FB2021_06, released December 14, 2021

Gene: Dmel\knrl

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\knrl
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
knirps-like
Annotation Symbol
CG4761
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0001323
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
9 publicly available
Gene Summary
knirps-like (knrl) encodes an orphan nuclear hormone receptor with a C4 zinc finger motif, without ligand-binding domain. It is a target gene of the Hedgehog, Wingless and Notch signaling pathways. It controls endoreduplication domains and epithelial morphogenesis in the fore- and hindgut. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

knirps-related, knirps related

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
77D4-77E1
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-47
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:20597141..20620659
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables nuclear receptor activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000637642
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
enables RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000637642
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
enables zinc ion binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001628, InterPro:IPR013088
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Biological Process (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
inferred from direct assay
(Chen et al., 1998)
involved_in regulation of mitotic nuclear division
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Fuss et al., 2001)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in epithelial cell migration, open tracheal system
traceable author statement
(Affolter, 2000)
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000637642
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Cellular Component (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR0 subfamily. (P13054)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
knirps-like (knrl) encodes an orphan nuclear hormone receptor with a C4 zinc finger motif, without ligand-binding domain. It is a target gene of the Hedgehog, Wingless and Notch signaling pathways. It controls endoreduplication domains and epithelial morphogenesis in the fore- and hindgut. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SUBFAMILY 0 (LIGAND-INDEPENDENT) TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -
The nuclear receptor subfamily 0 (NR0) are C4 zinc finger sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that regulate transcription. The NR0 subfamily are atypical, highly divergent members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that have only retained the DNA-binding domain. The absence of a ligand-binding domain suggests that NR0 transcription factors function in a ligand-independent manner. (Adapted from FBrf0086042 and FBrf0184203).
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
knrl: knirps-related
Expressed maternally at low levels in very early stages; expression increases during early embryogenesis and continues in larvae and adults (in contrast to kni, which is first expressed zygotically and does not continue beyond embryonic stages) (Oro et al., 1988; Rothe et al., 1989).
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\knrl for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Gene model reviewed during 6.02

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
knrl-RA
FBtr0078212
NM_176374
3909
647
knrl-RB
FBtr0346815
NM_001316439
2925
647
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

3.8 (northern blot)

(Oro et al., 1988)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank
knrl-PA
FBpp0077870
68.3
647
5.72
NP_788552
AAF51627
knrl-PB
FBpp0312390
68.3
647
5.72
NP_001303368
ALI30490
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

647 aa isoforms: knrl-PA, knrl-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

647 (aa)

(Oro et al., 1988)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\knrl using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
anterior endoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain anlage in statu nascendi
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
foregut anlage in statu nascendi
(Fisher et al., 2012)
head mesoderm anlage
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral ectoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
antennal anlage in statu nascendi

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis anlage in statu nascendi

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual anlage in statu nascendi

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 5
organism | 20-30% egg length

Comment: 25% egg length

(Oro et al., 1988)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
antennal anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
anterior endoderm anlage
(Fisher et al., 2012)
foregut anlage
(Fisher et al., 2012)
head mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
antennal primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
anterior endoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
foregut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
head mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 12
midline primordium | subset
(Kearney et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 10
esophagus primordium
(Fuss et al., 2001)
hindgut proper primordium

Comment: rectum and small intestine primordia

(Fuss et al., 2001)
embryonic stage 10 -- 15
tracheal pit
(Fuss et al., 2001)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
embryonic primordium of adult hindgut precursor

Comment: reported as adult hindgut specific anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal epidermis primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
fat body/gonad primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
foregut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
midline ventral glial cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
rectum primordium

Comment: reported as rectum specific anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
tracheal primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral epidermis primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 15
embryonic large intestine | restricted

Comment: two lateral cells rows on either side of embryonic large intestine

(Fuss et al., 2001)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic precursor of adult hindgut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
atrium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
Bolwig organ
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic dorsal epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic epipharynx
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic foregut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic foregut sensory structure
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic head epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic head sensory system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic hindgut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic Malpighian tubule tip cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic rectum
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic ventral epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval circulatory system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval dorsal vessel
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval visceral branch
(Fisher et al., 2012)
gonad
(Fisher et al., 2012)
labral sensory complex
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 14
embryonic small intestine
(Uddin et al., 2011)
embryonic/larval rectum
(Uddin et al., 2011)
third instar larval stage
wing vein L2 | precursor
(Lunde et al., 1998)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
(Oro et al., 1988)
embryonic cycle 1 -- embryonic cycle 7
organism | ubiquitous
(Oro et al., 1988)
embryonic stage 5
organism | 70% egg length
(Oro et al., 1988)
larval stage
(Oro et al., 1988)
adult stage
(Oro et al., 1988)
Additional Descriptive Data

knrl is expressed in the third instar wing disc in a narrow stripe corresponding to the position of the L2 primordium.

(Lunde et al., 1998)

The knrl transcript is expressed at low levels from 0-3 hours of embryogenesis. Expression levels increase in late embryogenesis and in larvae and adults. In situ hybridization experiments show that, from egg deposition until embryonic cycle 8, the knrl transcript is ubiquitous in the embryo. At embryonic cycle 12, expression is detected at 80-100% egg length in a ventral and anterior region. This expression intensifies at the cellular blastoderm stage, and additional intense expression appears at about 70% and 25% egg length. The e pression at 70% egg length is more intense ventrally than dorsally.

(Oro et al., 1988)
Marker for
 
embryonic small intestine
(Uddin et al., 2011)
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\knrl in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 1 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 11 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of knrl
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of knrl
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 3 )
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Download All OrthoDB Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Hsap\NR1H2
1 of 15
Yes
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
No records found.
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
No records found.
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
No records found.
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
No records found.
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (24)
Cele\nhr-85
2 of 15
Yes
No
Cele\nhr-54
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-59
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-95
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-96
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-99
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-110
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-125
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-127
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-128
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-133
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-177
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-179
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-183
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-195
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-201
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-202
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-203
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-206
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\nhr-207
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\nhr-208
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\nhr-211
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\nhr-213
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\nhr-231
1 of 15
No
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
No records found.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
No records found.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
No records found.
Ortholog(s) in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091908DW )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
AAA Syntenic Ortholog
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Drosophila suzukii
Spotted wing Drosophila
Dsuz\DS10_00004324
Drosophila simulans
Dsim\GD12173
Drosophila sechellia
Dsec\GM22199
Drosophila erecta
Dere\GG13294
Drosophila yakuba
Dyak\GE27591
Drosophila yakuba
Dyak\GE22392
Drosophila ananassae
Dana\GF24122
Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura
Dpse\GA18413
Drosophila persimilis
Dper\GL12764
Drosophila willistoni
Dwil\GK10566
Drosophila virilis
Dvir\GJ13774
Drosophila mojavensis
Dmoj\GI11900
Drosophila grimshawi
Dgri\GH16982
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091509IE )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17021371
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17015140
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17014104
Glossina morsitans
Tsetse fly
Gmor\GMOY006627
Glossina morsitans
Tsetse fly
Gmor\GMOY006631
Lucilia cuprina
Australian sheep blowfly
Lcup\FF38_11175
Lucilia cuprina
Australian sheep blowfly
Lcup\FF38_11171
Lucilia cuprina
Australian sheep blowfly
Lcup\FF38_11168
Mayetiola destructor
Hessian fly
Mdes\Mdes006584
Aedes aegypti
Yellow fever mosquito
Aaeg\AAEL013518
Aedes aegypti
Yellow fever mosquito
Aaeg\AAEL011231
Anopheles darlingi
American malaria mosquito
Adar\ADAC004407
Anopheles gambiae
Malaria mosquito
Agam\AGAP010438
Anopheles gambiae
Malaria mosquito
Agam\AGAP028221
Culex quinquefasciatus
Southern house mosquito
Cqui\CPIJ004741
Culex quinquefasciatus
Southern house mosquito
Cqui\CPIJ013614
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W0AD0 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Apis florea
Little honeybee
Aflo\3508582804
Apis mellifera
Western honey bee
Amel\GB48727
Bombus impatiens
Common eastern bumble bee
Bimp\BIMP19277
Bombus terrestris
Buff-tailed bumblebee
Bter\15213948
Linepithema humile
Argentine ant
Lhum\LH22284
Megachile rotundata
Alfalfa leafcutting bee
Mrot\MROTU:0002d1
Tribolium castaneum
Red flour beetle
Tcas\TC003413
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM470190
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC025065
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid
Apim\ACYPI48166
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X0AGS )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strigamia maritima
European centipede
Smar\SMAR012614
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM78724.1
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur34g00430
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_290668
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_290673
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091G0960 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Nr1x
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
orthoMCL
Panther
RoundUp
Alignment
eg
4 of 10
kni
4 of 10
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Model Summary Ribbon
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
    Select Layout:
    Legend:
    Protein
    RNA
    Selected Interactor(s)
    Interactions Browser
    View in Interactions Browser
    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    knrl - BthD
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    knrl - CG14036
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    knrl - CG5953
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based
    (Rhee et al., 2014)
    knrl - CHOp24
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based
    (Rhee et al., 2014)
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    esyN Network Key:
    Suppression
    Enhancement
    View in Interactions Browser
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    knrl
    enhanceable
    kay
    (Gritzan et al., 2002)
    knrl
    enhanceable
    kni
    (Fuss et al., 2001)
    knrl
    suppressible
    puc
    (Gritzan et al., 2002)
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    btl
    suppressible
    knrl
    (Myat et al., 2005)
    kni
    enhanceable
    knrl
    (Fuss et al., 2001)
    kni
    suppressible
    knrl
    (Lunde et al., 2003)
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
    External Data
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3L
    Recombination map
    3-47
    Cytogenetic map
    77D4-77E1
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    77D4-77E1
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}trblEP3519 and P{EP}fngEP3082&P{lacW}skdL7062
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    77E1-77E2
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    (Oro et al., 1988)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-47

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    3-43.7

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (9)
    Genomic Clones (27)
    cDNA Clones (7)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Other Information
      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database identify of
      Source for database merge of
      Additional comments

      No loss-of-function alleles have been isolated.

      (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
      Other Comments

      Both Dpp and FGF pathways control knrl expression.

      (Myat et al., 2005)

      kni and knrl appear to be important in spatially restricting endoreduplication domains.

      (Fuss et al., 2001)

      knrl and kni possess multiple and redundant functions during tracheal development. knrl/ kni activity is necessary to mediate dpp signalling (which is required for tracheal cell migration and formation of dorsal and ventral branches). knrl/ kni activity in dorsal tracheal cells is essential for secondary and terminal branch formation, via repression of salm.

      (Chen et al., 1998)

      Rescue of the kni- embryonic abdominal segmentation phenotype by Res requires another gene, it is likely this is knrl.

      (Ruden and Jäckle, 1995)

      The biochemically equivalent gene products of kni and knrl are both functional in the head anlage and lack of one gene can be overcome by the activity of the other. kni is also required for abdominal segmentation and knrl is nonfunctional in its posterior expression domain. Therefore the kni/knrl pair of genes provides a region-specific buffering system, rather than global functional redundancy.

      (Gonzalez-Gaitan et al., 1994)

      Regulation of kni and knrl in their common anterior expression domain requires the same trans-acting factors. Both genes fail to be activated by bcd or dl.

      (Rothe et al., 1994)

      knrl differs from kni with respect to transcrition unit size, kni contains 1kb and knrl contains 19kb intron sequences. The consequence of the intron difference is that knrl cannot substitute for kni segmentation function. The length of the mitotic cycle provides a physiological barrier to transcript size and could be a significant factor in controlling developmental gene activity during short phenocritical periods.

      (Rothe et al., 1992)

      knrl is closely related to kni. knrl is one of the most diverged steroid receptor-like molecules.

      (Oro et al., 1989)

      Identification: Isolated from a genomic library using a Drosophila kni zinc-finger probe.

      (Rothe et al., 1989)

      Identification: Isolated from a genomic library using a human retinoic acid receptor cDNA probe.

      (Oro et al., 1988)
      Origin and Etymology
      Discoverer
      Etymology
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      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 44 )
      Sequence Crossreferences
      NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
      GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
      GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
      RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
      UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      Other crossreferences
      BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
      DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
      EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
      Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
      FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
      FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
      Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
      Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
      FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
      GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
      InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
      KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
      MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
      modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
      MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (9)
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      References (112)