FB2019_06, released Dec 19, 2019

Gene: Dmel\Grip91

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Grip91
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Gamma-tubulin ring protein 91
Annotation Symbol
CG10988
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0001612
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
15 publicly available
Gene Snapshot
Gamma-tubulin ring protein 91 (Grip91) encodes a gamma-tubulin binding protein involved in male meiotic division and the organization of the meiotic spindle. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-12]
Other Summaries
Also Known As
Dgrip91, dd4, l(1)dd4, l(1)G0122, lethal (1) discs degenerate 4
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
12B4-12B4
Sequence location
X:13,736,570..13,744,683 [-]
Recombination map
1-45
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the TUBGCP family. (Q9XYP8)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Molecular Function (GO)
[Detailed GO annotations]
Experimental Evidence
gamma-tubulin binding; contributes_to microtubule minus-end binding
Predictions / Assertions
gamma-tubulin binding; contributes_to microtubule minus-end binding
Summaries
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
l(1)dd4
Discs missing or degenerate; mitotic index of larval ganglion cells three times that of controls; 20% of metaphases polyploid; very few anaphase figures seen. No maternal effect of homozygosis in ovarian clones on phenotype of offspring (Perrimon, Engstrom, and Mahowald, 1984, Dev. Biol. 105: 404-14). l(1)dd4S recovered as a mutation on the paternal X in a cross of homozygous mei-9 females by normal males [isolated as l(1)08/20]. Ordinarily dies just prior to eclosion, but in dry cultures, both males and females eclose and have good viability, but are almost completely sterile. Wings are held up, some bristles on head and thorax (especially scutellars) are absent; abdomen mutant effects similar to those of bb. Females heterozygous for l(1)dd4S and a deficiency are almost completely lethal.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Grip91 or the JBrowse view of Dmel\Grip91 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Comments on Gene Model
Gene model reviewed during 5.45
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Grip91-RA
FBtr0073841
NM_080180
3571
917
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
3.491 (longest cDNA)
(Oegema et al., 1999)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Grip91-PA
FBpp0073672
103.7
917
7.40
NP_524919
AAF48309
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
917 (aa); 100 (kD observed)
(Oegema et al., 1999)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
Gamma-tubulin small complex (Gamma TuSC) is a heterotetrameric complex which contains two molecules of gamma-tubulin, and one molecule each of Dgrip84 and Dgrip91. The gamma-tubulin in this complex binds preferentially to GDP over GTP.
(UniProt, Q9XYP8)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Grip91 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Gene Ontology (16 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
gamma-tubulin binding
inferred from direct assay
(Gunawardane et al., 2003)
contributes_to microtubule minus-end binding
inferred from direct assay
(Gunawardane et al., 2000)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
gamma-tubulin binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000447085
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
contributes_to microtubule minus-end binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000447085
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Biological Process (8 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
male meiotic nuclear division
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Barbosa et al., 2003)
meiotic spindle organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Barbosa et al., 2003)
microtubule nucleation
inferred from direct assay
(Gunawardane et al., 2000)
inferred from direct assay
(assigned by UniProt )
(Oegema et al., 1999)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
cytoplasmic microtubule organization
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000447085
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
meiotic cell cycle
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000447085
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
microtubule nucleation by interphase microtubule organizing center
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000447085
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
mitotic cell cycle
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000447085
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
spindle assembly
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000447085
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Cellular Component (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
colocalizes_with centrosome
inferred from direct assay
(Oegema et al., 1999)
gamma-tubulin small complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Grip84; FB:FBgn0026430
(Gunawardane et al., 2000)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:γTub23C; FB:FBgn0260639
(Gunawardane et al., 2000)
inferred from direct assay
(assigned by UniProt )
(Oegema et al., 1999)
colocalizes_with mitotic spindle
inferred from direct assay
(Oegema et al., 1999)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
centrosome
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000447085
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
equatorial microtubule organizing center
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000447085
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
gamma-tubulin complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000447085
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
gamma-tubulin small complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000447133
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
spindle pole
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR007259
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
(Oegema et al., 1999)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
colocalizes_with centrosome
inferred from direct assay
(Oegema et al., 1999)
gamma-tubulin small complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Grip84; FB:FBgn0026430
(Gunawardane et al., 2000)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:γTub23C; FB:FBgn0260639
(Gunawardane et al., 2000)
inferred from direct assay
(assigned by UniProt )
(Oegema et al., 1999)
colocalizes_with mitotic spindle
inferred from direct assay
(Oegema et al., 1999)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Grip91 in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, and Transgenic Constructs
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 14 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Grip91
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Grip91
Deletions and Duplications ( 3 )
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die before end of larval stage | recessive
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage | partially
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage | recessive
partially lethal - majority live | recessive
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
viable (with Grip912)
viable (with Grip91G0122)
viable (with Grip91su(Pl))
Sterility
Allele
female sterile
fertile
male sterile
sterile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
cytokinesis defective | male limited
decreased occurrence of cell division | larval stage
meiotic cell cycle defective | male limited
mitotic cell cycle defective
neuroanatomy defective | larval stage
pain response defective | adult stage, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
size defective | larval stage
some die during larval stage | recessive
some die during pupal stage
some die during pupal stage | partially
some die during pupal stage | recessive
visible
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
wild-type
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
abdominal segment
adult abdomen
adult thorax & macrochaeta
cell cycle
centriole
centrosome
chaeta | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
embryonic/larval brain
ganglion mother cell | larval stage
head bristle
imaginal disc
imaginal disc | larval stage
macrochaeta
pericentriolar material
scutellar bristle
spermatocyte & spindle
wing
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Download All OrthoDB Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1)
Homo sapiens (Human) (5)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Hsap\TUBGCP3
14 of 15
Yes
Yes
Hsap\TUBGCP6
2 of 15
No
No
Hsap\TUBGCP2
1 of 15
No
No
Hsap\TUBGCP4
1 of 15
No
No
Hsap\TUBGCP5
1 of 15
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (5)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Mmus\Tubgcp3
13 of 15
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Tubgcp6
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Tubgcp2
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Tubgcp4
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Tubgcp5
1 of 15
No
No
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (5)
Rnor\Tubgcp3
6 of 13
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Tubgcp2
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Tubgcp4
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Tubgcp5
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Tubgcp6
1 of 13
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (3)
Xtro\tubgcp3
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Xtro\tubgcp4
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\tubgcp6
1 of 12
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (5)
Drer\tubgcp3
13 of 15
Yes
Yes
Drer\tubgcp6
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\si:ch1073-365p7.2
1 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\tubgcp4
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\tubgcp5
1 of 15
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
No records found.
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (7)
Atha\SPC98
9 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT1G20570
1 of 9
No
No
Atha\AT1G37010
1 of 9
No
Yes
Atha\AT3G43610
1 of 9
No
Yes
Atha\AT5G17410
1 of 9
No
No
Atha\emb1427
1 of 9
No
No
Atha\GCP4
1 of 9
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (2)
Scer\SPC98
11 of 15
Yes
Yes
Scer\SPC97
1 of 15
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (3)
Spom\alp6
9 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\alp4
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\alp16
1 of 12
No
Yes
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091901X3 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
AAA Syntenic Ortholog
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly
Dmel\Grip91
Drosophila suzukii
Spotted wing Drosophila
Dsuz\DS10_00012463
Drosophila suzukii
Spotted wing Drosophila
Dsuz\DS10_00011262
Drosophila simulans
Dsim\GD15876
Drosophila sechellia
Dsec\GM17594
Drosophila erecta
Dere\GG19490
Drosophila yakuba
Dyak\GE16142
Drosophila ananassae
Dana\GF22346
Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura
Dpse\GA10689
Drosophila persimilis
Dper\GL19849
Drosophila willistoni
Dwil\GK25704
Drosophila virilis
Dvir\GJ18777
Drosophila mojavensis
Dmoj\GI14438
Drosophila grimshawi
Dgri\GH12885
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG0915017A )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17020733
Glossina morsitans
Tsetse fly
Gmor\GMOY005981
Lucilia cuprina
Australian sheep blowfly
Lcup\FF38_13898
Mayetiola destructor
Hessian fly
Mdes\Mdes006878
Aedes aegypti
Yellow fever mosquito
Aaeg\AAEL008465
Anopheles darlingi
American malaria mosquito
Adar\ADAC009697
Anopheles gambiae
Malaria mosquito
Agam\AGAP003865
Culex quinquefasciatus
Southern house mosquito
Cqui\CPIJ012750
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W013D )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Bombyx mori
Silkmoth
Bmor\BGIBMGA007584
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly
Dple\DPOGS204311-PA
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly
Dple\DPOGS204312-PA
Heliconius melpomene
Postman butterfly
Hmel\HMEL015145
Apis florea
Little honeybee
Aflo\3168828868
Apis mellifera
Western honey bee
Amel\GB55940
Bombus impatiens
Common eastern bumble bee
Bimp\BIMP11823
Bombus terrestris
Buff-tailed bumblebee
Bter\15208417
Linepithema humile
Argentine ant
Lhum\LH18463
Megachile rotundata
Alfalfa leafcutting bee
Mrot\MROTU:0018b2
Nasonia vitripennis
Parasitic wasp
Nvit\Nasvi2EG023762
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain pine beetle
Dpod\YQE_05686
Tribolium castaneum
Red flour beetle
Tcas\TC014466
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM075240
Rhodnius prolixus
Kissing bug
Rpro\RPRC007673
Rhodnius prolixus
Kissing bug
Rpro\RPRC002943
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC011959
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid
Apim\ACYPI43440
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid
Apim\ACYPI005257
Zootermopsis nevadensis
Nevada dampwood termite
Znev\Znev_02331
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X011N )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strigamia maritima
European centipede
Smar\SMAR015436
Ixodes scapularis
Black-legged tick
Isca\ISCW013617
Ixodes scapularis
Black-legged tick
Isca\ISCW015861
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM81812.1
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM76983.1
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM62939.1
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur31g01920
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur31g00300
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_327924
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_302875
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091G01V2 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Tubgcp3
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-76p
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Tubgcp2
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Tubgcp3_2
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\ENSCING00000011597
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\ENSCING00000007636
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\ENSCING00000006983
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\TUBGCP4
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\TUBGCP3
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\TUBGCP2
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v7.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (6)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
orthoMCL
Panther
RoundUp
Alignment
Grip75
3 of 10
Grip84
3 of 10
Grip163
3 of 10
CG7716
2 of 10
CG18109
2 of 10
Grip128
1 of 10
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Model Summary Ribbon
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    TUBGCP3; tubulin gamma complex associated protein 3
    14 of 15
    617818
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        esyN Network Diagram
        Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
        Select Layout:
        Legend:
        Protein
        RNA
        Selected Interactor(s)
        Interactions Browser
        View in Interactions Browser
        Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
        protein-protein
        Physical Interaction
        Assay
        References
        Grip91 - ALiX
        pull down, western blot, autoradiography
        (Malerød et al., 2018)
        Grip91 - Grip128
        cosedimentation through density gradient, molecular weight estimation by staining, western blot
        (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2012, Wiese, 2008, Oegema et al., 1999)
        Grip91 - Grip163
        cosedimentation through density gradient, western blot, molecular weight estimation by staining
        (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2012, Wiese, 2008, Oegema et al., 1999)
        Grip91 - Grip71
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
        (Goshima et al., 2008)
        Grip91 - Grip75
        cosedimentation through density gradient, molecular weight estimation by staining, western blot
        (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2012, Oegema et al., 1999)
        Grip91 - Grip84
        cosedimentation through density gradient, molecular weight estimation by staining, western blot
        (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2012, Wiese, 2008, Oegema et al., 1999)
        Grip91 - Mzt1
        two hybrid
        (Tovey et al., 2018)
        Grip91 - Rab2
        pull down, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Gillingham et al., 2014)
        Grip91 - Rab4
        pull down, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Gillingham et al., 2014)
        Grip91 - Sas-4
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, cosedimentation through density gradient
        (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2012)
        Grip91 - γTub23C
        cosedimentation through density gradient, western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, molecular weight estimation by staining
        (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2012, Wiese, 2008, Oegema et al., 1999)
        Grip91 - γTub37C
        cosedimentation through density gradient, western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, molecular weight estimation by staining
        (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2012, Wiese, 2008, Oegema et al., 1999)
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        esyN Network Diagram
        esyN Network Key:
        Suppression
        Enhancement
        View in Interactions Browser
        Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        γTub23C
        suppressible
        Grip91
        (Vázquez et al., 2008)
        External Data
        Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
        Gamma-tubulin small complex (Gamma TuSC) is a heterotetrameric complex which contains two molecules of gamma-tubulin, and one molecule each of Dgrip84 and Dgrip91. The gamma-tubulin in this complex binds preferentially to GDP over GTP.
        (UniProt, Q9XYP8 )
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        Metabolic Pathways
        External Data
        Linkouts
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        X
        Recombination map
        1-45
        Cytogenetic map
        12B4-12B4
        Sequence location
        X:13,736,570..13,744,683 [-]
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        12B4-12B4
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}gEP514 and P{EP}EP1354&P{EP}EP790
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        12A-12B
        (determined by in situ hybridisation)
        (Peter et al., 2002, Schäfer et al., 1999.12.2)
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location
        1-45
        (FlyBase, 2016)
        1-43.8
        (Comeron et al., 2012)
        1-52
        (Gatti and Baker, 1989)
        1-44.4
        Left of (cM)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (15)
        Genomic Clones (22)
        cDNA Clones (13)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequences
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

          cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
          BDGP DGC clones
          Other clones
          RNAi and Array Information
          Linkouts
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
          Antibody Information
          Laboratory Generated Antibodies
           
          polyclonal
          (Oegema et al., 1999)
          Commercially Available Antibodies
           
          Other Information
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database identify of
          Source for identity of: Grip91 l(1)dd4
          (FlyBase, 2009-)
          Source for database merge of
          Source for merge of: Grip91 l(1)dd4
          (Barbosa et al., 2000)
          Source for merge of: l(1)dd4 l(1)G0122
          (Peter et al., 2002)
          Source for merge of: l(1)dd4 anon-WO03040301.197
          (FlyBase, 1996-)
          Additional comments
          Renamed from the placeholder symbol 'l(1)dd4' to 'Grip91' to reflect usage in the literature.
          (FlyBase, 2009-)
          Source for merge of l(1)dd4 anon-WO03040301.197 was sequence comparison ( date:051113 ).
          (FlyBase, 1996-)
          Other Comments
          RNAi screen using dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene results in the formation of an aberrantly long, monopolar spindle when assayed in S2 cells. This phenotype can be observed when the screen is performed with or without Cdc27 dsRNA.
          (Goshima et al., 2007)
          The interactions between and γ-Tubulin facilitates γ-Tubulin binding to GTP.
          (Gunawardane et al., 2003)
          dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.
          (Kiger et al., 2003)
          l(1)dd4 is essential for progression through mitosis.
          (Barbosa et al., 2000)
          Identification: Protein identified as part of a γ tubulin ring complex.
          (Oegema et al., 1999)
          Origin and Etymology
          Discoverer
          Etymology
          Identification
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 38 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
          MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (20)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          CG10988
          (Çiçek et al., 2016, Müller et al., 2010, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Ni et al., 2008, Goshima et al., 2007, Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000)
          DGrip91
          (Brodu et al., 2010, Mottier et al., 2008)
          Dd4
          (Bucciarelli et al., 2009)
          Dgrip9
          (Goshima et al., 2007)
          Dgrip91
          (Malerød et al., 2018, Bucciarelli et al., 2009, Ducat et al., 2008, Giansanti et al., 2008, Goshima et al., 2008, Goshima et al., 2007, Minakhina et al., 2007, Colombie et al., 2006, Jankovics and Brunner, 2006, Vogt et al., 2006, Stumpff et al., 2005, Kawaguchi and Zheng, 2004, Varmark, 2004, Cha et al., 2002, Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000, Gunawardane et al., 2000, Gunawardane et al., 2000, Sibon et al., 2000, Dias et al., 1999, Gunawardane et al., 1999, Oegema et al., 1999, Zheng, 1999.1.6)
          Dgrips91
          (Gunawardane et al., 2003)
          GCP3
          (Jeng and Stearns, 1999)
          GRIP91
          (Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000)
          Grip91
          (Hughes and Simmonds, 2019, Tovey et al., 2018, Gopalakrishnan et al., 2012, Vázquez et al., 2008)
          anon-WO03040301.197
          dGRIP91
          (Sadler and do Carmo Avides, 2000)
          dd4
          (Giansanti et al., 2008, Vázquez et al., 2008, Goshima et al., 2007, Varmark, 2004, Barbosa et al., 2003, Blagden and Glover, 2003, Barbosa et al., 2000, Sadler and do Carmo Avides, 2000)
          l(1)G0122
          (Schäfer et al., 1999.12.2)
          l(1)d deg-4
          (Gatti and Baker, 1989)
          l(1)d.deg.-4
          (Gatti and Goldberg, 1991)
          l(1)d.deg.4
          (Ripoll et al., 1987)
          l(1)dd4
          (Neumüller et al., 2011, Müller et al., 2010, Popodi et al., 2010-, Venken et al., 2010, Vázquez et al., 2008, Bakal et al., 2007, Minakhina et al., 2007)
          Name Synonyms
          DGrip91
          (Brodu et al., 2010)
          Dgrip91
          (Blagden and Glover, 2003)
          Dgrips91
          (Blagden and Glover, 2003)
          Gamma-tubulin ring protein 91
          gamma-tubulin ring protein 91
          lethal (1) discs degenerate 4
          (Vázquez et al., 2008)
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
          • FBgn0026429
          • FBgn0040196
          • FBgn0066830
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          References (93)