FB2025_02 , released April 17, 2025
Gene: Dmel\sas
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\sas
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
stranded at second
Annotation Symbol
CG2507
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0002306
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
21 publicly available
Gene Summary
stranded at second (sas) encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein that localizes to the apical cell surface in polarized epithelia, such as the embryonic/larval salivary gland (SG). Overexpression of sas in the developing SG leads to all membrane domains taking on apical membrane character, with the exception of the region where septate junctions form. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-13] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

rfd, l(3)84Cd

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
84C8-84D1
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-48
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:7162808..7183702
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (13 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables signaling receptor binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Ptp10D; FB:FBgn0004370
(Lee et al., 2023)
enables structural molecule activity
inferred from direct assay
(Lee et al., 2023)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables integrin binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000142750
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables signaling receptor activity
non-traceable author statement
(Schonbaum et al., 1992)
Biological Process (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in axon guidance
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Lee et al., 2013)
involved_in cell-cell signaling via exosome
inferred from direct assay
(Lee et al., 2023)
involved_in instar larval development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Schonbaum et al., 1992)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in cell adhesion
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000142750
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in positive regulation of cell differentiation
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000142750
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in apical plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Firmino et al., 2013)
is_active_in extracellular exosome
inferred from direct assay
(Lee et al., 2023)
is_active_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Lee et al., 2023)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in apical plasma membrane
non-traceable author statement
(Bachmann et al., 2001)
is_active_in extracellular space
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000142750
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in plasma membrane
non-traceable author statement
(Schonbaum et al., 1992)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
stranded at second (sas) encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein that localizes to the apical cell surface in polarized epithelia, such as the embryonic/larval salivary gland (SG). Overexpression of sas in the developing SG leads to all membrane domains taking on apical membrane character, with the exception of the region where septate junctions form. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-13]
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Vital for larval development (PubMed:1339334). During salivary tube elongation, possibly modulates cellular adhesion between the apical surface and apical extracellular matrix, and acts as an apical membrane determinant that functions in apical membrane expansion independently of crb and Cad99C (PubMed:24718992).
(UniProt, Q04164)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
sas: stranded-at-second (D. R. Cavener)
Homozygous lethal; homozygotes die at the first to second instar molt or at second instar. Larvae do not grow and exhibit a segmentally repeated pattern of tanned spots on the ventral cuticle between the fourth and fifth row of setae and sometimes between the first and second row of setae. Trachae are convoluted.
Summary (Interactive Fly)

Sas and the receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase PTP10D function as the cell-surface ligand-receptor system that drives tumour-suppressive cell competition - trans-activation of Sas-PTP10D signalling in loser cells restrains EGFR signalling cell elimination and thereby enables elevated JNK signalling in loser cells, triggering cell elimination - expression of Sas in neurons and glia and Ptp10D expressed on longitudinal axons are required to prevent axons from abnormally crossing the midline

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
4
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\sas for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q04164)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Gene model reviewed during 6.02

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
sas-RA
FBtr0081571
NM_057263
5115
1348
sas-RB
FBtr0081570
NM_169177
5916
1693
sas-RC
FBtr0334884
NM_001275407
4763
1348
sas-RD
FBtr0334885
NM_001275408
6236
1693
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

5.9, 4.9, 4.0 (northern blot)

(Schonbaum et al., 1992)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
sas-PA
FBpp0081090
147.3
1348
4.36
A0A0B4KFQ8
NP_476611
AAN13346
sas-PB
FBpp0081089
185.3
1693
4.64
Q04164
NP_731141
AAF54052
sas-PC
FBpp0306905
147.3
1348
4.36
A0A0B4KFQ8
NP_001262336
AGB95719
sas-PD
FBpp0306906
185.3
1693
4.64
Q04164
NP_001262337
AGB95720
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

1693 aa isoforms: sas-PB, sas-PD
1348 aa isoforms: sas-PA, sas-PC
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

1348 (aa)

(Schonbaum et al., 1992)
Comments
External Data
Domain

The extracellular domain is sufficent for conferring apical characteristics on the salivary gland membrane.

(UniProt, Q04164)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\sas using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.73

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 16
larval intersegmental nerve root
(Lee et al., 2013)
larval segmental nerve root
(Lee et al., 2013)
larval central nervous system | faint | restricted
(Lee et al., 2013)
embryonic/larval tracheal dorsal trunk
(Lee et al., 2013)
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 13
tracheal pit
(Klebes and Knust, 2000)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in apical plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Firmino et al., 2013)
is_active_in extracellular exosome
inferred from direct assay
(Lee et al., 2023)
is_active_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Lee et al., 2023)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\sas in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 24 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 17 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of sas
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of sas
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 19 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
lethal | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die before end of larval stage
lethal - all die before end of larval stage | cold sensitive
lethal - all die before end of larval stage | recessive
partially lethal - majority die
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
Sterility
Allele
fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal cell adhesion, with Scer\GAL4fkh.PH
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage 16
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage 16, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage 16, with Scer\GAL4repo.PU
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage 16 (with Df(3R)ED5221)
flightless, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
some die during larval stage
some die during larval stage | cold sensitive
some die during larval stage | recessive
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
embryonic/larval cuticle
embryonic/larval salivary gland, with Scer\GAL4fkh.PH
embryonic/larval tracheal section
larval anterior commissure | embryonic stage 16
larval anterior commissure | embryonic stage 16 (with Df(3R)ED5221)
larval longitudinal connective | embryonic stage 16
larval longitudinal connective | embryonic stage 16, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
larval longitudinal connective | embryonic stage 16, with Scer\GAL4repo.PU
larval longitudinal connective | embryonic stage 16 (with Df(3R)ED5221)
larval tracheal system
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (5)
Hsap\CCN2
1 of 14
Yes
No
2  
Hsap\CCN3
1 of 14
Yes
No
Hsap\CCN4
1 of 14
Yes
No
Hsap\CCN5
1 of 14
Yes
No
1  
Hsap\CCN6
1 of 14
Yes
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (5)
Rnor\Ccn2
1 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Ccn3
1 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Ccn4
1 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Ccn5
1 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Ccn6
1 of 14
Yes
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (5)
Mmus\Ccn2
1 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Ccn3
1 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Ccn4
1 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Ccn5
1 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Ccn6
1 of 14
Yes
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (4)
Xtro\ccn2
1 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\ccn4
1 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\ccn5
1 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\ccn6
1 of 13
Yes
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (6)
Drer\ccn2a
1 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\ccn2b
1 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\ccn4a
1 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\ccn4b
1 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\ccn5
1 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\ccn6
1 of 14
Yes
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002579
5 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013206
1 of 12
No
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:sas. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
Ccn
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    sas
    enhanceable
    Ptp10D
    (Lee et al., 2013)
    sas
    enhanceable
    Ptp69D
    (Lee et al., 2013)
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Cad99C
    suppressible
    sas
    (Chung and Andrew, 2014)
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3R
    Recombination map
    3-48
    Cytogenetic map
    84C8-84D1
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    84C8-84D1
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(3)L2100L2100 and P{EP}EP3060EP3060
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-48

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    3-44.2

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (21)
    Genomic Clones (27)
    cDNA Clones (15)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     

    polyclonal

    (Lee et al., 2023)
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        sas has been cloned and sequenced. RNA expression during development has been determined, and the mutant phenotype analysed.

        (Schonbaum et al., 1992)

        sas gene function is unknown.

        (Cavener et al., 1986)
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: sas CG2507

        (Milshina, 1999.11)
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (13)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        CG2507
        (Hosono et al., 2015, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5)
        SAS
        (Chung and Andrew, 2014, Ismat et al., 2013, Forster et al., 2010, Swaminathan et al., 2010, Chung et al., 2009, Andrew and Baker, 2008, Kerman et al., 2008)
        Sas
        (Marques-Reis and Moreno, 2021, Morata, 2021, Paraskevopoulos and McGuigan, 2021, Fujisawa et al., 2020, Kanda and Igaki, 2020, Nakajima et al., 2020, Lattner et al., 2019, Enomoto et al., 2018, Richardson and Portela, 2018, Yamamoto et al., 2017, Flores-Benitez and Knust, 2015, Lin et al., 2015, Firmino et al., 2013, Fox et al., 2013, Klose et al., 2013, Lee et al., 2013, Forster et al., 2010, Hamaratoglu et al., 2009, Jeon and Zinn, 2009, Cheshire et al., 2008, Shaye et al., 2008, Lovegrove et al., 2006, Williams et al., 2004, Klebes and Knust, 2000)
        l(3)84Cd
        (Cavener et al., 1986, Cavener et al., 1986)
        rfd
        (Hajirnis and Mishra, 2021, Lim and Simmons, 1994, Schneuwly et al., 1987)
        sas
        (Knust, 2025.1.13, Fischer et al., 2024, Knust, 2023.9.11, Taniguchi and Igaki, 2023, Kankel et al., 2020, Morata and Calleja, 2020, Coelho and Moreno, 2019, Fahey-Lozano et al., 2019, Ohsawa, 2019, Sarov et al., 2016, Gene Disruption Project members, 2015-, Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Lee et al., 2013, Ozkan et al., 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Davis et al., 2011, Xu et al., 2011, Swaminathan et al., 2010, Christensen et al., 2008.6.11, Buszczak et al., 2007, Gresens and Cook, 2006.12.5, Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
        Name Synonyms
        Stranded at Second
        (Chung and Andrew, 2014, Chung et al., 2009, Hamaratoglu et al., 2009, Andrew and Baker, 2008, Kerman et al., 2008)
        Stranded at second
        (Rapti, 2023, Lin et al., 2015, Lee et al., 2013, Forster et al., 2010, Swaminathan et al., 2010, Lovegrove et al., 2006, Williams et al., 2004)
        Stranded-at-second
        (Shaye et al., 2008)
        responsible for dominant phenotype
        (Schneuwly et al., 1987)
        stranded at Second
        (Jeon and Zinn, 2009)
        stranded at second
        (Campbell et al., 2019, Davis et al., 2011)
        stranded-at-second
        (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 54 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          References (110)