Gene Dmel\l(1)dd4

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General Information

Symbol

Dmel\l(1)dd4

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

lethal (1) discs degenerate 4

Annotation symbol

CG10988

Feature type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0001612

Created / Updated

2003-12-01/2003-12-01

Genomic Location

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

1-44.4

Cytogenetic map

12B4-12B4

Sequence location

X:13,630,600..13,638,688 [-]

Map ( GBrowse )

Summary Information

Automatically generated summary

See sections below for more information

The gene lethal (1) discs degenerate 4 is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol l(1)dd4 (CG10988, FBgn0001612). It has the cytological map location 12B4. Its sequence location is X:13630600..13638688. Its molecular function is described as: microtubule binding; gamma-tubulin binding; microtubule minus-end binding. It is involved in the biological processes: microtubule nucleation; microtubule-based process; anaphase; meiosis; meiosis I; centrosome organization and biogenesis; mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis. 13 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with 13 unique terms, many of which group under: cytoplasmic part; nervous system; peripheral nervous system; anatomical structure; centrosome; cell cycle; adult segment; organ system; adult; adult mesothoracic segment. It has one annotated transcript and one annotated polypeptide.

Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)

Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage

l(1)dd4

Discs missing or degenerate; mitotic index of larval ganglion cells three times that of controls; 20% of metaphases polyploid; very few anaphase figures seen. No maternal effect of homozygosis in ovarian clones on phenotype of offspring (Perrimon, Engstrom, and Mahowald, 1984, Dev. Biol. 105: 404-14). l(1)dd4S recovered as a mutation on the paternal X in a cross of homozygous mei-9 females by normal males [isolated as l(1)08/20]. Ordinarily dies just prior to eclosion, but in dry cultures, both males and females eclose and have good viability, but are almost completely sterile. Wings are held up, some bristles on head and thorax (especially scutellars) are absent; abdomen mutant effects similar to those of bb. Females heterozygous for l(1)dd4S and a deficiency are almost completely lethal.

Detailed Mapping Data

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

12B4-12B4

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}g^EP514 and P{EP}EP1354&P{EP}EP790

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

12A-12B

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Peter et al., 2002)

12A-12B

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Schaefer et al., 1999.12.2)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

1-44.4

1-52

(Gatti and Baker, 1989)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Molecular Map Data

Gene Order (in direction of increasing cytology)

References

Gene Order (overall orientation not stated)

References

Overall orientation not stated: g- l(1)dd4- CG11134+ CG11151+ l(1)dd4-

(Barbosa et al., 2000)

Gene Model & Products

Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\l(1)dd4 for information on other features

Comments on Gene Model

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Associated CDS (aa)

l(1)dd4-RA

FBtr0073841

NM_080180

3546

917

Additional Transcript Data & Comments

Reported size (kB)

3.491 (longest cDNA)

(Oegema et al., 1999)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kD)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

RefSeq ID

GenBank protein

l(1)dd4-PA

FBpp0073672

103.7

917

7.40

NP_524919

AAF48309

Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments

Reported size (kD)

917 (aa); 100 (kD observed)

(Oegema et al., 1999)

Comments

External Data

Linkouts

PANTHER - Protein classification by function, families, and pathways

•

FBgn0001612

Crossreferences

InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites

•

Gamma tubulin complex protein 3 (IPR015697)

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

DDBJ /
EMBL /
GenBank

DNA sequence

Protein sequence

Name

Q9XYP8

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Maps to

Does NOT map to

Identified with

GM14553

(BDGP Project Members, 2000-, Barbosa et al., 2000)

(Barbosa et al., 2000)

Mapped Features & Mutations

Please see GBrowse or insertion reports for information on insertions of transgenic constructs and features not listed here

Type

Symbol & Location

Additional Notes

References

rescue fragment

l(1)dd4[+t9]
X:13,629,307..13,639,187

comment=A 9kb genomic EcoRI fragment containing the complete CG11134 and CG11151 and l(1)dd4 open reading frames and the 5' end of g. Position of restriction fragment on reference sequence inferred by FlyBase curator.
evidence=experimental
linked_to=EcoRI-EcoRI_rfrag

(Barbosa et al., 2000)

External Data

Linkouts

DEDB - Drosophila exon database: splicing graphs

•

2749

Crossreferences

Expression Data

FlyBase-Curated Data

Transcript and
Protein data

Please see the FlyBase Gene Expression Report for details of gene expression from the literature.

Summary of Transcript Expression

Stage

Tissue/Position

Reference

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Summary of Polypeptide Expression

Stage

Tissue/Position

Reference

embryonic stage

(Oegema et al., 1999)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

centrosome

(Oegema et al., 1999)

Microarray Data

Developmental timecourse, Costello et al., 2008 (Original data from Arbeitman et al., 2002)

Untitled Document detailed view

AI512024
AI516493

External Data & Images

Linkouts

FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies

•

FBgn0001612

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

•

FBgn0001612

GEO (NCBI) - Gene expression data: microarray and other high-throughput technologies

•

FBgn0001612

Alleles & Phenotypes

Summary of Allele Phenotypes

Lethality

Allele

viable

l(1)dd4^d09268

semi-viable | recessive

l(1)dd4^S

lethal | recessive

lethal | partially | pupal stage

l(1)dd4^S

lethal | larval stage | recessive

l(1)dd4¹

lethal | pupal stage

l(1)dd4^G0122

lethal | pupal stage | recessive

l(1)dd4²

Other Phenotypes

Allele

wild-type

l(1)dd4^+t9

visible

l(1)dd4^S

meiotic cell cycle defective | male limited

mitotic cell cycle defective

l(1)dd4¹

cytokinesis defective | male limited

Sterility

Allele

sterile

l(1)dd4^S

female sterile

l(1)dd4^S

male sterile

fertile

l(1)dd4^d09268

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

imaginal disc

cell cycle

l(1)dd4¹

larval brain

l(1)dd4¹

mitotic cell cycle

centriole

l(1)dd4¹

pericentriolar material

centrosome

spermatocyte & spindle

wing

l(1)dd4^S

head bristle

l(1)dd4^S

adult thorax & macrochaeta

l(1)dd4^S

scutellar bristle

l(1)dd4^S

adult abdomen

l(1)dd4^S

macrochaeta

l(1)dd4^S

abdominal segment

l(1)dd4^S

Classical Alleles ( 9 )

For All Classical Alleles Show

Allele of l(1)dd4	Class	Mutagen	Stocks	Known lesion
l(1)dd4¹		ethyl methanesulfonate	2	--
l(1)dd4²		ethyl nitrosourea	1	--
l(1)dd4³	hypomorph	ethyl nitrosourea	0	--
l(1)dd4^EY16898		P-element activity	1	--
l(1)dd4^G0122		P-element activity	1	--
l(1)dd4^S	hypomorph	spontaneous	0	--
l(1)dd4^d09268		P-element activity	2	--
l(1)dd4^unspecified			0	--
l(1)dd4^xr16			0	--

Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 4 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Allele of l(1)dd4	Mutagen	Stocks	Known lesion
l(1)dd4^+t9	in vitro construct \| genomic fragment	0	Yes
l(1)dd4^GD1474	in vitro construct \| RNAi in vitro construct \| regulatory fusion	1	Yes
l(1)dd4^T:Zzzz\FLAG	in vitro construct \| coding region fusion	0	Yes
l(1)dd4^tBa	in vitro construct \| genomic fragment	0	Yes

Aneuploid Aberrations

Useful deficiency

Df(1)HA92

Disrupted in

Df(1)Exel6247

(Ryder, 2004.4.26)

Df(1)LCD

(Barbosa et al., 2000)

Transgenic Constructs & Insertions

Transgenic Constructs

Type of construct

Name

Expression data

UAS construct

P{GD1474}

characterization construct

P{l(1)dd4.E9}

P{l(1)dd4.ES5.6}

Insertions

Type of insertions

Name

Expression data

insertion of enhancer trap

P{lacW}l(1)dd4^G0122

insertion of mobile activating element

P{EPgy2}l(1)dd4^EY16898

P{XP}l(1)dd4^d09268

Related Comments

Please look at the allele reports for the complete phenotype data

RNAi screen using dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene results in the formation of an aberrantly long, monopolar spindle when assayed in S2 cells. This phenotype can be observed when the screen is performed with or without Cdc27 dsRNA.

(Goshima et al., 2007)

Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 12 )

Molecular Function

CV term

Evidence

References

gamma-tubulin binding

inferred from direct assay

(Gunawardane et al., 2003)

microtubule binding

inferred from sequence or structural similarity

(Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000)

contributes_to
microtubule minus-end binding

inferred from direct assay

(Gunawardane et al., 2000)

Biological Process

CV term

Evidence

References

anaphase

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Barbosa et al., 2003)

centrosome organization and biogenesis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Goshima et al., 2007)

meiosis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Barbosa et al., 2003)

meiosis I

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Barbosa et al., 2003)

microtubule nucleation

inferred from direct assay

(Oegema et al., 1999)

inferred from direct assay

(Gunawardane et al., 2000)

microtubule-based process

inferred from sequence or structural similarity

(Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000)

mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Goshima et al., 2007)

Cellular Component

CV term

Evidence

References

gamma-tubulin small complex

inferred from direct assay

(Oegema et al., 1999)

non-traceable author statement

(Zheng, 1999.1.6)

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:γTub23C; FB:FBgn0004176 inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Grip84; FB:FBgn0026430

(Gunawardane et al., 2000)

microtubule associated complex

inferred from sequence or structural similarity

(Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000)

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene

protein_coding_gene

nuclear_gene

Interactions & Pathways

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interacts with

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

l(1)dd4 allele

Gene

References

External Data

Linkouts

BioGRID - Interaction data, including yeast 2-hybrid and genetic interactions

•

71426

Orthologs

Genome-wide drosophilid orthologs

Dana\GF22346

Dere\GG19490

Dgri\GH12885

Dmoj\GI14438

Dper\GL19849

Dpse\GA10689

Dsec\GM17594

Dsim\GD15876

Dvir\GJ18777

Dwil\GK25704

Dyak\GE16142

Curated drosophilid orthologs

Dpse\GA10689

Linkouts

InParanoid orthologs - Eukaryotic orthologs

•

ENSBTAP00000018326
Bos taurus (Ensembl)
ENSCAFP00000009237
Canis familiaris (Ensembl)
ENSCINP00000015652
Ciona intestinalis (Ensembl)
NEWSINFRUP00000128696
Takifugu rubripes (Ensembl)
ENSGALP00000027138
Gallus gallus (Ensembl)
ENSP00000261965
Homo sapiens (Ensembl)
ENSMMUP00000017907
Macaca mulatta (Ensembl)
ENSMODP00000005227
Monodelphis domestica (Ensembl)
ENSPTRP00000010277
Pan troglodytes (Ensembl)
ENSRNOP00000023012
Rattus norvegicus (Ensembl)
GSTENP00027111001
Tetraodon nigroviridis (Ensembl)
ENSXETP00000004033
Xenopus tropicalis (Ensembl)
AT5G06680.1
Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis)
ZDB-GENE-030616-538
Danio rerio (Zfin)
DDB0191482
Dictyostelium discoideum (Dictybase)
MGI:2183752
Mus musculus (Informatics)
YNL126W
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeastgenome)
SPBC428.20c
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Sanger)

Functional Complementation between Species

Inter-Species Misexpression Data

Produces phenotype in

Produces NO phenotype in

Stocks & Reagents

Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 8 )

Harvard

P{XP}l(1)dd4^d09268

VDRC

v2983

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD1474}v2983

Bloomington

19311

w¹¹¹⁸ P{XP}l(1)dd4^d09268

12139

w^67c23 P{lacW}l(1)dd4^G0122/FM7c

17361

y¹ w^67c23 P{EPgy2}CG11151^EY16898 l(1)dd4^EY16898

5128

C(1;Y)1, y¹ sn³ l(1)dd4¹/C(1)RM, y¹ v¹; Dp(1;f)LJ9, y⁺

4917

y² wy¹ l(1)dd4² car¹/In(1)sc^S1, In(1)dl-49, sc^S1 v¹ f¹ B¹/Dp(1;Y)*, y² sc⁺

Kyoto

108059

C(1;Y)1, y¹ sn³ l(1)dd4¹/C(1)RM, y¹ v¹; Dp(1;f)LJ9, y⁺

Genomic Clones ( 1 )

BACR11H20

cDNA Clones ( 7 )

Please Note

This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced

BDGP DGC clones