FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\kto
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\kto
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
kohtalo
Annotation Symbol
CG8491
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0001324
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
24 publicly available
Gene Summary
kohtalo (kto) encodes a subunit of the kinase module of the mediator complex. It is not required for all the transcriptional functions of mediator, but links it to a set of transcription factors that are involved in developmental signaling. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Med12, psg14, Trap230, dTRAP230

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
76D1-76D1
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-46
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:19836614..19844944
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (16 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q7KTX8
(Janody et al., 2003)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:P25008
(Loncle et al., 2007)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VT57
(Loncle et al., 2007)
enables transcription coregulator activity
inferred from direct assay
(Janody et al., 2003)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables transcription coactivator activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN008702713
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables transcription coregulator activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR019035
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (9 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in autophagic cell death
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014)
involved_in chaeta development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Loncle et al., 2007)
involved_in compound eye development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Loncle et al., 2007)
involved_in imaginal disc-derived leg segmentation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Loncle et al., 2007)
involved_in positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Carrera et al., 2008)
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from direct assay
(Janody et al., 2003)
involved_in response to ecdysone
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014)
involved_in sex comb development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Loncle et al., 2007)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN008702713
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR019035
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of CKM complex
inferred from direct assay
(Loncle et al., 2007)
part_of core mediator complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:MED17; FB:FBgn0038578
(Marr et al., 2014)
part_of mediator complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:CycC; FB:FBgn0004597,FLYBASE:Cdk8; FB:FBgn0015618
(Loncle et al., 2007)
inferred from direct assay
(Janody et al., 2003)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:skd; FB:FBgn0003415
(Marr et al., 2014)
located_in polytene chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Marr et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of mediator complex
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR019035
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN008702713
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 12 family. (Q9VW47)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
kohtalo (kto) encodes a subunit of the kinase module of the mediator complex. It is not required for all the transcriptional functions of mediator, but links it to a set of transcription factors that are involved in developmental signaling. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Pathway (FlyBase)
POSITIVE REGULATORS OF WNT-TCF SIGNALING PATHWAY -
Positive regulators of Wnt-TCF (canonical Wnt) signaling up-regulate the pathway, resulting in the enhancement of transcriptional regulation mediated by β-catenin (arm).
Gene Group (FlyBase)
CKM COMPLEX -
The CKM complex is a Cdk8 kinase module which reversibly associates with the Mediator complex (MED) and modulates the transcription coregulator activity of MED. (Adapted from FBrf0191850.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated gene transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Required for leg and eye development and macrochaete specification or differentiation.
(UniProt, Q9VW47)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
kto: kohtalo (J.A. Kennison)
Isolated as a dominant suppressor of Pc mutations. Also suppresses Pcl alleles as well as Msc, Mrt, and AntpScx. Associated with recessive larval lethality.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\kto for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VW47)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
kto-RA
FBtr0074884
NM_080047
7740
2531
kto-RB
FBtr0304716
NM_001259906
1723
534
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
kto-PA
FBpp0074653
279.5
2531
7.60
Q9VW47
NP_524786
AAF49103
kto-PB
FBpp0293259
58.0
534
12.01
M9NDW3
NP_001246835
AFH04506
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of the Cdk8 module of the Mediator complex, composed of CycC, Cdk8, kto and skd.

(UniProt, Q9VW47)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\kto using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.34

Transcript Expression
dissected tissue
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
wandering third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval salivary gland

Comment: from -12 hr APF

(Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014)
prepupal stage P1 -- P4
embryonic/larval salivary gland

Comment: peak at P4

(Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014)
Additional Descriptive Data

Expression increases after the prepupal (+10 hr APF) ecdysone pulse.

(Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
organism | ubiquitous
• nucleus
(Janody et al., 2003)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
day 5 of adulthood | male -- day 7 of adulthood | male
spermatozoon
(Wasbrough et al., 2010)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of CKM complex
inferred from direct assay
(Loncle et al., 2007)
part_of core mediator complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:MED17; FB:FBgn0038578
(Marr et al., 2014)
part_of mediator complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:CycC; FB:FBgn0004597,FLYBASE:Cdk8; FB:FBgn0015618
(Loncle et al., 2007)
inferred from direct assay
(Janody et al., 2003)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:skd; FB:FBgn0003415
(Marr et al., 2014)
located_in polytene chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Marr et al., 2014)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\kto in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 16 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 18 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of kto
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of kto
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 30 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 30 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(3L)25-21
(Cooper et al., 2010, de Ayala Alonso et al., 2007, Veraksa et al., 2002)
Df(3L)A23
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)ash1A16
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)BSC2
(Cooper et al., 2010, de Ayala Alonso et al., 2007, Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, 1999.2.23)
Df(3L)BSC445
(Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014, Cooper et al., 2010, Christensen et al., 2008.4.15)
Df(3L)BSC552
(Christensen et al., 2008.7.11)
Df(3L)ED228
(Miller et al., 2020, Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014, Cooper et al., 2010, de Ayala Alonso et al., 2007)
Df(3L)ED229
(Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014, Sapiro et al., 2013, de Ayala Alonso et al., 2007)
Df(3L)Exel9007
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)Exel9008
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)Exel9009
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)kto2
(Cooper et al., 2010, Zhu et al., 2005, Veraksa et al., 2002, Gross and McGinnis, 1996)
Df(3L)kto22
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)XS411
(Cooper et al., 2010, de Ayala Alonso et al., 2007)
Df(3L)XS533
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)XS543
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)XS572
(Cooper et al., 2010, de Ayala Alonso et al., 2007)
Df(3L)XS705
(Cooper et al., 2010, de Ayala Alonso et al., 2007)
Df(3L)XS917
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)XS2182
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Gene not disrupted in
Df(3L)BSC1
(Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, 1999.2.23)
Df(3L)BSC20
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)BSC417
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)ED4799
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)ED4858
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)Exel6135
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)Exel9011
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)Exel9045
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)Exel9046
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Df(3L)pipeA13
(Cooper et al., 2010)
Inferred from location ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal (with Df(3L)ED228)
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
partially lethal, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
partially lethal, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PFa, Scer\GAL4ey.200.Exel
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal mitotic cell cycle | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4nub-AC-62
abnormal neuroanatomy | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4wor.PA, Scer\GAL80ase.PN
abnormal size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PFa, Scer\GAL4ey.200.Exel
abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
decreased size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PU
increased cell number | P-stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
long lived | calorie restriction conditional, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible, with Scer\GAL4vg.PM
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PU
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PFa, Scer\GAL4ey.200.Exel
visible | somatic clone
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
antennal disc
embryonic/larval salivary gland | prepupal stage
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PU
eye, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PFa, Scer\GAL4ey.200.Exel
eye | somatic clone - Minute background
eye disc
leg | prepupal stage
leg | somatic clone - Minute background
mesonotum, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
mesothoracic bristle | somatic clone
mesothoracic bristle | somatic clone - Minute background
neuroblast | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4wor.PA, Scer\GAL80ase.PN
optic neuroblast | P-stage | increased number | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
photoreceptor neuron
prothoracic tarsal segment | somatic clone
sex comb tooth | somatic clone
trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
wing, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544
wing | somatic clone
wing blade, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544
wing disc | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4nub-AC-62
wing disc | somatic clone
wing disc | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL
wing margin, with Scer\GAL4vg.PM
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (2)
Hsap\MED12L
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\MED12
12 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)
Rnor\Med12
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Med12l
6 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)
Mmus\Med12l
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Med12
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (1)
Xtro\med12
9 of 13
Yes
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
Drer\med12
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\dpy-22
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002523
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (1)
Atha\CCT
2 of 13
Yes
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\SRB8
2 of 13
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:kto. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
ktoHMS01062
model of  obesity
CEA
(Lee et al., 2014)
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 3 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
ktoHMS01062
ameliorates  Huntington's disease
modeled by Hsap\HTTN548.Q128.UAS
(Martin et al., 2021)
exacerbates  cancer
modeled by RbfHMS03004
(Parkhitko et al., 2021)
ktoHMS06027
exacerbates  Parkinson's disease 1
modeled by Hsap\SNCAUAS.cJa
(Ren et al., 2022)
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
MED12L; mediator complex subunit 12L
13 of 14
611318
    MED12; mediator complex subunit 12
    12 of 14
    300188
     
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    kto
    enhanceable
    skd
    (Janody et al., 2003)
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    BEAF-32
    enhanceable
    kto
    (Yamaguchi et al., 2001)
    CycE
    suppressible
    kto
    (Brumby et al., 2002)
    E(z)
    suppressible
    kto
    (Bajusz et al., 2001)
    E(z)
    enhanceable
    kto
    (Bajusz et al., 2001)
    Pc
    suppressible
    kto
    (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
    sev|Ras85D
    suppressible
    kto
    (Maixner et al., 1998)
    skd
    enhanceable
    kto
    (Janody et al., 2003)
    upd1
    suppressible
    kto
    (Bach et al., 2003)
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
    Component of the Cdk8 module of the Mediator complex, composed of CycC, Cdk8, kto and skd.
    (UniProt, Q9VW47 )
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3L
    Recombination map
    3-46
    Cytogenetic map
    76D1-76D1
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    76D1-76D1
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(3)L3809L3809 and P{lacW}l(3)L1243L1243&P{lacW}Mi-2j3D4
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    76D1-76D1
    (Treisman, 2000.11.27)
    76B-76D
    (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
    Location from complementation analysis with deficiency and duplication chromosomes (details unspecified).
    (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-46

    (FlyBase, 2016, Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)

    3-45.6

    (Sapiro et al., 2013)

    3-43.2

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    (de Ayala Alonso et al., 2007)
    Right of (cM)
    (de Ayala Alonso et al., 2007)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (24)
    Genomic Clones (14)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (14)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     

    polyclonal

    (Li et al., 2024, Janody et al., 2003)
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        Both skd and kto are required to establish normal cell affinity differences at the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral compartment boundaries of the wing disc.

        (Janody et al., 2003)

        skd and kto seem to act together to promote specific cell fate decisions, transmitting either a novel signal or a combination of signals.

        (Treisman, 2001)

        Sections of the Scr regulatory region may be important for regulation of Scr by Polycomb- and trithorax-group genes.

        (Gindhart and Kaufman, 1995)

        kto is one of the 18 loci identified in a screen for dominant modifiers of Pc and/or Antp phenotypes. Alleles of Pc, Pcl, Scm, Dll, brm, kto, Scr and trx show clear dominant enhancement or suppression of AntpScx, whereas alleles of vtd, Vha55, Su(Pc)37D, urd, mor, skd and osa do not.

        (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: kto CG8491

        (FlyBase, 1996-)
        Additional comments

        Source for merge of kto CG8491 was sequence comparison ( date:010116 ).

        (FlyBase, 1996-)
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (22)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        Brm @ Kto
        (Oh et al., 2013)
        CG8491
        (Dahlberg et al., 2015, Hosono et al., 2015, Lu and Fuller, 2015, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Zhang et al., 2010, Perkins et al., 2009, Holloway et al., 2008, Kim et al., 2004, Gim et al., 2001, Boube et al., 2000)
        KTO
        (Kingston and Tamkun, 2014)
        Kto
        (Li et al., 2022, Homem et al., 2014, Wang et al., 2014, Janody and Treisman, 2011, Lim et al., 2007, Bourbon et al., 2004, Guglielmi et al., 2004)
        Kto/Med12
        (Loncle et al., 2005)
        MED12
        (Neves and Eisenman, 2019, Swaminathan et al., 2010, Stadeli, 2006, Kim and Lis, 2005, Bourbon et al., 2004, Kim et al., 2004)
        Med12
        (Li et al., 2024, Ren et al., 2022, Li et al., 2020, Yang et al., 2017, Lu and Fuller, 2015, Homem et al., 2014, Kuuluvainen et al., 2014, Marr et al., 2014, Chen et al., 2012, Gobert et al., 2010, Loncle et al., 2007, Kim and Lis, 2005, Kim et al., 2004)
        SRB8
        (Boube et al., 2000)
        Srb8/KTO/TRAP230
        (Boube et al., 2002)
        Trap230
        (Kim and Lis, 2005, Johnson et al., 2001)
        dTRAP230
        (Park et al., 2001, Boube et al., 2000)
        dTrap230
        (Gim et al., 2001)
        kto
        (Pavlidaki et al., 2022, Bilder et al., 2021, Martin et al., 2021, Parkhitko et al., 2021, Kennison, 2020.10.22, Kuang et al., 2020, Dasari et al., 2018, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Sarov et al., 2016, Dahlberg et al., 2015, Xie et al., 2015, Mao et al., 2014, Tang et al., 2013, Vasanthi et al., 2013, Hainaut et al., 2012, Wang et al., 2012, Bhatia et al., 2010, Cooper et al., 2010, Saj et al., 2010, Smulders-Srinivasan et al., 2010, Swaminathan et al., 2010, Wasbrough et al., 2010, Carrera et al., 2008, Christensen et al., 2008.4.15, Christensen et al., 2008.7.11, Holloway et al., 2008, Petruk et al., 2008, Vázquez et al., 2008, Chang et al., 2007, de Ayala Alonso et al., 2007, Hirose et al., 2001)
        l(3)76BDc
        (Cooper et al., 2010)
        med12
        (Nguyen and Cheng, 2024, Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014)
        med12/kto
        (Terriente-Félix et al., 2010)
        psg14
        (Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014, Sapiro et al., 2013)
        siren1
        (de Ayala Alonso et al., 2007)
        Name Synonyms
        Kohtalo
        (Kingston and Tamkun, 2014, Wang et al., 2014, Janody and Treisman, 2011)
        Mediator complex subunit 12
        (Bourbon et al., 2004)
        khotalo
        (Sollars et al., 2003)
        kohtalo
        (Zaytseva and Quinn, 2017, Tang et al., 2013, Carrera et al., 2008, Lim et al., 2007, Kim and Lis, 2005)
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0036912
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 38 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        References (151)