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Gene Dmel\pho

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\pho	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	pleiohomeotic	Annotation symbol	CG17743
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0002521
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	10 publicly available
Also Known As	l(4)29, YY1
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	4	Recombination map
Cytogenetic map	102F8-102F8	Sequence location	4:1,193,094..1,202,271 [-]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents modENCODE GBrowse	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene pleiohomeotic is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\pho (CG17743, FBgn0002521). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: chromatin DNA binding; sequence-specific DNA binding; chromatin binding; DNA binding. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: gene silencing; regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; negative regulation of gene expression; DNA topological change; chromatin silencing. 21 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: unguis; antenna; sex comb; pupal abdomen. It has 2 annotated transcripts and 2 annotated polypeptides. Protein features are: Zinc finger, C2H2; Zinc finger, C2H2-like; Zinc finger, C2H2-type/integrase, DNA-binding. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of low expression. Peak expression observed at stages throughout embryogenesis, during late larval stages, during early pupal stages, in adult female stages. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: High or moderate levels of expression observed in all larval and adult organs/tissues. Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval/adult central nervous system, adult ovary, larval carcass. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, adult crop, larval/adult midgut, larval/adult hindgut, larval/adult Malpighian tubules, adult heart, larval/adult fat body, larval/adult salivary gland, larval trachea, adult spermathecae, adult male reproductive system, adult carcass. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1626947_s_at completely aligns to an exonic region common to each of the 2 FlyBase-annotated transcript isoforms of pho. Gene sequence location is 4:1193094..1202271.
External Summaries
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	l(4)102EFc (R. Denell) Homozygotes from heterozygous mothers die as pupae (Hochman). Those that reach the pharate-adult stage show partial homeotic transformations of first and second antennal segments into proximal leg structures, meso- and metathoracic legs into prothoracic legs, as well as posteriorly directed transformations of features of the abdominal hypoderm and of parovaria into spermathecae in females. All three pairs of legs distorted, with tarsal segments swollen and sometimes fused with missing claws; some abnormalities of derivatives of the antennal disc and of the dorsal prothorax also present (Gehring; Duncan). Heterozygous adults normal, except that males also heterozygous for a deficiency or mutation of E(Pc) occasionally develop sex-comb teeth on meso- and metathoracic legs (Sato et al.). Heterozygous and homozygous larvae from heterozygous mothers normal; homozygotes from transplanted homozygous ovaries die as late embryos with a complex homeotic syndrome. Head involution incomplete, and portions of head develop abdominal-like denticles. All thoracic segments partially transformed to resemble the first abdominal segment, and more posterior segments may develop cuticular features characteristic of the eighth abdominal segment. Heterozygtoes from homozygous ovaries sometimes die as late embryos displaying relatively mild homeotic effects of the head and mesothorax or slightly incomplete head involution or both, but often hatch and die during larval or pupal stages. Rarely, adults eclose, often with appendages that are crippled or are missing owing to failure of imaginal-disc evagination (Denell). Most embryos produced by oocytes hemizygous for l(4)102EFc3 and l(4)102EFc4, achieved by pole-cell transplantation, fail to form cuticle, even with a wild-type paternal complement; a few of the latter genotype produce enough cuticle to reveal extensive defects in segmentation; setal belts usually missing or transformed; head involution fails; anterior hole present in most embryos (Breen and Duncan, 1986, Dev. Biol. 118: 442-45).
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2012_01	Sequence features BKN22035 HFA17219 References Richter et al., 2011, Nat. Cell Biol. 13(9): 1029--1039 Huen and Russell, 2010, BMC Bioinformatics 11: 359 Liu et al., 2010, Genomics 96(1): 17--26
FB2011_10
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 102F8-102F8
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	4-3.0 (Sturtevant, 1951) 4- (Brown, 1997.11.11)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes	Mapped in diplo-4 triploids. (Sturtevant, 1951)
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\pho for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Transposon inserted in intron
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) pho-RA FBtr0089204  NM_079891   2399   520 pho-RB FBtr0089205  NM_166827   2148   520
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	2.341 (longest cDNA) (Brown et al., 1998)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein pho-PA   FBpp0088268   58.2   520   6.74     NP_524630   AAF59378 pho-PB   FBpp0088269   58.2   520   6.74     NP_726651   AAN06584
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)	520 (aa); 58 (kD predicted) (Brown et al., 1998)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Zinc finger, C2H2-type/integrase, DNA-binding (IPR013087) Zinc finger, C2H2-like (IPR015880) Zinc finger, C2H2 (IPR007087)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA201903   AA246249   AA264335   AA264502   AA391429   AA392210   AA393008   AA438626   AA440931   AA536448   AA539720   AA540045   AA540615   AA979517   AE014135 AAF59378   AE014135 AAN06584   AC010577   AF034212 AAC39123   AF433865 AAM18016   AF433866 AAM18017   AF433867 AAM18018   AF433868 AAM18019   AF433869 AAM18020   AF433870 AAM18021   AF433871 AAM18022   AF433872 AAM18023   AF433873 AAM18024   AF433874 AAM18025   AI513834   AI946283   AY071143 AAL48765   AY312758 AAQ67572   AY312759 AAQ67573   AY312760 AAQ67574   AY312761 AAQ67575   AY312762 AAQ67576   AY312763 AAQ67577   AY312764 AAQ67578   AY312765 AAQ67579   AY312766 AAQ67580   AY312767 AAQ67581   AY312768 AAQ67582   AY312769 AAQ67583   AY312770 AAQ67584   AY312771 AAQ67585   AY312772 AAQ67586   AY312773 AAQ67587   AY312774 AAQ67588   AY312775 AAQ67589   AY312776 AAQ67590   AY312777 AAQ67591   AY312778 AAQ67592   AY312779 AAQ67593   AY312780 AAQ67594   AY312781 AAQ67595   BG638222   BI168623   BI169739   BI212226   BI212946   BI230043   BI230052   BI230507   BI231067   BI231074   BI234957   BI235113   BI236601   BI237675   BI237995   BI239997   BI357178   BI361371   BI361415   BI369388   BI482414   BI483667   BI580468   BI592684   BP556186   BP556187   BP559792   CK133591   CO178529   CO186063   CO187894   CO190555   CO194062   CO196118   CO264029   CO269369   CO273141   CO273397   CO274303   CO276276   CO276277   CO279195   CO280588   CO282378   CO285205   CO289369   CO290563   CO293546   CO293688   CO294522   CO296103   CO298545   CO299112   CO299393   CO300190   CO302205   CO305236   CO306345   CO309601   CO310251   CO310384   CO314174   CO314232   CO317128   CO317522   CO331745   CO333797   CZ486524   EC056977   EC060860   EC065814   EC065847   EC066065   EC068331   EC069435   EC069773   EC072337   EC072577   EC075985   EC076047   EC076747   EC079600   EC080191   EC080375   EC081680   EC083229   EC083386   EC087401   EC089510   EC089545   EC198014   EC199853   EC201896   EC202843   EC206481   EC208594   EC209723   EC210863   EC212662   EC213058   EC214600   EC216526   EC218354   EC219226   EC223266   EC225652   EC227227   EC228539   EC231237   EC232032   EC234173   EC235768   EC236716   EC240907   EC242006   EC243402   EC243803   EC244536   EC245241   EC246062   EC247161   EC249288   EC250182   EC251049   EC258322   EV596467   GH750248   GH752039   GH753581   GH770680   GH776891   GH777721   GH782483   GH786119   GH794151   GH834181   GH835468   GH839599   GH840084   GH854068   GH858271   GH862965   GH877650   GH891106   GH896018   GH903977   GH907945   GH920500   GH929281
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	Q8ST83
UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Notes
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Notes
High-Throughput Expression Data
or
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes. modENCODE Temporal Expression Data for FBgn0002521    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales max expr for FBgn0002521 Very low expression bin max Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of low expression. Peak expression observed at stages throughout embryogenesis, during late larval stages, during early pupal stages, in adult female stages. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No expression (0 - 0)   Extremely low expression (1 - 10)   Very low expression (11 - 100)   Low expression (101 - 400)   Moderate expression (401 - 1400)   Moderately high expression (1401 - 4000)   High expression (4001 - 10000)   Very high expression (10001 - 100000)   Extremely high expression (100001 - 2000000) Linear, scaled to maximum FBgn0002521 expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    1885 embryo 02-04hr    2738 embryo 04-06hr    2470 embryo 06-08hr    2091 embryo 08-10hr    2806 embryo 10-12hr    2739 embryo 12-14hr    2577 embryo 14-16hr    610 embryo 16-18hr    1277 embryo 18-20hr    493 embryo 20-22hr    1174 embryo 22-24hr    1990 larva L1    368 larva L2    443 larva L3 12hr old    304 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    427 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    809 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1577 white prepupae new    1729 white prepupae 12hr    1549 white prepupae 24hr    1656 pupae 2d postWPP    1283 pupae 3d postWPP    834 pupae 4d postWPP    283 adult male 01day    630 adult male 05day    472 adult male 30day    346 adult female 01day    359 adult female 05day    1523 adult female 30day    1033 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to Very low expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (1885) embryo 02-04hr  (2738) embryo 04-06hr  (2470) embryo 06-08hr  (2091) embryo 08-10hr  (2806) embryo 10-12hr  (2739) embryo 12-14hr  (2577) embryo 14-16hr  (610) embryo 16-18hr  (1277) embryo 18-20hr  (493) embryo 20-22hr  (1174) embryo 22-24hr  (1990) larva L1  (368) larva L2  (443) larva L3 12hr old  (304) larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (427) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (809) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (1577) white prepupae new  (1729) white prepupae 12hr  (1549) white prepupae 24hr  (1656) pupae 2d postWPP  (1283) pupae 3d postWPP  (834) pupae 4d postWPP  (283) adult male 01day  (630) adult male 05day  (472) adult male 30day  (346) adult female 01day  (359) adult female 05day  (1523) adult female 30day  (1033) Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (1885) embryo 02-04hr  (2738) embryo 04-06hr  (2470) embryo 06-08hr  (2091) embryo 08-10hr  (2806) embryo 10-12hr  (2739) embryo 12-14hr  (2577) embryo 14-16hr    610 embryo 16-18hr    1277 embryo 18-20hr    493 embryo 20-22hr    1174 embryo 22-24hr  (1990) larva L1    368 larva L2    443 larva L3 12hr old    304 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    427 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    809 larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (1577) white prepupae new  (1729) white prepupae 12hr  (1549) white prepupae 24hr  (1656) pupae 2d postWPP    1283 pupae 3d postWPP    834 pupae 4d postWPP    283 adult male 01day    630 adult male 05day    472 adult male 30day    346 adult female 01day    359 adult female 05day  (1523) adult female 30day    1033 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    1885 embryo 02-04hr    2738 embryo 04-06hr    2470 embryo 06-08hr    2091 embryo 08-10hr    2806 embryo 10-12hr    2739 embryo 12-14hr    2577 embryo 14-16hr    610 embryo 16-18hr    1277 embryo 18-20hr    493 embryo 20-22hr    1174 embryo 22-24hr    1990 larva L1    368 larva L2    443 larva L3 12hr old    304 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    427 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    809 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1577 white prepupae new    1729 white prepupae 12hr    1549 white prepupae 24hr    1656 pupae 2d postWPP    1283 pupae 3d postWPP    834 pupae 4d postWPP    283 adult male 01day    630 adult male 05day    472 adult male 30day    346 adult female 01day    359 adult female 05day    1523 adult female 30day    1033 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    1885 embryo 02-04hr    2738 embryo 04-06hr    2470 embryo 06-08hr    2091 embryo 08-10hr    2806 embryo 10-12hr    2739 embryo 12-14hr    2577 embryo 14-16hr    610 embryo 16-18hr    1277 embryo 18-20hr    493 embryo 20-22hr    1174 embryo 22-24hr    1990 larva L1    368 larva L2    443 larva L3 12hr old    304 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    427 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    809 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1577 white prepupae new    1729 white prepupae 12hr    1549 white prepupae 24hr    1656 pupae 2d postWPP    1283 pupae 3d postWPP    834 pupae 4d postWPP    283 adult male 01day    630 adult male 05day    472 adult male 30day    346 adult female 01day    359 adult female 05day    1523 adult female 30day    1033 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum FBgn0002521 expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    1885 embryo 02-04hr    2738 embryo 04-06hr    2470 embryo 06-08hr    2091 embryo 08-10hr    2806 embryo 10-12hr    2739 embryo 12-14hr    2577 embryo 14-16hr    610 embryo 16-18hr    1277 embryo 18-20hr    493 embryo 20-22hr    1174 embryo 22-24hr    1990 larva L1    368 larva L2    443 larva L3 12hr old    304 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    427 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    809 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1577 white prepupae new    1729 white prepupae 12hr    1549 white prepupae 24hr    1656 pupae 2d postWPP    1283 pupae 3d postWPP    834 pupae 4d postWPP    283 adult male 01day    630 adult male 05day    472 adult male 30day    346 adult female 01day    359 adult female 05day    1523 adult female 30day    1033 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  log, scaled to Very low expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (1885) embryo 02-04hr  (2738) embryo 04-06hr  (2470) embryo 06-08hr  (2091) embryo 08-10hr  (2806) embryo 10-12hr  (2739) embryo 12-14hr  (2577) embryo 14-16hr  (610) embryo 16-18hr  (1277) embryo 18-20hr  (493) embryo 20-22hr  (1174) embryo 22-24hr  (1990) larva L1  (368) larva L2  (443) larva L3 12hr old  (304) larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (427) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (809) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (1577) white prepupae new  (1729) white prepupae 12hr  (1549) white prepupae 24hr  (1656) pupae 2d postWPP  (1283) pupae 3d postWPP  (834) pupae 4d postWPP  (283) adult male 01day  (630) adult male 05day  (472) adult male 30day  (346) adult female 01day  (359) adult female 05day  (1523) adult female 30day  (1033) Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  1885 embryo 02-04hr  (2738) embryo 04-06hr  2470 embryo 06-08hr  2091 embryo 08-10hr  (2806) embryo 10-12hr  (2739) embryo 12-14hr  (2577) embryo 14-16hr    610 embryo 16-18hr    1277 embryo 18-20hr    493 embryo 20-22hr    1174 embryo 22-24hr  1990 larva L1    368 larva L2    443 larva L3 12hr old    304 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    427 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    809 larva L3 puffstage 7-9  1577 white prepupae new  1729 white prepupae 12hr  1549 white prepupae 24hr  1656 pupae 2d postWPP    1283 pupae 3d postWPP    834 pupae 4d postWPP    283 adult male 01day    630 adult male 05day    472 adult male 30day    346 adult female 01day    359 adult female 05day  1523 adult female 30day    1033 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    1885 embryo 02-04hr    2738 embryo 04-06hr    2470 embryo 06-08hr    2091 embryo 08-10hr    2806 embryo 10-12hr    2739 embryo 12-14hr    2577 embryo 14-16hr    610 embryo 16-18hr    1277 embryo 18-20hr    493 embryo 20-22hr    1174 embryo 22-24hr    1990 larva L1    368 larva L2    443 larva L3 12hr old    304 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    427 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    809 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1577 white prepupae new    1729 white prepupae 12hr    1549 white prepupae 24hr    1656 pupae 2d postWPP    1283 pupae 3d postWPP    834 pupae 4d postWPP    283 adult male 01day    630 adult male 05day    472 adult male 30day    346 adult female 01day    359 adult female 05day    1523 adult female 30day    1033 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    1885 embryo 02-04hr    2738 embryo 04-06hr    2470 embryo 06-08hr    2091 embryo 08-10hr    2806 embryo 10-12hr    2739 embryo 12-14hr    2577 embryo 14-16hr    610 embryo 16-18hr    1277 embryo 18-20hr    493 embryo 20-22hr    1174 embryo 22-24hr    1990 larva L1    368 larva L2    443 larva L3 12hr old    304 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    427 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    809 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1577 white prepupae new    1729 white prepupae 12hr    1549 white prepupae 24hr    1656 pupae 2d postWPP    1283 pupae 3d postWPP    834 pupae 4d postWPP    283 adult male 01day    630 adult male 05day    472 adult male 30day    346 adult female 01day    359 adult female 05day    1523 adult female 30day    1033 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data for FBgn0002521    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales max expr for FBgn0002521 Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: High or moderate levels of expression observed in all larval and adult organs/tissues. Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval/adult central nervous system, adult ovary, larval carcass. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, adult crop, larval/adult midgut, larval/adult hindgut, larval/adult Malpighian tubules, adult heart, larval/adult fat body, larval/adult salivary gland, larval trachea, adult spermathecae, adult male reproductive system, adult carcass. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (1000 - 25000) Linear, scaled to maximum FBgn0002521 expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    966.55 Larval Midgut    360.8 Larval Hindgut    367.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    449.1 Larval Fat Body    378.3 Larval Salivary Gland    377.4 Larval Trachea    354.575 Larval Carcass    525.775 Adult Head    359.2 Adult Eye    332.425 Adult Brain    716.4 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    722 Adult Crop    360.6 Adult Midgut    235.8 Adult Hindgut    216.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    293.6 Adult Fat Body    232.1 Adult Salivary Gland    342.7 Adult Heart    166.4 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    281.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    350.5 Adult Ovary    892.7 Adult Testis    299.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    314.7 Adult Carcass    245.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System  (966.55) Larval Midgut    360.8 Larval Hindgut    367.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    449.1 Larval Fat Body    378.3 Larval Salivary Gland    377.4 Larval Trachea    354.575 Larval Carcass  525.775 Adult Head    359.2 Adult Eye    332.425 Adult Brain  (716.4) Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  (722) Adult Crop    360.6 Adult Midgut    235.8 Adult Hindgut    216.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    293.6 Adult Fat Body    232.1 Adult Salivary Gland    342.7 Adult Heart    166.4 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    281.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    350.5 Adult Ovary  (892.7) Adult Testis    299.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    314.7 Adult Carcass    245.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    966.55 Larval Midgut    360.8 Larval Hindgut    367.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    449.1 Larval Fat Body    378.3 Larval Salivary Gland    377.4 Larval Trachea    354.575 Larval Carcass    525.775 Adult Head    359.2 Adult Eye    332.425 Adult Brain    716.4 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    722 Adult Crop    360.6 Adult Midgut    235.8 Adult Hindgut    216.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    293.6 Adult Fat Body    232.1 Adult Salivary Gland    342.7 Adult Heart    166.4 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    281.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    350.5 Adult Ovary    892.7 Adult Testis    299.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    314.7 Adult Carcass    245.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    966.55 Larval Midgut    360.8 Larval Hindgut    367.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    449.1 Larval Fat Body    378.3 Larval Salivary Gland    377.4 Larval Trachea    354.575 Larval Carcass    525.775 Adult Head    359.2 Adult Eye    332.425 Adult Brain    716.4 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    722 Adult Crop    360.6 Adult Midgut    235.8 Adult Hindgut    216.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    293.6 Adult Fat Body    232.1 Adult Salivary Gland    342.7 Adult Heart    166.4 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    281.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    350.5 Adult Ovary    892.7 Adult Testis    299.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    314.7 Adult Carcass    245.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to maximum FBgn0002521 expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    966.55 Larval Midgut    360.8 Larval Hindgut    367.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    449.1 Larval Fat Body    378.3 Larval Salivary Gland    377.4 Larval Trachea    354.575 Larval Carcass    525.775 Adult Head    359.2 Adult Eye    332.425 Adult Brain    716.4 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    722 Adult Crop    360.6 Adult Midgut    235.8 Adult Hindgut    216.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    293.6 Adult Fat Body    232.1 Adult Salivary Gland    342.7 Adult Heart    166.4 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    281.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    350.5 Adult Ovary    892.7 Adult Testis    299.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    314.7 Adult Carcass    245.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System  (966.55) Larval Midgut    360.8 Larval Hindgut    367.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    449.1 Larval Fat Body    378.3 Larval Salivary Gland    377.4 Larval Trachea    354.575 Larval Carcass  525.775 Adult Head    359.2 Adult Eye    332.425 Adult Brain  716.4 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  722 Adult Crop    360.6 Adult Midgut    235.8 Adult Hindgut    216.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    293.6 Adult Fat Body    232.1 Adult Salivary Gland    342.7 Adult Heart    166.4 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    281.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    350.5 Adult Ovary  (892.7) Adult Testis    299.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    314.7 Adult Carcass    245.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    966.55 Larval Midgut    360.8 Larval Hindgut    367.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    449.1 Larval Fat Body    378.3 Larval Salivary Gland    377.4 Larval Trachea    354.575 Larval Carcass    525.775 Adult Head    359.2 Adult Eye    332.425 Adult Brain    716.4 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    722 Adult Crop    360.6 Adult Midgut    235.8 Adult Hindgut    216.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    293.6 Adult Fat Body    232.1 Adult Salivary Gland    342.7 Adult Heart    166.4 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    281.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    350.5 Adult Ovary    892.7 Adult Testis    299.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    314.7 Adult Carcass    245.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    966.55 Larval Midgut    360.8 Larval Hindgut    367.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    449.1 Larval Fat Body    378.3 Larval Salivary Gland    377.4 Larval Trachea    354.575 Larval Carcass    525.775 Adult Head    359.2 Adult Eye    332.425 Adult Brain    716.4 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    722 Adult Crop    360.6 Adult Midgut    235.8 Adult Hindgut    216.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    293.6 Adult Fat Body    232.1 Adult Salivary Gland    342.7 Adult Heart    166.4 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    281.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    350.5 Adult Ovary    892.7 Adult Testis    299.9 Adult Male Accessory Gland    314.7 Adult Carcass    245.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    359.2   NA  Eye    332.425   NA  Brain    716.4   966.55  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    722   NA  Crop    360.6   360.8  Midgut    235.8   367.6  Hindgut    216.1   449.1  Malpighian Tubules    293.6   378.3  Fat Body    232.1   377.4  Salivary Gland    342.7   NA  Heart    166.4   354.575  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    281.9   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    350.5   NA  Ovary    892.7   NA  Testis    299.9   NA  Male Accessory Gland    314.7   525.775  Carcass    245.5 modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011) FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_05
External Data & Images
Linkouts	FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0002521 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG17743-RA FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data) • Show all FlyExpress processed images for pho Stages(s) 1-3 Stages(s) 4-6 Stages(s) 11-12 Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele lethal phob phoc lethal | embryonic stage | maternal effect | recessive phocv lethal | pharate adult stage phob phoc lethal | pharate adult stage | recessive pho1 phob phoc lethal | pupal stage pho1 phoa lethal | pupal stage | recessive pho1 phoa phob lethal | recessive pho1 phoa phob viable phocv viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 phoGD1509 Sterility Allele female sterile phocv Other Phenotypes Allele wild-type phoαTub84B.T:Ecol\lexA Phenotype manifest in Allele adult abdominal segment 4 | maternal effect phocv antenna (with pho1) phocv antenna (with phocv) pho1 antenna | P-stage phob phoc embryonic abdominal segment 6 | maternal effect phocv embryonic abdominal segment 7 | maternal effect phocv embryonic abdominal segment 8 | ectopic | maternal effect phocv embryonic abdominal segment | maternal effect phocv embryonic head | maternal effect phocv embryonic thoracic segment | maternal effect phocv embryonic thorax | maternal effect phocv female accessory gland | P-stage phob phoc mesothoracic leg | P-stage phob phoc metathoracic leg | P-stage phob phoc presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system | maternal effect phocv presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system | maternal effect phocv pupal abdomen phob phoc sex comb (with pho1) phocv sex comb (with phocv) pho1 tarsal segment | P-stage phob phoc unguis (with pho1) phocv unguis (with phocv) pho1 unguis | P-stage phob phoc
Classical Alleles ( 8 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of pho Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion pho1 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence natural population spontaneous 3 Yes phob amorphic allele - genetic evidence natural population spontaneous 2 Yes phof01315 1 -- phof03918 piggyBac transposase 1 -- phoa amorphic allele - genetic evidence natural population spontaneous 0 -- phoc amorphic allele - genetic evidence, hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence spontaneous 0 Yes pho1682 spontaneous 0 Yes phocv hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence 0 Yes
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 13 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of pho Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion phoGD1509 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes phoGL00082 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes phoJF01393 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes pho140-172.hs.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes pho2-520.hs.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes phoarm.PA in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes phodsRNA.cGa in vitro construct - RNAi 0 Yes phohs.T:Ecol\lexA in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes phoKK101969 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes phoScer\UAS.cDa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes phoαTub84B.3'UTR.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes phoαTub84B.T:Ecol\lexA in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes phoαTub84B.T:Zzzz\TAP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(4)3 (Hochman, 1971, Hochman, 1974, Hochman, 1976) Df(4)11 (Hochman, 1971, Hochman, 1974, Hochman, 1976) Df(4)38 (Hochman, 1971, Hochman, 1974, Hochman, 1976, Girton and Jeon, 1994) Df(4)Cat (Brown et al., 1998, Hochman, 1971, Hochman, 1974, Hochman, 1976) Df(4)G (Hochman, 1971, Hochman, 1974, Hochman, 1976, Simon et al., 1992) Df(4)spa30 (Fu et al., 1998) Df(4)spa47 (Fu et al., 1998) Df(4)spa66 (Fu et al., 1998) T(1;4)scH (Sousa-Neves, 1999.11.10, Sousa-Neves, 2000)
Not disrupted in	Df(4)40 (Hochman, 1971, Hochman, 1974, Hochman, 1976) Df(4)M101-1 (Hochman, 1971) Df(4)spa20 (Fu et al., 1998)
Not duplicated in	Dp(4;3)f (Sousa-Neves, 2000.1.20, Matthews, 2002.1.16)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data heat-shock construct P{hs-pho.LexA} NA P{hs-pho2-520.GAL41-147} NA P{hs-pho140-172.GAL41-147} NA UAS construct P{GD1509} NA P{KK101969} NA P{TRiP.GL00082} NA P{TRiP.JF01393} NA P{UAS-pho.D} NA P{UAS-pho-tub3'UTR} NA characterization construct P{arm-pho.A} NA P{αTub84B-pho.LexA} NA P{αTub84B-pho.TAP} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data miscellaneous insertions Doc{}pho1 NA gypsy{}phoc NA PBac{WH}phof01315 NA PBac{WH}phof03918 NA
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 16 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 14 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
chromatin binding inferred from direct assay (Gambetta et al., 2009, Gambetta et al., 2009) chromatin DNA binding inferred from direct assay (Beisel et al., 2007) DNA binding inferred from direct assay (Klymenko et al., 2006) inferred from direct assay (assigned by UniProtKB) (Fritsch et al., 1999) sequence-specific DNA binding inferred from direct assay (Mohd-Sarip et al., 2006)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
chromatin silencing inferred from direct assay (Klymenko et al., 2006) inferred from direct assay (assigned by UniProtKB) (Fritsch et al., 1999) DNA topological change inferred from direct assay (Mohd-Sarip et al., 2006) gene silencing inferred from direct assay (Mohd-Sarip et al., 2005) negative regulation of gene expression inferred from mutant phenotype (Beisel et al., 2007) regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent inferred from mutant phenotype (Goodliffe et al., 2007)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
Ino80 complex inferred from direct assay (Klymenko et al., 2006) nuclear chromatin inferred from direct assay (assigned by UniProtKB) (Fritsch et al., 1999) nucleus inferred from direct assay (Klymenko et al., 2006) polytene chromosome band inferred from direct assay (Brown and Kassis, 2010) polytene chromosome puff inferred from direct assay (Beisel et al., 2007)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 6 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
DNA binding non-traceable author statement (assigned by UniProtKB) (Brown et al., 1998) traceable author statement (Levine et al., 2004) sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity non-traceable author statement (Brown, 1997.11.11) zinc ion binding inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR007087, InterPro:IPR015880 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
gene silencing non-traceable author statement (assigned by UniProtKB) (Fritsch et al., 1999) regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent non-traceable author statement (Brown, 1997.11.11)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
nucleus non-traceable author statement (Brown, 1997.11.11)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
Protein-protein
Interacting group Assay References
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions pho allele Gene References pho1 E(z) (Bajusz et al., 2001) phol (Brown et al., 2003) Trl (Busturia et al., 2001) w (Brown et al., 1998, Muller et al., 1999, Cavalli, 1999, Mishra et al., 2001) phob hh (Randsholt et al., 2000) mxc (Saget et al., 1998) phoc nos (Pelegri and Lehmann, 1994) phocv w (Brown et al., 1998, Muller et al., 1999, Mishra et al., 2001) unspecified Abd-B (Muller et al., 1999) ash1 (Gildea et al., 2000) E(Pc)   Fab-7 (Cavalli, 1999) iab-7PRE (Mishra et al., 2001) Sce (Campbell et al., 1995) trx (Gildea et al., 2000)
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 68646 DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0002521 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0002521 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 43819
Orthologs
Genome-wide drosophilid orthologs	Dere\GG16416 Dgri\GH23956 Dmoj\GI14036 Dsec\GM13006 Dsim\pho Dvir\GJ12430 Dwil\GK13655 Dyak\GE14485
Curated drosophilid orthologs	Dpse\GA14639   Dsim\pho
Linkouts	InParanoid A subset of ortholog calls from InParanoid. • 223151 Capitella spl (polychaete worm) DDB0183831 Dictyostelium discoideum (amoeba) 308312 Daphnia pulex (daphnia) ENSECAP00000012434 Equus caballus (horse) ENSP00000355023 Homo sapiens (human) 64240 Lottia gigantea (owl limpet) ENSMMUP00000032579 Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) XP_001176062.1 Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (purple sea urchin) 3706.m00094 Tetrahymena thermophila (ciliate protozoa) OrthoDB (Arthropod subset) The hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs. • NV10061 LH14355 ISCW010258 FBgn0238511 FBgn0232089 FBgn0222503 FBgn0215663 FBgn0200414 FBgn0199672 FBgn0184646 FBgn0067492 FBgn0179732 FBgn0167937 JGI_V11_308312 FBgn0077467 FBgn0155571 FBgn0136790 FBgn0136116 FBgn0035997 FBgn0131413 FBgn0123684 FBgn0108648 FBgn0106298 FBgn0101657 CPIJ014689 BGIBMGA011179 ACYPI007734 ACYPI001624 GB11924 PB23302 PHUM284920 GLEAN_15577
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 10 )
Bloomington	31609 y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF01393}attP2 35206 y1 sc* v1; P{TRiP.GL00082}attP2 1140 phob/In(4)ciD, ciD panciD 6212 pho1/In(4)ciD, ciD panciD 16111 y1 w1118; PBac{5HPw+}Syt7A426/pho1
Harvard	- PBac{WH}phof01315 - PBac{WH}phof03918
Kyoto	103320 ciD / pho1 106219 phob/In(4)ciD, ciD panciD
VDRC	v39529 w1118; P{GD1509}v39529
Genomic Clones ( 2 )
	BACR22J20 CH223-18M04 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 160 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	RE17954
Other clones	DPiM_RE17954
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	GH26953 LD03985 LD06052 LD07590 LD08283 LD09867 LD11592 LD12188 LD12743 LD12944 LD17062 LD18028 LD19379 LD34133 RE09443 RE11006 RE14201 RE17275 RE17961 RE18225 RE27966 RE27978 RE30736 RE32673 RE33945 RE34347 RE36637 RE43581 RE45556 RE45621 RE55557 RE65106 RE66586 RE74664 RH10445
Other clones	7780 10180 10763 10773 16996 18925 29287 29396 29551 41534 43799 47498 52728 57484 59366 73669 74279 74877 80608 83230 83777 97638 98977 101294 107003 108659 108860 125502 125550 144490 146363 147840 163147 163838 172924 273966 274248 bs23a04 CK01.15C.A10 CK01.17A.G10 CK01.28C.G12 CK01.32A.F1 CK01.57A.E11 CK01.61C.A8 CK01.71D.H4 CK01.85C.D7 CK01.90A.H4 CK01.95C.G3 CK01.104C.G11 CK01.111D.A8 CK01.112B.F1 CK01.116D.F11 CK01.123D.A6 CK01.146B.B2 CK01.146B.C2 Dmel_neb_015497_0912_1271 EC37347 EC258322 EK001025 EK015535 EK034718 EK048536 EK056947 EK070862 EK074326 EK094235 EK109815 EK110826 EK113746 EK120237 EK120241 EK133743 EK137225 EK154415 EK160330 EK168511 EK173226 EK174538 EK175261 EK177554 EK183410 EK203352 EK204129 EK207127 EK212709 EK218530 EK220909 EK221511 EK235242 EK235462 EK247731 EK250830 EK267160 EK268422 EK301611 EK308007 FGM301H05 FGM322H11 LD20361 RE30923 RP003018489 RP003055671 RP003072804 RP003082689 RP003112346 RP003127192 RP003131936 RP003169413 RP003179569 RP003206259 RP003222161 RP003299293 RP003332916 RP003374014 RP003419214 RP003425946 RP003441979 RP003446020 RP003513749 RP003524960 RP003541487 RP003584710 RP003648192
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0002521 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 43819
Antibody Information
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of	Source for identity of: pho CG17743 (Gong, 1999.11)
Source for database merge of
Additional comments
Other Comments
	DNA-protein interactions: genome-wide binding profile assayed for pho protein in Kc167 cells; see Chromatin_types_NKI collection report. Individual protein-binding experiments listed under "Samples" at GEO_GSE22069 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE22069). (Filion et al., 2010) The 'PhoRC' (pho-Sfmbt) complex binds PREs via the pho protein and methylated histones in the chromatin flanking the PREs via the Sfmbt protein to maintain a repressed chromatin state. (Klymenko et al., 2006) pho and phol act redundantly to repress homeotic genes. (Brown et al., 2003) pho encodes a sequence-specific DNA binding protein that interacts with PRE in the en gene. The pho protein is proposed to act to anchor PcG protein complexes to DNA. (Brown et al., 1998) In an effort to subdivide the Pc-group genes functionally, the phenotypes of adult flies heterozygous for every pairwise combination of Pc-group mutation were examined. Most duplications of Pc-group genes neither exhibit anterior transformations nor suppress the extra sex comb phenotype of Pc-group mutations, suggesting that not all Pc-group genes behave as predicted by the mass action model. (Campbell et al., 1995) Sections of the Scr regulatory region may be important for regulation of Scr by Polycomb- and trithorax-group genes. (Gindhart and Kaufman, 1995) A pho maternal effect mutant produces embryos with a twisted phenotype, similar to those of dorsal-ventral axis mutations. (Nelson and Girton, 1995) Maternal function of pho is vital for embryonic development and can support embryonic, larvl and much of adult development. (Girton and Jeon, 1994) pho is one of several Pc-G genes required for the repression of gap genes by maternally supplied hb product. (Pelegri and Lehmann, 1994) Embryos mutant for two or more Pc group genes (Pc, Scm, Pcl, Psc, Asx, E(Pc), E(z), ph-d, pho and esc) show strong ectopic en expression, but only weak derepression occurs if embryo is mutant at only one of the Pc group genes. This effect is independent of the function of en itself, and wg. (Moazed and O'Farrell, 1992) Mutations of genes in the polycomb group (esc, E(z), Pc, ph-p, ph-d, Scm, Pcl, Sce, Asx, Psc, pho and Antp) cause abnormal segmental development due to the ectopic expression of abd-A and Abd-B. Embryos lacking both maternal and zygotic pho product were generated to determine abd-A and Abd-B expression patterns. (Simon et al., 1992) The Pc group genes are negative regulators of homeotic genes. (McKeon and Brock, 1991) Pole cell transplantation techniques demonstrate that pho is maternally expressed and is required for normal BXC expression during embryogenesis. (Breen and Duncan, 1986) Homozygotes from heterozygous mothers die as pupae (Hochman). Those that reach the pharate-adult stage show partial homeotic transformations of first and second antennal segments into proximal leg structures, meso- and metathoracic legs into prothoracic legs, as well as posteriorly directed transformations of features of the abdominal hypoderm and of parovaria into spermathecae in females. All three pairs of legs distorted, with tarsal segments swollen and sometimes fused with missing claws; some abnormalities of derivatives of the antennal disc and of the dorsal prothorax also present (Gehring, 1970; Duncan, 1982). Heterozygous adults normal, except that males also heterozygous for a deficiency or mutation of E(Pc) occasionally develop sex-comb teeth on meso- and metathoracic legs (Sato et al., 1983). Heterozygous and homozygous larvae from heterozygous mothers normal; homozygotes from transplanted homozygous ovaries die as late embryos with a complex homeotic syndrome. Head involution incomplete and portions of head develop abdominal-like denticles. All thoracic segments partially transformed to resemble the first abdominal segment, and more posterior segments may develop cuticular features characteristic of the eighth abdominal segment. Heterozygotes from homozygous ovaries sometimes die as late embryos displaying relatively mild homeotic effects of the head and mesothorax or slightly incomplete head involution or both, but often hatch and die during larval or pupal stages. Rarely, adults eclose, often with appendages that are crippled or are missing owing to failure of imaginal-disc evagination (Denell). Most embryos produced by oocytes hemizygous for phob and phoc, achieved by pole-cell transplantation, fail to form cuticle, even with a wild-type paternal complement; a few of the latter genotype produce enough cuticle to reveal extensive defects in segmentation; setal belts usually missing or transformed; head involution fails; anterior hole present in most embryos (Breen and Duncan, 1986).
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_079891 NM_166827 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_524630 NP_726651 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AA979517 AAC39123 AAF59378 AAL48765 AAM18016 AAM18017 AAM18018 AAM18019 AAM18020 AAM18021 AAM18022 AAM18023 AAM18024 AAM18025 AAN06584 AAQ67572 AAQ67573 AAQ67574 AAQ67575 AAQ67576 AAQ67577 AAQ67578 AAQ67579 AAQ67580 AAQ67581 AAQ67582 AAQ67583 AAQ67584 AAQ67585 AAQ67586 AAQ67587 AAQ67588 AAQ67589 AAQ67590 AAQ67591 AAQ67592 AAQ67593 AAQ67594 AAQ67595 AC010577 AF034212 AF433865 AF433866 AF433867 AF433868 AF433869 AF433870 AF433871 AF433872 AF433873 AF433874 AI946283 AY071143 AY312758 AY312759 AY312760 AY312761 AY312762 AY312763 AY312764 AY312765 AY312766 AY312767 AY312768 AY312769 AY312770 AY312771 AY312772 AY312773 AY312774 AY312775 AY312776 AY312777 AY312778 AY312779 AY312780 AY312781 BI231067 BI235113 CZ486524 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 43819 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • Q8ST83
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Zinc finger, C2H2-type/integrase, DNA-binding (IPR013087) Zinc finger, C2H2-like (IPR015880) Zinc finger, C2H2 (IPR007087)
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 68646 DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0002521 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0002521 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0002521 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0002521 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG17743-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0002521 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 43819 InParanoid A subset of ortholog calls from InParanoid. • 223151 Capitella spl (polychaete worm) DDB0183831 Dictyostelium discoideum (amoeba) 308312 Daphnia pulex (daphnia) ENSECAP00000012434 Equus caballus (horse) ENSP00000355023 Homo sapiens (human) 64240 Lottia gigantea (owl limpet) ENSMMUP00000032579 Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) XP_001176062.1 Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (purple sea urchin) 3706.m00094 Tetrahymena thermophila (ciliate protozoa) Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution • /polycomb/pleioh1.htm InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 43819 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0002521 OrthoDB (Arthropod subset) The hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs. • NV10061 LH14355 ISCW010258 FBgn0238511 FBgn0232089 FBgn0222503 FBgn0215663 FBgn0200414 FBgn0199672 FBgn0184646 FBgn0067492 FBgn0179732 FBgn0167937 JGI_V11_308312 FBgn0077467 FBgn0155571 FBgn0136790 FBgn0136116 FBgn0035997 FBgn0131413 FBgn0123684 FBgn0108648 FBgn0106298 FBgn0101657 CPIJ014689 BGIBMGA011179 ACYPI007734 ACYPI001624 GB11924 PB23302 PHUM284920 GLEAN_15577 REDfly - A database of transcriptional regulatory elements. • FBgn0002521
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 16 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	CG17743 (Klebes et al., 2005, Ni et al., 2008, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Ni et al., 2011.7.19) dYY1 (Oktaba et al., 2008) l(4)29 (Docquier et al., 1996, Mevel-Ninio et al., 1994, Adler et al., 1991, Adler et al., 1989, Breen and Duncan, 1986, Hochman, 1976, Hochman, 1974, Hochman, 1971, ) l(4)102EFc (Sinclair et al., 1998, ) l(4)BU-2 (Hochman et al., 1964, ) l(4)OC-1 (Hochman et al., 1964, ) l(4)pho (Sousa-Neves, 2000) Pho (Breiling et al., 2004, Brown et al., 2005, Lund and van Lohuizen, 2004, Goodliffe et al., 2007, Richter et al., 2011, Papp and Muller, 2006, Ringrose and Paro, 2007, Kwong et al., 2008, Nekrasov et al., 2007, Oktaba et al., 2008, Nie et al., 2009, Grimm et al., 2009, Gambetta et al., 2009, Gambetta et al., 2009, Sing et al., 2009, Scheuermann et al., 2010, Cunningham et al., 2010, Liu et al., 2010, Huen and Russell, 2010) PHO (Schwartz and Pirrotta, 2007, Poux et al., 2001, Mohd-Sarip et al., 2002, Savla et al., 2008, Mohd-Sarip et al., 2005, Mohd-Sarip et al., 2006, Hauenschild et al., 2008, Schuettengruber et al., 2009, Fanti et al., 2008, Wang et al., 2010, Filion et al., 2010, Wilkinson et al., 2010) pho (Schuettengruber, 2006, Klymenko et al., 2006, Hirose et al., 2001, Muller and Kassis, 2006, Bejarano et al., 2005, Choi et al., 2000, Blastyak et al., 2006, Savla et al., 2008, Fujioka et al., 2008, Beisel et al., 2007, Kim et al., 2008, González et al., 2008, Weake et al., 2011, Bejarano and Milán, 2009, Khan et al., 2009, Goodliffe et al., 2007, Brown and Kassis, 2010, Bhatia et al., 2010, Kwon et al., 2003, Basu and Atchison, 2010) YY1 (Marley et al., 2000, Brown, 1997.11.11, Sun et al., 2011)
Name Synonym	Peiohomeotic (Kwong et al., 2008) PHO (Savla et al., 2008) pleihomeotic (Bejarano and Milán, 2009) Pleiohomeotic (Breiling et al., 2004, Brown et al., 2005, Mohd-Sarip et al., 2002, Mohd-Sarip et al., 2005, Mohd-Sarip et al., 2006, Fujioka et al., 2008, Schuettengruber et al., 2009, Brown and Kassis, 2010, Huen and Russell, 2010) pleiohomeotic (Muller and Kassis, 2006, Choi et al., 2000, Blastyak et al., 2006, Kim et al., 2008, Fanti et al., 2008, Sing et al., 2009, Kwon et al., 2003) polyhomeotic (Bejarano et al., 2005, Oktaba et al., 2008)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBgn0005575 FBgn0024914
References ( 174 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 174 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 103 ) Supplementary material  ( 4 ) Review  ( 30 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 9 ) Abstract  ( 16 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 2 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 1 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 2 ) Book  ( 1 ) Computer file  ( 3 ) Automatic genome annotation  ( 1 ) Letter  ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 13 )
	Richter et al., 2011, Nat. Cell Biol. 13(9): 1029--1039 The tumour suppressor L(3)mbt inhibits neuroepithelial proliferation and acts on insulator elements. [FBrf0215050] Sun et al., 2011, PLoS ONE 6(4): e18215 Systems-scale analysis reveals pathways involved in cellular response to methamphetamine. [FBrf0213560] Weake et al., 2011, Genes Dev. 25(14): 1499--1509 Post-transcription initiation function of the ubiquitous SAGA complex in tissue-specific gene activation. [FBrf0214372] Basu and Atchison, 2010, J. Cell. Biochem. 110(1): 62--69 CtBP levels control intergenic transcripts, PHO/YY1 DNA binding, and PcG recruitment to DNA. [FBrf0210665] Bhatia et al., 2010, Genes Cells 15(7): 725--735 Chromatin remodeling protein INO80 has a role in regulation of homeotic gene expression in Drosophila. [FBrf0211277] Brown and Kassis, 2010, Development 137(15): 2597--2602 Spps, a Drosophila Sp1/KLF family member, binds to PREs and is required for PRE activity late in development. [FBrf0211271] Cunningham et al., 2010, Mol. Cell. Biol. 30(3): 820--828 Characterization of the polycomb group response elements of the Drosophila melanogaster invected Locus. [FBrf0209731] Filion et al., 2010, Cell 143(2): 212--224 Systematic protein location mapping reveals five principal chromatin types in Drosophila cells. [FBrf0212051] Huen and Russell, 2010, BMC Bioinformatics 11: 359 On the use of resampling tests for evaluating statistical significance of binding-site co-occurrence. [FBrf0214212] Liu et al., 2010, Genomics 96(1): 17--26 Prediction of Polycomb target genes in mouse embryonic stem cells. [FBrf0211159] Scheuermann et al., 2010, Nature 465(7295): 243--247 Histone H2A deubiquitinase activity of the Polycomb repressive complex PR-DUB. [FBrf0210760] Wang et al., 2010, Mol. Cell. Biol. 30(11): 2584--2593 Comparative analysis of chromatin binding by Sex Comb on Midleg (SCM) and other polycomb group repressors at a drosophila Hox gene. [FBrf0210763] Wilkinson et al., 2010, J. Cell. Biochem. 109(3): 478--486 PcG recruitment by the YY1 REPO domain can be mediated by Yaf2. [FBrf0209787] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2010 Show reviews ...