
Hsap\GNAT2
4 of 15
No
No
Hsap\GNAT3
4 of 15
No
No
Hsap\GNA12
3 of 15
No
No
Hsap\GNA13
3 of 15
No
No
Hsap\GNAT1
3 of 15
No
No
Hsap\GNAZ
3 of 15
No
No
Hsap\GNA11
2 of 15
No
No
 
Hsap\GNA14
2 of 15
No
No
Hsap\GNA15
2 of 15
No
No
Hsap\GNAL
2 of 15
No
No
Hsap\GNAQ
2 of 15
No
No
Hsap\GNAS
1 of 15
No
No
 
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (16)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Mmus\Gnao1
14 of 15
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Gnai1
5 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Gnai2
5 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Gnat2
4 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Gnat3
4 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Gna12
3 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Gna13
3 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Gnai3
3 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Gnat1
3 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Gnaz
3 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Gna11
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Gna14
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Gna15
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Gnal
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Gnaq
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Gnas
1 of 15
No
No
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (15)
Rnor\Gnao1
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Gnai2
4 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Gnai3
4 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Gnat2
4 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Gnat3
4 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Gna12
3 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Gna13
3 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Gnat1
3 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Gnaz
3 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Gna14
2 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Gnai1
2 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Gnal
2 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Gna11
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Gna15
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Gnaq
1 of 13
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (13)
Xtro\gnao1
8 of 12
Yes
Yes
Xtro\gna13
3 of 12
No
No
Xtro\gnai1
3 of 12
No
No
Xtro\gnai3
3 of 12
No
No
Xtro\gnat1
3 of 12
No
No
Xtro\gna14
2 of 12
No
No
Xtro\gnai2
2 of 12
No
No
Xtro\gnaq
2 of 12
No
No
Xtro\gnat2
2 of 12
No
No
Xtro\gnaz
2 of 12
No
No
Xtro\gna11
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\gna15
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\gnas
1 of 12
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (28)
Drer\gnao1a
14 of 15
Yes
Yes
Drer\gnao1b
12 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\gnai1
5 of 15
No
No
Drer\gnai2a
4 of 15
No
No
Drer\gnai3
4 of 15
No
No
Drer\gnaia
4 of 15
No
No
Drer\gnat2
4 of 15
No
No
Drer\gna12a
3 of 15
No
No
Drer\gna13a
3 of 15
No
No
Drer\gnai2b
3 of 15
No
No
Drer\gnat1
3 of 15
No
No
Drer\gnav1
3 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\gna11a
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\gna11b
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\gna13b
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\gna14
2 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\gna15.1
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\gna15.4
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\gnaq
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\gnas
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\gnaz
2 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\ftr61
1 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\gna14a
1 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\gna15.2
1 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\gnal
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\LOC797518
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\si:ch211-207c7.2
1 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\zgc:56095
1 of 15
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (21)
Cele\goa-1
13 of 15
Yes
Yes
Cele\gpa-7
6 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\odr-3
6 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\gpa-4
5 of 15
No
No
Cele\gpa-1
4 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\gpa-2
4 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\gpa-3
4 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\gpa-6
4 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\gpa-8
4 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\gpa-10
4 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\gpa-16
4 of 15
No
No
Cele\gpa-11
3 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\gpa-12
3 of 15
No
No
Cele\gpa-13
3 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\egl-30
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\gpa-5
2 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\gpa-9
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\gpa-14
2 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\gpa-15
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\gpa-18
2 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\gsa-1
2 of 15
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (4)
Atha\GP ALPHA 1
8 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\XLG1
2 of 9
No
Yes
Atha\XLG2
2 of 9
No
Yes
Atha\XLG3
2 of 9
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (2)
Scer\GPA1
11 of 15
Yes
Yes
Scer\GPA2
11 of 15
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
Spom\gpa1
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\gpa2
8 of 12
No
Yes
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG09190A4T )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
AAA Syntenic Ortholog
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly
Dmel\Gαo
Drosophila simulans
Dsim\GD10742
Drosophila sechellia
Dsec\GM21219
Drosophila erecta
Dere\GG24169
Drosophila yakuba
Dyak\GE19363
Drosophila ananassae
Dana\GF13765
Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura
Dpse\GA15300
Drosophila persimilis
Dper\GL17293
Drosophila willistoni
Dwil\GK17798
Drosophila virilis
Dvir\GJ22212
Drosophila mojavensis
Dmoj\GI19334
Drosophila grimshawi
Dgri\GH21256
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG09150A85 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17027512
Glossina morsitans
Tsetse fly
Gmor\GMOY009170
Mayetiola destructor
Hessian fly
Mdes\Mdes006286
Aedes aegypti
Yellow fever mosquito
Aaeg\AAEL008641
Anopheles darlingi
American malaria mosquito
Adar\ADAC010290
Anopheles gambiae
Malaria mosquito
Agam\AGAP005773
Culex quinquefasciatus
Southern house mosquito
Cqui\CPIJ000066
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W0CGF )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Bombyx mori
Silkmoth
Bmor\BGIBMGA004022
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly
Dple\DPOGS211768-PA
Heliconius melpomene
Postman butterfly
Hmel\HMEL007940
Apis florea
Little honeybee
Aflo\2781951188
Apis florea
Little honeybee
Aflo\3155208596
Apis mellifera
Western honey bee
Amel\GB54642
Apis mellifera
Western honey bee
Amel\LOC411704
Bombus impatiens
Common eastern bumble bee
Bimp\BIMP22191
Bombus impatiens
Common eastern bumble bee
Bimp\BIMP17633
Bombus terrestris
Buff-tailed bumblebee
Bter\15212216
Bombus terrestris
Buff-tailed bumblebee
Bter\15204598
Linepithema humile
Argentine ant
Lhum\LH24762
Linepithema humile
Argentine ant
Lhum\LH21928
Megachile rotundata
Alfalfa leafcutting bee
Mrot\MROTU:0029c8
Megachile rotundata
Alfalfa leafcutting bee
Mrot\MROTU:000c30
Nasonia vitripennis
Parasitic wasp
Nvit\Nasvi2EG037232
Nasonia vitripennis
Parasitic wasp
Nvit\Nasvi2EG019514
Nasonia vitripennis
Parasitic wasp
Nvit\Nasvi2EG017607
Nasonia vitripennis
Parasitic wasp
Nvit\Nasvi2EG031438
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain pine beetle
Dpod\YQE_03523
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain pine beetle
Dpod\YQE_05976
Tribolium castaneum
Red flour beetle
Tcas\TC014543
Tribolium castaneum
Red flour beetle
Tcas\TC001612
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM378990
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM527150
Rhodnius prolixus
Kissing bug
Rpro\RPRC005906
Rhodnius prolixus
Kissing bug
Rpro\RPRC011274
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC002916
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC007940
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid
Apim\ACYPI005077
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid
Apim\ACYPI009431
Zootermopsis nevadensis
Nevada dampwood termite
Znev\Znev_03729
Zootermopsis nevadensis
Nevada dampwood termite
Znev\Znev_11464
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X0CE7 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strigamia maritima
European centipede
Smar\SMAR013384
Strigamia maritima
European centipede
Smar\SMAR010110
Ixodes scapularis
Black-legged tick
Isca\ISCW008109
Ixodes scapularis
Black-legged tick
Isca\ISCW017464
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM75456.1
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM59373.1
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM79146.1
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM61420.1
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur05g01580
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur04g03270
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur15g03060
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_37840
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_211929
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_59367
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_188187
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_193276
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091G0VUT )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Gi
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Gol
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Gq
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Go
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Gol/Dup
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Gicterm
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\ENSCING00000003915
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\ENSCING00000000283
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\ENSCING00000000839
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\ENSCING00000005305
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\ENSCING00000018963
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\ENSGALG00000028697
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\GNAO1
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\GNAZ
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\GNA11
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\ENSGALG00000004639
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\ENSGALG00000028452
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\GNA14
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\ENSGALG00000000041
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\ENSGALG00000003238
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\GNAT3
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\GNAI3
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v7.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (7)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
orthoMCL
Panther
RoundUp
Alignment
Gαi
8 of 10
CG17760
5 of 10
CG30054
5 of 10
cta
5 of 10
Gαq
5 of 10
Gαs
4 of 10
Gαf
3 of 10
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Model Summary Ribbon
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    GNAO1; G protein subunit alpha o1
    model of  early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 17
    IEA
    (FlyBase, 2019-)
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    GαoGTP.UAS
    DOES NOT ameliorate  Alzheimer's disease
    modeled by Hsap\APPAβ42.Scer\UAS.T:Rnor\SS-PENK
    (Lüchtenborg and Katanaev, 2014)
    Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
     
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    GNAO1; G protein subunit alpha o1
    15 of 15
    139311
     
    GNAI1; G protein subunit alpha i1
    5 of 15
    139310
        GNAI2; G protein subunit alpha i2
        5 of 15
        139360
          GNAI3; G protein subunit alpha i3
          4 of 15
          139370
            GNAT2; G protein subunit alpha transducin 2
            4 of 15
            139340
            GNAT3; G protein subunit alpha transducin 3
            4 of 15
            139395
                GNA12; G protein subunit alpha 12
                3 of 15
                604394
                    GNA13; G protein subunit alpha 13
                    3 of 15
                    604406
                        GNAT1; G protein subunit alpha transducin 1
                        3 of 15
                        139330
                        GNAZ; G protein subunit alpha z
                        3 of 15
                        139160
                            Functional Complementation Data
                            Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
                            Interactions
                            Summary of Physical Interactions
                            esyN Network Diagram
                            Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
                            Select Layout:
                            Legend:
                            Protein
                            RNA
                            Selected Interactor(s)
                            Interactions Browser
                            View in Interactions Browser
                            Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
                            protein-protein
                            Physical Interaction
                            Assay
                            References
                            Gαo - Ank2
                            pull down, western blot, two hybrid
                            (Lüchtenborg et al., 2014)
                            Gαo - Axn
                            pull down, molecular weight estimation by staining
                            (Egger-Adam and Katanaev, 2010)
                            Gαo - Dhit
                            two hybrid, enzymatic study, pull down, anti tag western blot, molecular sieving, molecular weight estimation by staining, western blot
                            (Lin et al., 2014, Tishchenko et al., 2013)
                            Gαo - Gβ13F
                            pull down, peptide massfingerprinting
                            (Katanayeva et al., 2010)
                            Gαo - Hsc70-3
                            pull down, peptide massfingerprinting
                            (Katanayeva et al., 2010)
                            Gαo - Rab4
                            pull down, anti tag western blot
                            (Purvanov et al., 2010)
                            Gαo - Rab5
                            pull down, anti tag western blot, western blot
                            (Purvanov et al., 2010)
                            Gαo - RapGAP1
                            two hybrid
                            (Kopein and Katanaev, 2009)
                            Gαo - Tre1
                            anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
                            (Yoshiura et al., 2012)
                            Gαo - insc
                            pull down, autoradiography, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
                            (Schaefer et al., 2000)
                            Gαo - kermit
                            pull down, western blot, anti tag western blot
                            (Lin and Katanaev, 2013)
                            Gαo - loco
                            two hybrid, enzymatic study, pull down, anti tag western blot
                            (Lin et al., 2014, Kopein and Katanaev, 2009)
                            Gαo - mthl5
                            anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
                            (Patel et al., 2016)
                            Gαo - pins
                            experimental knowledge based, pull down, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, fluorescent resonance energy transfer, two hybrid, autoradiography, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation
                            (Lüchtenborg et al., 2015, Yoshiura et al., 2012, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Kopein and Katanaev, 2009, Katanaev and Tomlinson, 2006, Schaefer et al., 2000)
                            Gαo - βTub56D
                            pull down, peptide massfingerprinting
                            (Katanayeva et al., 2010)
                            Summary of Genetic Interactions
                            esyN Network Diagram
                            esyN Network Key:
                            Suppression
                            Enhancement
                            View in Interactions Browser
                            Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
                            Starting gene(s)
                            Interaction type
                            Interacting gene(s)
                            Reference
                            Gαo
                            enhanceable
                            Dhit
                            (Lin et al., 2014)
                            Gαo
                            enhanceable
                            fz2
                            (Katanaev and Tomlinson, 2006)
                            Gαo
                            enhanceable
                            fz
                            (Katanaev et al., 2005)
                            Gαo
                            suppressible
                            fz
                            (Katanaev and Tomlinson, 2006, Katanaev et al., 2005)
                            Gαo
                            suppressible
                            Gγ1
                            (Katanaev and Tomlinson, 2006)
                            Gαo
                            suppressible
                            kermit
                            (Lin and Katanaev, 2013)
                            Gαo
                            enhanceable
                            pins
                            (Katanaev and Tomlinson, 2006)
                            Gαo
                            suppressible
                            Plc21C
                            (Dahdal et al., 2010)
                            Starting gene(s)
                            Interaction type
                            Interacting gene(s)
                            Reference
                            fz2
                            enhanceable
                            Gαo
                            (Katanaev and Tomlinson, 2006)
                            fz
                            enhanceable
                            Gαo
                            (Katanaev et al., 2005)
                            kermit
                            enhanceable
                            Gαo
                            (Lin and Katanaev, 2013)
                            pins
                            enhanceable
                            Gαo
                            (Katanaev and Tomlinson, 2006)
                            External Data
                            Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
                            G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site.
                            (UniProt, P16378 )
                            Linkouts
                            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                            InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
                            MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                            Pathways
                            Gene Group - Pathway Membership (FlyBase)
                            External Data
                            Linkouts
                            Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                            Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
                            Chromosome (arm)
                            2R
                            Recombination map
                            2-62
                            Cytogenetic map
                            47A7-47A9
                            Sequence location
                            2R:10,437,985..10,465,701 [+]
                            FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
                            Cytogenetic map
                            Evidence for location
                            47A7-47A9
                            Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}Hr46k10308 and P{PZ}lola00349&P{EP}lolaEP952
                            Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
                            Cytogenetic map
                            Notes
                            References
                            47A-47A
                            (determined by in situ hybridisation)
                            (de Sousa et al., 1989, Schmidt et al., 1989, Yoon et al., 1989)
                            Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
                            Location
                            2-62
                            (FlyBase, 2016)
                            2-61.1
                            (Comeron et al., 2012)
                            Left of (cM)
                            Right of (cM)
                            Notes
                            Stocks and Reagents
                            Stocks (29)
                            Genomic Clones (28)
                            cDNA Clones (108)
                             

                            Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

                            cDNA clones, fully sequences
                            BDGP DGC clones
                            Other clones
                            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                            For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                            cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                            BDGP DGC clones
                            Other clones
                            RNAi and Array Information
                            Linkouts
                            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                            GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
                            Antibody Information
                            Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                             
                            polyclonal
                            (Lüchtenborg et al., 2014, Schaefer et al., 2001, Wolfgang et al., 1990)
                            Commercially Available Antibodies
                             
                            Other Information
                            Relationship to Other Genes
                            Source for database identify of
                            Source for identity of: G-oα47A CG2204
                            (Shue, 1999.11)
                            Source for identity of: Gαo G-oα47A
                            (FlyBase, 2009-)
                            Source for database merge of
                            Additional comments
                            FlyBase curator comment: Genes encoding Gα subunits that have been named for their molecular function/orthology have had their symbols and names standardized following the format used in FBrf0220456, which also reflects popular usage in the Drosophila literature.
                            (FlyBase, 2009-)
                            Other Comments
                            G-oα47A is required for the transduction of both the Wnt and planar polarity pathways.
                            (Katanaev et al., 2005)
                            dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.
                            (Kiger et al., 2003)
                            dsRNA made from templates generated with primers against this gene tested in a cl-8 cell reporter assay to examine any role of G-oα47A in the hh signalling pathway.
                            (Lum, 2003)
                            Area matching Drosophila GO protein alpha subunit homolog class II gene, Acc. No. M29602.
                            (Davies, 2001.3.15)
                            G-oα47A function is required for the formation of the heart, visceral musculature and the nervous system.
                            (Fremion et al., 1999)
                            Mutants show defects in the heart, visceral musculature and nervous system.
                            (Fremion et al., 1999)
                            Mutation rate at microsatellite loci in 119 lines maintained for approximately 250 generations is estimated to be 6.3x10-6, at least one order of magnitude lower than the mutation rate in mammals.
                            (Schlotterer et al., 1998)
                            Mutant analysis demonstrates G-oα47A is required for embryonic development.
                            (Guillen et al., 1995)
                            G proteins belong to a family of membrane-associated guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that couple specific receptors for extracellular signals to specific intracellular effectors, thus regulating the activity of these effectors. When not interacting with the receptor, G proteins are usually in the form of a heterotrimer made up of α, β and γ subunits, with the α subunit bound to GDP. Upon activation by the receptor, the α subunit exchanges GDP for GTP, dissociates from the β-γ subunits and interacts with the effector. Afterwards GTP is hydrolyzed and the heterotrimer of α, β and γ subunits is formed again.
                            (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
                            Identification: Isolated from a genomic library using a bovine αi1 cDNA probe.
                            (Schmidt et al., 1989)
                            Origin and Etymology
                            Discoverer
                            Etymology
                            The gene is named "brokenheart" based on the phenotype of mutant embryos.
                            (Fremion et al., 1999)
                            Identification
                            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 104 )
                            Sequence Crossreferences
                            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                            Other crossreferences
                            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
                            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                            GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
                            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                            modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
                            Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                            Linkouts
                            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                            DPiM - Drosophila Protein interaction map
                            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                            FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
                            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                            Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
                            InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
                            MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                            Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (46)
                            Reported As
                            Symbol Synonym
                            Bkh
                            (Zaffran et al., 2001)
                            CG2204
                            (Honjo et al., 2016, Hanlon and Andrew, 2015, Rosa-Ferreira et al., 2015, Christis and Munro, 2012, Cammarato et al., 2011, Boto et al., 2010, Khanna et al., 2010, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Strub et al., 2008, Huang et al., 2007, Quinones-Coello, 2007, Colicelli, 2004)
                            DGo
                            (Lee et al., 1990)
                            DGα0
                            DGαo
                            (Schmidt et al., 1989)
                            DROGPAD
                            (Schlotterer et al., 1998, Schug et al., 1998, Schug et al., 1997)
                            G(o)α47A
                            (Madalan et al., 2012, Ferris et al., 2006)
                            G-oalpha
                            (Mack et al., 2006)
                            G-oalpha47A
                            (Ugrankar et al., 2018, Van Bortle et al., 2015, Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Zhang et al., 2013, Murray et al., 2012, Friedman et al., 2011, Toku et al., 2011, Tan et al., 2009, Bakal et al., 2007, Buszczak et al., 2007, Minidorff et al., 2007, Quinones-Coello, 2007, Giot et al., 2003)
                            G-oα
                            (Hanlon and Andrew, 2015)
                            G-oα47A
                            (Song et al., 2018, Hanlon and Andrew, 2015, Muliyil and Narasimha, 2014, Tan et al., 2012, Dahdal et al., 2010, Mummery-Widmer et al., 2009, McGurk et al., 2008, Ogden et al., 2008, Strub et al., 2008, Yi et al., 2008, Stuart et al., 2007, Zhang et al., 2007, Mack et al., 2006)
                            G-oα47a
                            (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2006)
                            G-α-47A
                            Go
                            (Ignatious Raja et al., 2014, Boto et al., 2010)
                            Goα
                            (de Sousa et al., 1991)
                            Goα
                            (Guillen et al., 1991)
                            Galpha47A
                            (Lum, 2003)
                            Galpha0
                            (Kaltschmidt and Brand, 2002)
                            Galphao
                            (Mast and DiPrimio, 2019.3.13, Gene Disruption Project members, 2016-, Gene Disruption Project members, 2015-, Morozova et al., 2015, Tishchenko et al., 2013, Segalen et al., 2007)
                            Go
                            (Zhou et al., 2019, Katanaev et al., 2018, Yi et al., 2013, Bredendiek et al., 2011, Boto et al., 2010, Dahdal et al., 2010, Boto et al., 2007, Katanaev and Tomlinson, 2006, Katanaev and Tomlinson, 2005, Katanaev et al., 2005, Wolfgang et al., 1991)
                            Go-alpha
                            (Zaffran et al., 1995, Lineruth and Davis, 1992, Schmidt, 1992.2.10)
                            Goa
                            (Fremion et al., 1999, Fremion et al., 1998)
                            Goα
                            (Potdar and Sheeba, 2013, Yoshiura et al., 2012, Bredendiek et al., 2011, Guo et al., 2011, Chatterjee et al., 2009, Guillen et al., 1995, Horgan et al., 1995, Wolfgang et al., 1991, Wolfgang et al., 1990)
                            Goα47a
                            (Singh et al., 2014)
                            Gα47A
                            (Schaefer et al., 2000)
                            Gα047A
                            (Schweisguth, 2000)
                            Gαo
                            (Cooper et al., 2011, Yao and Carlson, 2010, Ogden et al., 2008, Quaiser, 2006, Gonczy, 2002)
                            Gαo47A
                            (Vecsey et al., 2014)
                            Gαi/o
                            (Krishnan et al., 2015)
                            Gαo
                            (Nagibina et al., 2016, Davis, 2015, Hanlon and Andrew, 2015, Lin et al., 2015, Lüchtenborg and Katanaev, 2014, Vecsey et al., 2014, Lin and Katanaev, 2013, Deng et al., 2011, Egger-Adam and Katanaev, 2010, Katanayeva et al., 2010, Kopein and Katanaev, 2009, David et al., 2005, Hampoelz et al., 2005, Schwabe et al., 2005, Betschinger and Knoblich, 2004, Katanaev et al., 2003, Schaefer et al., 2001)
                            Gαo47A
                            (Patel et al., 2016, Im et al., 2015, Yu et al., 2003)
                            alpha(o)
                            (Garen-Fazio et al., 1991)
                            bkh
                            (Singh and Mlodzik, 2012, Boto et al., 2010, Zaffran et al., 2006, Fremion et al., 1999, Fremion et al., 1999)
                            dGαo
                            (Solis et al., 2017)
                            dgo
                            (Shortridge et al., 1991, Yoon et al., 1989)
                            dgoα
                            (Buchner, 1991)
                            drogpad
                            (Boto et al., 2010)
                            goα
                            (Koon and Budnik, 2012)
                            like GNAO
                            (Krishnan et al., 2015)
                            Name Synonyms
                            Drogpad
                            (Schlötterer and Agis, 2002, Harr and Schlotterer, 2000)
                            G protein o alpha 47A
                            (Honjo et al., 2016)
                            G protein oalpha 47A
                            (Cammarato et al., 2011)
                            G protein oα 47A
                            (Tan et al., 2012, Khanna et al., 2010)
                            G protein α o subunit
                            brokenheart
                            (Singh and Mlodzik, 2012, Quaiser, 2006, Fremion et al., 1999, Fremion et al., 1999)
                            brokenhearted
                            (Fuse and Hirose, 2005, Cripps and Olson, 2002)
                            Secondary FlyBase IDs
                            • FBgn0026838
                            Datasets (0)
                            Study focus (0)
                            Experimental Role
                            Project
                            Project Type
                            Title
                            References (195)