FB2019_05, released Oct 15, 2019

Gene: Dmel\Gli

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Gli
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Gliotactin
Annotation Symbol
CG3903
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0001987
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
13 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
Carboxylesterase (3.1.1.1)
Gene Snapshot
Gliotactin (Gli) encodes a transmembrane protein localized at tricellular junctionsthat is necessary for septate junction and permeability barrier formation. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Other Summaries
Also Known As
l(2)35Dg, l(2)br45, BG:DS09217.3
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
35D4-35D4
Sequence location
2L:15,756,002..15,762,758 [-]
Recombination map
2-51
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Molecular Function (GO)
[Detailed GO annotations]
Experimental Evidence
-
Predictions / Assertions
carboxylic ester hydrolase activity; neurexin family protein binding; signaling receptor activity
Catalytic Activity (EC)
Experimental Evidence
-
Predictions / Assertions
A carboxylic ester + H(2)O = an alcohol + a carboxylate (3.1.1.1)
Summaries
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
5
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Gli or the JBrowse view of Dmel\Gli for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Comments on Gene Model
Gene model reviewed during 5.52
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Gli-RA
FBtr0080765
NM_057254
4095
956
Gli-RC
FBtr0080767
NM_165127
4186
956
Gli-RD
FBtr0080768
NM_165128
3975
956
Gli-RE
FBtr0080769
NM_165129
4007
956
Gli-RF
FBtr0343721
NM_165130
4468
956
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
6.0 (northern blot)
(Auld et al., 1995)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Gli-PA
FBpp0080324
109.2
956
8.79
NP_476602
AAF53482
Gli-PC
FBpp0080326
109.2
956
8.79
NP_723928
AAN10910
Gli-PD
FBpp0080327
109.2
956
8.79
NP_723929
AAN10911
Gli-PE
FBpp0080328
109.2
956
8.79
NP_723930
AAN10912
Gli-PF
FBpp0310295
109.2
956
8.79
NP_723931
AAN10913
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

956 aa isoforms: Gli-PA, Gli-PC, Gli-PD, Gli-PE, Gli-PF
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
956 (aa); 109 (kD predicted)
(Auld et al., 1995)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Gli using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Gene Ontology (22 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
carboxylic ester hydrolase activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
(Auld et al., 1995)
neurexin family protein binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000168538
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
signaling receptor activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000168538
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Biological Process (13 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
cell adhesion involved in heart morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Yi et al., 2008)
establishment of blood-nerve barrier
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Auld et al., 1995)
maintenance of imaginal disc-derived wing hair orientation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Venema et al., 2004)
positive regulation of border follicle cell migration
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wang et al., 2006)
regulation of tube size, open tracheal system
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Paul et al., 2003)
septate junction assembly
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Schulte et al., 2003)
spermatid differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Lindsley et al., 2013)
synaptic target recognition
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Kurusu et al., 2008)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000168538
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
neuron cell-cell adhesion
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000168538
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
postsynaptic membrane assembly
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000168538
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
presynaptic membrane assembly
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000168538
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
synaptic vesicle endocytosis
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000168538
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Cellular Component (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Auld et al., 1995)
septate junction
inferred from direct assay
(Schulte et al., 2003)
tricellular tight junction
inferred from direct assay
(Byri et al., 2015, Schulte et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
cell surface
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000168538
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
integral component of plasma membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000168538
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
synapse
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000168538
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
peripheral glial cell
(Auld et al., 1995)
midline glial cell
(Auld et al., 1995)
exit glial cell
(Auld et al., 1995)
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
hindgut anlage
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
antennal primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
inclusive hindgut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
central brain primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal epidermis primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
foregut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
hindgut proper primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
somatic muscle primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
tracheal primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral epidermis primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 12
epidermis
(Auld et al., 1995)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic brain
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic dorsal epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic foregut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic head epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic hindgut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic ventral epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval nervous system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval somatic muscle
(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral cord surface glial cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
sensory nervous system primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral midline
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord
(Fisher et al., 2012)
channel glial cell
(Kearney et al., 2004)
Additional Descriptive Data
Gli transcripts are expressed in most peripheral glia, in some exit glia, and in a number of midline glia. Prior to glial staining, there is some epidermal staining in broad, diffuse stripes at early stage 12.
(Auld et al., 1995)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
exit glial cell
(Auld et al., 1995)
midline glial cell
(Auld et al., 1995)
embryonic/larval hindgut
(Auld et al., 1995)
intersegmental nerve
(Auld et al., 1995)
segmental nerve
(Auld et al., 1995)
embryonic stage 11 -- 15
embryonic epidermis
(Schulte et al., 2003)
embryonic stage 12
epidermis
(Auld et al., 1995)
embryonic stage 13
presumptive embryonic/larval tracheal system
(Schulte et al., 2003)
embryonic stage 13 -- 14
embryonic/larval trachea
(Auld et al., 1995)
embryonic stage 13 -- 17
peripheral glial cell
(Auld et al., 1995)
larval stage
peripheral nervous system
(Auld et al., 1995)
ventral thoracic disc
(Auld et al., 1995)
eye-antennal disc
(Auld et al., 1995)
embryonic/larval trachea
(Auld et al., 1995)
thoracico-abdominal ganglion | medial
(Auld et al., 1995)
first instar larval stage
subperineurial glial cell
(Strigini et al., 2006)
third instar larval stage
wing disc
(Padash-Barmchi et al., 2010)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data
Gli is localized at tricellular tight junctions in columnar epithelial cells of the wing disc, as well as being found in intracellular vesicles.
(Padash-Barmchi et al., 2010)
Gli protein is expressed in most peripheral glia, in some exit glia, and in a number of midline glia. Staining of peripheral glia is first detected at stage 13 and becomes stronger through later stages. At stages 16-17, the entire surface of these glia appears to stain. The Gli-expressing glia extend from the nerve roots just inside the CNS along most of the major peripheral nerves, including the ISN up to the main tracheal trunk and along the two SN branches. Gli protein is expressed on all glia associated with the peripheral motor and sensory nerves but is not expressed on glia associated with sensory structures. Gli protein is also observed in a pair of midline glial cells at stages 16 and 17, in the epidermis from stage 12, and in the trachea and hindgut. In larvae, faint staining is observe in the midline of the thoracic ganglia, along the large nerve trunks leaving the CNS, in leg and antennal discs, in trachea and in the PNS.
(Auld et al., 1995)
Marker for
 
subperineurial glial cell
(Strigini et al., 2006)
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Auld et al., 1995)
septate junction
inferred from direct assay
(Schulte et al., 2003)
tricellular tight junction
inferred from direct assay
(Byri et al., 2015, Schulte et al., 2006)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{GAL4}GliJ29-Gal4
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval CNS subperineurial glial cell
(Schmidt et al., 2012)
Reporter: P{GawB}GlirL82.29
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
third instar larval stage
peripheral glial cell
(Sepp and Auld, 2003)
Reporter: P{GawB}GlirL82
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
embryonic/larval carpet glial cell
(Edwards et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval wrapping glial cell
(Edwards et al., 2012)
third instar larval stage
peripheral glial cell
(Kerr et al., 2014)
pupal stage
developing satellite glial cell
(Edwards et al., 2012)
glial cell | subset of embryonic/larval optic lobe
(Edwards et al., 2012)
pharate adult stage -- adult stage
distal satellite glial cell
(Edwards et al., 2012)
pseudocartridge glial cell
(Edwards et al., 2012)
adult proximal satellite glial cell
(Edwards et al., 2012)
adult stage
adult brain subperineurial glial cell
(Edwards et al., 2012)
Reporter: P{lacW}GliJ29
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
exit glial cell
(Auld et al., 1995)
midline glial cell
(Auld et al., 1995)
peripheral glial cell
(Auld et al., 1995)
embryonic stage 13 -- 17
embryonic peripheral glial cell 4
(von Hilchen et al., 2008)
embryonic peripheral glial cell 5
(von Hilchen et al., 2008)
embryonic peripheral glial cell 7
(von Hilchen et al., 2008)
embryonic peripheral glial cell 10
(von Hilchen et al., 2008)
larval stage
embryonic/larval carpet glial cell
(Edwards et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval wrapping glial cell
(Edwards et al., 2012)
pupal stage
developing satellite glial cell
(Edwards et al., 2012)
pupal stage -- adult stage
pseudocartridge glial cell
(Edwards et al., 2012)
pharate adult stage -- adult stage
distal satellite glial cell
(Edwards et al., 2012)
adult proximal satellite glial cell
(Edwards et al., 2012)
adult stage
adult brain subperineurial glial cell
(Edwards et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 16
peripheral glial cell
(Edenfeld et al., 2006)
pupal stage
glial cell | subset of embryonic/larval optic lobe
(Edwards et al., 2012)
Reporter: PBac{754.P.FSVS-0}GliCPTI002805
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
lamina
(Knowles-Barley, 2011.8.24)
adult brain cell body rind
(Knowles-Barley, 2011.8.24)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Gli in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, and Transgenic Constructs
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 40 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 19 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Gli
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Gli
Deletions and Duplications ( 66 )
Disrupted in
Df(2L)b88c75
(Roote, 1996.8, Roote, 1995.3.27)
Df(2L)BSC690
(Christensen et al., 2008.12.28)
Df(2L)fn26
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)k05007-mr2
(Roote, 2000.6.13)
Df(2L)k05007-mr3
(Roote, 2000.6.13)
Df(2L)k05007-mr6
(Roote, 2000.6.13)
Df(2L)k05007-mr9
(Roote, 2000.6.13)
Df(2L)k05007-mr13
(Roote, 2000.6.13)
Df(2L)k05007-mr15
(Roote, 2000.6.13)
Df(2L)k09033-mr9
(Roote, 2000.6.13)
Df(2L)k09033-mr19
(Roote, 2000.6.13)
Df(2L)n78l3
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)osp29
(Cai et al., 2001, Auld et al., 1995)
Df(2L)PZ05271-mr33
(Roote, 2000.6.13)
Df(2L)r10
(Auld et al., 1995, Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)Sco7
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)Scorv16
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)Scorv18
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)SS1
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35D-2
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35D-3
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35D-6
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35D-13
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35D-14
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35D-16
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35D-19
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35D-21
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35D-22
(Cai et al., 2001, Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35D-23
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
In(2L)dpps22Ldppd36R
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
In(2L)el18
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
T(2;3)Scorv7
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Not disrupted in
Df(2L)64j
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)A72
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)A267
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)ARR1
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)b80e4
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)el20
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)el28
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)fn12
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)fn27
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)H20
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)noc11
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)osp38
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)PZ05271-mr15
(Roote, 2000.6.13)
Df(2L)RA5
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)rd9
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)RM5
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)RN2
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)Scorv19
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)Scorv25
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35BC-3
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35BC-4
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35BC-34
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35D-1
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35D-4
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35D-15
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Df(2L)TE35D-20
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
In(2LR)noc4LScorv9R
(Cai et al., 2001)
In(2LR)Scorv1-DV7
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Duplicated in
Dp(2;3)osp3
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
In(2L)C163.41LC158R
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Not duplicated in
Dp(2;1)Scorv23
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Dp(2;2)GYL
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Dp(2;2)TE35B-54L
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
In(2L)Scorv17LC158R
(Ashburner et al., 1990)
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
cell lethal | somatic clone
lethal
lethal (with Gli3)
lethal (with Glidv1)
lethal (with Glidv3)
lethal (with Glidv5)
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die before end of embryonic stage
lethal - all die before end of embryonic stage | recessive
partially lethal | recessive
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Sterility
Allele
fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
cell polarity defective
cell polarity defective (with Glidv1)
cell polarity defective (with Glidv3)
cell polarity defective (with Glidv5)
cell polarity defective (with GliRAR77)
increased cell death, with Scer\GAL4ap.PU
increased cell death, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544
increased cell number, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544
increased occurrence of cell division | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544
meiotic cell cycle defective | dominant
mitotic cell cycle defective | P-stage
neuroanatomy defective | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
some die during embryonic stage
some die during embryonic stage | recessive
visible
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
anterior fascicle & synapse, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
border follicle cell | somatic clone
centrosome | P-stage
dorsal trunk primordium
dorsocentral bristle, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
embryonic/first instar larval cuticle
embryonic/larval salivary gland, with Scer\GAL4fkh.PH
embryonic peripheral glial cell 4
embryonic peripheral glial cell 10
embryonic salivary gland & epithelial cell
epithelial cell
epithelial cell | P-stage
intermediate peripheral glial cell of ISN
intersegmental nerve, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
macrochaeta
peripheral glial cell 4 of SNc
pleated septate junction
scutellar bristle, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
septate junction
tormogen cell, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
wing | distal (with Glidv3)
wing | distal (with Glidv5)
wing disc, with Scer\GAL4ap.PU
wing disc, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544
wing hair
wing hair (with Glidv1)
wing hair (with Glidv3)
wing hair (with Glidv5)
wing hair (with GliRAR77)
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Download All OrthoDB Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1)
Homo sapiens (Human) (11)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Hsap\CEL
4 of 15
Yes
Yes
Hsap\NLGN2
3 of 15
No
No
Hsap\CES1
2 of 15
No
No
Hsap\CES2
2 of 15
No
No
Hsap\CES3
2 of 15
No
No
Hsap\CES4A
2 of 15
No
No
Hsap\CES5A
2 of 15
No
No
Hsap\NLGN1
2 of 15
No
No
 
Hsap\NLGN3
2 of 15
No
No
Hsap\NLGN4X
2 of 15
No
No
Hsap\NLGN4Y
2 of 15
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (23)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Mmus\Cel
3 of 15
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Nlgn2
3 of 15
Yes
No
Mmus\Ces1b
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces1c
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces1d
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces1e
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces1f
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces1g
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces2b
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces2c
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces2e
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces2f
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces2g
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces2h
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces3a
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces3b
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces4a
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces5a
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Nlgn1
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Nlgn3
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces1a
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces1h
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Ces2a
1 of 15
No
No
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (19)
Rnor\Cel
4 of 13
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Nlgn2
3 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Ces2g
2 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Ces2h
2 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Ces2
2 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Ces4a
2 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Nlgn3
2 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Ces1a
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Ces1c
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Ces1d
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Ces1f
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Ces2a
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Ces2c
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Ces2e
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Ces2i
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Ces2j
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Ces5a
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\LOC679149
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Nlgn1
1 of 13
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (7)
Xtro\cel
2 of 12
Yes
Yes
Xtro\ces2
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\ces3
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\LOC100494782
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\nlgn2
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\nlgn3
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\nlgn4x
1 of 12
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (15)
Drer\cel.1
3 of 15
Yes
Yes
Drer\nlgn2b
3 of 15
Yes
No
Drer\cel.2
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\cell
2 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\ces2
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\ces3
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\nlgn1
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\nlgn2a
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\nlgn3a
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\nlgn3b
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\nlgn4a
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\nlgn4b
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\si:ch211-93f2.1
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\LOC100334697
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\si:ch211-71n6.4
1 of 15
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (44)
Cele\glit-1
10 of 15
Yes
Yes
Cele\Y71H2AM.13
3 of 15
No
No
Cele\B0238.1
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\F07C4.12
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\F55F3.2
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\F56C11.6
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\K07C11.4
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\K11G9.1
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\K11G9.3
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\nlg-1
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\R173.3
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\T02B5.3
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\T07H6.1
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\T28C12.5
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\W02B12.4
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\ZC376.1
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\ZC376.2
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\ZC376.3
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\ZK994.1
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\B0238.7
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\C01B10.4
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\C01B10.10
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\C17H12.4
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\C23H4.2
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\C23H4.3
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\C23H4.4
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\C23H4.7
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\C42D4.2
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\C52A10.1
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\C52A10.2
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\cest-1
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\dod-22
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\E01G6.3
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\F08D12.12
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\F13H6.3
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\F15A8.6
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\F15B10.3
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\F16G10.15
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\ges-1
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\K11G9.2
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\sup-36
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\T22D1.11
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\T28C12.4
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\Y75B8A.3
1 of 15
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
No records found.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\RFS1
1 of 15
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
Spom\SPCC417.12
2 of 12
Yes
No
Spom\SPAPB18E9.04c
1 of 12
No
Yes
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091901KJ )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
AAA Syntenic Ortholog
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly
Dmel\Gli
Drosophila suzukii
Spotted wing Drosophila
Dsuz\DS10_00000929
Drosophila simulans
Dsim\GD21942
Drosophila sechellia
Dsec\GM14210
Drosophila erecta
Dere\GG24195
Drosophila yakuba
Dyak\GE19390
Drosophila ananassae
Dana\GF14975
Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura
Dpse\GA17762
Drosophila persimilis
Dper\GL15437
Drosophila willistoni
Dwil\GK24272
Drosophila virilis
Dvir\GJ18005
Drosophila mojavensis
Dmoj\GI17245
Drosophila grimshawi
Dgri\GH13495
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091501A0 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17019218
Glossina morsitans
Tsetse fly
Gmor\GMOY010899
Lucilia cuprina
Australian sheep blowfly
Lcup\FF38_06875
Mayetiola destructor
Hessian fly
Mdes\Mdes016893
Mayetiola destructor
Hessian fly
Mdes\Mdes016952
Aedes aegypti
Yellow fever mosquito
Aaeg\AAEL009055
Anopheles darlingi
American malaria mosquito
Adar\ADAC006350
Anopheles gambiae
Malaria mosquito
Agam\AGAP008190
Culex quinquefasciatus
Southern house mosquito
Cqui\CPIJ000482
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W015M )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Bombyx mori
Silkmoth
Bmor\BGIBMGA005805
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly
Dple\DPOGS215710-PA
Heliconius melpomene
Postman butterfly
Hmel\HMEL009633
Apis florea
Little honeybee
Aflo\2625726468
Apis mellifera
Western honey bee
Amel\Gli
Bombus impatiens
Common eastern bumble bee
Bimp\BIMP18346
Bombus terrestris
Buff-tailed bumblebee
Bter\15212594
Linepithema humile
Argentine ant
Lhum\LH19859
Megachile rotundata
Alfalfa leafcutting bee
Mrot\MROTU:002cf6
Nasonia vitripennis
Parasitic wasp
Nvit\Nasvi2EG001429
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain pine beetle
Dpod\YQE_09110
Tribolium castaneum
Red flour beetle
Tcas\Gli
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM617310
Rhodnius prolixus
Kissing bug
Rpro\RPRC005115
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC004727
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid
Apim\ACYPI001162
Zootermopsis nevadensis
Nevada dampwood termite
Znev\Znev_14951
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X02ED )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strigamia maritima
European centipede
Smar\SMAR000421
Ixodes scapularis
Black-legged tick
Isca\ISCW020290
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM67244.1
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM58261.1
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur30g01560
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_308571
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( None identified )
No non-Arthropod Metazoa orthologies identified
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v7.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (34)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
orthoMCL
Panther
RoundUp
Alignment
CG10339
4 of 10
α-Est3
3 of 10
α-Est5
3 of 10
α-Est10
3 of 10
CG4382
3 of 10
CG4757
3 of 10
CG5397
3 of 10
CG9289
3 of 10
CG10175
3 of 10
CG12869
3 of 10
clt
3 of 10
Est-P
3 of 10
Est-Q
3 of 10
Jhedup
3 of 10
Jhe
3 of 10
α-Est1
2 of 10
α-Est2
2 of 10
α-Est4
2 of 10
α-Est6
2 of 10
α-Est7
2 of 10
α-Est8
2 of 10
α-Est9
2 of 10
CG3841
2 of 10
CG6414
2 of 10
CG9287
2 of 10
Est-6
2 of 10
gas
2 of 10
Glt
2 of 10
Nlg1
2 of 10
Nlg2
2 of 10
Nlg3
2 of 10
Nlg4
2 of 10
Nrt
2 of 10
CG30095
1 of 10
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Model Summary Ribbon
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    CEL; carboxyl ester lipase
    model of  maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 8
    IEA
    (FlyBase, 2019-)
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
     
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v7.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    CEL; carboxyl ester lipase
    4 of 15
    114840
    NLGN2; neuroligin 2
    3 of 15
    606479
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        esyN Network Diagram
        esyN Network Key:
        Suppression
        Enhancement
        View in Interactions Browser
        Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        Gli
        suppressible
        bsk
        (Padash-Barmchi et al., 2010)
        Gli
        suppressible
        Dad
        (Sharifkhodaei et al., 2016)
        Gli
        enhanceable
        Dad
        (Sharifkhodaei et al., 2016)
        Gli
        enhanceable
        H
        (Abdelilah-Seyfried et al., 2000)
        Gli
        suppressible
        mir-184
        (Sharifkhodaei et al., 2016)
        Gli
        enhanceable
        mir-184
        (Sharifkhodaei et al., 2016)
        Gli
        enhanceable
        N
        (Abdelilah-Seyfried et al., 2000)
        Gli
        enhanceable
        puc
        (Padash-Barmchi et al., 2010)
        Gli
        suppressible
        tkv
        (Sharifkhodaei et al., 2016)
        Gli
        enhanceable
        tkv
        (Sharifkhodaei et al., 2016)
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        Nsf2
        suppressible
        Gli
        (Laviolette et al., 2005)
        External Data
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Pathways
        Gene Group - Pathway Membership (FlyBase)
        External Data
        Linkouts
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        2L
        Recombination map
        2-51
        Cytogenetic map
        35D4-35D4
        Sequence location
        2L:15,756,002..15,762,758 [-]
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        35D4-35D4
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}CycEk05007&P{lacW}CycEk02602 and P{EP}crpEP721&P{lacW}crpk07829
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        35D7-35D7
        (determined by in situ hybridisation)
        (Abdelilah-Seyfried et al., 2000)
        35D6-35D7
        (determined by in situ hybridisation)
        (Ashburner et al., 1999, Spradling et al., 1999)
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location
        2-51
        (FlyBase, 2016)
        2-48.9
        (Comeron et al., 2012)
        Left of (cM)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes
        l(2)35Di, l(2)35Df and Gli are definitely distal of wek.
        (Roote, 2000.6.13)
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (13)
        Genomic Clones (18)
         

        Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

        cDNA Clones (95)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequences
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         
        monoclonal, polyclonal
        (Auld et al., 1995)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Other Information
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database identify of
        Source for identity of: Gli CG3903
        (Kodira, 1999.11)
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments
        FlyBase curator comment: "EP2416" overexpression phenotype stated to be due to its effect on Gli but orientation of the P{EP} element suggests otherwise.
        (Pena-Rangel et al., 2002)
        Other Comments
        Appears to function to stabilize and align prehairs relative to anterior-posterior cell boundaries during pupal wing development.
        (Venema et al., 2004)
        Gli encodes a novel transmembrane protein.
        (Auld et al., 1995)
        Gli is required for the formation of the peripheral blood nerve barrier.
        (Auld et al., 1995)
        In mutant embryos peripheral glia develop normally in terms of migration and differentiation except that ultrastructurally and physiologically they do not form a complete blood-nerve barrier. As a result peripheral motor axons are exposed to high K+ haemolymph, action potentials fails to propagate and the embryos are nearly paralysed.
        (Auld et al., 1995)
        11 additional alleles are discussed but are not named.
        (Ashburner et al., 1990)
        Origin and Etymology
        Discoverer
        Etymology
        Identification
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 61 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
        Linkouts
        ApoDroso - Functional genomic database for photoreceptor development, survival and function
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (9)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        BG:DS09217.3
        (Ashburner et al., 1999, Ashburner et al., 1999.10.12)
        CG3903
        (Hosono et al., 2015, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Haussmann et al., 2008, Moorman et al., 2006, Laviolette et al., 2005, Norga et al., 2003, Kraut et al., 2001, Kraut et al., 2001, Whitfield, 2000.11.28)
        Gli
        (Mazaud et al., 2019, Xu et al., 2019, Ariss et al., 2018, Daniel et al., 2018, Wang et al., 2018, Resnik-Docampo et al., 2017, Altenhein et al., 2016, Bosveld et al., 2016, Sharifkhodaei et al., 2016, Byri et al., 2015, Abley et al., 2013, Lindsley et al., 2013, Steinhauer et al., 2013, Verbeni et al., 2013, von Hilchen et al., 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Murray et al., 2012, Tan et al., 2012, Desalvo et al., 2011, Dworkin et al., 2011, Xie and Auld, 2011, Blanco et al., 2010, Jumbo-Lucioni et al., 2010, Nilton et al., 2010, Padash-Barmchi et al., 2010, Iovino et al., 2009, Nahvi et al., 2009, Christensen et al., 2008.12.28, Gilchrist et al., 2008, Haussmann et al., 2008, Yi et al., 2008, Buszczak et al., 2007, Kertesz et al., 2007, Furuse and Tsukita, 2006, Schulte et al., 2006, Strigini et al., 2006, Jordan et al., 2005, Laviolette et al., 2005, Stark et al., 2005)
        gli
        (Kerr et al., 2014, Eddison et al., 2012, Nilton et al., 2010, Wu and Beitel, 2004, Salinas et al., 2001)
        l(2)35Dg
        (Ashburner et al., 1999, Roote, 1997.6.6, The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Alexandrova et al., 1996, Auld et al., 1995, Spradling et al., 1995)
        l(2)br45
        (The Moscow Regional Drosophila melanogaster Stock Center, Dubna, Ashburner et al., 1990)
        n(2)k09033
        (Spradling, 1999.12.9)
        Name Synonyms
        Gliotactin
        (Lowe et al., 2014, Abley et al., 2013, Steinhauer et al., 2013, Tan et al., 2012, Leiserson and Keshishian, 2011, Rodrigues et al., 2011, Kim et al., 2010, Nilton et al., 2010, Haussmann et al., 2008, Kurusu et al., 2008, Schotman et al., 2008, Yi et al., 2008, Schulte et al., 2006, Wang et al., 2006, Daneman and Barres, 2005)
        gliotactin
        (Kerr et al., 2014, Schmidt et al., 2011, Padash-Barmchi et al., 2010, Tiklova et al., 2010, Maybeck and Röper, 2009, Liévens et al., 2008, Edenfeld et al., 2006, Jordan et al., 2005, Wu and Beitel, 2004, Norga et al., 2003, Sepp et al., 2000, Venema and Auld, 1999, Auld, 1995.7.14)
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          References (157)