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Gene Dmel\Gs1

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\Gs1	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	Glutamine synthetase 1	Annotation symbol	CG2718
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0001142
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	4 publicly available
Also Known As	GSI
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	2L	Recombination map	2-0.0--0.1
Cytogenetic map	21B2-21B3	Sequence location	2L:132,077..134,472 [+]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents Beta	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene Glutamine synthetase 1 is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\Gs1 (CG2718, FBgn0001142). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: glutamate-ammonia ligase activity. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: glutamine metabolic process; mitochondrion organization. 18 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: embryonic somatic muscle; A2-7 dorsal oblique muscle 2; muscle attachment site. It has 3 annotated transcripts and 3 annotated polypeptides. Protein features are: Glutamine synthetase, N-terminal conserved site; Glutamine synthetase, beta-Grasp; Glutamine synthetase, catalytic domain; Glutamine synthetase, glycine-rich site; Glutamine synthetase/guanido kinase, catalytic domain. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of very high expression to a trough of moderately high expression. Peak expression observed within 00-18 hour embryonic stages, at stages throughout the larval period, during early pupal stages. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Many larval and adult organs/tissues expressed at high levels. Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, larval/adult central nervous system, adult crop, larval midgut, larval/adult Malpighian tubules, adult heart, larval/adult fat body, adult female reproductive system, larval/adult carcass. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult midgut, larval/adult hindgut, larval/adult salivary gland. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1632852_s_at completely aligns to an exonic region common to each of the 3 FlyBase-annotated transcript isoforms of Gs1. Gene sequence location is 2L:132060..134472.
User Contributed Data
	Beta version, feedback welcome
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	GsI: Glutamine synthetase I Structural gene for glutamine synthetase I [GS (EC 6.3.1.2)] in Drosophila melanogaster. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of glutamate and ammonia by cleaving ATP into ADP and phosphate (Caggese et al., 1988). The GSI protein was purified from Drosophila larvae (Scalenghe and Ritossa, 1976; Caggese and Ritossa, 1983); it is a multimer of two subunits (MW 43,000 and 64,000) (Caggese and Ritossa, 1983); the 43,000 dalton protein is usually the more abundant. The molecular weight for the complete enzyme is apparently 380,000. A fast electrophoretic variant (GsIf), an intermediate and common electrophoretic variant (GsIc), and a slow electrophoretic variant ((GsIs) have been found. Hybrids between variants show a strongly stained intermediate band (Caggese et al., 1988). The GSI protein but not the GSII protein is found in the epidermis of Drosophila (Scalenghe and Ritossa, 1976).
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 21B2-21B3   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}spenk06805&P{lacW}l(2)k13604k13604 and P{lacW}U2af38k14504
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 21B3-21B6     (Caizzi, 1992.12.2) 21B3-21B6   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Larsson et al., 1996)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	2-0.0--0.1
Left of (cM)	ex (Caggese et al., 1988)
Right of (cM)	net (Caggese et al., 1988)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Gs1 for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Gene model reviewed during 5.48 Gene model reviewed during 5.44 Gene model reviewed during 5.51 Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) Gs1-RB FBtr0078114  NM_057222   2176   399 Gs1-RC FBtr0078115  NM_164367   2396   399 Gs1-RD FBtr0300568  NM_001169368   1699   399
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	2.3, 2.2, 1.8 (northern blot) (Caizzi et al., 1990)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein Gs1-PB   FBpp0077773   44.4   399   6.38     NP_476570   AAF51547 Gs1-PC   FBpp0077774   44.4   399   6.38     NP_722606   AAF51546 Gs1-PD   FBpp0289795   44.4   399   6.38     NP_001162839   ACZ94131
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)	399 (aa); 44.5 (kD predicted) (Caizzi et al., 1990)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Glutamine synthetase, catalytic domain (IPR008146) Glutamine synthetase, beta-Grasp (IPR008147) Glutamine synthetase/guanido kinase, catalytic domain (IPR014746) Glutamine synthetase, N-terminal conserved site (IPR027302) Glutamine synthetase, glycine-rich site (IPR027303)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA264795   AA390709   AA439383   AA440933   AA697682   AA803927   AE014134 AAF51546   AE014134 AAF51547   AC005334   AC008318   AE014134 ACZ94131   AI063395   AI107854   AI109652   AI238449   AI257795   AI259750   AI259901   AI259961   AI293809   AI294883   AI295338   AI296158   AI297716   AI406061   AI456651   AI513595   AI515378   AI515636   AI517114   AI532762   AI532772   AI533150   AI533694   AI542777   AI544101   AJ012460 CAA10031   AW943914   AY058730 AAL13959   BG635563   BI142088   BI142226   BI162514   BI163340   BI163422   BI166260   BI166438   BI167395   BI168451   BI169597   BI170618   BI171229   BI172206   BI172522   BI172567   BI172929   BI172955   BI173219   BI212473   BI213080   BI213125   BI214602   BI214644   BI215462   BI215776   BI215842   BI216246   BI216261   BI228310   BI230192   BI230604   BI230707   BI230972   BI231475   BI234549   BI235385   BI237165   BI237416   BI237498   BI238167   BI238329   BI239538   BI240590   BI240783   BI241010   BI241159   BI242096   BI242656   BI242982   BI356385   BI357335   BI357619   BI361673   BI363133   BI364047   BI368291   BI368518   BI370289   BI370376   BI370701   BI370833   BI370905   BI371262   BI371487   BI372904   BI375357   BI481951   BI482352   BI482538   BI483003   BI485386   BI564757   BI566367   BI566526   BI573735   BI573736   BI574045   BI574046   BI576778   BI578765   BI578876   BI579442   BI582975   BI584156   BI584284   BI584974   BI585083   BI585098   BI585281   BI585287   BI586127   BI592583   BI604881   BI605152   BI605877   BI606631   BI607044   BI607160   BI607178   BI607411   BI607585   BI609013   BI609801   BI610385   BI613061   BI613679   BI613900   BI614386   BI615198   BI615525   BI619215   BI619314   BI620730   BI621516   BI622714   BI622810   BI622982   BI623681   BI623805   BI624767   BI624982   BI625226   BI626216   BI627409   BI627672   BI627747   BI627929   BI628265   BI628324   BI628422   BI628599   BI628709   BI630641   BI631760   BI633839   BI634240   BI637756   BI641770   BQ103364   CK658248   CK660929   CO180741   CO182207   CO184539   CO186049   CO187220   CO187548   CO187652   CO190697   CO193499   CO263444   CO264144   CO269765   CO283310   CO301871   CO313451   CO320523   CO322985   CO323998   CO325038   CO329112   CO336865   CO338740   CO340449   EC057619   EC058082   EC060835   EC064886   EC073478   EC074719   EC076388   EC080110   EC080427   EC211972   EC214009   EC217603   EC220169   EC221469   EC223876   EC231317   EC233024   EC236328   EC245919   EC250083   EC255848   EC263531   EL870377   EL870378   EL870383   EL870384   EL885989   EV577569   EV582843   EV584285   EV593757   X52760 CAA36971
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	P20477
UniProtKB/TrEMBL	E1JHQ1
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 1 -- 3   organism   (Fisher et al., 2012) Comment:maternally deposited embryonic stage 4 -- 6   organism | ubiquitous   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic stage 7 -- 8   pole cell   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic stage 9 -- 10   amnioserosa primordium   (Fisher et al., 2012) yolk nucleus   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic stage 11 -- 12   amnioserosa   (Fisher et al., 2012) dorsal pharyngeal muscle primordium   (Fisher et al., 2012) fat body primordium   (Fisher et al., 2012) Comment:reported as fat body specific anlage fat body/gonad primordium   (Fisher et al., 2012) somatic muscle primordium   (Fisher et al., 2012) Comment:reported as muscle system primordium visceral muscle primordium   (Fisher et al., 2012) Comment:reported as muscle system primordium trunk mesoderm   (Fisher et al., 2012) yolk nucleus   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic stage 13 -- 16   apoptotic amnioserosa   (Fisher et al., 2012) dorsal pharyngeal muscle   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic dorsal epidermis   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic ventral epidermis   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic/larval dorsal vessel   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic/larval fat body   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic/larval muscle system   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic/larval somatic muscle   (Fisher et al., 2012) northern blot Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage     (Caizzi et al., 1990) first instar larval stage     (Caizzi et al., 1990) second instar larval stage     (Caizzi et al., 1990) pupal stage | late     (Caizzi et al., 1990)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood   adult heart   (Cammarato et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization (GO Cellular Component)
CV term Evidence References
lipid particle inferred from direct assay (Beller et al., 2006) mitochondrion inferred from direct assay (Caggese et al., 1994, Alonso et al., 2005)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools
Reference	See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
FlyAtlas Anatomy Microarray
FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (FlyAtlas-RNA.adult) (FlyAtlas-RNA.larva)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Many larval and adult organs/tissues expressed at high levels. Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, larval/adult central nervous system, adult crop, larval midgut, larval/adult Malpighian tubules, adult heart, larval/adult fat body, adult female reproductive system, larval/adult carcass. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult midgut, larval/adult hindgut, larval/adult salivary gland. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (>999.999) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    618.925 Larval Midgut    554.2 Larval Hindgut    266.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3284.9 Larval Fat Body    5374.3 Larval Salivary Gland    295.6 Larval Trachea    56.8 Larval Carcass    1735.6 Adult Head    1107.3 Adult Eye    579.975 Adult Brain    1158.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1470.3 Adult Crop    1130.6 Adult Midgut    492 Adult Hindgut    262.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules    2182.9 Adult Fat Body    1199.3 Adult Salivary Gland    113.7 Adult Heart    1370.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    1526.5 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    1683 Adult Ovary    1086.6 Adult Testis    76.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    12.9 Adult Carcass    701.2 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System  (618.925) Larval Midgut  (554.2) Larval Hindgut    266.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules  (3284.9) Larval Fat Body  (5374.3) Larval Salivary Gland    295.6 Larval Trachea    56.8 Larval Carcass  (1735.6) Adult Head  (1107.3) Adult Eye  (579.975) Adult Brain  (1158.1) Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  (1470.3) Adult Crop  (1130.6) Adult Midgut    492 Adult Hindgut    262.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules  (2182.9) Adult Fat Body  (1199.3) Adult Salivary Gland    113.7 Adult Heart  (1370.275) Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca  (1526.5) Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca  (1683) Adult Ovary  (1086.6) Adult Testis    76.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    12.9 Adult Carcass  (701.2) Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    618.925 Larval Midgut    554.2 Larval Hindgut    266.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules  (3284.9) Larval Fat Body  (5374.3) Larval Salivary Gland    295.6 Larval Trachea    56.8 Larval Carcass  (1735.6) Adult Head  (1107.3) Adult Eye    579.975 Adult Brain  (1158.1) Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  (1470.3) Adult Crop  (1130.6) Adult Midgut    492 Adult Hindgut    262.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules  (2182.9) Adult Fat Body  (1199.3) Adult Salivary Gland    113.7 Adult Heart  (1370.275) Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca  (1526.5) Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca  (1683) Adult Ovary  (1086.6) Adult Testis    76.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    12.9 Adult Carcass    701.2 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    618.925 Larval Midgut    554.2 Larval Hindgut    266.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3284.9 Larval Fat Body    5374.3 Larval Salivary Gland    295.6 Larval Trachea    56.8 Larval Carcass    1735.6 Adult Head    1107.3 Adult Eye    579.975 Adult Brain    1158.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1470.3 Adult Crop    1130.6 Adult Midgut    492 Adult Hindgut    262.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules    2182.9 Adult Fat Body    1199.3 Adult Salivary Gland    113.7 Adult Heart    1370.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    1526.5 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    1683 Adult Ovary    1086.6 Adult Testis    76.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    12.9 Adult Carcass    701.2 Expression Level Scale  Very high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    618.925 Larval Midgut    554.2 Larval Hindgut    266.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3284.9 Larval Fat Body    5374.3 Larval Salivary Gland    295.6 Larval Trachea    56.8 Larval Carcass    1735.6 Adult Head    1107.3 Adult Eye    579.975 Adult Brain    1158.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1470.3 Adult Crop    1130.6 Adult Midgut    492 Adult Hindgut    262.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules    2182.9 Adult Fat Body    1199.3 Adult Salivary Gland    113.7 Adult Heart    1370.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    1526.5 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    1683 Adult Ovary    1086.6 Adult Testis    76.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    12.9 Adult Carcass    701.2 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System  618.925 Larval Midgut  554.2 Larval Hindgut    266.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules  (3284.9) Larval Fat Body  (5374.3) Larval Salivary Gland    295.6 Larval Trachea    56.8 Larval Carcass  (1735.6) Adult Head  (1107.3) Adult Eye  579.975 Adult Brain  (1158.1) Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  (1470.3) Adult Crop  (1130.6) Adult Midgut    492 Adult Hindgut    262.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules  (2182.9) Adult Fat Body  (1199.3) Adult Salivary Gland    113.7 Adult Heart  (1370.275) Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca  (1526.5) Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca  (1683) Adult Ovary  (1086.6) Adult Testis    76.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    12.9 Adult Carcass  701.2 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    618.925 Larval Midgut    554.2 Larval Hindgut    266.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules  (3284.9) Larval Fat Body  (5374.3) Larval Salivary Gland    295.6 Larval Trachea    56.8 Larval Carcass  (1735.6) Adult Head  1107.3 Adult Eye    579.975 Adult Brain  1158.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  1470.3 Adult Crop  1130.6 Adult Midgut    492 Adult Hindgut    262.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules  (2182.9) Adult Fat Body  1199.3 Adult Salivary Gland    113.7 Adult Heart  1370.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca  1526.5 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca  1683 Adult Ovary  1086.6 Adult Testis    76.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    12.9 Adult Carcass    701.2 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    618.925 Larval Midgut    554.2 Larval Hindgut    266.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3284.9 Larval Fat Body    5374.3 Larval Salivary Gland    295.6 Larval Trachea    56.8 Larval Carcass    1735.6 Adult Head    1107.3 Adult Eye    579.975 Adult Brain    1158.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1470.3 Adult Crop    1130.6 Adult Midgut    492 Adult Hindgut    262.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules    2182.9 Adult Fat Body    1199.3 Adult Salivary Gland    113.7 Adult Heart    1370.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    1526.5 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    1683 Adult Ovary    1086.6 Adult Testis    76.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    12.9 Adult Carcass    701.2 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    1107.3   NA  Eye    579.975   NA  Brain    1158.1   618.925  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1470.3   NA  Crop    1130.6   554.2  Midgut    492   266.9  Hindgut    262.9   3284.9  Malpighian Tubules    2182.9   5374.3  Fat Body    1199.3   295.6  Salivary Gland    113.7   NA  Heart    1370.275   56.8  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    1526.5   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    1683   NA  Ovary    1086.6   NA  Testis    76.3   NA  Male Accessory Gland    12.9   1735.6  Carcass    701.2 FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
modENCODE Anatomy RNA-Seq
modENCODE Tissue Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_tissues)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    6 central nervous system, larvae L3    41 central nervous system, pupae P8    61 head, virgin 1-day female    70 head, virgin 4-day female    51 head, virgin 20-day female    44 head, mated 1-day female    78 head, mated 4-day female    46 head, mated 20-day female    40 head, mated 1-day male    130 head, mated 4-day male    76 head, mated 20-day male    104 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    30 salivary gland, white prepupae    143 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    124 digestive system, 1-day adult    68 digestive system, 4-day adult    40 digestive system, 20-day adult    35 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    350 fat body, white prepupae    1535 fat body, pupae P8    271 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    247 carcass, 1-day adult    47 carcass, 4-day adult    28 carcass, 20-day adult    44 ovary, virgin 4-day female    108 ovary, mated 4-day female    78 testis, mated 4-day male    10 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    10 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    6 central nervous system, larvae L3  (41) central nervous system, pupae P8  (61) head, virgin 1-day female  (70) head, virgin 4-day female  (51) head, virgin 20-day female  (44) head, mated 1-day female  (78) head, mated 4-day female  (46) head, mated 20-day female  (40) head, mated 1-day male  (130) head, mated 4-day male  (76) head, mated 20-day male  (104) salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering  (30) salivary gland, white prepupae  (143) digestive system, larvae L3 wandering  (124) digestive system, 1-day adult  (68) digestive system, 4-day adult  (40) digestive system, 20-day adult  (35) fat body, larvae L3 wandering  (350) fat body, white prepupae  (1535) fat body, pupae P8  (271) carcass, larvae L3 wandering  (247) carcass, 1-day adult  (47) carcass, 4-day adult  (28) carcass, 20-day adult  (44) ovary, virgin 4-day female  (108) ovary, mated 4-day female  (78) testis, mated 4-day male    10 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    10 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    6 central nervous system, larvae L3    41 central nervous system, pupae P8    61 head, virgin 1-day female    70 head, virgin 4-day female    51 head, virgin 20-day female    44 head, mated 1-day female    78 head, mated 4-day female    46 head, mated 20-day female    40 head, mated 1-day male  (130) head, mated 4-day male    76 head, mated 20-day male  104 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    30 salivary gland, white prepupae  (143) digestive system, larvae L3 wandering  (124) digestive system, 1-day adult    68 digestive system, 4-day adult    40 digestive system, 20-day adult    35 fat body, larvae L3 wandering  (350) fat body, white prepupae  (1535) fat body, pupae P8  (271) carcass, larvae L3 wandering  (247) carcass, 1-day adult    47 carcass, 4-day adult    28 carcass, 20-day adult    44 ovary, virgin 4-day female  (108) ovary, mated 4-day female    78 testis, mated 4-day male    10 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    10 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    6 central nervous system, larvae L3    41 central nervous system, pupae P8    61 head, virgin 1-day female    70 head, virgin 4-day female    51 head, virgin 20-day female    44 head, mated 1-day female    78 head, mated 4-day female    46 head, mated 20-day female    40 head, mated 1-day male    130 head, mated 4-day male    76 head, mated 20-day male    104 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    30 salivary gland, white prepupae    143 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    124 digestive system, 1-day adult    68 digestive system, 4-day adult    40 digestive system, 20-day adult    35 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    350 fat body, white prepupae    1535 fat body, pupae P8    271 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    247 carcass, 1-day adult    47 carcass, 4-day adult    28 carcass, 20-day adult    44 ovary, virgin 4-day female    108 ovary, mated 4-day female    78 testis, mated 4-day male    10 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    10 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    6 central nervous system, larvae L3    41 central nervous system, pupae P8    61 head, virgin 1-day female    70 head, virgin 4-day female    51 head, virgin 20-day female    44 head, mated 1-day female    78 head, mated 4-day female    46 head, mated 20-day female    40 head, mated 1-day male    130 head, mated 4-day male    76 head, mated 20-day male    104 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    30 salivary gland, white prepupae    143 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    124 digestive system, 1-day adult    68 digestive system, 4-day adult    40 digestive system, 20-day adult    35 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    350 fat body, white prepupae    1535 fat body, pupae P8    271 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    247 carcass, 1-day adult    47 carcass, 4-day adult    28 carcass, 20-day adult    44 ovary, virgin 4-day female    108 ovary, mated 4-day female    78 testis, mated 4-day male    10 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    10 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    6 central nervous system, larvae L3  (41) central nervous system, pupae P8  (61) head, virgin 1-day female  (70) head, virgin 4-day female  (51) head, virgin 20-day female  (44) head, mated 1-day female  (78) head, mated 4-day female  (46) head, mated 20-day female  (40) head, mated 1-day male  (130) head, mated 4-day male  (76) head, mated 20-day male  (104) salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering  30 salivary gland, white prepupae  (143) digestive system, larvae L3 wandering  (124) digestive system, 1-day adult  (68) digestive system, 4-day adult  (40) digestive system, 20-day adult  (35) fat body, larvae L3 wandering  (350) fat body, white prepupae  (1535) fat body, pupae P8  (271) carcass, larvae L3 wandering  (247) carcass, 1-day adult  (47) carcass, 4-day adult  28 carcass, 20-day adult  (44) ovary, virgin 4-day female  (108) ovary, mated 4-day female  (78) testis, mated 4-day male    10 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    10 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    6 central nervous system, larvae L3    41 central nervous system, pupae P8    61 head, virgin 1-day female    70 head, virgin 4-day female    51 head, virgin 20-day female    44 head, mated 1-day female    78 head, mated 4-day female    46 head, mated 20-day female    40 head, mated 1-day male  130 head, mated 4-day male    76 head, mated 20-day male  104 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    30 salivary gland, white prepupae  143 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering  124 digestive system, 1-day adult    68 digestive system, 4-day adult    40 digestive system, 20-day adult    35 fat body, larvae L3 wandering  (350) fat body, white prepupae  (1535) fat body, pupae P8  (271) carcass, larvae L3 wandering  (247) carcass, 1-day adult    47 carcass, 4-day adult    28 carcass, 20-day adult    44 ovary, virgin 4-day female  108 ovary, mated 4-day female    78 testis, mated 4-day male    10 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    10 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    6 central nervous system, larvae L3    41 central nervous system, pupae P8    61 head, virgin 1-day female    70 head, virgin 4-day female    51 head, virgin 20-day female    44 head, mated 1-day female    78 head, mated 4-day female    46 head, mated 20-day female    40 head, mated 1-day male    130 head, mated 4-day male    76 head, mated 20-day male    104 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    30 salivary gland, white prepupae    143 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    124 digestive system, 1-day adult    68 digestive system, 4-day adult    40 digestive system, 20-day adult    35 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    350 fat body, white prepupae    1535 fat body, pupae P8    271 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    247 carcass, 1-day adult    47 carcass, 4-day adult    28 carcass, 20-day adult    44 ovary, virgin 4-day female    108 ovary, mated 4-day female    78 testis, mated 4-day male    10 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    10 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering     central nervous system, larvae L3     central nervous system, pupae P8     head, virgin 1-day female     head, virgin 4-day female     head, virgin 20-day female     head, mated 1-day female     head, mated 4-day female     head, mated 20-day female     head, mated 1-day male     head, mated 4-day male     head, mated 20-day male     salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering     salivary gland, white prepupae     digestive system, larvae L3 wandering     digestive system, 1-day adult     digestive system, 4-day adult     digestive system, 20-day adult     fat body, larvae L3 wandering     fat body, white prepupae     fat body, pupae P8     carcass, larvae L3 wandering     carcass, 1-day adult     carcass, 4-day adult     carcass, 20-day adult     ovary, virgin 4-day female     ovary, mated 4-day female     testis, mated 4-day male     accessory gland, mated 4-day male
modENCODE Development RNA-Seq
modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_U)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of very high expression to a trough of moderately high expression. Peak expression observed within 00-18 hour embryonic stages, at stages throughout the larval period, during early pupal stages. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    153 embryo 02-04hr    49 embryo 04-06hr    21 embryo 06-08hr    53 embryo 08-10hr    75 embryo 10-12hr    148 embryo 12-14hr    106 embryo 14-16hr    152 embryo 16-18hr    160 embryo 18-20hr    107 embryo 20-22hr    80 embryo 22-24hr    84 larva L1    80 larva L2    121 larva L3 12hr old    146 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    138 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    323 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    468 white prepupae new    572 white prepupae 12hr    183 white prepupae 24hr    138 pupae 2d postWPP    120 pupae 3d postWPP    106 pupae 4d postWPP    65 adult male 01day    68 adult male 05day    52 adult male 30day    53 adult female 01day    77 adult female 05day    97 adult female 30day    94 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (153) embryo 02-04hr  (49) embryo 04-06hr    21 embryo 06-08hr  (53) embryo 08-10hr  (75) embryo 10-12hr  (148) embryo 12-14hr  (106) embryo 14-16hr  (152) embryo 16-18hr  (160) embryo 18-20hr  (107) embryo 20-22hr  (80) embryo 22-24hr  (84) larva L1  (80) larva L2  (121) larva L3 12hr old  (146) larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (138) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (323) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (468) white prepupae new  (572) white prepupae 12hr  (183) white prepupae 24hr  (138) pupae 2d postWPP  (120) pupae 3d postWPP  (106) pupae 4d postWPP  (65) adult male 01day  (68) adult male 05day  (52) adult male 30day  (53) adult female 01day  (77) adult female 05day  (97) adult female 30day  (94) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (153) embryo 02-04hr    49 embryo 04-06hr    21 embryo 06-08hr    53 embryo 08-10hr    75 embryo 10-12hr  (148) embryo 12-14hr  106 embryo 14-16hr  (152) embryo 16-18hr  (160) embryo 18-20hr  107 embryo 20-22hr    80 embryo 22-24hr    84 larva L1    80 larva L2  (121) larva L3 12hr old  (146) larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (138) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (323) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (468) white prepupae new  (572) white prepupae 12hr  (183) white prepupae 24hr  (138) pupae 2d postWPP  (120) pupae 3d postWPP  106 pupae 4d postWPP    65 adult male 01day    68 adult male 05day    52 adult male 30day    53 adult female 01day    77 adult female 05day    97 adult female 30day    94 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    153 embryo 02-04hr    49 embryo 04-06hr    21 embryo 06-08hr    53 embryo 08-10hr    75 embryo 10-12hr    148 embryo 12-14hr    106 embryo 14-16hr    152 embryo 16-18hr    160 embryo 18-20hr    107 embryo 20-22hr    80 embryo 22-24hr    84 larva L1    80 larva L2    121 larva L3 12hr old    146 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    138 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    323 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    468 white prepupae new    572 white prepupae 12hr    183 white prepupae 24hr    138 pupae 2d postWPP    120 pupae 3d postWPP    106 pupae 4d postWPP    65 adult male 01day    68 adult male 05day    52 adult male 30day    53 adult female 01day    77 adult female 05day    97 adult female 30day    94 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    153 embryo 02-04hr    49 embryo 04-06hr    21 embryo 06-08hr    53 embryo 08-10hr    75 embryo 10-12hr    148 embryo 12-14hr    106 embryo 14-16hr    152 embryo 16-18hr    160 embryo 18-20hr    107 embryo 20-22hr    80 embryo 22-24hr    84 larva L1    80 larva L2    121 larva L3 12hr old    146 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    138 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    323 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    468 white prepupae new    572 white prepupae 12hr    183 white prepupae 24hr    138 pupae 2d postWPP    120 pupae 3d postWPP    106 pupae 4d postWPP    65 adult male 01day    68 adult male 05day    52 adult male 30day    53 adult female 01day    77 adult female 05day    97 adult female 30day    94 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (153) embryo 02-04hr  (49) embryo 04-06hr    21 embryo 06-08hr  (53) embryo 08-10hr  (75) embryo 10-12hr  (148) embryo 12-14hr  (106) embryo 14-16hr  (152) embryo 16-18hr  (160) embryo 18-20hr  (107) embryo 20-22hr  (80) embryo 22-24hr  (84) larva L1  (80) larva L2  (121) larva L3 12hr old  (146) larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (138) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (323) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (468) white prepupae new  (572) white prepupae 12hr  (183) white prepupae 24hr  (138) pupae 2d postWPP  (120) pupae 3d postWPP  (106) pupae 4d postWPP  (65) adult male 01day  (68) adult male 05day  (52) adult male 30day  (53) adult female 01day  (77) adult female 05day  (97) adult female 30day  (94) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (153) embryo 02-04hr    49 embryo 04-06hr    21 embryo 06-08hr    53 embryo 08-10hr    75 embryo 10-12hr  (148) embryo 12-14hr  106 embryo 14-16hr  (152) embryo 16-18hr  (160) embryo 18-20hr  107 embryo 20-22hr    80 embryo 22-24hr    84 larva L1    80 larva L2  121 larva L3 12hr old  (146) larva L3 puffstage 1-2  138 larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (323) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (468) white prepupae new  (572) white prepupae 12hr  (183) white prepupae 24hr  138 pupae 2d postWPP  120 pupae 3d postWPP  106 pupae 4d postWPP    65 adult male 01day    68 adult male 05day    52 adult male 30day    53 adult female 01day    77 adult female 05day    97 adult female 30day    94 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    153 embryo 02-04hr    49 embryo 04-06hr    21 embryo 06-08hr    53 embryo 08-10hr    75 embryo 10-12hr    148 embryo 12-14hr    106 embryo 14-16hr    152 embryo 16-18hr    160 embryo 18-20hr    107 embryo 20-22hr    80 embryo 22-24hr    84 larva L1    80 larva L2    121 larva L3 12hr old    146 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    138 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    323 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    468 white prepupae new    572 white prepupae 12hr    183 white prepupae 24hr    138 pupae 2d postWPP    120 pupae 3d postWPP    106 pupae 4d postWPP    65 adult male 01day    68 adult male 05day    52 adult male 30day    53 adult female 01day    77 adult female 05day    97 adult female 30day    94 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011)
modENCODE Cell Lines RNA-Seq
modENCODE Cell Line Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.A) (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.B)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    96 Schneider line 2 Sg4    65 embryonic 1182-4H    48 embryonic GM2    119 embryonic Kc167    38 embryonic S1    113 embryonic S3    28 leg disc CME L1    41 wing disc CME-W2    47 wing disc ML-DmD8    56 wing disc ML-DmD9    64 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    102 wing disc ML-DmD21    345 wing disc ML-DmD32    6 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    63 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    17 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    67 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    296 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    18 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    1 tumorous blood cells mbn2    30 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+  (96) Schneider line 2 Sg4  (65) embryonic 1182-4H  (48) embryonic GM2  (119) embryonic Kc167  (38) embryonic S1  (113) embryonic S3  (28) leg disc CME L1  (41) wing disc CME-W2  (47) wing disc ML-DmD8  (56) wing disc ML-DmD9  (64) wing disc ML-DmD16-c3  (102) wing disc ML-DmD21  (345) wing disc ML-DmD32    6 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3  (63) eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    17 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5  (67) mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1  (296) CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    18 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    1 tumorous blood cells mbn2  (30) ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    96 Schneider line 2 Sg4    65 embryonic 1182-4H    48 embryonic GM2  (119) embryonic Kc167    38 embryonic S1  (113) embryonic S3    28 leg disc CME L1    41 wing disc CME-W2    47 wing disc ML-DmD8    56 wing disc ML-DmD9    64 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3  102 wing disc ML-DmD21  (345) wing disc ML-DmD32    6 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    63 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    17 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    67 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1  (296) CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    18 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    1 tumorous blood cells mbn2    30 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    96 Schneider line 2 Sg4    65 embryonic 1182-4H    48 embryonic GM2    119 embryonic Kc167    38 embryonic S1    113 embryonic S3    28 leg disc CME L1    41 wing disc CME-W2    47 wing disc ML-DmD8    56 wing disc ML-DmD9    64 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    102 wing disc ML-DmD21    345 wing disc ML-DmD32    6 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    63 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    17 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    67 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    296 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    18 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    1 tumorous blood cells mbn2    30 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    96 Schneider line 2 Sg4    65 embryonic 1182-4H    48 embryonic GM2    119 embryonic Kc167    38 embryonic S1    113 embryonic S3    28 leg disc CME L1    41 wing disc CME-W2    47 wing disc ML-DmD8    56 wing disc ML-DmD9    64 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    102 wing disc ML-DmD21    345 wing disc ML-DmD32    6 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    63 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    17 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    67 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    296 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    18 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    1 tumorous blood cells mbn2    30 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+  (96) Schneider line 2 Sg4  (65) embryonic 1182-4H  (48) embryonic GM2  (119) embryonic Kc167  (38) embryonic S1  (113) embryonic S3  28 leg disc CME L1  (41) wing disc CME-W2  (47) wing disc ML-DmD8  (56) wing disc ML-DmD9  (64) wing disc ML-DmD16-c3  (102) wing disc ML-DmD21  (345) wing disc ML-DmD32    6 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3  (63) eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    17 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5  (67) mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1  (296) CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    18 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    1 tumorous blood cells mbn2  30 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    96 Schneider line 2 Sg4    65 embryonic 1182-4H    48 embryonic GM2  119 embryonic Kc167    38 embryonic S1  113 embryonic S3    28 leg disc CME L1    41 wing disc CME-W2    47 wing disc ML-DmD8    56 wing disc ML-DmD9    64 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3  102 wing disc ML-DmD21  (345) wing disc ML-DmD32    6 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    63 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    17 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    67 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1  (296) CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    18 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    1 tumorous blood cells mbn2    30 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    96 Schneider line 2 Sg4    65 embryonic 1182-4H    48 embryonic GM2    119 embryonic Kc167    38 embryonic S1    113 embryonic S3    28 leg disc CME L1    41 wing disc CME-W2    47 wing disc ML-DmD8    56 wing disc ML-DmD9    64 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    102 wing disc ML-DmD21    345 wing disc ML-DmD32    6 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    63 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    17 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    67 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    296 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    18 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    1 tumorous blood cells mbn2    30 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+     Schneider line 2 Sg4     embryonic 1182-4H     embryonic GM2     embryonic Kc167     embryonic S1     embryonic S3     leg disc CME L1     wing disc CME-W2     wing disc ML-DmD8     wing disc ML-DmD9     wing disc ML-DmD16-c3     wing disc ML-DmD21     wing disc ML-DmD32     haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3     eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11     antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5     mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1     CNS ML-DmBG1-c1     CNS ML-DmBG2-c2     tumorous blood cells mbn2     ovary fGS/OSS     ovary OSC     ovary OSS
modENCODE Treatments RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatment Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_treatments)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    124 cold shock, 4-day adult    116 heat shock, 4-day adult    72 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    81 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    246 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    74 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    91 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    57 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    65 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    55 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    50 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    112 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    129 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    78 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    91 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    87 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    88 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    83 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    75 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    64 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    60 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult  (124) cold shock, 4-day adult  (116) heat shock, 4-day adult  (72) Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3  (81) Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3  (246) Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (74) Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (91) Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3  (57) Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (65) Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3  (55) Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (50) Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (112) Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (129) Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (78) Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3  (91) Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (87) Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (88) Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (83) Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (75) Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3  (64) Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3  (60) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult  (124) cold shock, 4-day adult  (116) heat shock, 4-day adult    72 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    81 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3  (246) Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    74 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    91 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    57 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    65 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    55 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    50 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (112) Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (129) Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    78 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    91 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    87 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    88 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    83 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    75 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    64 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    60 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    124 cold shock, 4-day adult    116 heat shock, 4-day adult    72 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    81 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    246 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    74 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    91 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    57 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    65 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    55 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    50 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    112 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    129 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    78 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    91 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    87 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    88 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    83 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    75 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    64 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    60 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    124 cold shock, 4-day adult    116 heat shock, 4-day adult    72 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    81 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    246 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    74 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    91 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    57 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    65 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    55 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    50 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    112 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    129 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    78 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    91 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    87 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    88 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    83 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    75 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    64 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    60 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult  (124) cold shock, 4-day adult  (116) heat shock, 4-day adult  (72) Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3  (81) Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3  (246) Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (74) Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (91) Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3  (57) Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (65) Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3  (55) Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (50) Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (112) Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (129) Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (78) Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3  (91) Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (87) Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (88) Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (83) Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (75) Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3  (64) Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3  (60) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult  124 cold shock, 4-day adult  116 heat shock, 4-day adult    72 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    81 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3  (246) Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    74 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    91 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    57 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    65 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    55 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    50 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  112 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  129 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    78 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    91 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    87 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    88 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    83 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    75 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    64 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    60 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    124 cold shock, 4-day adult    116 heat shock, 4-day adult    72 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    81 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    246 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    74 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    91 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    57 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    65 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    55 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    50 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    112 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    129 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    78 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    91 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    87 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    88 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    83 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    75 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    64 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    60 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult     cold shock, 4-day adult     heat shock, 4-day adult     Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3     Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010, Graveley et al., 2011) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_25 mE1_20_mRNA_expression_cluster_10
External Data & Images
Linkouts	BDGP expression data • LD47536 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0001142 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG2718-RB FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data) • Show all FlyExpress processed images for Gs1 Stages(s) 4-6 Stages(s) 9-10 Stages(s) 11-12 Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele lethal Gs11 Gs12 Gs13 Gs14 Gs15 lethal | embryonic stage | maternal effect | recessive Gs1fsP52 Gs1thg lethal | embryonic stage | non-rescuable maternal effect Gs1PM11-19 viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 Gs1GD9817 Sterility Allele female sterile Gs1PM11-19 female sterile | recessive Gs1PM1 Other Phenotypes Allele chemical sensitive Gs1fsP52 electrophoretic variant Gs1c electrophoretic variant | fast Gs1f electrophoretic variant | slow Gs1s wild-type Gs1+t4.8 Phenotype manifest in Allele A2-7 dorsal oblique muscle 2 (with Df(2L)PM1) Gs11 embryonic somatic muscle (with Df(2L)PM1) Gs11 muscle attachment site (with Df(2L)PM1) Gs11
Classical Alleles ( 13 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of Gs1 Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion Gs11 amorphic allele - genetic evidence, loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 1 -- Gs1G3347 P-element activity 1 -- Gs13 amorphic allele - genetic evidence, loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Gs14 amorphic allele - genetic evidence, loss of function allele ethyl nitrosourea 0 -- Gs15 loss of function allele, amorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl nitrosourea 0 -- Gs12 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Gs1c wild-type allele natural population 0 -- Gs1f wild-type allele natural population 0 -- Gs1fsP52 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence P-element activity 0 Yes Gs1PM11-19 PM hybrid dysgenesis 0 Yes Gs1PM1 0 Yes Gs1s wild-type allele natural population 0 -- Gs1thg P-element activity 0 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 5 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of Gs1 Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion Gs1GD9817 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes Gs1HMS02002 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes Gs1+t4.8 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes Gs1NIG.2718R in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Gs1P52-m in vitro construct 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(2L)net-PMF (Caggese et al., 1994) Df(2L)PM1 (Caggese et al., 1992, Caggese et al., 1994) Df(2L)PM45 (Caggese et al., 1988, Larsson et al., 1996) Df(2L)PM91 (Caggese et al., 1988) Df(2L)PMG (Caggese et al., 1988, Caggese et al., 1992, Caggese et al., 1994, Larsson et al., 1996) Df(2L)TE21A (Caggese et al., 1988, Caggese et al., 1992, Caggese et al., 1994, Frenz and Glover, 1996)
Not disrupted in	Df(2L)net3 (Larsson et al., 1996) Df(2L)net18 (Larsson et al., 1996) Df(2L)net78;30 (Larsson et al., 1996) Df(2L)PM1 (Caggese et al., 1988, Larsson et al., 1996) Df(2L)PM4 (Larsson et al., 1996) Df(2L)PM11 (Larsson et al., 1996) Df(2L)PM44 (Caggese et al., 1988, Caggese et al., 1994, Larsson et al., 1996) Df(2L)PM51 (Caggese et al., 1988, Caggese et al., 1992, Larsson et al., 1996) Df(2L)PM59 (Caggese et al., 1988, Caggese et al., 1992, Caggese et al., 1994) Df(2L)PM73 (Caggese et al., 1988) Df(2L)PM82 (Caggese et al., 1988) Df(2L)PM85 (Larsson et al., 1996) Df(2L)PMA (Larsson et al., 1996) Df(2L)PMD (Caggese et al., 1994, Larsson et al., 1996)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data UAS construct P{GD9817} NA P{NIG.2718R} NA P{TRiP.HMS02002} NA characterization construct P{P52} NA P{P52m} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data insertion of enhancer trap P{lacW}l(2)SH0114SH0114 No miscellaneous insertions P{}Gs1thg NA P{hsneo}Gs1fsP52 NA P{UASp-YFP.Rab7}21 NA Tirant{}Gs1PM11-19 NA insertion of mobile activating element P{EP}Gs1G3347 NA
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 7 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 5 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
glutamate-ammonia ligase activity inferred from direct assay (Caggese et al., 1994)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
glutamine metabolic process inferred from genetic interaction with SelD (Shim et al., 2009) inferred from mutant phenotype (Shim et al., 2009) mitochondrion organization inferred from genetic interaction with SelD (Shim et al., 2009) inferred from mutant phenotype (Shim et al., 2009)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
lipid particle inferred from direct assay (Beller et al., 2006) mitochondrion inferred from direct assay (Caggese et al., 1994, Alonso et al., 2005)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 5 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
glutamate-ammonia ligase activity inferred from sequence or structural similarity with EMBL:U09114 (FlyBase, 1992-) non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1991.2.1) glutamate synthase activity non-traceable author statement (Glover, 1998.10.30)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
glutamine biosynthetic process inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR008147 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-) glutamine metabolic process non-traceable author statement (Glover, 1998.10.30)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
mitochondrion non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1991.2.1)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
protein-protein
Interacting group Assay References
Gs1 - 14-3-3ζ anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - ATPsyn-γ anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Aats-asn anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Amyrel experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Gs1 - Arf79F anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Art8 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG12262 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG12264 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG1416 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG15098 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG17259 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG17544 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG18317 experimental knowledge based, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Guruharsha et al., 2011, Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG2064 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG2065 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG32486 experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) Gs1 - CG32631 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23, Guruharsha et al., 2011) Gs1 - CG33303 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG4169 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG5044 experimental knowledge based, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Guruharsha et al., 2011, Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG5568 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG6321 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG6453 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG7033 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG7048 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG7737 experimental knowledge based, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Guruharsha et al., 2011, Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG7791 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG9086 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG9344 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG9536 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CG9911 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - CSN4 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Chc anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Clic experimental knowledge based, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Guruharsha et al., 2011, Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Cyp12d1-p anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Dp1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Ect4 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - EfTuM anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Fatp anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Gale anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Gmd anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - HIP-R anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23, Guruharsha et al., 2011) Gs1 - Hel25E anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Hsp22 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Jupiter anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - KdelR anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - LKR anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Mcm7 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Mec2 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Nc anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23, Guruharsha et al., 2011) Gs1 - Nup44A anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - P32 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Pp2A-29B anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Rab1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Rab5 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Rab6 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - RabX1 experimental knowledge based, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Guruharsha et al., 2011, Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - RnrL anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - RpS21 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Rpb8 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Rpt1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Rpt2 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Rpt5 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Scsα anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Sec23 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Sucb anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - Synd anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23, Guruharsha et al., 2011) Gs1 - Tcp-1ζ anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - cathD anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - eIF-5A anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - fax anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - gho anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - hyd anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - l(1)G0230 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - l(2)03709 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - l(3)01239 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - levy anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - mRpL22 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - mib2 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - mt:CoII anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - mtacp1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - mts anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - mus209 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - poly anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - r anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - tws anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gs1 - wal anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23)
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions Gs1 allele Gene References
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 59433 DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0001142 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0001142 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 33172
Orthologs
OrthoDB Orthologs (51) - based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 5.41
OrthoDB Ortholog Groups
	OrthoDB orthology group searches (Waterhouse et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39(Database issue): D283--D288) Drosophila inclusive ortholog search EOG6B8JZV Dipteran inclusive ortholog search EOG6C2HK2 Insect inclusive ortholog search EOG6HDRQ7 Arthropod inclusive ortholog search EOG6G4F62 Metazoa inclusive ortholog search EOG6R8747
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (EOG6B8JZV)
Organism Common Name Gene AAA Syntenic Ortholog Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\Gs1     Drosophila simulans   Dsim\GD23002 Y   Drosophila sechellia   Dsec\GM16716 Y   Drosophila erecta   Dere\GG24698 Y   Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE16593 Y   Drosophila ananassae   Dana\GF14864 Y   Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura   Dpse\GA15446 Y   Drosophila persimilis   Dper\GL13945 Y   Drosophila willistoni   Dwil\GK24607 Y   Drosophila virilis   Dvir\GJ16218 Y   Drosophila mojavensis   Dmoj\GI16461 Y   Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH10061 Y
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (EOG6C2HK2)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\AAEL001887   Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito  Agam\AGAP008988   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ010973
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (EOG6HDRQ7)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\GB51371 Y Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\GB45377 Y Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG003394 Y Acromyrmex echinatior Panamanian leafcutter ant  Aech\AECH24045 Y Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP20422 Y Camponotus floridanus Florida carpenter ant  Cflo\CFLO19349 Y Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL15099 Y Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH19384 Y Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB11023 Y Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI006239 Y Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI001157 Y Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI001461 Y Bombyx mori Silkmoth  Bmor\BGIBMGA000680 Y Bombyx mori Silkmoth  Bmor\BGIBMGA004280 Y Pediculus humanus Human body louse  Phum\PHUM130940 Y Pediculus humanus Human body louse  Phum\PHUM467880 Y Pediculus humanus Human body louse  Phum\PHUM009660 Y Tribolium castaneum Red flour beetle  Tcas\TC002601 Y
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (EOG6G4F62)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_206496 Y Ixodes scapularis Deer tick  Isca\ISCW018771 Y
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (EOG6R8747)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\gln-1 Y Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\gln-6 Y Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\gln-3 Y Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\gln-5 Y Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\gln-2 Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_023123gn Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\glula Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\glulb Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\zgc:152741 Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\ENSXETG00000012512 Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\glul Y Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\GLUL Y Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\LOC417253 Y Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Glul Y Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\ENSRNOG00000037605 Y Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\PIG59 Y
Human Orthologs (1)
Gene OMIM HGNC Hsap\PIG59
AAA Orthologs (11) based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 4.3
Organism Gene Drosophila simulans Dsim\GD23002 Drosophila sechellia Dsec\GM16716 Drosophila erecta Dere\GG24698 Drosophila yakuba Dyak\GE16593 Drosophila ananassae Dana\GF14864 Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura Dpse\GA15446 Drosophila persimilis Dper\GL13945 Drosophila willistoni Dwil\GK24607 Drosophila virilis Dvir\GJ16218 Drosophila mojavensis Dmoj\GI16461 Drosophila grimshawi Dgri\GH10061
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 4 )
Bloomington	6248 w1; Gs11/CyO 40836 y1 v1; P{TRiP.HMS02002}attP40 27940 y1 w*; P{EP}Gs1G3347/CyO
VDRC	v40174 w1118; P{GD9817}v40174
Genomic Clones ( 1 )
	BACR09J20 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 202 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	LD47536
Other clones	DPiM_LD47536
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	GH03183 GH05721 GH14492 GH26247 GH27751 GM10869 GM15078 HL02978 LD08563 LD09752 LD12745 LD36743 LD45778 LD46334 LD47180 LP03237 LP03422 LP03495 LP06269 LP08363 LP08936 LP09985 LP12081 LP15041 LP19895 RE02718 RE02823 RE07772 RE10819 RE12137 RE12950 RE14318 RE14501 RE14733 RE15038 RE15667 RE15985 RE16646 RE17570 RE18393 RE18453 RE20561 RE20618 RE21865 RE21946 RE22380 RE22586 RE23223 RE31225 RE33339 RE33642 RE33737 RE34557 RE34745 RE37466 RE37703 RE37973 RE38176 RE39324 RE40053 RE42516 RE43785 RE45995 RE49081 RE54239 RE54502 RE57422 RE57678 RE58121 RE58391 RE60101 RE63142 RE64581 RE65035 RE65822 RE68704 RE72681 RE72814 RE73471 RH15812 RH21404 RH24333 RH24552 RH24870 RH36094 RH43746 RH45192 RH51932 RH54733 RH56153 RH56624 RH59923 RH64765 RH65522 RH69428 RH70686 RH73238 RH74165 RH74187 RH74475 SD04371 SD04383 SD04876 SD05595 SD09242 SD13014 SD16087 SD16267 SD19825 SD25379 SD28013
Other clones	Dmel_dig_004318_0650_0432 Dmel_dig_009258_0662_2791 Dmel_dig_018612_0627_0812 Dmel_neb_011320_0687_2052 EC03643 EC22265 EC28235 EC36240 EK015442 EK027339 EK030310 EK031104 EK049164 EK088535 EK095841 EK137620 EK162827 EK182354 EK189339 EK192218 EK195438 EK232953 EK286001 EK292042 EN13404 EN17521 EP10658 GH08895 IP02477 IP02480 IP17288 LD13939 LP07035 RE01807 RE06324 RE06558 RE09182 RE15093 RE15634 RE23207 RE25818 RE30265 RE36053 RE40493 RE44229 RE47871 RE56753 RE56873 RE57593 RE65239 RH09266 RH09459 RH10316 RH13742 RH14634 RH23132 RH23362 RH24567 RH24876 RH25883 RH33413 RH35588 RH37662 RH42130 RH42886 RH43160 RH44770 RH50203 RH50326 RH52868 RH54626 RH55034 RH56006 RH56690 RH56813 RH57081 RH57234 RH61403 RH62259 RH64425 RH66777 RH68712 RH69053 RH69153 RH70375 RH71879 RH74028 RH74677 UUGC0767
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0001142 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 33172
Antibody Information
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of	Source for identity of: Gs1 CG2718 (Kodira, 1999.11)
Source for database merge of
Additional comments	The Gs1 gene may have been derived from the Gs2 gene by retroposition. (Bai et al., 2007)
Other Comments
	Gs1 has a role during embryogenesis. (Frenz and Glover, 1996) Gs1 and Gs2 have been isolated and sequenced. Evolutionary analysis is in agreement with the hypothesis that the two genes are derived from a duplication event that occurred near the time of divergence between Insecta and Vertebrata. Both isoforms catalyse all reactions catalysed by other glutamine synthetases, but the different kinetic parameters and the different cellular compartmentalisation suggests strong functional specialisation. Gs1 and Gs2 gene products are essential for the early stages of embryonic development. Preliminary results show strikingly distinct spatial and temporal patterns of expression of the two isoforms at later stages of development. (Caggese et al., 1994) Gs1 has been cloned and sequenced. (Caizzi et al., 1990) Embryos from Gs1thg mothers have excess nuclei in their yolk. (Shamanski and Orr-Weaver, 1989) Recombinational and deletion mapping have been performed on Gs1. (Caggese et al., 1988) Mutations in Gs1 do not affect the Gs2 enzyme (Caggese et al., 1988).
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_057222 NM_164367 NM_001169368 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_476570 NP_722606 NP_001162839 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AAF51546 AAF51547 AAL13959 AC005334 AC008318 ACZ94131 AI515636 AJ012460 AW943914 AY058730 CAA10031 CAA36971 X52760 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 33172 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • P20477 UniProtKB/TrEMBL • E1JHQ1
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Glutamine synthetase, catalytic domain (IPR008146) Glutamine synthetase, beta-Grasp (IPR008147) Glutamine synthetase/guanido kinase, catalytic domain (IPR014746) Glutamine synthetase, N-terminal conserved site (IPR027302) Glutamine synthetase, glycine-rich site (IPR027303) BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis • LD47536
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 59433 DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0001142 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0001142 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0001142 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0001142 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG2718-RB FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0001142 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 33172 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 33172 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0001142
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 19 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	CG2718 (Riedl et al., 2005, Cammarato et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2010.12.1) fs(2)P52 (Frenz and Glover, 1996) fs(2)throng (Frenz and Glover, 1996) GS1 (Caizzi, 1992.12.2, Caizzi et al., 1990, Shim et al., 2009) Gs1 (Beller et al., 2006, Zhang et al., 2007, Devineni et al., 2011, Gilchrist et al., 2008, Bartkuhn et al., 2009, Juhász et al., 2007, Riedl et al., 2005, Bai et al., 2007, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21) GSI (Frenz and Glover, 1996, Caggese et al., 1988, Caggese et al., 1986) gsI (Caggese et al., 1992) GsI   gs-m (Caggese et al., 1994) l(2)21Bc   mt-gs (Viggiano et al., 1997) thg
Name Synonym	Glutamate-ammonia ligase (Gu, 1998) Glutamine synthetase 1 (Cammarato et al., 2011) glutamine synthetase 1 (Shim et al., 2009) GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE 1 (Alonso et al., 2005) glutamine synthetase I (Glover, 1998.10.30) mitochondrial glutamine synthetase (Viggiano et al., 1997, Caggese et al., 1994) throng
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBgn0003695
References ( 52 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 52 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 21 ) Supplementary material  ( 10 ) Review  ( 1 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 6 ) Abstract  ( 2 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 2 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 2 ) Letter  ( 1 ) Stock list  ( 1 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 2 ) Protein sequence record  ( 1 ) Website  ( 1 ) Book  ( 1 ) Spoof  ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 2 )
	Díaz-Castillo and Ranz, 2012, Mol. Biol. Evol. 29(9): 2105--2108 Nuclear chromosome dynamics in the Drosophila male germ line contribute to the nonrandom genomic distribution of retrogenes. [FBrf0219274] Devineni et al., 2011, Fly 5(3): 191--199 The genetic relationships between ethanol preference, acute ethanol sensitivity, and ethanol tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0214716] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2011 Show reviews ...