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Gene Dmel\Kr

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\Kr	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	Kruppel	Annotation symbol	CG3340
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0001325
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	45 publicly available
Also Known As	If, Kruppel
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	2R	Recombination map	2-107.6
Cytogenetic map	60F5-60F5	Sequence location	2R:21,114,138..21,117,057 [+]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents modENCODE GBrowse	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene Kruppel is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\Kr (CG3340, FBgn0001325). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity; sequence-specific DNA binding; sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: wing disc development; neuroblast fate determination; axon guidance; compound eye development; negative regulation of gene expression; negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; chromatin silencing. 96 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: organ system; hypodermal muscle of larval abdomen; embryonic segment; thoracic segment; organ system subdivision; embryonic abdomen; embryonic/larval neuron; abdominal ventral denticle belt; primordium; embryonic/larval excretory system. It has one annotated transcript and one annotated polypeptide. Protein features are: Zinc finger, C2H2; Zinc finger, C2H2-like; Zinc finger, C2H2-type/integrase, DNA-binding. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of high expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-12 hour embryonic stages. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval fat body. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1629753_at completely aligns to an exonic region of the only FlyBase-annotated transcript isoform of Kr. Gene sequence location is 2R:21114138..21117057.
External Summaries
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	Kr: Kruppel The wild-type allele of Kruppel controls the development of the thoracic and abdominal segments of Drosophilia; homozygous mutants show a gap in the larval pattern in these regions (Nusslein-Volhard and Wieschaus, 1980; Knipple, et al., 1987). Kr/+ adult sometimes has thoracic malformation; a leg or a wing may be absent; penetrance low. Heterozygous larvae show small defects in denticle bands of thorax and abdomen as do heterozygous deficiencies for Kr; penetrance about 80%. Homozygotes are embryonic lethal. Kr1 homozygotes exhibit shortened germ band of but three to four segments with three to four tracheal pits; visible beginning at 7h of embryogenesis; head and gnathal segments apparently normal. At later stages only three to four abdominal and thoracic segments clearly visible; normal telson and segments 8 and 7 followed by enlarged sixth, a rudimentary fifth and apparently mirror image sixth segment. Weak and intermediate mutant alleles lack the mirror-image duplications (Gaul and Jackle, 1987, Trends Genet. 3: 127-30). Ventral chain of ganglia disconnected; tracheal system defective; Malpighian tubules missing; salivary glands normal. Homozygotes for hypomorphic alleles display more nearly complete segmentation. Homozygous M+ Kr clones develop normally in all parts of adult cuticle of M/+ flies. Metamorphic potential of Kr/Kr embryos cultured in female abdomens restricted in that wing-disc-derived structures not observed. Germline clones of homozygous Kr cells capable of normal oogenesis; no maternal effect of Kr+ observed. Requirement for Kr+ function apparently restricted to early embryogenesis. Kr affects ftz producing abnormal intensity and spacing of ftz stripes in thorax and anterior abdomen (Carroll and Scott, 1986, Cell 45: 113-26). If: Irregular facets In heterozygote, eye area about one-half normal; narrow and pointed ventrally; facets irregular and often missing across middle of eyes, sometimes fused or absent in ventral portion. In homozygote, eyes are narrow slits with smooth glossy surface. In the eye disk of late third instar larvae, fairly large number of cell clusters in irregular arrangement, especially in ventral half of disk (Renfranz and Benzer, 1989). Viability and fertility good. RK1.
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2012_01	References Mace et al., 2010, Bioinformatics 26(6): 761--769 Tchuraev and Galimzyanov, 2009, J. Theor. Biol. 259(4): 659--669 Dobi et al., 2011, Fly 5(2): 68--75 Schreader et al., 2010, Int. J. Dev. Biol. 54(10): 1425--1433 Fowlkes et al., 2011, PLoS Genet. 7(10): e1002346 Link et al., 2007, J. Cell Biol. 178(4): 567--574 Sequence features HFA04622 BKN24565 Controlled Vocabulary Terms lateral longitudinal muscle sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity negative regulation of gene expression metathoracic lateral transverse muscle 4 mesothoracic lateral transverse muscle 2 mesothoracic lateral transverse muscle 4 A1-7 lateral transverse muscle 4 precursor A1-7 ventral acute muscle 2 early stomodeal invagination metathoracic lateral transverse muscle 2 A1-7 lateral transverse muscle 2
FB2011_10	References He et al., 2010, PLoS Comput. Biol. 6(9): Gurunathan et al., 2004, BMC Bioinformatics 5: 202 Grad et al., 2004, Bioinformatics 20(16): 2738--2750 Nakajima et al., 2010, PLoS Comput. Biol. 6(4): e1000760 Ashyraliyev et al., 2009, PLoS Comput. Biol. 5(10): e1000548 Marco et al., 2009, Bioinformatics 25(19): 2473--2477 Zamparo and Perkins, 2009, Bioinformatics 25(20): 2670--2676
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 60F5-60F5   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}CG2790EP412&P{EP}CG3776EP835 and P{EP}zipEP856&P{PZ}l(2)1048103263
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 60F1-60F5   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Spradling et al., 1999) 60F1-60F5     (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999) 60F3-60F3   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Knipple et al., 1985)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	2-107.6 (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987, Ives, 1967)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)	or bw sp (Ives, 1967)
Notes	Mapped using KrIf-1. (Ives, 1967)
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Kr for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) Kr-RA FBtr0072449  NM_079143   2547   502
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	2.5 (northern blot) (Preiss et al., 1985, Jiang et al., 1986)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein Kr-PA   FBpp0072351   54.7   502   7.47     NP_523867   AAF47321
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)	402, 256 (aa) (Sauer and Jackle, 1993)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Zinc finger, C2H2 (IPR007087) Zinc finger, C2H2-type/integrase, DNA-binding (IPR013087) Zinc finger, C2H2-like (IPR015880)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AE013599 AAF47321   AY071280 AAL48902   BH900945   BI213302   BI235108   BI235610   BI374491   BT044068   CO176968   CO177200   CO187019   CO187031   CO196556   CO196665   CO262684   CO263657   CO271252   CO275925   CO285881   CO286442   CO287515   CO287665   CO287920   CO287937   CO288602   CO289967   CO290930   CO290933   CO291191   CO298201   CO303772   CO311686   CO312109   CO332061   CO342777   EC056830   EC057242   EC058608   EC058661   EC067796   EC068941   EC070026   EC070171   EC070604   EC079212   EC080464   EC081711   EC082189   EC082379   EC082892   EC086030   EC196014   EC213788   EC214525   EC218769   EC218901   EC219438   EC220061   EC228781   EC229350   EC231305   EC236786   EC241479   EC242541   G00455   GH753980   GH778843   GH785957   GH802790   GH805181   GH807674   GH821279   GH827574   GH830626   GH846261   GH864084   GH871374   GH875643   GH923049   GH931057   X03414 CAA27148
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	P07247
UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References protein binding site FBsf0000161123 2R:21,110,251..21,110,266 bound_moiety=tll-XP comment=tll-binding site 1; tll is a repressor of bcd-mediated Kr expression. evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1992, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160023 2R:21,110,274..21,110,327 bound_moiety=hb-XP comment=hb-binding sites 1 and 2 (strong binding sites) evidence=experimental (Bergman et al., 2004, Hoch et al., 1991) protein binding site FBsf0000160024 2R:21,110,347..21,110,366 bound_moiety=hb-XP comment=hb-binding site 3 (medium binding site) evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1991, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160025 2R:21,110,374..21,110,397 bound_moiety=bcd-XP comment=bcd-binding site 1 (strong binding site) evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1992, Hoch et al., 1991, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160026 2R:21,110,386..21,110,395 bound_moiety=tll-XP comment=tll-binding site 2; tll is a repressor of bcd-mediated Kr expression. evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1992, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000161127 2R:21,110,391..21,110,403 bound_moiety=hb-XP comment=hb-binding site 4 (weak binding site) evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1991, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160027 2R:21,110,404..21,110,411 bound_moiety=tll-XP comment=tll-binding site 3; tll is a repressor of bcd-mediated Kr expression. evidence=experimental (Bergman et al., 2004, Hoch et al., 1992) protein binding site FBsf0000161125 2R:21,110,404..21,110,437 bound_moiety=bcd-XP comment=bcd-binding sites 2 and 3 (weak binding sites) evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1992, Hoch et al., 1991, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160028 2R:21,110,455..21,110,464 bound_moiety=tll-XP comment=tll-binding site 4; tll is a repressor of bcd-mediated Kr expression. evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1992, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160012 2R:21,110,470..21,110,498 bound_moiety=bcd-XP comment=bcd-binding sites 4 and 5 (weak/medium binding sites) evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1992, Hoch et al., 1991) protein binding site FBsf0000160013 2R:21,110,487..21,110,498 bound_moiety=tll-XP comment=tll-binding site 5; tll is a repressor of bcd-mediated Kr expression. evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1992, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000161122 2R:21,110,511..21,110,523 bound_moiety=hb-XP comment=hb-binding site 5 (medium binding site) evidence=experimental (Bergman et al., 2004, Hoch et al., 1991) protein binding site FBsf0000161126 2R:21,110,536..21,110,554 bound_moiety=hb-XP comment=hb-binding site 6 (weak binding sites) evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1991, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160014 2R:21,110,733..21,110,751 bound_moiety=tll-XP comment=tll-binding site 6; tll is a repressor of bcd-mediated Kr expression. evidence=experimental (Bergman et al., 2004, Hoch et al., 1992) protein binding site FBsf0000160015 2R:21,110,752..21,110,799 bound_moiety=hb-XP comment=hb-binding sites 7, 8, 9, and 10 (medium binding sites) evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1991, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160016 2R:21,110,807..21,110,822 bound_moiety=kni-XP comment=kni-binding site 1 (strong binding site). kni is a repressor of bcd-mediated Kr expression. evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1992, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160017 2R:21,110,811..21,110,830 bound_moiety=bcd-XP comment=bcd-binding site 6 (medium binding sites) evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1992, Hoch et al., 1991) protein binding site FBsf0000160019 2R:21,110,828..21,110,836 bound_moiety=tll-XP comment=tll-binding site 7; tll is a repressor of bcd-mediated Kr expression. evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1992, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160020 2R:21,110,829..21,110,844 bound_moiety=gt-XP comment=gt binding site in the Kr CD1 element. evidence=experimental (Bergman et al., 2004, Capovilla et al., 1992) protein binding site FBsf0000160021 2R:21,112,818..21,112,833 bound_moiety=gt-XP comment=gt-binding site in the Kr CD2 element. evidence=experimental (Bergman et al., 2004, Capovilla et al., 1992) protein binding site FBsf0000160022 2R:21,114,028..21,114,042 bound_moiety=Trl-XP evidence=experimental (Bergman et al., 2004, Kerrigan et al., 1991) protein binding site FBsf0000160007 2R:21,114,078..21,114,089 bound_moiety=Trl-XP evidence=experimental (Kerrigan et al., 1991, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160008 2R:21,114,095..21,114,107 bound_moiety=Trl-XP evidence=experimental (Kerrigan et al., 1991, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160009 2R:21,114,196..21,114,209 bound_moiety=Trl-XP evidence=experimental (Bergman et al., 2004, Kerrigan et al., 1991) protein binding site FBsf0000160010 2R:21,114,226..21,114,241 bound_moiety=Trl-XP evidence=experimental (Kerrigan et al., 1991, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160011 2R:21,114,279..21,114,290 bound_moiety=Trl-XP evidence=experimental (Bergman et al., 2004, Kerrigan et al., 1991) protein binding site FBsf0000159803 2R:21,099,308..21,099,329 bound_moiety=fkh-XP evidence=experimental (Bergman et al., 2004, Hoch and Jackle, 1998) protein binding site FBsf0000160758 2R:21,110,463..21,110,506 bound_moiety=bcd-XP evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1992, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160759 2R:21,114,107..21,114,124 evidence=experimental bound_moiety=Unspecified-XP (Burke and Kadonaga, 1996, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000160760 2R:21,114,045..21,114,049 bound_moiety=Trl-XP evidence=experimental (Kerrigan et al., 1991, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000161116 2R:21,114,141..21,114,155 evidence=experimental (Burke and Kadonaga, 1996, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site FBsf0000161117 2R:21,110,827..21,110,836 bound_moiety=tll-XP evidence=experimental (Hoch et al., 1992, Bergman et al., 2004) regulatory region FBsf0000161359 2R:21,096,852..21,113,286 comment=Fragment drives reporter expression in the anterior pole, central domain, posterior domain, Malpighian tubules, amnioserosa, muscle precursor cells, Bolwig's organ, nervous system and midline precursor cells but not in the anterior domain. linked_to=SalI-SalI_rfrag (Hoch et al., 1990) regulatory region FBsf0000161360 2R:21,104,941..21,108,079 comment=(MP1/AS1/NS1) fragment drives reporter expression in the Malpighian tubules, amnioserosa, and nervous system. linked_to=PstI-PstI_rfrag (Hoch et al., 1990) regulatory region FBsf0000161361 2R:21,110,142..21,111,305 comment=(CD1) fragment drives reporter expression in the central domain. linked_to=BamHI-NcoI_rfrag (Hoch et al., 1990) regulatory region FBsf0000161354 2R:21,110,575..21,111,121 comment=(AS2/MP2) fragment drives reporter expression in the amnioserosa(AS2) and Malpighian tubules (MP2). linked_to=StuI-HindIII_rfrag (Hoch et al., 1990) regulatory region FBsf0000161355 2R:21,111,116..21,111,711 comment=(AS3) fragment drives reporter expression in the amnioserosa. linked_to=HindIII-BglII_rfrag (Hoch et al., 1990) regulatory region FBsf0000161356 2R:21,111,575..21,111,711 comment=(M) fragment drives reporter expression in muscle precursor cells. linked_to=NcoI-BglII_rfrag (Hoch et al., 1990) regulatory region FBsf0000161357 2R:21,111,575..21,113,286 comment=(CD2/AD2) fragment drives reporter expression in the anterior domain and the central domain. linked_to=NcoI-SalI_rfrag (Hoch et al., 1990) regulatory region FBsf0000161358 2R:21,113,281..21,115,029 comment=(AD2 and NS2) fragments drive reporter expression in the anterior domain and the nervous system. linked_to=SalI-NotI_rfrag (Hoch et al., 1990)
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	EPD - Eukarytoic Promoter Database, an annotated collection of POL II promoters • 23030
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
No Assay Recorded Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage -- pupal stage     (Jiang et al., 1986) embryonic stage 14   embryonic/larval muscle system   (Gaul et al., 1987) in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage | early   organism | medial   (Gavis and Lehmann, 1992) blastoderm stage   organism | 40-60% egg length   (Hulskamp et al., 1990) Comment:39-57% egg length embryonic stage 4   organism | 40-60% egg length   (Boring et al., 1993) embryonic stage 4 -- 6   organism | gap expression pattern   (Hoch et al., 1990) organism | 40-60% egg length   (Hoch et al., 1990) embryonic stage 5   organism | 40-60% egg length   (Jacob et al., 1991) organism | 90% egg length   (Jacob et al., 1991) Comment:faint second band at 88% egg length organism | gap expression pattern   (Capovilla et al., 1992) embryonic stage 5 -- 6   organism | 80% egg length   (Hoch et al., 1990) organism | 0-10% egg length   (Hoch et al., 1990) embryonic stage 9   ventral midline neuroblast   (Jacob et al., 1991) embryonic stage 11   epidermis | striped   (Jacob et al., 1991) embryonic stage 12 -- 17   Bolwig organ   (Sheng et al., 1997) embryonic stage 14   embryonic brain   (Gaul et al., 1987) embryonic/larval nervous system   (Gaul et al., 1987) northern blot Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 4 -- 10     (Jiang et al., 1986, Preiss et al., 1985)
Additional Descriptive Data
	The primary Kr transcript is most abundant in 2-5 hour embryos, but transcripts are detected through pupal stages at lower levels. (Jiang et al., 1986) Kr transcript is first expressed in early blastoderm stage embryos in a broad central stripe. Late blastoderm stage embryos have an additional anterior stripe (80% egg length) and posterior stripe (90-100% egg length) of Kr transcript expression. By early gastrulation, the anterior stripe resolves into two stripes, and the central band into four stripes of differing intensities. (Hoch et al., 1990) Kr is detected in 4-6 Bolwig's organ (BO) precursor cells in stage 12 embryos. In stage 16 embryos, Kr is detected in 12 BO cells. (Sheng et al., 1997) No Kr protein is detected in nosbcd.3UTR embryos. (Gavis and Lehmann, 1992) The Kr transcript is expressed in the early embryo in a central stripe spanning from 40% to 60% egg length. (Boring et al., 1993) In germ band retracted embryos, Kr transcripts are detected in the embryonic brain, as well as the precursor lateral muscle cells, significant levels are also detected in developing neural tissue. (Gaul et al., 1987) Kr is expressed in the middle of the blastoderm embryo from approximately 39-57% egg length. (Hulskamp et al., 1990) A 2.5kb Kr transcript is detected at high levels in 2-5 hour embryos. (Preiss et al., 1985)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Notes
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 4   organism | 40-60% egg length   (Gaul et al., 1987) embryonic stage 4 -- 5   organism | gap expression pattern   • nucleus (Small et al., 1991) embryonic stage 4 -- 6   organism | gap expression pattern   • nucleus (Hoch et al., 1990) organism | 40-60% egg length   • nucleus (Hoch et al., 1990) embryonic stage 5   organism | gap expression pattern   (Hoch and Jackle, 1998, Stanojevic et al., 1989, Langeland and Carroll, 1993, Langeland et al., 1994) posterior ectoderm derivative   (Hoch and Jackle, 1998) organism | 40-60% egg length   (Hoch et al., 1991) embryonic stage 5 -- 6   organism | 80% egg length   • nucleus (Hoch et al., 1990) embryonic stage 6   organism | 0-10% egg length   • nucleus (Hoch et al., 1990) embryonic stage 8   Malpighian tubule primordium   (Hoch and Jackle, 1998) embryonic cycle 14A   organism | gap expression pattern   • nucleus (Gursky et al., 2001) embryonic stage 9 -- 12   Malpighian tubule primordium   • nucleus (Hoch et al., 1990) stomodeal invagination   • nucleus (Hoch et al., 1990) embryonic stage 9 -- 14   amnioserosa   • nucleus (Hoch et al., 1990) embryonic stage 9 -- 17   presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system   • nucleus (Hoch et al., 1990) embryonic stage 10   neuroblast NB3-3   (Tsuji et al., 2008) early stomodeal invagination   (Gonzalez-Gaitan and Jackle, 2000) embryonic stage 10 -- 17   embryonic Malpighian tubule   (Ainsworth et al., 2000) embryonic stage 11   amnioserosa   • nucleus (Lamka and Lipshitz, 1999) embryonic stage 11 -- 12   Malpighian tubule tip cell primordium   (Hoch and Jackle, 1998) embryonic stage 12 -- 13   embryonic myoblast   (Yarnitzky et al., 1998) embryonic stage 12 -- 14   somatic muscle primordium   • nucleus (Hoch et al., 1990) embryonic stage 13   adult muscle precursor primordium | restricted   (Chen and Olson, 2001) embryonic Malpighian tubule tip cell   (Ainsworth et al., 2000) embryonic stage 13 -- 16   amnioserosa   (Stronach and Perrimon, 2001) embryonic stage 14 -- 15   A1-7 lateral transverse muscle 2 | precursor   (Jagla et al., 1999) mesothoracic lateral transverse muscle 2 | precursor   (Jagla et al., 1999) metathoracic lateral transverse muscle 2 | precursor   (Jagla et al., 1999) A1-7 lateral transverse muscle 4 | precursor   (Jagla et al., 1999) mesothoracic lateral transverse muscle 4 | precursor   (Jagla et al., 1999) metathoracic lateral transverse muscle 4 | precursor   (Jagla et al., 1999) lateral longitudinal muscle | precursor   (Jagla et al., 1999) A1-7 ventral acute muscle 2 | precursor   (Jagla et al., 1999) embryonic stage 16 -- 17   Bolwig organ   • nucleus (Hoch et al., 1990) embryonic/larval brain | restricted   • nucleus (Hoch et al., 1990) ventral nerve cord | restricted   • nucleus (Hoch et al., 1990) embryonic stage 17   EL neuron | subset   (Tsuji et al., 2008)
Additional Descriptive Data
	In blastoderm embryos, the Kr protein expression domain extends from the posterior border of eve stripe 2 to the anterior border of eve stripe 5. (Small et al., 1991) In blastoderm stageembryos, Kr protein is localized to the dorsal and ventral periphery, in aband ranging from 10-12 nuclei dorsally and 14-16 nuclei ventrally (40-60% egglength). Staining is highest in the central domain, and fades in a gradedfashion towards the edges of this "Kr domain". (Gaul et al., 1987) The Malpighian tubule cells are alocated and evert from the embryonic hindgut during extended germband stage. From this stage on protein is detected in the tubule cells. (Ainsworth et al., 2000) Protein is detected in a subset of myoblasts, the founder cells, in stage 13 embryos. As additional cells are recruited to the developing myotubes expression is observed in these clusters corresponding to fusing myotubes. (Chen and Olson, 2001)
Marker for
	amnioserosa embryonic myoblast
Subcellular Localization
CV Term	nucleus (Gaul et al., 1987)
Notes
High-Throughput Expression Data
or
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes. modENCODE Temporal Expression Data for FBgn0001325    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales max expr for FBgn0001325 Very low expression bin max Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of high expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-12 hour embryonic stages. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No expression (0 - 0)   Extremely low expression (1 - 10)   Very low expression (11 - 100)   Low expression (101 - 400)   Moderate expression (401 - 1400)   Moderately high expression (1401 - 4000)   High expression (4001 - 10000)   Very high expression (10001 - 100000)   Extremely high expression (100001 - 2000000) Linear, scaled to maximum FBgn0001325 expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    295 embryo 02-04hr    6084 embryo 04-06hr    8610 embryo 06-08hr    4638 embryo 08-10hr    2311 embryo 10-12hr    1304 embryo 12-14hr    1087 embryo 14-16hr    715 embryo 16-18hr    659 embryo 18-20hr    505 embryo 20-22hr    425 embryo 22-24hr    537 larva L1    412 larva L2    132 larva L3 12hr old    305 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    672 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    571 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    615 white prepupae new    595 white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr    54 pupae 2d postWPP    62 pupae 3d postWPP    27 pupae 4d postWPP    29 adult male 01day    29 adult male 05day    47 adult male 30day    32 adult female 01day    34 adult female 05day    16 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  Linear, scaled to Very low expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (295) embryo 02-04hr  (6084) embryo 04-06hr  (8610) embryo 06-08hr  (4638) embryo 08-10hr  (2311) embryo 10-12hr  (1304) embryo 12-14hr  (1087) embryo 14-16hr  (715) embryo 16-18hr  (659) embryo 18-20hr  (505) embryo 20-22hr  (425) embryo 22-24hr  (537) larva L1  (412) larva L2  (132) larva L3 12hr old  (305) larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (672) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (571) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (615) white prepupae new  (595) white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr    54 pupae 2d postWPP    62 pupae 3d postWPP    27 pupae 4d postWPP    29 adult male 01day    29 adult male 05day    47 adult male 30day    32 adult female 01day    34 adult female 05day    16 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    295 embryo 02-04hr  (6084) embryo 04-06hr  (8610) embryo 06-08hr  (4638) embryo 08-10hr  (2311) embryo 10-12hr    1304 embryo 12-14hr    1087 embryo 14-16hr    715 embryo 16-18hr    659 embryo 18-20hr    505 embryo 20-22hr    425 embryo 22-24hr    537 larva L1    412 larva L2    132 larva L3 12hr old    305 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    672 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    571 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    615 white prepupae new    595 white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr    54 pupae 2d postWPP    62 pupae 3d postWPP    27 pupae 4d postWPP    29 adult male 01day    29 adult male 05day    47 adult male 30day    32 adult female 01day    34 adult female 05day    16 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    295 embryo 02-04hr    6084 embryo 04-06hr    8610 embryo 06-08hr    4638 embryo 08-10hr    2311 embryo 10-12hr    1304 embryo 12-14hr    1087 embryo 14-16hr    715 embryo 16-18hr    659 embryo 18-20hr    505 embryo 20-22hr    425 embryo 22-24hr    537 larva L1    412 larva L2    132 larva L3 12hr old    305 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    672 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    571 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    615 white prepupae new    595 white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr    54 pupae 2d postWPP    62 pupae 3d postWPP    27 pupae 4d postWPP    29 adult male 01day    29 adult male 05day    47 adult male 30day    32 adult female 01day    34 adult female 05day    16 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    295 embryo 02-04hr    6084 embryo 04-06hr    8610 embryo 06-08hr    4638 embryo 08-10hr    2311 embryo 10-12hr    1304 embryo 12-14hr    1087 embryo 14-16hr    715 embryo 16-18hr    659 embryo 18-20hr    505 embryo 20-22hr    425 embryo 22-24hr    537 larva L1    412 larva L2    132 larva L3 12hr old    305 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    672 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    571 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    615 white prepupae new    595 white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr    54 pupae 2d postWPP    62 pupae 3d postWPP    27 pupae 4d postWPP    29 adult male 01day    29 adult male 05day    47 adult male 30day    32 adult female 01day    34 adult female 05day    16 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum FBgn0001325 expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    295 embryo 02-04hr    6084 embryo 04-06hr    8610 embryo 06-08hr    4638 embryo 08-10hr    2311 embryo 10-12hr    1304 embryo 12-14hr    1087 embryo 14-16hr    715 embryo 16-18hr    659 embryo 18-20hr    505 embryo 20-22hr    425 embryo 22-24hr    537 larva L1    412 larva L2    132 larva L3 12hr old    305 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    672 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    571 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    615 white prepupae new    595 white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr    54 pupae 2d postWPP    62 pupae 3d postWPP    27 pupae 4d postWPP    29 adult male 01day    29 adult male 05day    47 adult male 30day    32 adult female 01day    34 adult female 05day    16 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very low expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (295) embryo 02-04hr  (6084) embryo 04-06hr  (8610) embryo 06-08hr  (4638) embryo 08-10hr  (2311) embryo 10-12hr  (1304) embryo 12-14hr  (1087) embryo 14-16hr  (715) embryo 16-18hr  (659) embryo 18-20hr  (505) embryo 20-22hr  (425) embryo 22-24hr  (537) larva L1  (412) larva L2  132 larva L3 12hr old  (305) larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (672) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (571) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (615) white prepupae new  (595) white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr    54 pupae 2d postWPP    62 pupae 3d postWPP    27 pupae 4d postWPP    29 adult male 01day    29 adult male 05day    47 adult male 30day    32 adult female 01day    34 adult female 05day    16 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    295 embryo 02-04hr  (6084) embryo 04-06hr  (8610) embryo 06-08hr  (4638) embryo 08-10hr  2311 embryo 10-12hr    1304 embryo 12-14hr    1087 embryo 14-16hr    715 embryo 16-18hr    659 embryo 18-20hr    505 embryo 20-22hr    425 embryo 22-24hr    537 larva L1    412 larva L2    132 larva L3 12hr old    305 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    672 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    571 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    615 white prepupae new    595 white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr    54 pupae 2d postWPP    62 pupae 3d postWPP    27 pupae 4d postWPP    29 adult male 01day    29 adult male 05day    47 adult male 30day    32 adult female 01day    34 adult female 05day    16 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    295 embryo 02-04hr    6084 embryo 04-06hr    8610 embryo 06-08hr    4638 embryo 08-10hr    2311 embryo 10-12hr    1304 embryo 12-14hr    1087 embryo 14-16hr    715 embryo 16-18hr    659 embryo 18-20hr    505 embryo 20-22hr    425 embryo 22-24hr    537 larva L1    412 larva L2    132 larva L3 12hr old    305 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    672 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    571 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    615 white prepupae new    595 white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr    54 pupae 2d postWPP    62 pupae 3d postWPP    27 pupae 4d postWPP    29 adult male 01day    29 adult male 05day    47 adult male 30day    32 adult female 01day    34 adult female 05day    16 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    295 embryo 02-04hr    6084 embryo 04-06hr    8610 embryo 06-08hr    4638 embryo 08-10hr    2311 embryo 10-12hr    1304 embryo 12-14hr    1087 embryo 14-16hr    715 embryo 16-18hr    659 embryo 18-20hr    505 embryo 20-22hr    425 embryo 22-24hr    537 larva L1    412 larva L2    132 larva L3 12hr old    305 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    672 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    571 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    615 white prepupae new    595 white prepupae 12hr    90 white prepupae 24hr    54 pupae 2d postWPP    62 pupae 3d postWPP    27 pupae 4d postWPP    29 adult male 01day    29 adult male 05day    47 adult male 30day    32 adult female 01day    34 adult female 05day    16 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data for FBgn0001325    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales max expr for FBgn0001325 Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval fat body. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (1000 - 25000) Linear, scaled to maximum FBgn0001325 expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    42.575 Larval Midgut    1.6 Larval Hindgut no informative data Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Larval Fat Body    668.8 Larval Salivary Gland    13.8 Larval Trachea    5.6 Larval Carcass    8.375 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    3.125 Adult Brain    16.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    19.2 Adult Crop    5.9 Adult Midgut    1.1 Adult Hindgut    4.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    4.125 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    5.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    5.8 Adult Ovary    1.7 Adult Testis    3.7 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.8 Adult Carcass    5.1 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    42.575 Larval Midgut    1.6 Larval Hindgut no informative data Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Larval Fat Body  (668.8) Larval Salivary Gland    13.8 Larval Trachea    5.6 Larval Carcass    8.375 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    3.125 Adult Brain    16.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    19.2 Adult Crop    5.9 Adult Midgut    1.1 Adult Hindgut    4.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    4.125 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    5.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    5.8 Adult Ovary    1.7 Adult Testis    3.7 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.8 Adult Carcass    5.1 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    42.575 Larval Midgut    1.6 Larval Hindgut no informative data Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Larval Fat Body    668.8 Larval Salivary Gland    13.8 Larval Trachea    5.6 Larval Carcass    8.375 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    3.125 Adult Brain    16.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    19.2 Adult Crop    5.9 Adult Midgut    1.1 Adult Hindgut    4.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    4.125 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    5.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    5.8 Adult Ovary    1.7 Adult Testis    3.7 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.8 Adult Carcass    5.1 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    42.575 Larval Midgut    1.6 Larval Hindgut no informative data Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Larval Fat Body    668.8 Larval Salivary Gland    13.8 Larval Trachea    5.6 Larval Carcass    8.375 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    3.125 Adult Brain    16.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    19.2 Adult Crop    5.9 Adult Midgut    1.1 Adult Hindgut    4.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    4.125 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    5.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    5.8 Adult Ovary    1.7 Adult Testis    3.7 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.8 Adult Carcass    5.1 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to maximum FBgn0001325 expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    42.575 Larval Midgut    1.6 Larval Hindgut no informative data Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Larval Fat Body    668.8 Larval Salivary Gland    13.8 Larval Trachea    5.6 Larval Carcass    8.375 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    3.125 Adult Brain    16.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    19.2 Adult Crop    5.9 Adult Midgut    1.1 Adult Hindgut    4.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    4.125 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    5.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    5.8 Adult Ovary    1.7 Adult Testis    3.7 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.8 Adult Carcass    5.1 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    42.575 Larval Midgut    1.6 Larval Hindgut no informative data Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Larval Fat Body  668.8 Larval Salivary Gland    13.8 Larval Trachea    5.6 Larval Carcass    8.375 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    3.125 Adult Brain    16.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    19.2 Adult Crop    5.9 Adult Midgut    1.1 Adult Hindgut    4.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    4.125 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    5.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    5.8 Adult Ovary    1.7 Adult Testis    3.7 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.8 Adult Carcass    5.1 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    42.575 Larval Midgut    1.6 Larval Hindgut no informative data Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Larval Fat Body    668.8 Larval Salivary Gland    13.8 Larval Trachea    5.6 Larval Carcass    8.375 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    3.125 Adult Brain    16.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    19.2 Adult Crop    5.9 Adult Midgut    1.1 Adult Hindgut    4.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    4.125 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    5.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    5.8 Adult Ovary    1.7 Adult Testis    3.7 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.8 Adult Carcass    5.1 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    42.575 Larval Midgut    1.6 Larval Hindgut no informative data Larval Malpighian Tubules    5.7 Larval Fat Body    668.8 Larval Salivary Gland    13.8 Larval Trachea    5.6 Larval Carcass    8.375 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    3.125 Adult Brain    16.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    19.2 Adult Crop    5.9 Adult Midgut    1.1 Adult Hindgut    4.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    11.8 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    4.125 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    5.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    5.8 Adult Ovary    1.7 Adult Testis    3.7 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.8 Adult Carcass    5.1 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut no informative data Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    4.4   NA  Eye    3.125   NA  Brain    16.2   42.575  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    19.2   NA  Crop    5.9   1.6  Midgut    1.1   no informative data  Hindgut    4.4   5.7  Malpighian Tubules    3.7   668.8  Fat Body    11.8   13.8  Salivary Gland    no informative data   NA  Heart    4.125   5.6  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    5.9   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    5.8   NA  Ovary    1.7   NA  Testis    3.7   NA  Male Accessory Gland    6.8   8.375  Carcass    5.1 modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011) FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_31
External Data & Images
Linkouts	FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0001325 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG3340-RA FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data) • Show all FlyExpress processed images for Kr Stages(s) 4-6 Stages(s) 7-8 Stages(s) 9-10 Stages(s) 11-12 Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele lethal Kr00895 lethal | embryonic stage | gap | recessive Krunspecified lethal | embryonic stage | recessive Kr2 Kr3 Kr5 Kr7 Kr8 Kr11 Kr12 Kr13 Kr15 Kr16 Kr17 Kr18 Kr19 Kr25 Kr28 KrIf-R1 lethal | recessive Kr00895 Krk05826 viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 KrGD1471 Other Phenotypes Allele neuroanatomy defective, with Scer\GAL4sca-4512 KrScer\UAS.cHa neuroanatomy defective | heat sensitive Krhs.PS neuroanatomy defective | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4pros.PMG KrScer\UAS.cHa visible KrIf-1 visible, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH KrScer\UAS.cHa visible, with Scer\GAL4hs.2sev KrScer\UAS.cHa visible | dominant Kr25 KrIf-1 KrIf-R1 Krunspecified Phenotype manifest in Allele A1-7 dorsal acute muscle 1, with Kr1 KrmCD A1-7 dorsal acute muscle 1, with KrmCD Kr1 A1-7 lateral longitudinal muscle 1, with Kr1 KrmCD A1-7 lateral longitudinal muscle 1, with KrmCD Kr1 A1-7 lateral transverse muscle 2, with Kr1 KrmCD A1-7 lateral transverse muscle 2, with KrmCD Kr1 A1-7 lateral transverse muscle 4, with Kr1 KrmCD A1-7 lateral transverse muscle 4, with KrmCD Kr1 A1-7 lateral transverse muscle, with Scer\GAL4how-24B KrScer\UAS.cHa A1-7 ventral acute muscle 2, with Kr1 KrmCD A1-7 ventral acute muscle 2, with KrmCD Kr1 A1-7 ventral oblique muscle 2, with Kr1 KrmCD A1-7 ventral oblique muscle 2, with KrmCD Kr1 A1-7 ventral oblique muscle 5, with Kr1 KrmCD A1-7 ventral oblique muscle 5, with KrmCD Kr1 abdomen Kr1 abdominal 1 ventral denticle belt Kr00895 abdominal 2 ventral acute muscle 1, with Scer\GAL4how-24B, Scer\GAL4twi.PB KrScer\UAS.cHa abdominal 2 ventral denticle belt Kr00895 abdominal 3 ventral acute muscle 1, with Scer\GAL4how-24B, Scer\GAL4twi.PB KrScer\UAS.cHa abdominal 3 ventral denticle belt Kr00895 abdominal 4 ventral acute muscle 1, with Scer\GAL4how-24B, Scer\GAL4twi.PB KrScer\UAS.cHa abdominal 4 ventral denticle belt Kr00895 abdominal 5 ventral acute muscle 1, with Scer\GAL4how-24B, Scer\GAL4twi.PB KrScer\UAS.cHa abdominal 6 ventral acute muscle 1, with Scer\GAL4how-24B, Scer\GAL4twi.PB KrScer\UAS.cHa abdominal 7 ventral acute muscle 1, with Scer\GAL4how-24B, Scer\GAL4twi.PB KrScer\UAS.cHa abdominal segment 6 Krtwi.PN abdominal segment 7 Krtwi.PN abdominal segmental nerve, with Scer\GAL4ftz.ng KrScer\UAS.cHa adult cuticle | ectopic KrIf-1 adult mesothoracic segment Krunspecified commissure Kr1 embryonic/first instar larval cuticle Kr1 Kr9 embryonic/larval anterior Malpighian tubule Kr19 Kr25 embryonic/larval hindgut | embryonic stage Kr1 Kr21 Kr29 Kr9 embryonic/larval Malpighian tubule Kr1 Kr21 Kr29 Kr9 embryonic/larval midgut | embryonic stage | posterior Kr21 Kr29 embryonic/larval posterior Malpighian tubule Kr19 Kr25 embryonic/larval ureter Kr21 Kr29 embryonic abdomen | anterior KrI embryonic abdominal segment Kr9 embryonic abdominal segment 1 Kr11 Kr12 Kr13 Kr15 Kr16 Kr17 Kr18 Kr19 Kr2 Kr20 Kr21 Kr22 Kr23 Kr24 Kr25 Kr26 Kr27 Kr28 Kr3 Kr5 Kr7 Kr8 Kr9 Krunspecified embryonic abdominal segment 2 Kr11 Kr12 Kr13 Kr15 Kr16 Kr17 Kr18 Kr19 Kr2 Kr20 Kr21 Kr22 Kr23 Kr24 Kr25 Kr26 Kr27 Kr28 Kr3 Kr5 Kr7 Kr8 Kr9 Krunspecified embryonic abdominal segment 3 Kr11 Kr12 Kr13 Kr15 Kr16 Kr17 Kr18 Kr19 Kr2 Kr21 Kr22 Kr23 Kr24 Kr25 Kr26 Kr28 Kr3 Kr5 Kr7 Kr8 Kr9 Krunspecified embryonic abdominal segment 4 Kr11 Kr12 Kr13 Kr15 Kr16 Kr17 Kr18 Kr19 Kr2 Kr21 Kr28 Kr3 Kr5 Kr7 Kr8 Kr9 Krunspecified embryonic abdominal segment 5 Kr11 Kr12 Kr13 Kr15 Kr2 Kr28 Kr3 Kr5 Kr7 Kr8 Kr9 Krunspecified embryonic Malpighian tubule Kr9 embryonic mesothoracic segment Kr11 Kr12 Kr13 Kr15 Kr16 Kr17 Kr18 Kr19 Kr2 Kr20 Kr21 Kr22 Kr23 Kr24 Kr25 Kr26 Kr27 Kr28 Kr3 Kr5 Kr7 Kr8 Kr9 KrI Krunspecified embryonic metathoracic segment Kr11 Kr12 Kr13 Kr15 Kr16 Kr17 Kr18 Kr19 Kr2 Kr20 Kr21 Kr22 Kr23 Kr24 Kr25 Kr26 Kr27 Kr28 Kr3 Kr5 Kr7 Kr8 Kr9 KrI Krunspecified embryonic prothoracic segment Kr11 Kr12 Kr13 Kr15 Kr16 Kr17 Kr18 Kr2 Kr28 Kr3 Kr5 Kr7 Kr8 Kr9 Krunspecified embryonic segment Kr25 KrIf-R1 EW1 neuron, with Kr1 KrmCD EW1 neuron, with KrmCD Kr1 EW2 neuron, with Kr1 KrmCD EW2 neuron, with KrmCD Kr1 EW2 neuron | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E KrScer\UAS.cHa EW3 neuron, with Kr1 KrmCD EW3 neuron, with KrmCD Kr1 extended germ band embryo Kr1 KrdsRNA.cBa eye Kr25 KrIf-1 KrIf-R1 eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH KrScer\UAS.cHa eye, with Scer\GAL4hs.2sev KrScer\UAS.cHa eye disc KrIf-1 ganglion mother cell GMC1-1a, with Kr1 KrmCD ganglion mother cell GMC1-1a, with KrmCD Kr1 glial cell Kr1 larval abdomen | anterior | embryonic stage Kr1 larval abdominal segment Kr1 larval mesothoracic segment Krunspecified larval thorax Kr1 larval thorax | embryonic stage Kr1 longitudinal connective Kr1 Malpighian tubule Kr1 Kr19 Malpighian tubule primordium Kr2 Malpighian tubule primordium, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1 KrScer\UAS.cHa Malpighian tubule tip cell Krhs.PS Malpighian tubule tip cell, with Scer\GAL4da.G32 KrScer\UAS.cHa mesoderm, with Kr1 KrmCD mesoderm, with KrmCD Kr1 mesoderm, with Scer\GAL4how-24B, Scer\GAL4twi.PB KrScer\UAS.cHa mesothoracic segment Kr00895 metathoracic segment Kr00895 midgut constriction Kr2 neuroblast NB7-1, with Kr1 KrmCD neuroblast NB7-1, with KrmCD Kr1 neuroblast NB7-3, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E KrScer\UAS.cHa ommatidium KrIf-1 ommatidium, with Scer\GAL4hs.2sev KrScer\UAS.cHa retina | ventral, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH KrScer\UAS.cAa rhabdomere KrIf-1 RP neuron, with Scer\GAL4ftz.ng KrScer\UAS.cHa RP neuron, with Scer\GAL4how-24B KrScer\UAS.cHa serotonergic neuron Kr1 thorax Kr1 U3 neuron | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E KrScer\UAS.cHa U3 neuron | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4sca-4512 KrScer\UAS.cHa U3 neuron | ectopic | heat sensitive Krhs.PS U3 neuron | ectopic | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4pros.PMG KrScer\UAS.cHa
Classical Alleles ( 36 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of Kr Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion KrIf-1 neomorphic allele - genetic evidence spontaneous 30 -- Kr1 amorphic allele - genetic evidence, loss of function allele spontaneous 3 -- Kr2 ethyl methanesulfonate 3 -- Krk05826 P-element activity 2 -- Kr13 X ray 1 -- Kr17 ethyl methanesulfonate 1 Yes Kr21 ethyl methanesulfonate 1 Yes Kr22 ethyl methanesulfonate 1 -- Kr23 ethyl methanesulfonate 1 -- Kr24 ethyl methanesulfonate 1 -- Kr26 ethyl methanesulfonate 1 -- Kr27 ethyl methanesulfonate 1 -- KrKG07725 P-element activity 1 -- Kr9 loss of function allele, amorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Kr00895 P-element activity 0 -- Kr106 0 -- Kr11 X ray 0 Yes Kr12 X ray 0 Yes Kr15 spontaneous ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Kr16 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Kr18 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Kr19 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Kr20 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Kr256 0 -- Kr25 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Kr28 P-element activity 0 -- Kr29 P-element activity 0 -- Kr3 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Kr5 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Kr62-125 0 -- Kr7 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Kr8 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- KrB206 0 -- KrI 0 Yes KrIf-R1 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Krunspecified 0 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 60 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of Kr Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion KrGD1471 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 2 Yes KrHMS01106 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes KrJF02745 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes KrKK105429 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes Kr1-116.Act5C.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - deletion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Kr1-167.Act5C.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - deletion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Kr10.7.T:Zzzz\FLAG in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Kr116-167.Act5C.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - deletion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Kr402-502.Kr.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Kr402-502.twi.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Kr402-502.ΔPED.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes Kr402-502.ΔPED.twi.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes Kr75-116.Act5C.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - deletion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Kr75-167.Act5C.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - deletion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Kr9.Act5C in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Kr93-116.Act5C.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - deletion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Kr93-167+C64.Act5C.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - deletion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Kr93-167.Act5C.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - deletion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Kra.BO in vitro construct 0 Yes Kra.hs in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes KrA.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes KrAct5C.PS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes KrAct5C.PZa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes KrAct5C.PZb in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes KrC64.Act5C in vitro construct 0 Yes KrcBa in vitro construct 0 Yes KrD.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes KrDC187.Act5C in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes KrDC64.Act5C in vitro construct - deletion in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes KrDC64 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes KrDN116.Act5C in vitro construct - deletion in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes KrDN210.Act5C in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes KrDN210 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes KrdsRNA.cBa in vitro construct - RNAi 0 Yes KrE.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes KrER3 in vitro construct 0 Yes KrF.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes KrGAR.Act5C.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes KrGDD.C64.Act5C.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Krhs.PS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Krm650 in vitro construct - minigene 0 Yes KrmBOKrR in vitro construct - minigene 0 Yes KrmCD in vitro construct - minigene in vitro construct 0 Yes KrO.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes KrP.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes KrQ.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes KrR.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes KrScer\FRT.sna in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes KrScer\FRT.twi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes KrScer\FRT.ΔPED.twi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes KrScer\UAS.cAa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes KrScer\UAS.cHa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Krsna.PA FLPase 0 Yes KrT:fs(1)K10-TLS in vitro construct 0 Yes Krtwi.PN FLPase 0 Yes KrV.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes KrW.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes KrX.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes KrΔC64.hs in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes KrΔPED.twi FLPase 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(2R)Kr1 (Preiss et al., 1985, Redemann et al., 1988) Df(2R)Kr6 (Preiss et al., 1985) Df(2R)Kr10 (Spradling et al., 1999, Preiss et al., 1985, Cote et al., 1987, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999, Gray et al., 1994) Df(2R)Kr14 (Preiss et al., 1985) Dp(1;2)B89 (Klingler et al., 1996) In(2LR)O+Ts(Y;2Lt)B80 (Heemskerk and DiNardo, 1994) In(2R)KrUR1 (Preiss et al., 1985) T(Y;2)KrAK1 (Preiss et al., 1985) Ts(1Lt;2Lt)Ba18   Ts(Y;2Lt)B80 (Botas, 1998.8.26, Preiss et al., 1985, Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987) Ts(Y;2Lt)L116 (Muller et al., 1999) Ts(YLt;2Lt)A169 (Muller et al., 1999) Ts(YLt;2Lt)H144 (Muller et al., 1999)
Not disrupted in	Df(2R)gsb (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999, Gray et al., 1994) Df(2R)Px2 (Kimble et al., 1990)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
reporter construct	Name Expression Data P{1BKrZ} No P{1BSKrZ} No P{2BSKrZ} No P{2XPE-Kr-rhoNEE} No P{2XPE-rhoNEE-Kr} No P{4bcd5Kr} No P{4BKrZ} No P{4BSKrZ} No P{8BKrZ} No P{BB7.7HZ} No P{BNcSN2.9KrZ} No P{BSt0.4HZ} No P{BΔNc0.7HZ} No P{BΔNc0.8HZ} No P{BΔNc1.0HZ} No P{dPN5.4KrZ} No P{G22} No P{G23} No P{G24} No P{G25} No P{G26} No P{G27} No P{G28} No P{G29} No P{G30} No P{HBg0.6HZ} No P{K12} No P{K13} No P{Kr16-lacZ} No P{Kr/A} No P{Kr/D} No P{Kr/E} No P{Kr/F} No P{Kr/O} No P{Kr/P} No P{Kr/Q} No P{Kr/R} No P{Kr/V} No P{Kr/W} No P{Kr/X} No P{Kr(1.2)-lacZ} No P{Kr(2.3)-lacZ} No P{KrH/B} No P{KrH/C} No P{KrH/H} No P{KrH/I} No P{KrH/J} No P{KrH/K} No P{KrH/L} No P{KrH/M} No P{KrH/N} No P{KrH/S} No P{KrH/T} No P{Kr-Hsp70/lacZ} No P{Kr-lacZ.650} No P{Kr-lacZ.B} No P{Kr-lacZ.BS23} No P{Kr-lacZ.I} No P{Kr-lacZ.modVRR} No P{Kr-lacZ.MT} No P{Kr-lacZ.MTΔE-boxes} No P{Kr-lacZ.MTΔFKH} No P{Kr-lacZ.P} No P{Kr-lacZ.PP3.OHZ} No P{Kr-lacZ} No P{Kr-lacZPH3.7} No P{KrU} No P{lacZKr.4bcd} No P{NcS1.7HZ} No P{NsNc1.05HZ} No P{PdN7.8KrZ} No P{PN7.8KrZ} No P{SdN1.3KrZ} No P{SN1.7KrZ} No P{SS17HZrev} No P{StBg1.2HZ} No P{StH0.6HZ} No P{ΔBNc0.8HZ} No P{ΔBNc1.0HZ} No
UAS construct	Name Expression Data P{GD1471} NA P{KK105429} NA P{TRiP.HMS01106} NA P{TRiP.JF02745} NA P{UAS-Kr.A} NA P{UAS-Kr.H} NA
heat-shock construct	Name Expression Data P{hsp70-Kr} NA P{hsp70-Kras} NA P{hsp-KrΔC64} NA
characterization construct	Name Expression Data P{10.7-Kr-2F} NA P{BO-Kras} NA P{BO-KrR} NA P{hb-h::Kr.J} NA P{KrCD+} NA P{Krm650} NA P{sna(FRT.STOP)Kr.A} NA P{sna(-FRT)Kr.A} NA P{twi(FRT)h::Kr.ΔPED} NA P{twi(-FRT)h::Kr.ΔPED} NA P{twi(-FRT)Kr.N} NA P{twi(FRT)Kr.N} NA P{twi(FRT)Kr.ΔPED} NA P{twi(-FRT)Kr.ΔPED} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data insertion of enhancer trap P{lacW}Krk05826 No P{PZ}Kr00895 No miscellaneous insertions P{}Kr28 NA P{}Kr29 NA P{SUPor-P}KrKG07725 NA insertion of enhancer trap binary system P{GawB}AG1 No P{GawB}sl(2)AM1AM1 No
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 21 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 10 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
sequence-specific DNA binding inferred from direct assay (Treisman and Desplan, 1989, Zuo et al., 1991) sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity inferred from direct assay (Zuo et al., 1991) sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity inferred from direct assay (Li et al., 2008)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
axon guidance inferred from mutant phenotype (Abrell and Jackle, 2001) chromatin silencing inferred from mutant phenotype (Matyash et al., 2009) compound eye development inferred from mutant phenotype (Baker et al., 1992, Anderson et al., 2006) negative regulation of gene expression inferred from direct assay (Anderson et al., 2006) negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter inferred from direct assay (Zuo et al., 1991) neuroblast fate determination inferred from expression pattern AND inferred from mutant phenotype (Isshiki et al., 2001) wing disc development inferred from genetic interaction with Bx (Bronstein et al., 2010)
Cellular Component ( 0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 13 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
chromatin binding non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.4.1) sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity non-traceable author statement (FlyBase, 1992-) zinc ion binding inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR007087, InterPro:IPR015880 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
ganglion mother cell fate determination traceable author statement (Skeath and Thor, 2003) Malpighian tubule morphogenesis non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.4.1) traceable author statement (Murakami et al., 1999) muscle organ development traceable author statement (Dworak and Sink, 2002) negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter traceable author statement (Courey and Jia, 2001) regulation of development, heterochronic non-traceable author statement (Abbott, 2003) traceable author statement (Banerjee and Slack, 2002, Pasquinelli and Ruvkun, 2002) trunk segmentation traceable author statement (Peel, 2004) ventral cord development non-traceable author statement (Skeath and Thor, 2003) zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.4.1, Courey and Jia, 2001) traceable author statement (Peel, 2004)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
intracellular inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR007087, InterPro:IPR015880 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-) nucleus non-traceable author statement (FlyBase, 1992-, Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.4.1)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
Protein-protein
Interacting group Assay References
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions Kr allele Gene References Kr1 caps (Abrell and Jackle, 2001) KrIf-1 caps (Carrera et al., 1998) Eip75B (Carrera et al., 1998) emc (Carrera et al., 1998) exba (Carrera et al., 1998) Fer2LCH (Carrera et al., 1998) l(3)05967 (Carrera et al., 1998) l(3)06240 (Carrera et al., 1998) l(3)j2C3 (Carrera et al., 1998) l(3)neo3 (Carrera et al., 1998) l(3)neo39 (Carrera et al., 1998) l(3)neo47 (Carrera et al., 1998) Mi-2 (Carrera et al., 1998) osa (Carrera et al., 1998) rept (Carrera et al., 1998) Sap130 (Carrera et al., 1998) Sc2 (Carrera et al., 1998) Vha55 (Carrera et al., 1998) KrmCD caps (Abrell and Jackle, 2001) Krunspecified hb (Wu et al., 2001) unspecified ftz (Duncan, 1986) l(2)41Ae (Duffy et al., 1996) nej (Anderson et al., 2005) Nipped-A (Duffy et al., 1996) RpII140 (Parkhurst and Ish-Horowicz, 1991) RpL36 (Duffy et al., 1996)
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 63578 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0001325 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 38012
Orthologs
Genome-wide drosophilid orthologs	Dana\GF11502 Dere\GG23037 Dgri\GH23129 Dmoj\GI18470 Dper\GL16823 Dpse\GA17390 Dsec\GM11927 Dsim\GD11921 Dvir\Kr Dwil\GK21719 Dyak\GE14467
Curated drosophilid orthologs	Dana\Kr (Odenwald et al., 2005) Dmau\Kr (Carbone et al., 2005, Llopart et al., 2005) Dmir\Kr (Steinemann and Steinemann, 1999) Dpse\GA17390   Dpse\Kr (Odenwald et al., 2005) Dsan\Kr (Llopart et al., 2005) Dsec\Kr (Carbone et al., 2005, Llopart et al., 2005) Dsim\Kr (Odenwald et al., 2005) Dvir\Kr (Hansen, 1996.2.23, Hanna-Rose et al., 1997) Dyak\Kr (Llopart et al., 2005, Odenwald et al., 2005)
Linkouts	InParanoid A subset of ortholog calls from InParanoid. • AAEL004344-PA Aedes aegypti (mosquito) AGAP011655-PA Anopheles gambiae (mosquito) XP_394640.2 Apis mellifera (honey bee) XP_001944249.1 Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid) 87357 Branchiostoma floridae (lancelet) BGIBMGA000905-PA Bombyx mori (silk worm) CN24582 Caenorhabditis brenneri (small nematode) CE03875 Caenorhabditis elegans (worm) CPIJ015507 Culex pipens (mosquito) ENSDARP00000017507 Danio rerio (zebra fish) ENSGALP00000039180 Gallus gallus (chicken) ISCW014445-PA Ixodes scapularis (deer tick) PHUM010835-PA Pediculus humanus (human body louse) PP13914 Pristionchus pacificus (nematode) NP_001034527.1 Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) OrthoDB (Arthropod subset) The hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs. • NV50141 LH13824 ISCW018062 FBgn0232072 FBgn0183660 FBgn0166868 JGI_V11_290527 FBgn0077403 FBgn0154427 FBgn0115194 FBgn0088542 CPIJ015507 BGIBMGA000905 ACYPI004379 GB16053 AGAP011655 AAEL004344 PHUM544920 GLEAN_11460
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 45 )
Bloomington	4194 b1 KrIf-1 27666 y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF02745}attP2 9937 w*; KrIf-1/CyO; P{UAS-SoxN.O}3 2 w*; βTub60D2 KrIf-1/CyO 1601 cn1 bw1 sp1 Kr2/SM1 6148 Df(2R)tid, b1 KrIf-1/CyO, bw1
Kyoto	105667 w*; βTub60D2 KrIf-1/CyO 106410 cn1 bw1 sp1 Kr2/SM1 108648 Df(2R)tid, b1 KrIf-1/CyO, bw1
VDRC	v104150 P{KK105429}VIE-260B v40871 w1118; P{GD1471}v40871 v40873 w1118; P{GD1471}v40873/CyO
	More stocks available...
Genomic Clones ( 1 )
	BACR02G15 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 75 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	RE30918
Other clones	FI01010
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	RE18673 RE31502 RE62092
Other clones	62934 102219 104331 122784 274527 275158 CK01.2C.F7 CK01.12D.C1 CK01.26C.H8 CK01.26D.D8 CK01.33A.B4 CK01.67A.E6 CK01.76C.C2 CK01.78C.G10 CK01.81B.H5 CK01.83B.B4 CK01.84D.D10 CK01.86B.G5 CK01.87B.D12 CK01.93A.F7 CK01.98D.E7 CK01.98D.F12 CK01.102B.D2 CK01.106C.G10 CK01.110B.F5 CK01.117B.C2 CK01.125B.E9 CK01.144C.C8 EK005631 EK007216 EK025346 EK025648 EK051833 EK052751 EK061059 EK062831 EK066055 EK066438 EK067207 EK067345 EK068948 EK072724 EK075601 EK075605 EK076454 EK086104 EK089157 EK102702 EK119144 EK172523 EK225902 EK227889 EK242728 EK302421 EP15506 RP003053100 RP003178390 RP003185382 RP003243404 RP003247031 RP003275948 RP003325356 RP003329016 RP003336447 RP003356886 RP003413717 RP003451786 RP003467092 RP003605484 RP003662779
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0001325 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 38012
Antibody Information
	polyclonal (Gaul et al., 1987, Li et al., 2008)
Other Information
Discoverer
	Graber.
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of	Source for identity of: Kr CG3340 (Zhong, 1999.11)
Source for database merge of
Additional comments
Other Comments
	The Kr product negatively regulates dac expression in the embryonic head. (Anderson et al., 2006) Kr interacts with caps in establishing the proper axonal pathway of SNb including the RP5 axons. (Abrell and Jackle, 2001) hb and Kr control early born temporal identity in neuroblast cell lineages. (Isshiki et al., 2001) Kr is activated by peb in the amnioserosa. (Lamka and Lipshitz, 1999) CtBP mediates transcriptional repression by the kni, Kr and sna products in the Drosophila embryo. (Nibu et al., 1998) Kr is found to have three specific regions within the coding sequence that are highly conserved during Drosophila speciation. (Hanna-Rose et al., 1997) Kr activity is required to maintain ko expression in specific muscles in the embryo. (Hartmann et al., 1997) KrT95D is a putative Kr target gene. Expression patterns of KrT95D and Kr suggest that Kr activity is necessary to activate KrT95D expression in the VO5 muscle precursors, consistent with recent results indicating that Kr activity is necessary for specification of a subset of muscles and their proper innervation during embryogenesis. (Hartmann and Jackle, 1997) Kr is not required in the mesoderm for the segregation of a normal pattern of muscle founder cells, or to initiate patterns of gene expression in these founders. It is required for the maintenance of normal patterns of gene expression in the precursors that the founders form, and for the acquisition of proper muscle identity during embryogenesis. Gain and loss of Kr expression in sibling founder cells is sufficient to switch the cells, and the muscle they give rise to, between alternative cell fates. (Ruiz-Gomez et al., 1997) The "If" mutation is probably allelic to Kr. (Baker, 1996.3.7) The Kr and sna proteins function as short range repressors, which can mediate either quenching or direct repression of a transcription complex, depending on the location of repressor sites. Local quenching and dominant repression require close linkage of the repressor with either upstream activators or the transcription complex. (Gray and Levine, 1996) Kr is expressed in neural precursor cells, neurons and glial cells at different stages of neurogenesis and Kr mutants develop aberrant peripheral and central nervous systems. Phenotypic analysis of rescued embryos (by a Kr minigene) indicates that Kr expression in the nervous system is functionally required for establishing particular neural and glial fates. (Romani et al., 1996) The CD2 939bp cis acting control element in the Kr regulatory region has been analysed using Ecol\lacZ reporter gene constructs. (Carrera and Jaeckle, 1995) Kr monomer (the activator) interacts with TfIIB, Kr dimers do not (FBrf0082559). Kr dimers engage in protein-protein interaction with TfIIEβ (FBrf0082559). Kr monomer-dimer transition alters Krs ability to interact with the general transcription machinery (FBrf0082559). (Roberts and Green, 1995) Kr-dependent control of transcription involves functional interactions with components of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. (Sauer et al., 1995) Transcription factors hb and kni can associate with Kr in vitro and they interact functionally with Kr-dependent target gene expression mediated by a single Kr-binding site close to an heterologous promoter in Schneider cells. (Sauer and Jaeckle, 1995) The anterior boundaries of h stripes 5 and 6 are set by Kr. (Langeland et al., 1994) The region of Kr important for transcriptional repression has been fine mapped and is defined by a minimal 31 amino acid motif rich in Ala and Gln residues. (Licht et al., 1994) Comparisons of early development to that in other insects have revealed conservation of some aspects of development, as well as differences that may explain variations in early patterning events. (Patel, 1994) hb is autonomously capable of activating the target gene Kr at low concentrations and repressing it at high concentrations. (Schulz and Tautz, 1994) Ectopic ttk expression has no effect on expression of Kr and hb. (Brown and Wu, 1993) Expression of prd depends on activation by gap gene hb, Kr, kni and gt products. Primary pair rule gene products act primarily in subsequent modulation rather than activation of prd stripes. Factors activating prd expression in the pair rule mode interact with those activating it along the dorso-ventral axis. (Gutjahr et al., 1993) The role of Kr in the regulation of run mRNA expression in the early embryo has been investigated. (Klingler and Gergen, 1993) Examination of conserved tracts in the D.virilis and D.melanogaster h gene promoters identified potential ftz-f1, Kr and gt binding sites. Kr and gt products establish the anterior and posterior borders of h stripe 5, respectively, through spatial repression. (Langeland and Carroll, 1993) The Kr gene product selectively represses transcription activated by a glutamine rich activator but not by an acidic activator. This indicates that the Kr protein quenches transcription due to specific protein-protein interactions between Kr protein and part of the transcriptional apparatus mediating stimulation by a glutamine-rich activator. (Licht et al., 1993) Phenotypic rescue of Kr mutants by P-element mediated transformation of a Kr minigene demonstrates that the Kr gene product is required for nervous system development and its activity is driven by the neuro-specific enhancer elements which are lacking in the transgenic embryos. (Romani et al., 1993) Kr gene product is able to form homodimers through sequences located within the C terminus, termed C64KR sequences: when fused to separated functional parts of the yeast transcription factor GAL4 they reconstituted a functional transcriptional activator on dimerization in vivo. Results of in vitro experiments suggest that Kr monomer product is a transcriptional activator, whereas at higher concentrations it forms a homodimer that acts as a repressor acting on the same target sites as recognised by the activator. (Sauer and Jackle, 1993) Mutations affect eye morphology. (Baker et al., 1992) In vitro footprinting of bacterially expressed kni and tll protein found one strong kni binding site and seven tll binding sites in a 730 bp fragment of the Kr promoter. Binding studies demonstrate that each of the proteins can bind but their binding is mutually exclusive. Ecol\lacZ reporter gene constructs carrying 16 bp fragment of the overlapping kni and bcd protein binding sites demonstrated that expression mediated by the 16 bp element is dependent on bcd activity, kni represses expression by competitive binding. (Hoch et al., 1992) DNaseI footprinting analysis reveals core histones His2A, His2B, His3 and His4 (but not His1) bind to the Kr minimal enhancer element in a periodic manner. (Kerrigan and Kadonaga, 1992) Kr acts downstream of ct in the Malpighian tubule regulatory pathway. Kr activity is required for cad expression in the tubules. (Liu and Jack, 1992) Kr activity required for neurons to differentiate into Bolwig organs and for the fasciculation of the Bolwig nerve. (Schmucker et al., 1992) The gene products of bcd, hb, Kr and gt all bind within the 480bp region that is necessary and sufficient for the expression of eve stripe 2. Forming the posterior border of the stripe involves a delicate balance between Kr repressor and bcd activator. (Small et al., 1992) Orthologs present in M.domestica, S.coprophila, P.cinerea, A.mellifera, T.castaneum, E.plebejus, A.salina, P.phalangoides, C.salei and L.forficatus. (Sommer et al., 1992) Sequence alignments of orthologous fragments of hb, Kr and sna from a variety of arthropods and other phyla show that amino acid differences are not normally correlated with evolutionary distance between respective species. Amino acids directly involved in DNA binding are the most conserved, and binding specificity of a hb finger from different species is not changed. (Sommer et al., 1992) A plasmid containing a minimal Kr promoter has been used in in vitro transcription assays to study TfIIB activity. (Wampler and Kadonaga, 1992) Kr has a direct negative effect on gt expression. (Eldon and Pirrotta, 1991) Ecol\lacZ reporter gene constructs carrying Kr promoter deletions have identified a 142bp core sequence (the Kr730 element) within the cis-acting control element (CD1) which mediates gene expression in a central region of the embryo in response to hb and bcd activities. (Hoch et al., 1991) The expression pattern of a number of Kr-Ecol\lacZ fusion constructs has been studied, to identify regulatory elements controlling Kr expression. (Jacob et al., 1991) Transcriptional analysis of Kr deletion constructs has identified a 44bp fragment from -31bp to +13bp with significant promoter activity. (Kerrigan et al., 1991) Kr is a strong repressor of gt in the embryo. (Kraut and Levine, 1991) It has been shown that Kr and gt are expressed in complementary, non-overlapping sets of cells in the early embryo. Interactions between the two genes have been studied. (Kraut and Levine, 1991) Mutations in zygotic gap gene Kr interact with RpII140wimp. (Parkhurst and Ish-Horowicz, 1991) Mutant Kr embryos do not alter the expression of the Ubx bx region enhancer element, BRE. (Qian et al., 1991) Low amounts of Kr expression lead to transcriptional activation, whereas high amounts result in repression. Distinct portions of Kr protein, other than the DNA-binding domain, are required for gene activation and repression, suggesting that Kr itself can act as a concentration- dependent positive and negative regulator of transcription. (Sauer and Jackle, 1991) Kr protein directly regulates the expression of eve stripe 2 expression by DNA binding to the stripe 2 promoter element. (Small et al., 1991) Kr- embryos show an expansion of the posterior eve stripe 2 border. (Stanojevic et al., 1991) Zygotically active locus involved in the terminal developmental program in the embryo. (Strecker et al., 1991) Kr is a transcriptional repressor. (Zuo et al., 1991) Kr mutants exhibit deletions of the thorax and anterior abdomen. (Gaul and Jaeckle, 1990) The regulatory relationships of Kr with respect to its role in the development of the Malpighian tubules differs from its interactions with the segmentation process. (Gaul and Weigel, 1990) Ecol\lacZ reporter gene has been used to examine the function of the cis regulatory elements of the Kr gene. (Hoch et al., 1990) Ubx, Kr and eve expression are altered in fs(1)h mutant embryos. Defects in the segmental organisation in fs(1)h-deficient progeny are mediated primarily, but not exclusively, through a restriction in the Kr expression domain. (Huang and Dawid, 1990) The effect of hb protein concentration on the expression of kni and Kr in the embryo has been studied. (Hulskamp et al., 1990) Characterisation of the crude RNA polymerase II transcription system using transcription initiation of the Kr promoter. (Kadonaga, 1990) The transcriptional repression function of Kr maps to an alanine-rich amino terminal region of the protein (between amino acids 26 to 110). (Licht et al., 1990) The expression patterns of Kr and kni demonstrate the proteins form overlapping concentration gradients that generate the periodic pair-rule expression pattern. (Pankratz et al., 1990) Kr exhibits a homeotic function in addition to its role as a segmentation gene and is involved in separating hindgut and Malpighian tubule cells and in the elongation process as well. (Harbecke and Janning, 1989) An investigation of the role of gap genes in expression from Ubx and Antp promoters in the blastoderm embryo reveals that a unique combination of gap genes and pair rule genes is required for their initial activation. (Irish et al., 1989) Mutations in Kr alter gt expression in the posterior of the embryo. (Mohler et al., 1989) Expression of kni-Ecol\lacZ regulatory fusion constructs in mutant embryos shows that kni expression is enhanced by Kr activity. (Pankratz et al., 1989) The on/off periodicity of the pair-rule gene eve involves the interaction of the hb and Kr proteins with defined eve promoter elements. (Stanojevic et al., 1989) Genetic analysis demonstrates that the effect of the gap gene product Kr on homeotic gene expression in the visceral mesoderm is indirect and mediated by the genes that establish parasegment borders, eve and ftz. (Tremml and Bienz, 1989) Kr activity is required for the establishment of the Antp T3 domain. Kr is involved in restricting Abd-B products within the A8--A9 domain. (Harding and Levine, 1988) Mutant embryos exhibit a slight increase in the number of Dfd expressing cells in ventral and lateral positions. (Jack et al., 1988) Involved in functions related to that of tll. (Strecker et al., 1988) The wild-type allele of Kruppel controls the development of the thoracic and abdominal segments of Drosophila; homozygous mutants show a gap in the larval pattern in these regions (Nusslein-Volhard and Wieschaus, 1980; Knipple et al., 1987). Kr/+ adult sometimes has thoracic malformation; a leg or a wing may be absent; penetrance low. Heterozygous larvae show small defects in denticle bands of thorax and abdomen as do heterozygous deficiencies for Kr; penetrance about 80%. Homozygotes are embryonic lethal. Kr1 homozygotes exhibit shortened germ band of but three to four segments with three to four tracheal pits; visible beginning at 7h of embryogenesis; head and gnathal segments apparently normal. At later stages only three to four abdominal and thoracic segments clearly visible; normal telson and segments 8 and 7 followed by enlarged sixth, a rudimentary fifth and apparently mirror image sixth segment. Weak and intermediate mutant alleles lack the mirror-image duplications (Gaul and Jackle, 1987b). Ventral chain of ganglia disconnected; tracheal system defective; Malpighian tubules missing; salivary glands normal. Homozygotes for hypomorphic alleles display more nearly complete segmentation. Homozygous Minute+ Kr clones develop normally in all parts of adult cuticle of M/+ flies. Metamorphic potential of Kr/Kr embryos cultured in female abdomens restricted in that wing-disc-derived structures not observed. Germline clones of homozygous Kr cells capable of normal oogenesis; no maternal effect of Kr+ observed. Requirement for Kr+ function apparently restricted to early embryogenesis. Kr affects ftz producing abnormal intensity and spacing of ftz stripes in thorax and anterior abdomen (Carroll and Scott, 1986).
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_079143 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_523867 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AAF47321 AAL48902 AY071280 BH900945 BI235108 CAA27148 G00455 X03414 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 38012 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • P07247
Other Crossreferences
	EPD - Eukarytoic Promoter Database, an annotated collection of POL II promoters • 23030 InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Zinc finger, C2H2 (IPR007087) Zinc finger, C2H2-type/integrase, DNA-binding (IPR013087) Zinc finger, C2H2-like (IPR015880)
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 63578 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0001325 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0001325 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0001325 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG3340-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0001325 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 38012 InParanoid A subset of ortholog calls from InParanoid. • AAEL004344-PA Aedes aegypti (mosquito) AGAP011655-PA Anopheles gambiae (mosquito) XP_394640.2 Apis mellifera (honey bee) XP_001944249.1 Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid) 87357 Branchiostoma floridae (lancelet) BGIBMGA000905-PA Bombyx mori (silk worm) CN24582 Caenorhabditis brenneri (small nematode) CE03875 Caenorhabditis elegans (worm) CPIJ015507 Culex pipens (mosquito) ENSDARP00000017507 Danio rerio (zebra fish) ENSGALP00000039180 Gallus gallus (chicken) ISCW014445-PA Ixodes scapularis (deer tick) PHUM010835-PA Pediculus humanus (human body louse) PP13914 Pristionchus pacificus (nematode) NP_001034527.1 Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution • /segment/kruppel1.htm InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 38012 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0001325 OrthoDB (Arthropod subset) The hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs. • NV50141 LH13824 ISCW018062 FBgn0232072 FBgn0183660 FBgn0166868 JGI_V11_290527 FBgn0077403 FBgn0154427 FBgn0115194 FBgn0088542 CPIJ015507 BGIBMGA000905 ACYPI004379 GB16053 AGAP011655 AAEL004344 PHUM544920 GLEAN_11460 REDfly - A database of transcriptional regulatory elements. • FBgn0001325
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 15 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	CG3340 (Zhang et al., 2002, Kreiman, 2004, Mohammad et al., 2009, Liu et al., 2009, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Bronstein et al., 2010, Ni et al., 2010.12.1) Dm-Kr (Brent et al., 2007) If (Sollars and Ruden, 2000, Sollars and Ruden, 1998, Bhadra et al., 1997, Vosshall and Young, 1995, ) Kr (Kozlov et al., 2009, Sanders et al., 2008, Peel et al., 2005, Grosskortenhaus et al., 2006, Jaeger and Reinitz, 2006, Bullock et al., 2006, Odenwald, 2005, Tran and Doe, 2007, Daulny et al., 2003, Surkova et al., 2007, Kreiman, 2004, Anderson et al., 2006, Beckett and Baylies, 2006, Stathopoulos and Levine, 2005, Ishihara et al., 2005, Karcavich and Doe, 2005, Zeremski et al., 2003, Aerts et al., 2007, Lennox and Stronach, 2010, Segal et al., 2008, Nibu et al., 2003, Bergmann et al., 2007, Gim et al., 2001, Braendle and Flatt, 2006, Surkova et al., 2008, Jaeger et al., 2007, Azevedo et al., 2006, Joza et al., 2008, Xing et al., 2007, Hare et al., 2008, Fowlkes et al., 2008, Wang et al., 2007, Johnson et al., 2007, Clyde et al., 2003, Orian et al., 2007, Sandmann et al., 2006, Kim et al., 2007, DeFalco et al., 2008, Haecker et al., 2007, Fujimoto et al., 2008, Bornemann et al., 2008, Tran and Doe, 2008, Tsuji et al., 2008, Beckett and Baylies, 2007, Surkova et al., 2008, Lott et al., 2007, Papatsenko and Levine, 2008, Gregor et al., 2008, Yu and Small, 2008, Miles et al., 2008, Sellin et al., 2009, Stofanko et al., 2008, Liu et al., 2009, Junion et al., 2007, Galindo et al., 2009, Noyes et al., 2008, Ochoa-Espinosa et al., 2009, Manu et al., 2009, He et al., 2009, Crocker and Erives, 2008, Pentek et al., 2009, Weber et al., 2009, Bhuin and Roy, 2009, Demakov et al., 2004, Estrada et al., 2007, Pisarev et al., 2009, Matyash et al., 2009, Estrada et al., 2007, Butler et al., 2009, Jennings et al., 2008, Campbell et al., 2009, Janssens et al., 2006, Kanai et al., 2005, Grosskortenhaus et al., 2005, Ashyraliyev et al., 2009, Twombly et al., 2009, Surkova et al., 2008, Liu et al., 2009, Nakajima et al., 2010, He et al., 2010, He et al., 2009, Grad et al., 2004, Manu et al., 2009, Komiyama and Luo, 2007, Hatton-Ellis et al., 2007, Luengo Hendriks et al., 2006, Keranen et al., 2006, Zúñiga et al., 2009, Beckett et al., 2008, Wei et al., 2007, Tran et al., 2010, Gurunathan et al., 2004, Figeac et al., 2010, Bauer et al., 2010, Jagla et al., 1999, Marco et al., 2009, Müller et al., 2010, Aerts et al., 2010, Bronstein et al., 2010, Gangaraju et al., 2011, Ajuria et al., 2011, The modENCODE Consortium, 2010, The modENCODE Consortium, 2010, Meyer et al., 2009, Goto et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2011, Kitajima et al., 2010, Morton de Lachapelle and Bergmann, 2010, Gursky et al., 2001, Pruteanu-Malinici et al., 2011, Vorwald-Denholtz and De Robertis, 2011, Mace et al., 2010, Tchuraev and Galimzyanov, 2009, Link et al., 2007, Fowlkes et al., 2011) kr (Lifanov et al., 2003, Spirov et al., 2001, Sandmann et al., 2007, Choksi et al., 2006, Kim et al., 2009, Shelton et al., 2009, Losada-Pérez et al., 2010, Yassin et al., 2010) KR (Li et al., 2008, MacArthur et al., 2009, Ho et al., 2009, Bradley et al., 2010, Lusk and Eisen, 2010, modENCODE Consortium et al., 2010) Kruppel (Pollard et al., 2007, Fakhouri et al., 2010)
Name Synonym	Irregular facets   Krpple (Sollars and Ruden, 2000) krueppel (Kreiman, 2004) Krueppel (Mace et al., 2010) Kruppel (Kozlov et al., 2009, Sanders et al., 2008, Chew et al., 2004, Lott et al., 2007, Arnosti et al., 2007, Newfeld and Johnson, 2007, Yucel and Small, 2006, Ochoa-Espinosa and Small, 2006, Jaeger and Reinitz, 2006, Veitia, 2006, Hallikas, 2006, Anderson et al., 2006, Beckett and Baylies, 2006, Schreader et al., 2010, Karcavich and Doe, 2005, Zeremski et al., 2003, Lennox and Stronach, 2010, Nibu et al., 2003, Jennings et al., 2006, Gim et al., 2001, Doe, 2006, Braendle and Flatt, 2006, Lott et al., 2008, Arnosti et al., 2008, Jaeger et al., 2007, Staudt et al., 2006, Yucel and Small, 2006, Odenwald, 2005, Shav-Tal and Singer, 2005, Kulkarni and Arnosti, 2005, Xing et al., 2007, Hare et al., 2008, Wang et al., 2007, Kim et al., 2007, DeFalco et al., 2008, Haecker et al., 2007, Fujimoto et al., 2008, Estrada et al., 2007, Bornemann et al., 2008, Bosveld et al., 2008, MacArthur and Brookfield, 2004, Yu and Small, 2008, Miles et al., 2008, Schafer et al., 2007, Stofanko et al., 2008, Ochoa-Espinosa et al., 2009, Manu et al., 2009, Weber et al., 2009, Bhuin and Roy, 2009, Demakov et al., 2004, Estrada et al., 2007, Liu et al., 2009, Pisarev et al., 2009, Butler et al., 2009, Jennings et al., 2008, Iovino et al., 2009, Campbell et al., 2009, MacArthur et al., 2009, Janssens et al., 2006, Bertet et al., 2009, Twombly et al., 2009, Surkova et al., 2008, Wilkie et al., 2001, Manu et al., 2009, Hatton-Ellis et al., 2007, Keranen et al., 2006, Yavatkar et al., 2008, Beckett et al., 2008, Zamparo and Perkins, 2009, Gonzalez-Gaitan and Jackle, 2000, Figeac et al., 2010, Lusk and Eisen, 2010, Losada-Pérez et al., 2010, Jagla et al., 1999, Zhang et al., 2011, Bieler et al., 2011, Morton de Lachapelle and Bergmann, 2010, Gursky et al., 2001, Vorwald-Denholtz and De Robertis, 2011, Link et al., 2007) kruppel (Ambros, 2003, Galis et al., 2002, King-Jones and Thummel, 2005, Joza et al., 2008, De Renzis et al., 2007) KRUPPEL (Ho et al., 2009) Kuppel (Sanders et al., 2008) Lruppel (Wong et al., 2008)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBgn0001251 FBgn0015732
References ( 752 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 752 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 487 ) Supplementary material  ( 5 ) Review  ( 149 ) Erratum  ( 1 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 10 ) Abstract  ( 81 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 1 ) Stock list  ( 1 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 2 ) Computer file  ( 3 ) Protein sequence record  ( 1 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 1 ) Book  ( 1 ) Biography  ( 1 ) Automatic genome annotation  ( 1 ) Conference report  ( 2 ) Letter  ( 3 ) Poem  ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 31 )
	Ajuria et al., 2011, Development 138(5): 915--924 Capicua DNA-binding sites are general response elements for RTK signaling in Drosophila. [FBrf0212975] Bieler et al., 2011, Biophys. J. 101(2): 287--296 Whole-embryo modeling of early segmentation in Drosophila identifies robust and fragile expression domains. [FBrf0214381] Dobi et al., 2011, Fly 5(2): 68--75 Characterization of early steps in muscle morphogenesis in a Drosophila primary culture system. [FBrf0213797] Fowlkes et al., 2011, PLoS Genet. 7(10): e1002346 A conserved developmental patterning network produces quantitatively different output in multiple species of Drosophila. [FBrf0216666] Gabilondo et al., 2011, Mech. Dev. 128(3-4): 208--221 A targeted genetic screen identifies crucial players in the specification of the Drosophila abdominal Capaergic neurons. [FBrf0213290] Gangaraju et al., 2011, Nat. Genet. 43(2): 153--158 Drosophila Piwi functions in Hsp90-mediated suppression of phenotypic variation. [FBrf0212873] Goto et al., 2011, J. Neurosci. 31(14): 5454--5459 Sexually dimorphic shaping of interneuron dendrites involves the hunchback transcription factor. [FBrf0213400] Jankovics et al., 2011, PLoS ONE 6(7): e22229 A functional genomic screen combined with time-lapse microscopy uncovers a novel set of genes involved in dorsal closure of Drosophila embryos. [FBrf0214545] Pruteanu-Malinici et al., 2011, PLoS Comput. Biol. 7(7): e1002098 Automatic Annotation of Spatial Expression Patterns via Sparse Bayesian Factor Models. [FBrf0214618] Tsurumi et al., 2011, PLoS Genet. 7(5): e1002086 STAT Is an Essential Activator of the Zygotic Genome in the Early Drosophila Embryo. [FBrf0214235] Vorwald-Denholtz and De Robertis, 2011, Gene Expr. Patterns 11(7): 456--463 Temporal pattern of the posterior expression of Wingless in Drosophila blastoderm. [FBrf0214814] Zhang et al., 2011, Dev. Biol. 353(2): 259--265 Drosophila long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase acts like a gap gene in embryonic segmentation. [FBrf0213522] Aerts et al., 2010, PLoS Biol. 8(7): e1000435 Robust Target Gene Discovery through Transcriptome Perturbations and Genome-Wide Enhancer Predictions in Drosophila Uncovers a Regulatory Basis for Sensory Specification. [FBrf0211419] Bauer et al., 2010, BMC Bioinformatics 11: 366 Dual-functioning transcription factors in the developmental gene network of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0211408] Bradley et al., 2010, PLoS Biol. 8(3): e1000343 Binding Site Turnover Produces Pervasive Quantitative Changes in Transcription Factor Binding between Closely Related Drosophila Species. [FBrf0210377] Bronstein et al., 2010, PLoS Genet. 6(8): e1001063 Transcriptional regulation by CHIP/LDB complexes. [FBrf0211594] Fakhouri et al., 2010, Mol. Syst. Biol. 6: 341 Deciphering a transcriptional regulatory code: modeling short-range repression in the Drosophila embryo. [FBrf0209745] Figeac et al., 2010, Development 137(12): 1965--1973 Drosophila adult muscle precursors form a network of interconnected cells and are specified by the rhomboid-triggered EGF pathway. [FBrf0210887] He et al., 2010, PLoS Comput. Biol. 6(9): Thermodynamics-based models of transcriptional regulation by enhancers: the roles of synergistic activation, cooperative binding and short-range repression. [FBrf0211894] Kitajima et al., 2010, Dev. Biol. 347(1): 9--23 Progenitor properties of symmetrically dividing Drosophila neuroblasts during embryonic and larval development. [FBrf0211968] Lennox and Stronach, 2010, Dev. Dyn. 239(2): 651--664 POSH misexpression induces caspase-dependent cell death in Drosophila. [FBrf0209862] Losada-Pérez et al., 2010, Mech. Dev. 127(9-12): 458--471 Lineage-unrelated neurons generated in different temporal windows and expressing different combinatorial codes can converge in the activation of the same terminal differentiation gene. [FBrf0212045] Lusk and Eisen, 2010, PLoS Genet. 6(1): e1000829 Evolutionary mirages: selection on binding site composition creates the illusion of conserved grammars in Drosophila enhancers. [FBrf0209873] Mace et al., 2010, Bioinformatics 26(6): 761--769 Extraction and comparison of gene expression patterns from 2D RNA in situ hybridization images. [FBrf0210155] modENCODE Consortium et al., 2010, Science 330(6012): 1787--1797 Identification of functional elements and regulatory circuits by Drosophila modENCODE. [FBrf0212741] Morton de Lachapelle and Bergmann, 2010, Mol. Syst. Biol. 6: 351 Precision and scaling in morphogen gradient read-out. [FBrf0210151] Müller et al., 2010, PLoS ONE 5(12): e14323 Regulation and Functions of the lms Homeobox Gene during Development of Embryonic Lateral Transverse Muscles and Direct Flight Muscles in Drosophila. [FBrf0212632] Nakajima et al., 2010, PLoS Comput. Biol. 6(4): e1000760 Robustness under functional constraint: the genetic network for temporal expression in Drosophila neurogenesis. [FBrf0210747] Schreader et al., 2010, Int. J. Dev. Biol. 54(10): 1425--1433 Drosophila morgue influences cell numbers and positions in the embryonic nervous system. [FBrf0212937] Tran et al., 2010, Development 137(9): 1421--1430 Recombineering Hunchback identifies two conserved domains required to maintain neuroblast competence and specify early-born neuronal identity. [FBrf0210578] Yassin et al., 2010, Evol. Dev. 12(3): 288--295 Catching the phylogenic history through the ontogenic hourglass: a phylogenomic analysis of Drosophila body segmentation genes. [FBrf0211054] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2010 Show reviews ...