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Gene Dmel\knk

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\knk	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	knickkopf	Annotation symbol	CG6217
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0001321
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	8 publicly available
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	3R	Recombination map	3-49.1
Cytogenetic map	85F13-85F13	Sequence location	3R:5,948,087..5,951,386 [-]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents Beta	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene knickkopf is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\knk (CG6217, FBgn0001321). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. Its molecular function is unknown. There is experimental evidence for 11 unique biological process terms, many of which group under: single-organism developmental process; biological regulation; open tracheal system development; system development; organonitrogen compound metabolic process; amino sugar biosynthetic process; regulation of tube architecture, open tracheal system; regulation of anatomical structure size; amino sugar metabolic process; chitin-based cuticle development; anterior/posterior axis specification. 20 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: organ system; multicellular structure; acellular anatomical structure; anatomical structure; tracheal system; cephalopharyngeal skeleton; portion of tissue; embryonic/larval integumentary system; non-connected developing system; late extended germ band embryo. It has one annotated transcript and one annotated polypeptide. Protein features are: DM13 domain; DOMON domain. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of high expression to a trough of very low expression. Peak expression observed at stages throughout the pupal period. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval trachea. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval/adult hindgut, larval carcass. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1624121_at completely aligns to an exonic region of the only FlyBase-annotated transcript isoform of knk. Gene sequence location is 3R:5948087..5951386.
User Contributed Data
	Beta version, feedback welcome
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	knk: knickkopf Homozygous lethal; head skeleton defective; denticle bands narrowed; embryo rarely inverted in egg case.
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
Update Feed	Click the icon below to subscribe to this FlyBase record and receive updates automatically through your feed reader.
FB2013_03
FB2013_02
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 85F13-85F13   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}Fmr1EP3517&P{PZ}tws02414 and P{PZ}jumu06439&P{lacW}l(3)j8B6j8B6
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	3-49.1   3-49 (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987)
Left of (cM)	P{PZ}tws01436 P{PZ}tws02414 (Ostrowski et al., 2002)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\knk for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Gene model reviewed during 5.46
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) knk-RA FBtr0082194  NM_141724   2674   689
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein knk-PA   FBpp0081672   77.7   689   5.89     NP_649981   AAF54497
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • DOMON domain (IPR005018) DM13 domain (IPR019545)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AE014297 AAF54497   AY071192 AAL48814   BI171491   BI216794   BI361691   BI580855   CK657828   CO302928   CO325492   CZ484400   CZ484401   CZ489896   GH794516   GH802674   GH832033   GH848360   GH851964   GH859014   GH868424   GH884698   GH893110   GH932562   GH938245
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/TrEMBL	Q9VH23
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 11 -- 12   foregut primordium   (Fisher et al., 2012) hindgut proper primordium   (Fisher et al., 2012) tracheal primordium   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic stage 13 -- 16   dorsal head epidermis   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic dorsal epidermis   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic foregut   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic hindgut   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic ventral epidermis   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic stage 13 -- 17   trachea   (Moussian et al., 2006) embryonic stage 15 -- 17   embryonic/larval pharynx   (Moussian et al., 2006) embryonic hindgut   (Moussian et al., 2006) embryonic epidermis   (Moussian et al., 2006)
Additional Descriptive Data
	knk transcript is observed in developing tracheae starting at embryonic stage 13, and in the pharynx,epidermis and hindgut starting at embryonic stage 15. (Moussian et al., 2006)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 15 -- 17   epithelial cell of trachea   • apical part of cell (Moussian et al., 2006) embryonic stage 16 -- 17   epidermal cell   • apical part of cell (Moussian et al., 2006)
Additional Descriptive Data
	knk protein is anchored to the apical cell surface of cells in the developing tracheae and epidermis. knk protein is observed to localize to the apical and apical-lateral surface of epithelial cells in the developing trachea from embryonic stage 15, and at the apical surface of epidermal cells from embryonic stage 16. (Moussian et al., 2006)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization (GO Cellular Component)
CV term Evidence References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools
Reference	See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
FlyAtlas Anatomy Microarray
FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (FlyAtlas-RNA.adult) (FlyAtlas-RNA.larva)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval trachea. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval/adult hindgut, larval carcass. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (>999.999) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    13.325 Larval Midgut    20.9 Larval Hindgut    372.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    12.3 Larval Fat Body    14.9 Larval Salivary Gland    17.5 Larval Trachea    545.875 Larval Carcass    347.25 Adult Head    35 Adult Eye    17.55 Adult Brain    5.6 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    10 Adult Crop    60.4 Adult Midgut    18.4 Adult Hindgut    186.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    12 Adult Fat Body    12.5 Adult Salivary Gland    21.5 Adult Heart    7.95 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    14.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    26 Adult Ovary    6.4 Adult Testis    15.2 Adult Male Accessory Gland    10.8 Adult Carcass    33.6 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    13.325 Larval Midgut    20.9 Larval Hindgut    372.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    12.3 Larval Fat Body    14.9 Larval Salivary Gland    17.5 Larval Trachea  (545.875) Larval Carcass    347.25 Adult Head    35 Adult Eye    17.55 Adult Brain    5.6 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    10 Adult Crop    60.4 Adult Midgut    18.4 Adult Hindgut    186.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    12 Adult Fat Body    12.5 Adult Salivary Gland    21.5 Adult Heart    7.95 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    14.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    26 Adult Ovary    6.4 Adult Testis    15.2 Adult Male Accessory Gland    10.8 Adult Carcass    33.6 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    13.325 Larval Midgut    20.9 Larval Hindgut    372.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    12.3 Larval Fat Body    14.9 Larval Salivary Gland    17.5 Larval Trachea    545.875 Larval Carcass    347.25 Adult Head    35 Adult Eye    17.55 Adult Brain    5.6 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    10 Adult Crop    60.4 Adult Midgut    18.4 Adult Hindgut    186.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    12 Adult Fat Body    12.5 Adult Salivary Gland    21.5 Adult Heart    7.95 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    14.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    26 Adult Ovary    6.4 Adult Testis    15.2 Adult Male Accessory Gland    10.8 Adult Carcass    33.6 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    13.325 Larval Midgut    20.9 Larval Hindgut    372.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    12.3 Larval Fat Body    14.9 Larval Salivary Gland    17.5 Larval Trachea    545.875 Larval Carcass    347.25 Adult Head    35 Adult Eye    17.55 Adult Brain    5.6 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    10 Adult Crop    60.4 Adult Midgut    18.4 Adult Hindgut    186.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    12 Adult Fat Body    12.5 Adult Salivary Gland    21.5 Adult Heart    7.95 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    14.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    26 Adult Ovary    6.4 Adult Testis    15.2 Adult Male Accessory Gland    10.8 Adult Carcass    33.6 Expression Level Scale  Very high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    13.325 Larval Midgut    20.9 Larval Hindgut    372.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    12.3 Larval Fat Body    14.9 Larval Salivary Gland    17.5 Larval Trachea    545.875 Larval Carcass    347.25 Adult Head    35 Adult Eye    17.55 Adult Brain    5.6 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    10 Adult Crop    60.4 Adult Midgut    18.4 Adult Hindgut    186.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    12 Adult Fat Body    12.5 Adult Salivary Gland    21.5 Adult Heart    7.95 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    14.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    26 Adult Ovary    6.4 Adult Testis    15.2 Adult Male Accessory Gland    10.8 Adult Carcass    33.6 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    13.325 Larval Midgut    20.9 Larval Hindgut    372.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    12.3 Larval Fat Body    14.9 Larval Salivary Gland    17.5 Larval Trachea  545.875 Larval Carcass    347.25 Adult Head    35 Adult Eye    17.55 Adult Brain    5.6 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    10 Adult Crop    60.4 Adult Midgut    18.4 Adult Hindgut    186.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    12 Adult Fat Body    12.5 Adult Salivary Gland    21.5 Adult Heart    7.95 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    14.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    26 Adult Ovary    6.4 Adult Testis    15.2 Adult Male Accessory Gland    10.8 Adult Carcass    33.6 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    13.325 Larval Midgut    20.9 Larval Hindgut    372.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    12.3 Larval Fat Body    14.9 Larval Salivary Gland    17.5 Larval Trachea    545.875 Larval Carcass    347.25 Adult Head    35 Adult Eye    17.55 Adult Brain    5.6 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    10 Adult Crop    60.4 Adult Midgut    18.4 Adult Hindgut    186.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    12 Adult Fat Body    12.5 Adult Salivary Gland    21.5 Adult Heart    7.95 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    14.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    26 Adult Ovary    6.4 Adult Testis    15.2 Adult Male Accessory Gland    10.8 Adult Carcass    33.6 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    13.325 Larval Midgut    20.9 Larval Hindgut    372.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    12.3 Larval Fat Body    14.9 Larval Salivary Gland    17.5 Larval Trachea    545.875 Larval Carcass    347.25 Adult Head    35 Adult Eye    17.55 Adult Brain    5.6 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    10 Adult Crop    60.4 Adult Midgut    18.4 Adult Hindgut    186.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    12 Adult Fat Body    12.5 Adult Salivary Gland    21.5 Adult Heart    7.95 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    14.8 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    26 Adult Ovary    6.4 Adult Testis    15.2 Adult Male Accessory Gland    10.8 Adult Carcass    33.6 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    35   NA  Eye    17.55   NA  Brain    5.6   13.325  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    no informative data   NA  Crop    60.4   no informative data  Midgut    no informative data   372.3  Hindgut    186.6   no informative data  Malpighian Tubules    no informative data   no informative data  Fat Body    no informative data   17.5  Salivary Gland    no informative data   NA  Heart    7.95   545.875  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    no informative data   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    26   NA  Ovary    6.4   NA  Testis    15.2   NA  Male Accessory Gland    no informative data   347.25  Carcass    no informative data FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
modENCODE Anatomy RNA-Seq
modENCODE Tissue Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_tissues)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    14 central nervous system, larvae L3    4 central nervous system, pupae P8    6 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    4 digestive system, 1-day adult    1 digestive system, 4-day adult    1 digestive system, 20-day adult    1 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    4 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    21 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    1 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    14 central nervous system, larvae L3    4 central nervous system, pupae P8    6 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    4 digestive system, 1-day adult    1 digestive system, 4-day adult    1 digestive system, 20-day adult    1 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    4 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    21 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    1 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    14 central nervous system, larvae L3    4 central nervous system, pupae P8    6 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    4 digestive system, 1-day adult    1 digestive system, 4-day adult    1 digestive system, 20-day adult    1 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    4 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    21 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    1 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    14 central nervous system, larvae L3    4 central nervous system, pupae P8    6 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    4 digestive system, 1-day adult    1 digestive system, 4-day adult    1 digestive system, 20-day adult    1 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    4 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    21 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    1 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    14 central nervous system, larvae L3    4 central nervous system, pupae P8    6 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    4 digestive system, 1-day adult    1 digestive system, 4-day adult    1 digestive system, 20-day adult    1 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    4 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    21 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    1 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    14 central nervous system, larvae L3    4 central nervous system, pupae P8    6 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    4 digestive system, 1-day adult    1 digestive system, 4-day adult    1 digestive system, 20-day adult    1 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    4 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    21 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    1 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    14 central nervous system, larvae L3    4 central nervous system, pupae P8    6 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    4 digestive system, 1-day adult    1 digestive system, 4-day adult    1 digestive system, 20-day adult    1 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    4 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    21 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    1 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    14 central nervous system, larvae L3    4 central nervous system, pupae P8    6 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    1 head, mated 20-day male    2 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    5 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    4 digestive system, 1-day adult    1 digestive system, 4-day adult    1 digestive system, 20-day adult    1 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    4 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    21 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    1 carcass, 20-day adult    1 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering     central nervous system, larvae L3     central nervous system, pupae P8     head, virgin 1-day female     head, virgin 4-day female     head, virgin 20-day female     head, mated 1-day female     head, mated 4-day female     head, mated 20-day female     head, mated 1-day male     head, mated 4-day male     head, mated 20-day male     salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering     salivary gland, white prepupae     digestive system, larvae L3 wandering     digestive system, 1-day adult     digestive system, 4-day adult     digestive system, 20-day adult     fat body, larvae L3 wandering     fat body, white prepupae     fat body, pupae P8     carcass, larvae L3 wandering     carcass, 1-day adult     carcass, 4-day adult     carcass, 20-day adult     ovary, virgin 4-day female     ovary, mated 4-day female     testis, mated 4-day male     accessory gland, mated 4-day male
modENCODE Development RNA-Seq
modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_U)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of high expression to a trough of very low expression. Peak expression observed at stages throughout the pupal period. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    3 embryo 10-12hr    13 embryo 12-14hr    30 embryo 14-16hr    48 embryo 16-18hr    27 embryo 18-20hr    12 embryo 20-22hr    4 embryo 22-24hr    5 larva L1    5 larva L2    20 larva L3 12hr old    13 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    8 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    10 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    21 white prepupae new    30 white prepupae 12hr    108 white prepupae 24hr    34 pupae 2d postWPP    73 pupae 3d postWPP    21 pupae 4d postWPP    20 adult male 01day    7 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    3 embryo 10-12hr    13 embryo 12-14hr  (30) embryo 14-16hr  (48) embryo 16-18hr  (27) embryo 18-20hr    12 embryo 20-22hr    4 embryo 22-24hr    5 larva L1    5 larva L2    20 larva L3 12hr old    13 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    8 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    10 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    21 white prepupae new  (30) white prepupae 12hr  (108) white prepupae 24hr  (34) pupae 2d postWPP  (73) pupae 3d postWPP    21 pupae 4d postWPP    20 adult male 01day    7 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    3 embryo 10-12hr    13 embryo 12-14hr    30 embryo 14-16hr    48 embryo 16-18hr    27 embryo 18-20hr    12 embryo 20-22hr    4 embryo 22-24hr    5 larva L1    5 larva L2    20 larva L3 12hr old    13 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    8 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    10 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    21 white prepupae new    30 white prepupae 12hr  (108) white prepupae 24hr    34 pupae 2d postWPP    73 pupae 3d postWPP    21 pupae 4d postWPP    20 adult male 01day    7 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    3 embryo 10-12hr    13 embryo 12-14hr    30 embryo 14-16hr    48 embryo 16-18hr    27 embryo 18-20hr    12 embryo 20-22hr    4 embryo 22-24hr    5 larva L1    5 larva L2    20 larva L3 12hr old    13 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    8 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    10 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    21 white prepupae new    30 white prepupae 12hr    108 white prepupae 24hr    34 pupae 2d postWPP    73 pupae 3d postWPP    21 pupae 4d postWPP    20 adult male 01day    7 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    3 embryo 10-12hr    13 embryo 12-14hr    30 embryo 14-16hr    48 embryo 16-18hr    27 embryo 18-20hr    12 embryo 20-22hr    4 embryo 22-24hr    5 larva L1    5 larva L2    20 larva L3 12hr old    13 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    8 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    10 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    21 white prepupae new    30 white prepupae 12hr    108 white prepupae 24hr    34 pupae 2d postWPP    73 pupae 3d postWPP    21 pupae 4d postWPP    20 adult male 01day    7 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    3 embryo 10-12hr    13 embryo 12-14hr  30 embryo 14-16hr  (48) embryo 16-18hr  27 embryo 18-20hr    12 embryo 20-22hr    4 embryo 22-24hr    5 larva L1    5 larva L2    20 larva L3 12hr old    13 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    8 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    10 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    21 white prepupae new  30 white prepupae 12hr  (108) white prepupae 24hr  (34) pupae 2d postWPP  (73) pupae 3d postWPP    21 pupae 4d postWPP    20 adult male 01day    7 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    3 embryo 10-12hr    13 embryo 12-14hr    30 embryo 14-16hr    48 embryo 16-18hr    27 embryo 18-20hr    12 embryo 20-22hr    4 embryo 22-24hr    5 larva L1    5 larva L2    20 larva L3 12hr old    13 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    8 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    10 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    21 white prepupae new    30 white prepupae 12hr  108 white prepupae 24hr    34 pupae 2d postWPP    73 pupae 3d postWPP    21 pupae 4d postWPP    20 adult male 01day    7 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    3 embryo 10-12hr    13 embryo 12-14hr    30 embryo 14-16hr    48 embryo 16-18hr    27 embryo 18-20hr    12 embryo 20-22hr    4 embryo 22-24hr    5 larva L1    5 larva L2    20 larva L3 12hr old    13 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    8 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    10 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    21 white prepupae new    30 white prepupae 12hr    108 white prepupae 24hr    34 pupae 2d postWPP    73 pupae 3d postWPP    21 pupae 4d postWPP    20 adult male 01day    7 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    3 adult female 01day    4 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011)
modENCODE Cell Lines RNA-Seq
modENCODE Cell Line Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.A) (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.B)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    1 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    1 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    1 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    1 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    1 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    1 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    1 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    0 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    0 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    1 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+     Schneider line 2 Sg4     embryonic 1182-4H     embryonic GM2     embryonic Kc167     embryonic S1     embryonic S3     leg disc CME L1     wing disc CME-W2     wing disc ML-DmD8     wing disc ML-DmD9     wing disc ML-DmD16-c3     wing disc ML-DmD21     wing disc ML-DmD32     haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3     eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11     antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5     mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1     CNS ML-DmBG1-c1     CNS ML-DmBG2-c2     tumorous blood cells mbn2     ovary fGS/OSS     ovary OSC     ovary OSS
modENCODE Treatments RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatment Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_treatments)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    1 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    6 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    1 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    6 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    1 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    6 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    1 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    6 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    1 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    6 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    1 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    6 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    1 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    6 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    1 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    11 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    1 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    6 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    1 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult     cold shock, 4-day adult     heat shock, 4-day adult     Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3     Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010, Graveley et al., 2011) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_25 mE1_20_mRNA_expression_cluster_14
External Data & Images
Linkouts	BDGP expression data • RE24065 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0001321 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG6217-RA FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data) • Show all FlyExpress processed images for knk Stages(s) 11-12
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele lethal knkunspecified lethal | embryonic stage | recessive knk1 knkunspecified lethal | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 knkGD4952 Other Phenotypes Allele visible | somatic clone knkunspecified Phenotype manifest in Allele cephalopharyngeal skeleton knk1 knk2 knk4 knkunspecified denticle belt knk1 knk2 knk4 knkunspecified embryonic/first instar larval cuticle knk1 embryonic/larval cuticle knk1 knk2 embryonic/larval dorsal trunk knkex59 knk1348 knk1359 embryonic/larval dorsal trunk | embryonic stage 15 knk1 knk2 embryonic/larval dorsal trunk | embryonic stage 16 knk1 knk2 embryonic/larval tracheal system knkex59 knkunspecified knk1348 knk1359 embryonic/larval transverse connective knkex59 epicuticle knk1 knk3-7H eye | somatic clone knk1348 knk1359 larval head knk1 knk2 presumptive embryonic/larval tracheal system knk1 knk2 procuticle knk1 knk3-7H terminal tracheal cell knk1348 knk1359 tracheal system knkunspecified vertical bridge knk1 wing hair | somatic clone knkunspecified
Classical Alleles ( 14 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of knk Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion knk1 amorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 2 Yes knkf01902 piggyBac transposase 2 -- knkf07119 piggyBac transposase 1 -- knk2 amorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes knk4 amorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes knk1348 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- knk1359 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- knk3-7H ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes knk3 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- knk50-12 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes knk56-2 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes knk5 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- knkex59 loss of function allele 0 -- knkunspecified 0 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of knk Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion knkGD4952 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 2 Yes knkKK106472 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes knkNIG.6217R in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes knkScer\UAS.cDa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes knkScer\UAS.cMa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes knkT:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(3R)BSC526 (Christensen et al., 2008.6.11) Df(3R)BSC621 (Cook et al., 2008.9.29) Df(3R)by10 (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987) Df(3R)by62 (Beitel and Krasnow, 2000, Harbecke and Lengyel, 1995) Df(3R)Exel6265 (Ryder, 2004.4.26) Df(3R)FA11 (Jurgens et al., 1984) Ts(YLt;3Lt)G42+Ts(YSt;3Rt)R36 (Jurgens et al., 1984)
Not disrupted in	Df(3R)by10 (Ostrowski et al., 2002)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data UAS construct P{GD4952} NA P{KK106472} NA P{NIG.6217R} NA P{UAS-knk.M} NA characterization construct P{knk-GFP.D} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data miscellaneous insertions PBac{WH}knkf01902 NA PBac{WH}knkf07119 NA insertion of enhancer trap P{luc-sniffer}tws90-14 No
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 11 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 11 terms )
Molecular Function ( 0 terms)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
chitin-based embryonic cuticle biosynthetic process inferred from mutant phenotype (Ostrowski et al., 2002) chitin biosynthetic process inferred from mutant phenotype (Moussian et al., 2006) cuticle chitin biosynthetic process inferred from mutant phenotype (Devine et al., 2005) embryonic epithelial tube formation inferred from mutant phenotype (Devine et al., 2005) open tracheal system development inferred from mutant phenotype (Beitel and Krasnow, 2000, Moussian et al., 2006) regulation of tube architecture, open tracheal system inferred from mutant phenotype (Moussian et al., 2006) regulation of tube diameter, open tracheal system inferred from mutant phenotype (Moussian et al., 2006) regulation of tube size, open tracheal system inferred from mutant phenotype (Beitel and Krasnow, 2000) terminal region determination inferred from genetic interaction with tor (Strecker et al., 1991) torso signaling pathway inferred from genetic interaction with tor (Strecker et al., 1991) trachea morphogenesis inferred from mutant phenotype (Ghabrial et al., 2011)
Cellular Component ( 0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 0 terms )
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
protein-protein
Interacting group Assay References
knk - obst-A pull down, western blot (Petkau et al., 2012)
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions knk allele Gene References knk1 shg (Ostrowski et al., 2002)
External Data
Linkouts	DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0001321 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0001321
Orthologs
OrthoDB Orthologs (46) - based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 5.41
OrthoDB Ortholog Groups
	OrthoDB orthology group searches (Waterhouse et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39(Database issue): D283--D288) Drosophila inclusive ortholog search EOG6G1N1W Dipteran inclusive ortholog search EOG62BXHP Insect inclusive ortholog search EOG631ZT6 Arthropod inclusive ortholog search EOG605QG2 Metazoa inclusive ortholog search EOG618QF7
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (EOG6G1N1W)
Organism Common Name Gene AAA Syntenic Ortholog Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\knk     Drosophila simulans   Dsim\GD20733 Y   Drosophila sechellia   Dsec\GM26184 Y   Drosophila erecta   Dere\GG17300 Y   Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE24703 Y   Drosophila ananassae   Dana\GF18136 Y   Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura   Dpse\GA30064     Drosophila persimilis   Dper\GL23675 Y   Drosophila willistoni   Dwil\GK11432 Y   Drosophila virilis   Dvir\GJ24421 Y   Drosophila mojavensis   Dmoj\GI22389 Y   Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH13421 Y
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (EOG62BXHP)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\AAEL014044   Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito  Agam\AGAP004500   Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito  Agam\AGAP012575   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ012991
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (EOG631ZT6)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\GB50061   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG006620   Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP27702   Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL21362   Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH21120   Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH21118   Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB25912   Solenopsis invicta Red fire ant  Sinv\SINV18302   Solenopsis invicta Red fire ant  Sinv\SINV12907   Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI004851   Bombyx mori Silkmoth  Bmor\BGIBMGA010774   Pediculus humanus Human body louse  Phum\PHUM461040   Tribolium castaneum Red flour beetle  Tcas\Knk
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (EOG605QG2)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\matK Y Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\nau Y Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\Hist1h2ak Y Ixodes scapularis Deer tick  Isca\ISCW024467 Y Ixodes scapularis Deer tick  Isca\ISCW004079 Y Ixodes scapularis Deer tick  Isca\ISCW001689 Y Ixodes scapularis Deer tick  Isca\ISCW003417 Y
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (EOG618QF7)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\H06A10.1 Y Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\F59F5.7 Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_018529gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_011944gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_005664gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_025499gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_006029gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_005155gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_001469gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_027189gn Y
Human Orthologs (0)
Gene OMIM HGNC
AAA Orthologs (11) based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 4.3
Organism Gene Drosophila simulans Dsim\GD20733 Drosophila sechellia Dsec\GM26184 Drosophila erecta Dere\GG17300 Drosophila yakuba Dyak\GE24703 Drosophila ananassae Dana\GF18136 Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura Dpse\GA26697 Drosophila persimilis Dper\GL23675 Drosophila willistoni Dwil\GK11432 Drosophila virilis Dvir\GJ24421 Drosophila mojavensis Dmoj\GI22389 Drosophila grimshawi Dgri\GH13421
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 8 )
Bloomington	18487 w1118; PBac{WH}knkf01902/TM6B, Tb1 3097 ru1 h1 th1 st1 knk1 cu1 sr1 es ca1/TM3, Sb1 Ser1
Harvard	- PBac{WH}knkf01902 - PBac{WH}knkf07119
Kyoto	106838 ru1 h1 th1 st1 knk1 cu1 sr1 es ca1/TM3, Sb1 Ser1
VDRC	v106302 P{KK106472}VIE-260B v44564 w1118; P{GD4952}v44564 v44565 w1118; P{GD4952}v44565/CyO
Genomic Clones ( 1 )
	BACR39F04 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 19 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	RE24065
Other clones	DPiM_RE24065
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	LP24431 RE13280 RE46022 RE75093
Other clones	EK185204 EK196639 RP003013701 RP003126482 RP003241887 RP003406411 RP003488397 RP003494834 RP003555056 RP003577838 RP003618285 RP003646085 RP003660406
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0001321 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 47137
Antibody Information
	polyclonal (Moussian et al., 2006)
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of
Source for database merge of	Source for merge of: knk CG6217 (Ostrowski et al., 2002) Source for merge of: knk gnar (Devine et al., 2005)
Additional comments	One allele is temperature-sensitive.
Other Comments
	knk is an apical GPI-linked protein that acts at the plasma membrane. knk is required for chitin filament assembly in the tracheal lumen and cuticle. (Moussian et al., 2006) Mutation in knk alters tracheal tube size in embryos without affecting other aspects of tracheal development including primary branch budding and outgrowth or branch fusion. (Beitel and Krasnow, 2000) Zygotically active locus involved in the terminal developmental program in the embryo. (Strecker et al., 1991) knk mutants display a defective head skeleton, narrow denticle bands and the embryo is rarely inverted in the egg case. (Jurgens et al., 1984)
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_141724 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_649981 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AAF54497 AAL48814 AY071192 BI216794 CZ484400 CZ484401 CZ489896 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 47137 UniProtKB/TrEMBL • Q9VH23
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • DOMON domain (IPR005018) DM13 domain (IPR019545) BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis • RE24065
Linkouts
	DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0001321 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0001321 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0001321 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0001321 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG6217-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0001321 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 47137 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0001321
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 10 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	CG6217 (Aravind, 2001, Stempfl et al., 2002, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5) dyspneic (Ghabrial et al., 2011) gnar (Beitel and Krasnow, 2000, ) Gnarled (Swanson and Beitel, 2006) knk (Moussian et al., 2006, Christensen et al., 2008.6.11, Cook et al., 2008.9.29, Behr et al., 2007, Tiklova et al., 2010, Gangishetti et al., 2009, Shaik et al., 2011, Gangishetti et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21) Knk (Swanson and Beitel, 2006, Petkau et al., 2012, Tiklová et al., 2010, Norum et al., 2010, Nilton et al., 2010) l(3)85Eg
Name Synonym	dyspneic (Ghabrial et al., 2011) gnarled (Beitel and Krasnow, 2000) knickkopf (Jurgens et al., 1984, Behr et al., 2007) Knickkopf (Norum et al., 2010, Nilton et al., 2010, Shaik et al., 2011)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBgn0037790 FBgn0042639
References ( 44 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 44 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 22 ) Supplementary material  ( 4 ) Review  ( 2 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 10 ) Abstract  ( 1 ) Stock list  ( 2 ) Website  ( 1 ) Book  ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 6 )
	Gangishetti et al., 2012, Insect Mol. Biol. 21(3): 283--295 The transcription factor Grainy head and the steroid hormone ecdysone cooperate during differentiation of the skin of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0218253] Krauchunas et al., 2012, Dev. Biol. 370(1): 125--134 Protein phosphorylation changes reveal new candidates in the regulation of egg activation and early embryogenesis in D. melanogaster. [FBrf0219342] Palgi et al., 2012, BMC Genomics 13: 134 Gene expression analysis of Drosophilaa Manf mutants reveals perturbations in membrane traffic and major metabolic changes. [FBrf0218515] Petkau et al., 2012, J. Biol. Chem. 287(25): 21396--21405 Obstructor-a is required for epithelial extracellular matrix dynamics, exoskeleton function, and tubulogenesis. [FBrf0218765] Ghabrial et al., 2011, PLoS Genet. 7(7): e1002087 A systematic screen for tube morphogenesis and branching genes in the Drosophila tracheal system. [FBrf0214368] Shaik et al., 2011, Glycobiology 21(6): 743--756 The Alg5 ortholog Wollknäuel is essential for correct epidermal differentiation during Drosophila late embryogenesis. [FBrf0214472] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2011 Show reviews ...