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Gene: Dmel\Sos

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Sos
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Son of sevenless
Annotation Symbol
CG7793
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0001965
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
22 publicly available
Gene Snapshot
In progress.Contributions welcome.
Other Summaries
Also Known As
l(2)br24, l(2)34Ea, dSos, E(sev)2A, EY2-3
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
34D1-34D1
Sequence location
2L:13,813,816..13,819,824 [+]
Recombination map
2-49
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI Genome Data Viewer
UCSC Genome Browser
Ensembl Genome Browser
PopFly Genome Browser
GO Summary Ribbons
Families, Domains and Molecular Function
Gene Group Membership (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt, Sequence Similarities)
-
Protein Domains/Motifs
InterPro
Dbl homology (DH) domain; Ras-like guanine nucleotide exchange factor, N-terminal; Pleckstrin homology domain; Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factors catalytic domain; Histone H2A/H2B/H3; Ras-like guanine nucleotide exchange factor; Histone-fold; PH-like domain superfamily; Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factor, conserved site; Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor domain superfamily; Dbl homology (DH) domain superfamily; Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factor catalytic domain superfamily
Molecular Function (see GO section for details)
Experimental Evidence
protein binding; Rac guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity; Ras guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Predictions / Assertions
DNA binding; protein heterodimerization activity
Summaries
Gene Group Membership
RAS GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS -
RasGEFs are Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) for Ras family GTPases. The RasGEFs are characterized by a CDC25 homology domain. (Adapted from FBrf0220530).
RHO GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS -
RhoGEFs are Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) for Rho family GTPases. They include Dbl-homology domain-containing proteins (the largest family of RhoGEFs) and CZH2 domain/Dock family GEFs. (Adapted from FBrf0190957).
Torso Signaling Pathway Core Components -
Formation of the Drosophila embryonic termini is controlled by the localized activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase, Torso (tor). The Torso signaling pathway acts via the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase cascade. (Adapted from FBrf0157176).
Sevenless Signaling Pathway Core Components -
The specification of the R7 photoreceptor cell in each ommatidium of the developing Drosophila eye is dependent on activation of Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase, which acts via the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase cascade to promote the expression of lz and pros. sev, expressed in presumptive R7 cells, is activated by binding to Bride of Sevenless (boss), a seven-transmembrane protein expressed in R8 cells. (Adapted from FBrf0127283 and FBrf0221727).
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathway Core Components -
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is used multiple times during development (FBrf0190321). It is activated by the binding of a secreted ligand to the receptor tyrosine kinase Egfr and acts via the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase (ERK) cascade. (Adapted from FBrf0190321 and FBrf0221727).
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathway Core Components -
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway is initiated by the binding of secreted FGFs - bnl or ths/pyr to receptor tyrosine kinases btl or htl, respectively, to initiate signaling primarily via the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase (ERK) cascade. (Adapted from FBrf0221038).
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-Related Signaling Pathway Core Components -
PDGF/VEGF-receptor related (Pvr) encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase activated by the binding of PDGF- and VEGF-related factors (Pvf1,Pvf2 or Pvf3). Pvr has been shown to activate the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase (ERK) cascade, the PI3K kinase pathway, TORC1 (FBrf0222697), Rho family small GTPases (FBrf0221764, FBrf0180198) and the JNK cascade (FBrf0180198), in a context-dependent manner. (Adapted from FBrf0222697 and FBrf0221727).
UniProt Contributed Function Data
Promotes the exchange of Ras-bound GDP by GTP. Functions in signaling pathways initiated by the sevenless and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases; implies a role for the ras pathway in neuronal development.
(UniProt, P26675)
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
l(2)34Ea
Recessive lethal or semilethal; heteroallelic or hemizygous escapers have small rough eyes; heterozygotes between two weak alleles viable with rough eyes.
Interactive Fly
a dual specificity GEF that regulates both Ras and Rho family GTPases - integrates signals that affect gene expression and cytoskeletal reorganization - Slit-dependent endocytic trafficking of the Robo receptor is required for Son of Sevenless recruitment and midline axon repulsion
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Sos or the JBrowse view of Dmel\Sos for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Comments on Gene Model
Gene model reviewed during 5.45
Gene model reviewed during 6.02
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Sos-RA
FBtr0080541
NM_057249
5635
1596
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
5.5 (longest cDNA)
(Bonfini et al., 1992)
6.0 (northern blot)
(Simon et al., 1991)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Sos-PA
FBpp0080118
177.9
1596
7.42
NP_476597
AAF53336
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
1595 (aa)
(Bonfini et al., 1992)
1596 (aa)
(Simon et al., 1991)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
May form a complex with sevenless and DRK.
(UniProt, P26675)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Sos using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Gene Ontology (26 terms)
Molecular Function (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:drk; FB:FBgn0004638
(Olivier et al., 1993)
Rac guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Rac1; FB:FBgn0010333
(Yang and Bashaw, 2006)
Ras guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
inferred from genetic interaction with SGD:S000004301
(Karlovich et al., 1995)
inferred from direct assay
(McCollam et al., 1995, Baltensperger et al., 1993)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
DNA binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR007125
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
protein heterodimerization activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR009072
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Biological Process (17 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (16 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
axon midline choice point recognition
(Yang and Bashaw, 2006)
defense response to virus
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Xu et al., 2013)
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Cabernard and Affolter, 2005, Lu and Li, 1999, Diaz-Benjumea and Hafen, 1994)
epithelial cell migration, open tracheal system
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Cabernard and Affolter, 2005)
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Cabernard and Affolter, 2005)
imaginal disc-derived leg morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Greenberg and Hatini, 2011)
negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Firth and Baker, 2005)
photoreceptor cell fate determination
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:rho; FB:FBgn0004635
(Freeman, 1994)
positive regulation of cell size
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Sims et al., 2009)
positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Rac1; FB:FBgn0010333
(Yang and Bashaw, 2006)
positive regulation of Ras protein signal transduction
inferred from direct assay
(Baltensperger et al., 1993)
R7 cell fate commitment
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:sev; FB:FBgn0003366
(Karlovich et al., 1995, Bonfini et al., 1992, Rogge et al., 1991, Simon et al., 1991)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:sev; FB:FBgn0003366, FLYBASE:drk; FB:FBgn0004638
(Simon et al., 1993)
sevenless signaling pathway
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:sev; FB:FBgn0003366
(Karlovich et al., 1995, Bonfini et al., 1992, Simon et al., 1991)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:boss; FB:FBgn0000206, FLYBASE:sev; FB:FBgn0003366
(Rogge et al., 1991)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:sev; FB:FBgn0003366, FLYBASE:drk; FB:FBgn0004638
(Simon et al., 1993)
torso signaling pathway
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hou et al., 1995, Lu et al., 1993)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:tor; FB:FBgn0003733
(Doyle and Bishop, 1993)
tracheal outgrowth, open tracheal system
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Cabernard and Affolter, 2005)
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Sims et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
positive regulation of Ras protein signal transduction
inferred by curator from GO:0005088
(McCollam et al., 1995)
regulation of Rho protein signal transduction
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000219
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
cytosol
inferred from direct assay
(Yang and Bashaw, 2006)
extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Yang and Bashaw, 2006)
rhabdomere microvillus membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Karlovich et al., 1995)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
nucleosome
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR007125
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 12
organism | ubiquitous
(Yang and Bashaw, 2006)
embryonic stage 12 -- 17
neuron of embryonic/larval central nervous system
• axon
(Yang and Bashaw, 2006)
embryonic stage 16
embryonic/larval trachea
(Yang and Bashaw, 2006)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
day 5 of adulthood & male -- day 7 of adulthood & male
spermatozoon
(Wasbrough et al., 2010)
Additional Descriptive Data
Sos protein is widely expressed at embryonic stage 12, but has begun to be enriched in developing axons.
(Yang and Bashaw, 2006)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
cytosol
inferred from direct assay
(Yang and Bashaw, 2006)
extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Yang and Bashaw, 2006)
rhabdomere microvillus membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Karlovich et al., 1995)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Sos in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, and Transgenic Constructs
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 78 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Allele of Sos
Class
Mutagen
Associated Insertion
Stocks
Known lesion
SosJC2
gain of function allele
    0
    --
    Sose4G
      0
      Yes
      Sosx122
      loss of function allele, amorphic allele - genetic evidence
        0
        --
        Sos34Ea-6
        amorphic allele - genetic evidence
        3
        --
        Sose2H
          0
          Yes
          Sosk05224
          2
          Yes
          Sosk06321
          1
          --
          Sos34Ea-7
          loss of function allele
          1
          --
          Sosk05705
          1
          --
          Sosunspecified
            0
            --
            Sos189
            0
            --
            Sose0D
              0
              Yes
              Sos34Ea-5
              hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence
              0
              --
              Sose6C
                0
                --
                Sose46
                  0
                  --
                  SosKG10074
                  1
                  Yes
                  Sos34Ea-1
                  loss of function allele
                  0
                  --
                  Sos34Ea-2
                  loss of function allele
                  0
                  --
                  Sos34Ea-3
                  loss of function allele
                  0
                  --
                  Sos34Ea-4
                  loss of function allele
                  0
                  --
                  Sos34Ea-8
                  loss of function allele
                  0
                  --
                  Sos34Ea-10
                  hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence
                  0
                  --
                  Sos34Ea-11
                  hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence
                  0
                  --
                  Sos34Ea-12
                  hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence
                  0
                  --
                  Sos34Ea-13
                  loss of function allele
                  0
                  --
                  Sos34Ea-14
                  hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence
                  0
                  --
                  Sos34Ea-15
                  hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence
                  0
                  --
                  Sos34Ea-16
                  hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence
                  0
                  --
                  Sos34Ea-17
                  hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence
                  0
                  --
                  Sos34Ea-18
                  hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence
                  0
                  --
                  Sos34Ea-19
                  hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence
                  0
                  --
                  Sose1A
                    0
                    --
                    Sose49
                      0
                      --
                      SoseCN6
                      loss of function allele
                      0
                      --
                      SoseCS3
                      loss of function allele
                      0
                      --
                      SoseDN4
                      loss of function allele
                      0
                      --
                      SoseJ2
                      loss of function allele
                      0
                      --
                      SoseN6
                      loss of function allele
                      0
                      --
                      Sosex63
                      loss of function allele
                        0
                        --
                        SosF1
                        0
                        --
                        SosSutor-157
                          0
                          --
                          SosSutor-405
                            0
                            --
                            Sosx15
                              0
                              --
                              Sos02
                                1
                                Yes
                                SosEP-1008
                                  1
                                  Yes
                                  Sosf05577
                                  1
                                  Yes
                                  Sos2L-160-32
                                  0
                                  --
                                  Sos2L-374-8
                                  0
                                  --
                                  Sos34Ea-9
                                  0
                                  --
                                  Sos34Ea-20
                                  hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence
                                  0
                                  --
                                  Sos34G
                                    0
                                    --
                                    Sos309
                                    0
                                    --
                                    SosAM14
                                      0
                                      --
                                      SosD120
                                      0
                                      --
                                      SosEY2-3
                                        0
                                        --
                                        Sosf05654
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL003
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL004
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL005
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL012
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL013
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL018
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL019
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL021
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL027
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL028
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL031
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL033
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL035
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL037
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL101
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL106
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL111
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL120
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL124
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosL127
                                        0
                                        Yes
                                        SosSco7
                                        0
                                        --
                                        SosxB10
                                        0
                                        --
                                        Other relevant insertions
                                        miscellaneous insertions
                                        Name
                                        Expression Data
                                        P{lacW}l(2)SH1125SH1125
                                        NA
                                        Transgenic Constructs ( 22 )
                                        For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
                                        Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Sos
                                        Allele of Sos
                                        Mutagen
                                        Associated Transgenic Construct
                                        Stocks
                                        SosGD1539
                                        2
                                        SosfTRG00714.sfGFP-TVPTBF
                                        1
                                        SosHMS00149
                                        1
                                        SosJF01186
                                        1
                                        SosJF01216
                                        1
                                        SosKK102390
                                        1
                                        SosJF01680
                                        1
                                        SosTKO.GS00776
                                        1
                                        SosTOE.GS01355
                                        1
                                        Sos+t10
                                        0
                                        Sos+t15.1
                                        0
                                        SosC.hs.sev
                                        0
                                        SosCat.hs.sev
                                        0
                                        SosCatC.hs.sev
                                        0
                                        SosN.hs.sev
                                        0
                                        SosNCat.hs.sev
                                        0
                                        SosNCatC.hs.sev
                                        0
                                        SosPH.hs.sev
                                        0
                                        SosUAS.cYa
                                        0
                                        SosUAS.Tag:MYC
                                        0
                                        SosΔDH.UAS.Tag:MYC
                                        0
                                        SosΔRasGEF.UAS.Tag:MYC
                                        0
                                        Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Sos
                                        Deletions and Duplications ( 105 )
                                        Disrupted in
                                        Df(2L)64j
                                        (Iyengar et al., 1999, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        Df(2L)b75
                                        (Gubb et al., 1990, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        Df(2L)b80c1
                                        (Iyengar et al., 1999, Simon et al., 1991, Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)b80l
                                        (Alexandrova et al., 1996)
                                        Df(2L)b81f2A
                                        (Roote, 1996.8)
                                        Df(2L)b83l1
                                        (Alexandrova et al., 1996)
                                        Df(2L)b84a4
                                        (Bonfini et al., 1992)
                                        Df(2L)b84a9
                                        (Roote, 2000.7.3, Iyengar et al., 1999, Roote, 1995.3.27)
                                        Df(2L)b84h1
                                        (Roote et al., 1996, Bonfini et al., 1992)
                                        Df(2L)b84h50
                                        (Spradling et al., 1999, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
                                        Df(2L)b85b1
                                        (Alexandrova et al., 1996)
                                        Df(2L)b85c1
                                        (Roote, 1995.3.27)
                                        Df(2L)b89e8
                                        (Roote, 2000.6.5, Roote, 2000.7.3)
                                        Df(2L)b89e12
                                        (Roote, 2000.6.5)
                                        Df(2L)b89e80b
                                        (Roote, 2000.6.5)
                                        Df(2L)el88
                                        (Verheyen et al., 1996)
                                        Df(2L)Exel7059
                                        (Ryder, 2004.4.26)
                                        Df(2L)fn30
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)fn31
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)GT5
                                        (Gubb et al., 1990)
                                        Df(2L)Sco7
                                        (Bonfini et al., 1992)
                                        Df(2L)TE35B-5
                                        (Gubb et al., 1985)
                                        Df(2L)TE35BC-6
                                        (Gubb et al., 1984)
                                        Df(2L)TE35BC-23
                                        (Gubb et al., 1984)
                                        In(2L)b79h1A
                                        (Roote, 1998.3.4)
                                        In(2L)b81l7
                                        (Iyengar et al., 1999)
                                        In(2L)b82c44
                                        (Iyengar et al., 1999, Roote, 1995.3.27)
                                        In(2L)b91l9
                                        (Roote, 2000.6.5)
                                        In(2LR)b71k1A
                                        (Roote, 1997.2.3, Bonfini et al., 1992)
                                        In(2LR)b87e152
                                        (Roote, 2000.6.5)
                                        T(2;3)b83l2
                                        (Alexandrova et al., 1996)
                                        T(Y;2;3)b88g22
                                        (Roote, 2000.6.5, Roote, 1995.3.27)
                                        Tp(2;Y)b88b15
                                        (Alexandrova et al., 1996)
                                        Not disrupted in
                                        Df(2L)A47
                                        (Gubb et al., 1990, Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A48
                                        (Gubb et al., 1990, Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A63
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A72
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A178
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A215
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A217
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A220
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A245
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A246
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A260
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A263
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A264
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A266
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A267
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A376
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A377
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A379
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A400
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)A445
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)b81a2LA80R
                                        (Roote, 2000.7.3)
                                        Df(2L)b82a3
                                        (Roote, 2000.7.3)
                                        Df(2L)b85b2
                                        (Roote, 2000.7.3)
                                        Df(2L)b88b42
                                        (Roote, 2000.7.3)
                                        Df(2L)el77
                                        (Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        Df(2L)fn1
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        Df(2L)fn2
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        Df(2L)fn3
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        Df(2L)fn5
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)fn7
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        Df(2L)fn12
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        Df(2L)fn15
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)fn26
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)fn27
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)fn36
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Df(2L)GT4
                                        (Gubb et al., 1990)
                                        Df(2L)Sco7
                                        (Roote, 1996.8)
                                        Df(2L)Scorv4
                                        (Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        Df(2L)TE35B-1
                                        (Gubb et al., 1985)
                                        Df(2L)TE35B-2
                                        (Gubb et al., 1985)
                                        Df(2L)TE35B-3
                                        (Gubb et al., 1985)
                                        Df(2L)TE35B-4
                                        (Gubb et al., 1985)
                                        Df(2L)TE35B-6
                                        (Gubb et al., 1985)
                                        Df(2L)TE35B-7
                                        (Gubb et al., 1985)
                                        Df(2L)TE35B-8
                                        (Gubb et al., 1985)
                                        Df(2L)TE35B-9
                                        (Gubb et al., 1985)
                                        Df(2L)TE35B-10
                                        (Gubb et al., 1985)
                                        Df(2L)TE35B-11
                                        (Gubb et al., 1985)
                                        Df(2L)TE35B-12
                                        (Gubb et al., 1985)
                                        Df(2L)TE35B-15
                                        (Gubb et al., 1985)
                                        Df(2L)TE35BC-1
                                        (Gubb et al., 1984)
                                        Df(2L)TE35BC-3
                                        (Gubb et al., 1984)
                                        Df(2L)TE35BC-4
                                        (Gubb et al., 1984)
                                        Df(2L)TE35BC-7
                                        (Gubb et al., 1984)
                                        Df(2L)TE35BC-8
                                        (Gubb et al., 1984)
                                        Df(2L)TE35BC-24
                                        (Gubb et al., 1984)
                                        Df(2L)TE35BC-28
                                        (Gubb et al., 1984)
                                        Df(2L)TE35BC-29
                                        (Gubb et al., 1984)
                                        Df(2L)TE35BC-31
                                        (Gubb et al., 1984)
                                        Df(2L)TE35BC-34
                                        (Gubb et al., 1984)
                                        Df(2L)TE35BC-35
                                        (Gubb et al., 1984)
                                        Df(2L)W
                                        (Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        In(2L)75cLC158.1R
                                        (Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        In(2L)75c
                                        (Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        In(2L)b83b22
                                        (Iyengar et al., 1999)
                                        In(2L)TE35B-13
                                        (Gubb et al., 1985)
                                        In(2LR)b81a2LDTD43R
                                        (Roote, 2000.7.3, Bonfini et al., 1992)
                                        In(2LR)b81a2
                                        (Bonfini et al., 1992)
                                        T(2;3)Scorv7
                                        (Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        T(Y;2)A80DR15P
                                        (Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        T(Y;2)J165DP58P
                                        (Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        T(Y;2)R15DJ165P
                                        (Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                        Tp(2;2)A446
                                        (Ashburner et al., 1982)
                                        Partially disrupted in
                                        Df(2L)b81a2LA80R
                                        (Iyengar et al., 1999)
                                        In(2LR)b81a2
                                        (Iyengar et al., 1999)
                                        Phenotypes
                                        For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
                                        Lethality
                                        Allele
                                        lethal | maternal effect | recessive
                                        lethal | recessive
                                        lethal - all die before end of embryonic stage | germline clone | maternal effect | recessive
                                        lethal - all die before end of embryonic stage | recessive
                                        lethal - all die before end of pupal stage | recessive
                                        lethal - all die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
                                        viable
                                        viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
                                        viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
                                        viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
                                        Sterility
                                        Allele
                                        fertile
                                        Other Phenotypes
                                        Allele
                                        body color defective, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
                                        endocytosis defective, with Scer\GAL4repo, Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B
                                        enhancer of variegation | dominant, with In(1)wm4h
                                        mitotic cell cycle defective | cell autonomous | somatic clone
                                        neuroanatomy defective | embryonic stage 17
                                        some die during embryonic stage | maternal effect | recessive
                                        some die during embryonic stage | recessive
                                        some die during pupal stage | recessive
                                        terminal phenotype | germline clone | maternal effect
                                        visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
                                        visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
                                        visible | recessive
                                        visible | somatic clone
                                        wild-type
                                        Phenotype manifest in
                                        Allele
                                        abdominal 1 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5
                                        abdominal 1 ventral monoscolopidial chordotonal organ vch1
                                        abdominal 2 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5
                                        abdominal 2 ventral monoscolopidial chordotonal organ vch1
                                        abdominal 3 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5
                                        abdominal 3 ventral monoscolopidial chordotonal organ vch1
                                        abdominal 4 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5
                                        abdominal 4 ventral monoscolopidial chordotonal organ vch1
                                        abdominal 5 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5
                                        abdominal 5 ventral monoscolopidial chordotonal organ vch1
                                        abdominal 6 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5
                                        abdominal 6 ventral monoscolopidial chordotonal organ vch1
                                        abdominal 7 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5
                                        abdominal 7 ventral monoscolopidial chordotonal organ vch1
                                        chaeta | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
                                        commissure
                                        dMP2 neuron
                                        dorsal air sac primordium | somatic clone
                                        embryo | germline clone | maternal effect
                                        eye
                                        eye disc | cell autonomous | somatic clone
                                        glial cell, with Scer\GAL4repo, Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B
                                        longitudinal connective
                                        longitudinal connective | embryonic stage 17
                                        macrochaeta
                                        mesothoracic tergum, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
                                        midline crossing tract | embryonic stage 17
                                        ommatidium
                                        ommatidium | somatic clone
                                        pCC neuron
                                        photoreceptor cell R1
                                        photoreceptor cell R2
                                        photoreceptor cell R3
                                        photoreceptor cell R4
                                        photoreceptor cell R5
                                        photoreceptor cell R6
                                        photoreceptor cell R7
                                        photoreceptor cell R8
                                        trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
                                        vesicle, with Scer\GAL4repo, Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B
                                        vMP2 neuron
                                        wing, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
                                        wing vein
                                        wing vein, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
                                        wing vein | ectopic
                                        wing vein L4 | somatic clone
                                        Orthologs
                                        Downloads
                                        Download All DIOPT Orthologs
                                        Download All OrthoDB Orthologs
                                        Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1)
                                        Homo sapiens (Human) (8)
                                        Species\Gene Symbol
                                        Score
                                        Best Score
                                        Best Reverse Score
                                        Source
                                        Compara
                                        eggNOG
                                        Hieranoid
                                        Homologene
                                        Inparanoid
                                        Isobase
                                        OMA
                                        OrthoDB
                                        OrthoFinder
                                        OrthoInspector
                                        orthoMCL
                                        Panther
                                        Phylome
                                        RoundUp
                                        TreeFam
                                        ZFIN
                                        Alignment
                                        Complementation?
                                        Transgene?
                                        Hsap\SOS1
                                        15 of 15
                                        Yes
                                        Yes
                                        Hsap\SOS2
                                        13 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Hsap\RAPGEF1
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Hsap\RAPGEF2
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Hsap\RASGEF1B
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Hsap\RASGRF1
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Hsap\RASGRF2
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Hsap\RASGRP2
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1)
                                        Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (10)
                                        Species\Gene Symbol
                                        Score
                                        Best Score
                                        Best Reverse Score
                                        Source
                                        Compara
                                        eggNOG
                                        Hieranoid
                                        Homologene
                                        Inparanoid
                                        Isobase
                                        OMA
                                        OrthoDB
                                        OrthoFinder
                                        OrthoInspector
                                        orthoMCL
                                        Panther
                                        Phylome
                                        RoundUp
                                        TreeFam
                                        ZFIN
                                        Alignment
                                        Complementation?
                                        Transgene?
                                        Mmus\Sos1
                                        14 of 15
                                        Yes
                                        Yes
                                        Mmus\Sos2
                                        13 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Mmus\Rapgef1
                                        2 of 15
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Mmus\Ralgps2
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Mmus\Rapgef2
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Mmus\Rapgef6
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Mmus\Rasgef1b
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Mmus\Rasgrf1
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Mmus\Rasgrf2
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Mmus\Rasgrp2
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (6)
                                        Rnor\Sos2
                                        12 of 13
                                        Yes
                                        Yes
                                        Rnor\Sos1
                                        10 of 13
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Rnor\Ralgps2
                                        1 of 13
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Rnor\Rapgef1
                                        1 of 13
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Rnor\Rasgrp2
                                        1 of 13
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Rnor\Rasgrp3
                                        1 of 13
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (3)
                                        Xtro\sos1
                                        8 of 12
                                        Yes
                                        Yes
                                        Xtro\sos2
                                        7 of 12
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Xtro\rapgef1
                                        1 of 12
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (8)
                                        Drer\sos2
                                        10 of 15
                                        Yes
                                        Yes
                                        Drer\sos1
                                        8 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Drer\rapgef1a
                                        2 of 15
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Drer\LOC797658
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Drer\rapgef1b
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Drer\rasgrf2a
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Drer\rasgrf2b
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Drer\si:ch211-234p18.3
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
                                        Cele\sos-1
                                        14 of 15
                                        Yes
                                        Yes
                                        Cele\pxf-1
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Cele\Y34B4A.4
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
                                        No orthologs reported.
                                        Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (4)
                                        Scer\CDC25
                                        7 of 15
                                        Yes
                                        Yes
                                        Scer\BUD5
                                        2 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Scer\LTE1
                                        2 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Scer\YCL068C
                                        1 of 15
                                        No
                                        Yes
                                        Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
                                        Spom\efc25
                                        3 of 12
                                        Yes
                                        Yes
                                        Spom\ste6
                                        2 of 12
                                        No
                                        No
                                        Orthologs in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091900TK )
                                        Organism
                                        Common Name
                                        Gene
                                        AAA Syntenic Ortholog
                                        Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
                                        Drosophila melanogaster
                                        fruit fly
                                        Dmel\Sos
                                        Drosophila suzukii
                                        Spotted wing Drosophila
                                        Dsuz\DS10_00001716
                                        Drosophila simulans
                                        Dsim\Sos
                                        Drosophila sechellia
                                        Dsec\GM15254
                                        Drosophila erecta
                                        Dere\GG23884
                                        Drosophila yakuba
                                        Dyak\GE18685
                                        Drosophila ananassae
                                        Dana\GF14259
                                        Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura
                                        Dpse\GA28770
                                        Drosophila persimilis
                                        Dper\GL21232
                                        Drosophila willistoni
                                        Dwil\GK24390
                                        Drosophila virilis
                                        Dvir\GJ18146
                                        Drosophila mojavensis
                                        Dmoj\GI18240
                                        Drosophila grimshawi
                                        Dgri\GH11116
                                        Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091500MO )
                                        Organism
                                        Common Name
                                        Gene
                                        Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
                                        Musca domestica
                                        House fly
                                        Mdoa\17008918
                                        Musca domestica
                                        House fly
                                        Mdoa\17009385
                                        Musca domestica
                                        House fly
                                        Mdoa\17008154
                                        Glossina morsitans
                                        Tsetse fly
                                        Gmor\GMOY008836
                                        Lucilia cuprina
                                        Australian sheep blowfly
                                        Lcup\FF38_04528
                                        Mayetiola destructor
                                        Hessian fly
                                        Mdes\Mdes007679
                                        Aedes aegypti
                                        Yellow fever mosquito
                                        Aaeg\AAEL001165
                                        Anopheles darlingi
                                        American malaria mosquito
                                        Adar\ADAC005827
                                        Anopheles gambiae
                                        Malaria mosquito
                                        Agam\AGAP009180
                                        Culex quinquefasciatus
                                        Southern house mosquito
                                        Cqui\CPIJ005593
                                        Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W00TR )
                                        Organism
                                        Common Name
                                        Gene
                                        Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
                                        Bombyx mori
                                        Silkmoth
                                        Bmor\BGIBMGA011102
                                        Danaus plexippus
                                        Monarch butterfly
                                        Dple\DPOGS203453-PA
                                        Heliconius melpomene
                                        Postman butterfly
                                        Hmel\HMEL015026
                                        Apis florea
                                        Little honeybee
                                        Aflo\3045105204
                                        Apis mellifera
                                        Western honey bee
                                        Amel\GB49388
                                        Bombus impatiens
                                        Common eastern bumble bee
                                        Bimp\BIMP17399
                                        Bombus terrestris
                                        Buff-tailed bumblebee
                                        Bter\15213247
                                        Linepithema humile
                                        Argentine ant
                                        Lhum\LH16814
                                        Megachile rotundata
                                        Alfalfa leafcutting bee
                                        Mrot\MROTU:002b03
                                        Nasonia vitripennis
                                        Parasitic wasp
                                        Nvit\Nasvi2EG013810
                                        Dendroctonus ponderosae
                                        Mountain pine beetle
                                        Dpod\YQE_06523
                                        Tribolium castaneum
                                        Red flour beetle
                                        Tcas\GLEAN_15124
                                        Pediculus humanus
                                        Human body louse
                                        Phum\PHUM366140
                                        Rhodnius prolixus
                                        Kissing bug
                                        Rpro\RPRC011169
                                        Cimex lectularius
                                        Bed bug
                                        Clec\CLEC011844
                                        Acyrthosiphon pisum
                                        Pea aphid
                                        Apim\ACYPI001062
                                        Acyrthosiphon pisum
                                        Pea aphid
                                        Apim\ACYPI000938
                                        Zootermopsis nevadensis
                                        Nevada dampwood termite
                                        Znev\Znev_05254
                                        Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X00JJ )
                                        Organism
                                        Common Name
                                        Gene
                                        Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
                                        Strigamia maritima
                                        European centipede
                                        Smar\SMAR010406
                                        Ixodes scapularis
                                        Black-legged tick
                                        Isca\ISCW006011
                                        Stegodyphus mimosarum
                                        African social velvet spider
                                        Smim\KFM57794.1
                                        Tetranychus urticae
                                        Two-spotted spider mite
                                        Turt\tetur02g12640
                                        Daphnia pulex
                                        Water flea
                                        Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_326268
                                        Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091G04UL )
                                        Organism
                                        Common Name
                                        Gene
                                        Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
                                        Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
                                        Purple sea urchin
                                        Spur\Sp-Sos
                                        Ciona intestinalis
                                        Vase tunicate
                                        Cint\sos1
                                        Ciona intestinalis
                                        Vase tunicate
                                        Cint\ENSCING00000011738
                                        Gallus gallus
                                        Domestic chicken
                                        Ggal\SOS2
                                        Gallus gallus
                                        Domestic chicken
                                        Ggal\SOS1
                                        Human Disease Model Data
                                        FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
                                          Alleles Reported to Model Human Disease (Disease Ontology)
                                          Download
                                          Models ( 0 )
                                          Allele
                                          Disease
                                          Evidence
                                          References
                                          Interactions ( 1 )
                                          Allele
                                          Disease
                                          Interaction
                                          References
                                          SosKG10074
                                          ameliorates  autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia
                                          modeled by Hsap\ATXN182Q.UAS
                                          (Park et al., 2013)
                                          Comments ( 0 )
                                           
                                          Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1)
                                          Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
                                          Homo sapiens (Human)
                                          Gene name
                                          Score
                                          OMIM
                                          OMIM Phenotype
                                          Complementation?
                                          Transgene?
                                          SOS1; SOS Ras/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1
                                          15 of 15
                                          182530
                                          SOS2; SOS Ras/Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2
                                          13 of 15
                                          601247
                                          Functional Complementation Data
                                          Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
                                          Interactions
                                          Summary of Physical Interactions
                                          Summary of Genetic Interactions
                                          esyN Network Diagram
                                          esyN Network Key:
                                          Suppression
                                          Enhancement
                                          View in Interactions Browser
                                          Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
                                          Starting gene(s)
                                          Interaction type
                                          Interacting gene(s)
                                          Reference
                                          Sos|sev
                                          suppressible
                                          aop
                                          (Rogge et al., 1995)
                                          sev|Sos
                                          enhanceable
                                          ast
                                          (Kolodkin et al., 1994)
                                          Sos
                                          enhanceable
                                          Cdc42
                                          (Fritz and VanBerkum, 2002)
                                          Sos|Dsor1
                                          enhanceable
                                          cln
                                          (Taguchi et al., 2000)
                                          sev|Sos
                                          enhanceable
                                          cnk
                                          (Zhang and Lu, 2000)
                                          sev|Sos
                                          enhanceable
                                          ebi
                                          (Dong et al., 1999)
                                          Sos|sev
                                          enhanceable
                                          Egfr
                                          (Dong et al., 1999)
                                          Sos
                                          enhanceable
                                          mbc
                                          (Lu et al., 2014)
                                          Sos
                                          enhanceable
                                          Rac1
                                          (Fritz and VanBerkum, 2002)
                                          Sos
                                          suppressible
                                          Rho1
                                          (Fritz and VanBerkum, 2002)
                                          Sos
                                          enhanceable
                                          Rho1
                                          (Fritz and VanBerkum, 2002)
                                          sev|Sos
                                          enhanceable
                                          rin
                                          (Pazman et al., 2000)
                                          Sos|sev
                                          enhanceable
                                          S
                                          (Kolodkin et al., 1994)
                                          Sos|sev
                                          suppressible
                                          S
                                          (Kolodkin et al., 1994)
                                          Sos
                                          suppressible
                                          sev
                                          (Kolodkin et al., 1994)
                                          Sos
                                          suppressible
                                          Src42A
                                          (Lu and Li, 1999)
                                          Sos|sev
                                          suppressible
                                          ttk
                                          (Dong et al., 1999)
                                          Sos
                                          enhanceable
                                          Vav
                                          (Malartre et al., 2010)
                                          Starting gene(s)
                                          Interaction type
                                          Interacting gene(s)
                                          Reference
                                          aop
                                          enhanceable
                                          Sos
                                          (Rebay et al., 2000, Chen et al., 1999)
                                          aop
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Chen et al., 1999)
                                          B-H1
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Hayashi et al., 1998)
                                          B-H1
                                          enhanceable
                                          Sos
                                          (Hayashi et al., 1998)
                                          Ced-12
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Lu et al., 2014)
                                          csw
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Oishi et al., 2009, Oishi et al., 2006)
                                          csw
                                          enhanceable
                                          Sos
                                          (Firth et al., 2000)
                                          drk
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Lu et al., 2014)
                                          Egfr::tor
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Dong et al., 1999)
                                          Egfr
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Verheyen et al., 1996, Doyle and Bishop, 1993)
                                          egr
                                          enhanceable
                                          Sos
                                          (Ruan et al., 2016)
                                          Khc::Ggal\MLCK
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Fritz and VanBerkum, 2000)
                                          Khc::Ggal\MLCK|robo1
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Fritz and VanBerkum, 2000)
                                          Krn
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Reich and Shilo, 2002)
                                          ksr::tor
                                          enhanceable
                                          Sos
                                          (Therrien et al., 2000)
                                          mbc
                                          enhanceable
                                          Sos
                                          (Lu et al., 2014)
                                          N
                                          enhanceable
                                          Sos
                                          (Verheyen et al., 1996)
                                          Nf1
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Williams et al., 2001)
                                          Rac1
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Lu et al., 2014)
                                          Raf
                                          enhanceable
                                          Sos
                                          (Therrien et al., 2000)
                                          Ras85D
                                          enhanceable
                                          Sos
                                          (Rebay et al., 2000)
                                          Ras85D
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Rebay et al., 2000)
                                          Ras85D|sev
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Maixner et al., 1998)
                                          Ret
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Read et al., 2005)
                                          rho
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Freeman, 1994)
                                          robo1
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Fritz and VanBerkum, 2000)
                                          sev::tor
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Dong et al., 1999)
                                          sev
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Pazman et al., 2000, Kolodkin et al., 1994, Bonfini et al., 1992, Rogge et al., 1991)
                                          sl
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)
                                          sl
                                          enhanceable
                                          Sos
                                          (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)
                                          sli
                                          enhanceable
                                          Sos
                                          (Fritz and VanBerkum, 2000)
                                          Socs44A
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Rawlings et al., 2004)
                                          Src42A
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Zhang et al., 1999, Takahashi et al., 1996)
                                          svp
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Begemann et al., 1995, Kramer et al., 1995)
                                          svp
                                          enhanceable
                                          Sos
                                          (Begemann et al., 1995, Kramer et al., 1995)
                                          tor
                                          suppressible
                                          Sos
                                          (Li and Li, 2003, Doyle and Bishop, 1993)
                                          Vav
                                          enhanceable
                                          Sos
                                          (Malartre et al., 2010)
                                          External Data
                                          Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
                                          May form a complex with sevenless and DRK.
                                          (UniProt, P26675 )
                                          Linkouts
                                          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                                          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                                          InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
                                          Pathways
                                          Gene Group - Pathway Membership (FlyBase)
                                          Torso Signaling Pathway Core Components -
                                          Formation of the Drosophila embryonic termini is controlled by the localized activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase, Torso (tor). The Torso signaling pathway acts via the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase cascade. (Adapted from FBrf0157176).
                                          Sevenless Signaling Pathway Core Components -
                                          The specification of the R7 photoreceptor cell in each ommatidium of the developing Drosophila eye is dependent on activation of Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase, which acts via the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase cascade to promote the expression of lz and pros. sev, expressed in presumptive R7 cells, is activated by binding to Bride of Sevenless (boss), a seven-transmembrane protein expressed in R8 cells. (Adapted from FBrf0127283 and FBrf0221727).
                                          Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathway Core Components -
                                          The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is used multiple times during development (FBrf0190321). It is activated by the binding of a secreted ligand to the receptor tyrosine kinase Egfr and acts via the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase (ERK) cascade. (Adapted from FBrf0190321 and FBrf0221727).
                                          Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathway Core Components -
                                          Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway is initiated by the binding of secreted FGFs - bnl or ths/pyr to receptor tyrosine kinases btl or htl, respectively, to initiate signaling primarily via the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase (ERK) cascade. (Adapted from FBrf0221038).
                                          Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-Related Signaling Pathway Core Components -
                                          PDGF/VEGF-receptor related (Pvr) encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase activated by the binding of PDGF- and VEGF-related factors (Pvf1,Pvf2 or Pvf3). Pvr has been shown to activate the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase (ERK) cascade, the PI3K kinase pathway, TORC1 (FBrf0222697), Rho family small GTPases (FBrf0221764, FBrf0180198) and the JNK cascade (FBrf0180198), in a context-dependent manner. (Adapted from FBrf0222697 and FBrf0221727).
                                          External Data
                                          Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
                                          Chromosome (arm)
                                          2L
                                          Recombination map
                                          2-49
                                          Cytogenetic map
                                          34D1-34D1
                                          Sequence location
                                          2L:13,813,816..13,819,824 [+]
                                          FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
                                          Cytogenetic map
                                          Evidence for location
                                          34D1-34D1
                                          Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}CG7364k07245 and P{lacW}Sosk05224&P{lacW}RpII33k05605
                                          Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
                                          Cytogenetic map
                                          Notes
                                          References
                                          34D3-34D8
                                          (determined by in situ hybridisation) 34D4--6 (determined by in situ hybridisation) 34D5--6 (determined by in situ hybridisation)
                                          (Ashburner et al., 1999)
                                          34D4-34D6
                                          (determined by in situ hybridisation)
                                          (Spradling et al., 1999)
                                          34D-34D
                                          (Gibson et al., 1999)
                                          34D4-34D6
                                          34D5--6
                                          (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
                                          34D3-34D8
                                          (determined by in situ hybridisation)
                                          (Dorn et al., 1993)
                                          Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
                                          Location
                                          2-49
                                          (FlyBase, 2016)
                                          2-45.1
                                          (Comeron et al., 2012)
                                          2-
                                          (Dorn et al., 1993)
                                          2-48
                                          (Simon et al., 1991)
                                          Left of (cM)
                                          Right of (cM)
                                          Notes
                                          Stocks and Reagents
                                          Stocks (22)
                                          Genomic Clones (19)
                                          cDNA Clones (57)
                                           

                                          Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

                                          cDNA clones, fully sequences
                                          BDGP DGC clones
                                          Other clones
                                          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                                          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                                          cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                                          BDGP DGC clones
                                          Other clones
                                          RNAi and Array Information
                                          Linkouts
                                          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                                          GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
                                          Antibody Information
                                          Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                                           
                                          polyclonal
                                          (Simon et al., 1993)
                                          Commercially Available Antibodies
                                           
                                          Other Information
                                          Relationship to Other Genes
                                          Source for database identify of
                                          Source for identity of: Sos CG7793
                                          (Guan, 1999.11)
                                          Source for database merge of
                                          Source for merge of: Sos E(var)189
                                          (Roote, 1997.6.6)
                                          Additional comments
                                          Other Comments
                                          dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.
                                          (Kiger et al., 2003)
                                          RNAi screen using dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene causes a phenotype when assayed in Kc167 cells: change from round to spindle-shaped, with the formation of F-actin puncta and microtubule extensions. S2R+ cells are unaffected.
                                          (Kiger et al., 2003)
                                          6 alleles of Sos been recovered in a screen for mutations with mutant phenotypes in clones in the wing.
                                          (Vegh and Basler, 2003)
                                          The Sos signaling pathway is required to prevent certain axons crossing the midline during the development of the central nervous system.
                                          (Fritz and VanBerkum, 2000)
                                          Identification: One of a collection of genes identified with defective larval growth that extend larval life. Not studied further due to apparent lack of association of mutant phenotype with insertion of P-element present in the mutant chromosome.
                                          (Galloni and Edgar, 1999)
                                          Shows no genetic interaction with sdk.
                                          (Nguyen et al., 1997)
                                          The effect of binding a Pro-rich peptide derived from Sos on the equilibrium between the folded and unfolded state of drk SH3 domain is investigated.
                                          (Zhang and Forman-Kay, 1997)
                                          Activated mutations of Sos suppress the P{sevhs-cswCS} phenotype and inactivated mutations enhance the mutant phenotype.
                                          (Herbst et al., 1996)
                                          Studies of interaction between argos and members of the Ras/MAPK pathway demonstrate the argos gene product is a negative regulator of signal transduction that acts upstream of the Ras/MAPK cascade.
                                          (Sawamoto et al., 1996)
                                          Loss of function alleles of Sos are enhancers of the cswEsev1A-3EC.sev and cswEsev1A-eOP.sev phenotype.
                                          (Carroll et al., 1995)
                                          In vivo structure-function analysis revealed that the amino terminus of the Sos product is essential for its function. Membrane localization of Sos protein is independent of drk function. A drk-independent interaction between Sos and sev has been proposed that is likely mediated by the pleckstrin homology domain within the amino terminus of Sos.
                                          (Karlovich et al., 1995)
                                          The role of the N and C terminal regions of Sos are studied in mammalian cells to directly measure the effect on p21ras loading with GTP. Results demonstrate a functional role for pleckstrin and Dbl domains within the Sos protein.
                                          (McCollam et al., 1995)
                                          A high affinity binding site for the drk SH3 domain maps to the Sos product tail. The N-terminal drk SH3 domain is primarily responsible for binding to the tail of the Sos product in vitro, and for signalling to the Ras85D product in vivo.
                                          (Raabe et al., 1995)
                                          Experiments on Ras activation in signal transduction by human insulin receptor in COS cells found heterologously expressed Sos gene product in a complex with insulin receptor and GRB2 or p85.
                                          (Baltensperger et al., 1993)
                                          Dosage-dependent genetic interaction between S and sev, Ras85D and Sos (involved in receptor tyrosine kinase signalling) supports a role for S in cell-cell signalling.
                                          (Heberlein et al., 1993)
                                          Heat shock induced expression, embryonic injection and female mosaic analysis demonstrates that Ras85D and its positive regulator Sos are involved in the tor signalling pathway.
                                          (Lu et al., 1993)
                                          In vitro, drk binds the C terminal tail of the Sos product through the drk SH3 domain, thereby linking receptor tyrosine kinases to Ras activation.
                                          (Olivier et al., 1993)
                                          Sos has been cloned and sequenced.
                                          (Bonfini et al., 1992)
                                          The Sos gene product is common to the sev as well as the Egfr receptor tyrosine kinase pathway but the interaction of Sos with Egfr is limited to the developing eye. Suppression of sev by Sos is allele specific.
                                          (Rogge et al., 1991)
                                          Sos is required for photoreceptor development, acts in R7 and is a suppressor of the Egfr phenotype to restore the eye to a nearly normal appearance.
                                          (Simon et al., 1991)
                                          Recessive lethal or semi-lethal; heteroallelic or hemizygous escapers have small rough eyes; heterozygotes between two weak alleles viable with rough eyes.
                                          Origin and Etymology
                                          Discoverer
                                          Etymology
                                          Identification
                                          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 134 )
                                          Sequence Crossreferences
                                          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                                          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                                          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                                          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                                          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                                          Other crossreferences
                                          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                                          PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
                                          Linkouts
                                          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                                          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones
                                          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                                          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                                          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                                          FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
                                          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                                          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                                          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                                          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                                          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                                          GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
                                          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                                          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
                                          InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
                                          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                                          KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.
                                          MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                                          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                                          modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
                                          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                                          SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
                                          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (30)
                                          Reported As
                                          Symbol Synonym
                                          2.3
                                          (Gibson et al., 1999)
                                          34Ea
                                          (Kumar and Moses, 2000)
                                          BG:DS00941.4
                                          (Ashburner et al., 1999, Ashburner et al., 1999.10.12)
                                          CG7793
                                          (Balakrishnan et al., 2015, Hosono et al., 2015, Greenberg and Hatini, 2011, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, van Dam et al., 2009, Ni et al., 2008, Molnar et al., 2006)
                                          E(sev)2A
                                          (Kumar and Moses, 2000, Yamamoto, 1993, Simon et al., 1991)
                                          E(var)189
                                          EC2-5
                                          (Baril et al., 2014)
                                          EK2-8
                                          (Therrien et al., 2000)
                                          EY2-3
                                          (Rebay et al., 2000, Chen et al., 1999)
                                          SOS
                                          (Lusk et al., 2017, Winfree et al., 2017, Freeman, 2015, Lu et al., 2014, Slack et al., 2010, van Dam et al., 2009, Carroll et al., 1995, Marshall, 1994)
                                          Sos
                                          (Inoue et al., 2018, Ogura et al., 2018, Ashton-Beaucage and Therrien, 2017, Chabu et al., 2017, Li et al., 2017, Nakamura et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Zhu et al., 2017, Malartre, 2016, Sarov et al., 2016, Vedanayagam and Garrigan, 2015, Baril et al., 2014, Macagno et al., 2014, Bergwitz et al., 2013, Carter, 2013, de Celis et al., 2013.9.11, Mbodj et al., 2013, Muha and Müller, 2013, Park et al., 2013, Sopko and Perrimon, 2013, Izutsu et al., 2012, Alic et al., 2011, Diez et al., 2011, Friedman et al., 2011, Friedman et al., 2011, Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011, Ragab et al., 2011, Coleman et al., 2010, Mourikis et al., 2010, Salzer et al., 2010, Wasbrough et al., 2010, Oishi et al., 2009, Sims et al., 2009, Yan et al., 2009, Zhou et al., 2008, Bakal et al., 2007, Zhang et al., 2007, Friedman and Perrimon, 2006, Molnar et al., 2006, Yang and Bashaw, 2006, Firth and Baker, 2005, Harrison et al., 2005, Rawlings et al., 2004, Silver et al., 2004, Voas and Rebay, 2004, Dawes-Hoang and Wieschaus, 2001, Gim et al., 2001, Pazman et al., 2000, Biggs et al., 1994)
                                          Sos1
                                          (McCormick, 1993)
                                          Su(tor)2-2
                                          (Kumar and Moses, 2000, Doyle and Bishop, 1993)
                                          br24
                                          (Gubb et al., 1985)
                                          br25
                                          (Kumar and Moses, 2000)
                                          dSos
                                          (Swevers et al., 2018, Wennstrom and Downward, 1999, McCollam et al., 1995, Cherniack et al., 1994)
                                          dme-SOS
                                          (Baxevanis et al., 1995)
                                          l(2)34Ea
                                          (Ashburner et al., 1999, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrova et al., 1996, Gubb et al., 1990)
                                          l(2)Sos
                                          l(2)br24
                                          (Kumar and Moses, 2000, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Gubb et al., 1984, Ashburner et al., 1982, Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                          l(2)br25
                                          (Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                          l(2)k05224
                                          (Galloni and Edgar, 1999, Chen et al., 1998)
                                          l(2)k06321
                                          (Chen et al., 1998)
                                          sos
                                          (Ruan et al., 2016, Hales et al., 2015, Bergwitz et al., 2013, Kim et al., 2012, Axelsson et al., 2011, Greenberg and Hatini, 2011, Malartre et al., 2010, Ni et al., 2009, Yan et al., 2009, Hsouna and VanBerkum, 2008, Ni et al., 2008, Oishi et al., 2006, Cabernard and Affolter, 2005, Zhu et al., 2005, Luschnig et al., 2004, Luschnig et al., 2004, Li and Li, 2003, Settle et al., 2003, Vegh and Basler, 2003, Cho et al., 2002, Reich and Shilo, 2002, Smith et al., 2002, Sullivan and Rubin, 2002, Bai et al., 2001, Bergeret et al., 2001, Bhadra et al., 2000, Maixner et al., 1998, Bhadra et al., 1997, Nguyen et al., 1997, Altshuler and Lillien, 1992)
                                          Name Synonyms
                                          Son of sevenless
                                          (Ashton-Beaucage and Therrien, 2017, Malartre, 2016, Muha and Müller, 2013, Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011, Salzer et al., 2010, Harrison et al., 2005, Rawlings et al., 2004)
                                          Son-of-sevenless
                                          (Gim et al., 2001)
                                          lethal 24 in the black-reduced region
                                          (Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                          lethal 25 in the black-reduced region
                                          (Woodruff and Ashburner, 1979)
                                          son of sevenless
                                          (Lu et al., 2014, Ni et al., 2009, Ni et al., 2008, Oishi et al., 2006)
                                          son-of-sevenless
                                          (Hsouna and VanBerkum, 2008)
                                          Secondary FlyBase IDs
                                          • FBgn0013235
                                          • FBgn0026802
                                          Datasets (1)
                                          Study focus (1)
                                          Experimental Role
                                          Project
                                          Project Type
                                          Title
                                          • bait_protein
                                          RTK-Ras-ERK_interaction_map
                                          Interaction map generated by purification of receptor tyrosine kinase pathway factors, with identification of copurifying proteins by mass spectrometry.
                                          References (312)