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Gene Dmel\mal

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\mal	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	maroon-like	Annotation symbol	CG1692
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0002641
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	39 publicly available
Also Known As	ma-l
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	X	Recombination map	1-64.8
Cytogenetic map	19D1-19D1	Sequence location	X:20,301,162..20,304,237 [+]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents Beta	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene maroon-like is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\mal (CG1692, FBgn0002641). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: Mo-molybdopterin cofactor sulfurase activity. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: molybdopterin cofactor metabolic process; ommochrome biosynthetic process. 41 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: Malpighian tubule; pigment cell. It has one annotated transcript and one annotated polypeptide. Protein features are: Aminotransferase, class V/Cysteine desulfurase; MOSC, N-terminal beta barrel; Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase, C-terminal; Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase; Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase, major region, subdomain 1; Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase, major region, subdomain 2; Pyruvate kinase-like, insert domain. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-06 hour embryonic stages. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult crop, larval/adult midgut, larval/adult Malpighian tubules, larval salivary gland, adult female reproductive system, adult male accessory gland, larval carcass. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1631688_at completely aligns to an exonic region of the only FlyBase-annotated transcript isoform of mal. Gene sequence location is X:20301162..20304237.
User Contributed Data
	Beta version, feedback welcome
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	mal: maroonlike Brownish eye color resulting from reduction in the red (drosopterin) pigments. Larval Malpighian tubes short, bloated, irregularly formed, and contain yellow to orange pteridine globules (Schwinck, 1960, DIS 34: 105). mal is nonautonomous for eye color in mosaics with wild-type tissue (Glassman, 1957, DIS 31: 121-22) and in transplants of mal eyes into wild-type hosts (Ursprung, 1961, Z. Vererbungsl. 93: 119-25). Activities of three molybdo-enzymes reduced or absent: aldehyde oxidase = AO (Courtright, 1967, Genetics 57: 25-39), pyridoxal oxidase = PO (Forrest, Hanley, and Lagowski, 1961, Genetics 46: 1455-63), and xanthine dehydrogenase = XDH (Forrest, Glassman, and Mitchell, 1956, Science 124: 725-26; Glassman and Mitchell, 1959, Genetics 44: 153-62). Measurements of cross reacting material (e.g., Browder, Wilkes, and Tucker, 1982, Biochem. Genet. 20: 111-24, 125-32) show 75% and 50% normal levels of AO CRM in larval hemolymph and adult extracts respectively and 105% normal level of XDH CRM (see also Warner, Watts, and Finnerty, 1980, Mol. Gen. Genet. 180: 449-53). Activity of a fourth molybdo-enzyme, sulfite oxidase, is unaffected by mal (Bogart and Bernini, 1981, Biochem. Genet. 19: 929-46). Furthermore, unlike mutants in genes thought to be involved with the function of molybdenum cofactor, e.g. cin and lxd, the effects of mal not alleviated by administration of molybdenum; XDH cross reacting material (CRM) isolated from mal flies contains molybdenum (Andres, 1976, Eur. J. Biochem. 62: 591); mal flies contain high levels of molybdenum cofactor by Neurospora nitrate reductase activation assay (Warner and Finnerty, 1981, Mol. Gen. Genet, 184: 72-96). Accumulation of enzyme substrates (Forrest, Glassman, and Mitchell, 1956; Glassman and Mitchell, 1959; Glassman and McLean, 1962, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 48: 1712-18) may account for the reported increase in uricase activity (Friedman, 1970, Genetics 68: s22). The absence of XDH activity renders mal flies sensitive to exogenously supplied purine (Glassman, 1965, Fed. Proc. 24: 1243), which has been used in selective schemes (Finnerty et al., 1970); the cell autonomy of mal with respect to AO activity provides the basis of a staining procedure for differentiating mal from mal+ tissue in mosaics (Janning, 1972, Naturwissenschaften 59: 516-17). mal offspring of mal+ mothers appear normal in both eye color and Malpighian-tube morphology (Glassman and Mitchell, 1959; Schwinck, 1960); mal+ activity observed in germ line as AO activity (Marsh and Wieschaus, 1977, Dev. Biol. 60: 396-403) and maternally inherited XDH activity in mal offspring detectable until second day of pupal stage (Browder and Williamson, 1976, Dev. Biol. 53: 241-49). Maternal effect suppressed if offspring are also homozygous for lxd (Courtright, 1975, Mol. Gen. Genet. 142: 231-38). Interallelic complementation in females of constitution mal1/malF1; eye color and Malpighian-tube morphology appear normal, but XDH activity about 10% normal (Glassman and Mitchell, 1959; Schwinck, 1960); complementation not seen in flies raised at 29 and reduced in flies that are also homozygous for lxd (Courtright, 1975, Mol. Gen. Genet. 142: 231-38); physical properties of XDH and AO altered in different heteroallelic combinations (Finnerty, McCarron, and Johnson, 1979, Mol. Gen. Genet. 172: 37-43; Finnerty and Johnson, 1979, Genetics 91: 696-722). mal1, malF1, and malF3 complement for eye color in all pairwise combinations; however, malF1 malF3/mal1 is mutant. mal and ry extracts complement to produce XDH activity (Glassman, 1962, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 48: 1491-97); they do not complement intercellularly in vivo, however, since reciprocal eye-disk or Malpighian-tube transplants reported to behave autonomously with respect to drosopterin formation (Schwinck, 1960; 1963, DIS 38: 87).
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
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Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 19D1-19D1   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}amnEP1639&P{EP}amnEP367 and P{EP}CG1702EP1525
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 19D2-19D3     (Primus, 1999.6.24)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	1-64.8 (Schalet, 1963) 1-64.9 +/- 0.2 (Fahmy and Fahmy, 1958)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\mal for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Gene model reviewed during 5.50
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) mal-RA FBtr0077306  NM_078699   2749   781
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein mal-PA   FBpp0076998   88.1   781   6.56     NP_523423   AAF50901
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)	737 (aa) (Amrani et al., 2000)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Aminotransferase, class V/Cysteine desulfurase (IPR000192) Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase, C-terminal (IPR005302) MOSC, N-terminal beta barrel (IPR005303) Pyruvate kinase-like, insert domain (IPR011037) Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase, major region, subdomain 1 (IPR015421) Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase (IPR015424) Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase, major region, subdomain 2 (IPR015422)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA390628   AA539163   AA699259   AA817166   AA941532   AA942542   AA979356   AE014298 AAF50901   AF162681 AAD50777   AI259559   AI260495   AI455890   AI515797   AI515804   AI516519   AI518938   AY118319 AAM48348   BI167601   BI168206   BI172604   BI173633   BI214091   BI215895   BI235561   BI371049   BI373857   BI374841   CK657874   CO306462   EC065556   EC218101   EC237535
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	Q9VRA2
UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 1 -- 3   organism   (Fisher et al., 2012) Comment:maternally deposited embryonic stage 4 -- 6   organism   (Fisher et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization (GO Cellular Component)
CV term Evidence References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools
Reference	See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
FlyAtlas Anatomy Microarray
FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (FlyAtlas-RNA.adult) (FlyAtlas-RNA.larva)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult crop, larval/adult midgut, larval/adult Malpighian tubules, larval salivary gland, adult female reproductive system, adult male accessory gland, larval carcass. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (>999.999) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    93.425 Larval Midgut    142.1 Larval Hindgut    72.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    134.1 Larval Fat Body    75.8 Larval Salivary Gland    249.2 Larval Trachea    62.2 Larval Carcass    105.8 Adult Head    76.8 Adult Eye    41.125 Adult Brain    48.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    52.5 Adult Crop    165 Adult Midgut    317.2 Adult Hindgut    87.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    324.2 Adult Fat Body    79.1 Adult Salivary Gland    52.1 Adult Heart    47.75 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    160.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    172.4 Adult Ovary    238.7 Adult Testis    25.6 Adult Male Accessory Gland    123.5 Adult Carcass    87 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    93.425 Larval Midgut    142.1 Larval Hindgut    72.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    134.1 Larval Fat Body    75.8 Larval Salivary Gland    249.2 Larval Trachea    62.2 Larval Carcass    105.8 Adult Head    76.8 Adult Eye    41.125 Adult Brain    48.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    52.5 Adult Crop    165 Adult Midgut    317.2 Adult Hindgut    87.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    324.2 Adult Fat Body    79.1 Adult Salivary Gland    52.1 Adult Heart    47.75 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    160.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    172.4 Adult Ovary    238.7 Adult Testis    25.6 Adult Male Accessory Gland    123.5 Adult Carcass    87 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    93.425 Larval Midgut    142.1 Larval Hindgut    72.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    134.1 Larval Fat Body    75.8 Larval Salivary Gland    249.2 Larval Trachea    62.2 Larval Carcass    105.8 Adult Head    76.8 Adult Eye    41.125 Adult Brain    48.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    52.5 Adult Crop    165 Adult Midgut    317.2 Adult Hindgut    87.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    324.2 Adult Fat Body    79.1 Adult Salivary Gland    52.1 Adult Heart    47.75 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    160.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    172.4 Adult Ovary    238.7 Adult Testis    25.6 Adult Male Accessory Gland    123.5 Adult Carcass    87 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    93.425 Larval Midgut    142.1 Larval Hindgut    72.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    134.1 Larval Fat Body    75.8 Larval Salivary Gland    249.2 Larval Trachea    62.2 Larval Carcass    105.8 Adult Head    76.8 Adult Eye    41.125 Adult Brain    48.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    52.5 Adult Crop    165 Adult Midgut    317.2 Adult Hindgut    87.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    324.2 Adult Fat Body    79.1 Adult Salivary Gland    52.1 Adult Heart    47.75 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    160.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    172.4 Adult Ovary    238.7 Adult Testis    25.6 Adult Male Accessory Gland    123.5 Adult Carcass    87 Expression Level Scale  Very high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    93.425 Larval Midgut    142.1 Larval Hindgut    72.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    134.1 Larval Fat Body    75.8 Larval Salivary Gland    249.2 Larval Trachea    62.2 Larval Carcass    105.8 Adult Head    76.8 Adult Eye    41.125 Adult Brain    48.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    52.5 Adult Crop    165 Adult Midgut    317.2 Adult Hindgut    87.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    324.2 Adult Fat Body    79.1 Adult Salivary Gland    52.1 Adult Heart    47.75 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    160.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    172.4 Adult Ovary    238.7 Adult Testis    25.6 Adult Male Accessory Gland    123.5 Adult Carcass    87 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    93.425 Larval Midgut    142.1 Larval Hindgut    72.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    134.1 Larval Fat Body    75.8 Larval Salivary Gland    249.2 Larval Trachea    62.2 Larval Carcass    105.8 Adult Head    76.8 Adult Eye    41.125 Adult Brain    48.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    52.5 Adult Crop    165 Adult Midgut    317.2 Adult Hindgut    87.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    324.2 Adult Fat Body    79.1 Adult Salivary Gland    52.1 Adult Heart    47.75 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    160.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    172.4 Adult Ovary    238.7 Adult Testis    25.6 Adult Male Accessory Gland    123.5 Adult Carcass    87 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    93.425 Larval Midgut    142.1 Larval Hindgut    72.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    134.1 Larval Fat Body    75.8 Larval Salivary Gland    249.2 Larval Trachea    62.2 Larval Carcass    105.8 Adult Head    76.8 Adult Eye    41.125 Adult Brain    48.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    52.5 Adult Crop    165 Adult Midgut    317.2 Adult Hindgut    87.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    324.2 Adult Fat Body    79.1 Adult Salivary Gland    52.1 Adult Heart    47.75 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    160.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    172.4 Adult Ovary    238.7 Adult Testis    25.6 Adult Male Accessory Gland    123.5 Adult Carcass    87 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    93.425 Larval Midgut    142.1 Larval Hindgut    72.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    134.1 Larval Fat Body    75.8 Larval Salivary Gland    249.2 Larval Trachea    62.2 Larval Carcass    105.8 Adult Head    76.8 Adult Eye    41.125 Adult Brain    48.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    52.5 Adult Crop    165 Adult Midgut    317.2 Adult Hindgut    87.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    324.2 Adult Fat Body    79.1 Adult Salivary Gland    52.1 Adult Heart    47.75 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    160.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    172.4 Adult Ovary    238.7 Adult Testis    25.6 Adult Male Accessory Gland    123.5 Adult Carcass    87 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    76.8   NA  Eye    41.125   NA  Brain    48.1   93.425  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    52.5   NA  Crop    165   142.1  Midgut    317.2   72.3  Hindgut    87.4   134.1  Malpighian Tubules    324.2   75.8  Fat Body    79.1   249.2  Salivary Gland    52.1   NA  Heart    47.75   62.2  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    160.9   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    172.4   NA  Ovary    238.7   NA  Testis    25.6   NA  Male Accessory Gland    123.5   105.8  Carcass    87 FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
modENCODE Anatomy RNA-Seq
modENCODE Tissue Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_tissues)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3    2 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    1 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    9 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    9 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    14 ovary, mated 4-day female    9 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3    2 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    1 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    9 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    9 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    14 ovary, mated 4-day female    9 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3    2 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    1 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    9 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    9 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    14 ovary, mated 4-day female    9 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3    2 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    1 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    9 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    9 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    14 ovary, mated 4-day female    9 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3    2 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    1 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    9 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    9 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    14 ovary, mated 4-day female    9 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3    2 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    1 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    9 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    9 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    14 ovary, mated 4-day female    9 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3    2 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    1 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    9 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    9 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    14 ovary, mated 4-day female    9 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    3 central nervous system, larvae L3    2 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    1 head, virgin 4-day female    1 head, virgin 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    2 head, mated 1-day male    2 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    3 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    1 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    9 digestive system, 4-day adult    6 digestive system, 20-day adult    9 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    3 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    14 ovary, mated 4-day female    9 testis, mated 4-day male    2 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering     central nervous system, larvae L3     central nervous system, pupae P8     head, virgin 1-day female     head, virgin 4-day female     head, virgin 20-day female     head, mated 1-day female     head, mated 4-day female     head, mated 20-day female     head, mated 1-day male     head, mated 4-day male     head, mated 20-day male     salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering     salivary gland, white prepupae     digestive system, larvae L3 wandering     digestive system, 1-day adult     digestive system, 4-day adult     digestive system, 20-day adult     fat body, larvae L3 wandering     fat body, white prepupae     fat body, pupae P8     carcass, larvae L3 wandering     carcass, 1-day adult     carcass, 4-day adult     carcass, 20-day adult     ovary, virgin 4-day female     ovary, mated 4-day female     testis, mated 4-day male     accessory gland, mated 4-day male
modENCODE Development RNA-Seq
modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_U)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-06 hour embryonic stages. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    30 embryo 02-04hr    14 embryo 04-06hr    6 embryo 06-08hr    5 embryo 08-10hr    8 embryo 10-12hr    8 embryo 12-14hr    7 embryo 14-16hr    8 embryo 16-18hr    7 embryo 18-20hr    4 embryo 20-22hr    8 embryo 22-24hr    9 larva L1    5 larva L2    6 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    6 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    5 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    4 white prepupae 12hr    4 white prepupae 24hr    4 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    5 adult male 05day    5 adult male 30day    6 adult female 01day    8 adult female 05day    17 adult female 30day    18 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (30) embryo 02-04hr    14 embryo 04-06hr    6 embryo 06-08hr    5 embryo 08-10hr    8 embryo 10-12hr    8 embryo 12-14hr    7 embryo 14-16hr    8 embryo 16-18hr    7 embryo 18-20hr    4 embryo 20-22hr    8 embryo 22-24hr    9 larva L1    5 larva L2    6 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    6 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    5 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    4 white prepupae 12hr    4 white prepupae 24hr    4 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    5 adult male 05day    5 adult male 30day    6 adult female 01day    8 adult female 05day    17 adult female 30day    18 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    30 embryo 02-04hr    14 embryo 04-06hr    6 embryo 06-08hr    5 embryo 08-10hr    8 embryo 10-12hr    8 embryo 12-14hr    7 embryo 14-16hr    8 embryo 16-18hr    7 embryo 18-20hr    4 embryo 20-22hr    8 embryo 22-24hr    9 larva L1    5 larva L2    6 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    6 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    5 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    4 white prepupae 12hr    4 white prepupae 24hr    4 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    5 adult male 05day    5 adult male 30day    6 adult female 01day    8 adult female 05day    17 adult female 30day    18 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    30 embryo 02-04hr    14 embryo 04-06hr    6 embryo 06-08hr    5 embryo 08-10hr    8 embryo 10-12hr    8 embryo 12-14hr    7 embryo 14-16hr    8 embryo 16-18hr    7 embryo 18-20hr    4 embryo 20-22hr    8 embryo 22-24hr    9 larva L1    5 larva L2    6 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    6 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    5 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    4 white prepupae 12hr    4 white prepupae 24hr    4 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    5 adult male 05day    5 adult male 30day    6 adult female 01day    8 adult female 05day    17 adult female 30day    18 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    30 embryo 02-04hr    14 embryo 04-06hr    6 embryo 06-08hr    5 embryo 08-10hr    8 embryo 10-12hr    8 embryo 12-14hr    7 embryo 14-16hr    8 embryo 16-18hr    7 embryo 18-20hr    4 embryo 20-22hr    8 embryo 22-24hr    9 larva L1    5 larva L2    6 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    6 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    5 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    4 white prepupae 12hr    4 white prepupae 24hr    4 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    5 adult male 05day    5 adult male 30day    6 adult female 01day    8 adult female 05day    17 adult female 30day    18 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  30 embryo 02-04hr    14 embryo 04-06hr    6 embryo 06-08hr    5 embryo 08-10hr    8 embryo 10-12hr    8 embryo 12-14hr    7 embryo 14-16hr    8 embryo 16-18hr    7 embryo 18-20hr    4 embryo 20-22hr    8 embryo 22-24hr    9 larva L1    5 larva L2    6 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    6 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    5 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    4 white prepupae 12hr    4 white prepupae 24hr    4 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    5 adult male 05day    5 adult male 30day    6 adult female 01day    8 adult female 05day    17 adult female 30day    18 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    30 embryo 02-04hr    14 embryo 04-06hr    6 embryo 06-08hr    5 embryo 08-10hr    8 embryo 10-12hr    8 embryo 12-14hr    7 embryo 14-16hr    8 embryo 16-18hr    7 embryo 18-20hr    4 embryo 20-22hr    8 embryo 22-24hr    9 larva L1    5 larva L2    6 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    6 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    5 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    4 white prepupae 12hr    4 white prepupae 24hr    4 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    5 adult male 05day    5 adult male 30day    6 adult female 01day    8 adult female 05day    17 adult female 30day    18 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    30 embryo 02-04hr    14 embryo 04-06hr    6 embryo 06-08hr    5 embryo 08-10hr    8 embryo 10-12hr    8 embryo 12-14hr    7 embryo 14-16hr    8 embryo 16-18hr    7 embryo 18-20hr    4 embryo 20-22hr    8 embryo 22-24hr    9 larva L1    5 larva L2    6 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    6 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    5 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    5 white prepupae new    4 white prepupae 12hr    4 white prepupae 24hr    4 pupae 2d postWPP    3 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    5 adult male 05day    5 adult male 30day    6 adult female 01day    8 adult female 05day    17 adult female 30day    18 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011)
modENCODE Cell Lines RNA-Seq
modENCODE Cell Line Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.A) (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.B)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    13 Schneider line 2 Sg4    15 embryonic 1182-4H    11 embryonic GM2    26 embryonic Kc167    34 embryonic S1    10 embryonic S3    9 leg disc CME L1    9 wing disc CME-W2    16 wing disc ML-DmD8    4 wing disc ML-DmD9    4 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    5 wing disc ML-DmD32    3 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    6 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    5 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    5 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS    3 ovary OSC    5 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    13 Schneider line 2 Sg4    15 embryonic 1182-4H    11 embryonic GM2  26 embryonic Kc167  (34) embryonic S1    10 embryonic S3    9 leg disc CME L1    9 wing disc CME-W2    16 wing disc ML-DmD8    4 wing disc ML-DmD9    4 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    5 wing disc ML-DmD32    3 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    6 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    5 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    5 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS    3 ovary OSC    5 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    13 Schneider line 2 Sg4    15 embryonic 1182-4H    11 embryonic GM2    26 embryonic Kc167    34 embryonic S1    10 embryonic S3    9 leg disc CME L1    9 wing disc CME-W2    16 wing disc ML-DmD8    4 wing disc ML-DmD9    4 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    5 wing disc ML-DmD32    3 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    6 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    5 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    5 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS    3 ovary OSC    5 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    13 Schneider line 2 Sg4    15 embryonic 1182-4H    11 embryonic GM2    26 embryonic Kc167    34 embryonic S1    10 embryonic S3    9 leg disc CME L1    9 wing disc CME-W2    16 wing disc ML-DmD8    4 wing disc ML-DmD9    4 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    5 wing disc ML-DmD32    3 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    6 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    5 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    5 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS    3 ovary OSC    5 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    13 Schneider line 2 Sg4    15 embryonic 1182-4H    11 embryonic GM2    26 embryonic Kc167    34 embryonic S1    10 embryonic S3    9 leg disc CME L1    9 wing disc CME-W2    16 wing disc ML-DmD8    4 wing disc ML-DmD9    4 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    5 wing disc ML-DmD32    3 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    6 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    5 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    5 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS    3 ovary OSC    5 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    13 Schneider line 2 Sg4    15 embryonic 1182-4H    11 embryonic GM2  26 embryonic Kc167  (34) embryonic S1    10 embryonic S3    9 leg disc CME L1    9 wing disc CME-W2    16 wing disc ML-DmD8    4 wing disc ML-DmD9    4 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    5 wing disc ML-DmD32    3 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    6 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    5 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    5 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS    3 ovary OSC    5 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    13 Schneider line 2 Sg4    15 embryonic 1182-4H    11 embryonic GM2    26 embryonic Kc167    34 embryonic S1    10 embryonic S3    9 leg disc CME L1    9 wing disc CME-W2    16 wing disc ML-DmD8    4 wing disc ML-DmD9    4 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    5 wing disc ML-DmD32    3 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    6 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    5 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    5 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS    3 ovary OSC    5 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    13 Schneider line 2 Sg4    15 embryonic 1182-4H    11 embryonic GM2    26 embryonic Kc167    34 embryonic S1    10 embryonic S3    9 leg disc CME L1    9 wing disc CME-W2    16 wing disc ML-DmD8    4 wing disc ML-DmD9    4 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    5 wing disc ML-DmD32    3 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    4 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    6 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    5 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    3 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    5 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS    3 ovary OSC    5 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+     Schneider line 2 Sg4     embryonic 1182-4H     embryonic GM2     embryonic Kc167     embryonic S1     embryonic S3     leg disc CME L1     wing disc CME-W2     wing disc ML-DmD8     wing disc ML-DmD9     wing disc ML-DmD16-c3     wing disc ML-DmD21     wing disc ML-DmD32     haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3     eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11     antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5     mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1     CNS ML-DmBG1-c1     CNS ML-DmBG2-c2     tumorous blood cells mbn2     ovary fGS/OSS     ovary OSC     ovary OSS
modENCODE Treatments RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatment Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_treatments)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    6 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    6 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    6 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    6 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    6 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    6 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    6 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    2 cold shock, 4-day adult    1 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    6 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    9 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    6 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    8 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    7 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult     cold shock, 4-day adult     heat shock, 4-day adult     Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3     Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010, Graveley et al., 2011) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_26 mE1_20_mRNA_expression_cluster_06
External Data & Images
Linkouts	BDGP expression data • HL08052 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0002641 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG1692-RA
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele viable mal2 mal3 malF1 viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 malGD9236 viable | male mal21 mal23 mal24 mal25 mal26 mal27 mal28 mal29 mal30 Sterility Allele fertile mal2 malF1 male fertile mal21 mal23 mal24 mal25 mal26 mal27 mal28 mal29 mal30 male sterile mal3 Other Phenotypes Allele chemical sensitive malpq4 malpq5 eye color defective mal2 mal3 malAR malunspecified eye color defective | recessive malF1 malunspecified Phenotype manifest in Allele Malpighian tubule mal1 pigment cell mal1 mal2 mal3 malAR malF1 malunspecified
Classical Alleles ( 38 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of mal Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion mal1 X ray 20 -- mal106 X ray 10 -- mal2 X ray 8 -- malF1 p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)amino-DL-phenylalanine nitrogen mustard 4 -- mal116 X ray 0 -- mal14 triethylenemelamine X ray 0 -- mal20 triethylenemelamine 0 -- mal21 ethyl methanesulfonate triethylenemelamine 0 -- mal23 ethyl methanesulfonate triethylenemelamine 0 -- mal24 triethylenemelamine ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- mal25 triethylenemelamine ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- mal26 triethylenemelamine 0 -- mal27 triethylenemelamine 0 -- mal28 triethylenemelamine 0 -- mal29 triethylenemelamine 0 -- mal30 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- mal31 nitrogen mustard 0 -- mal32 X ray 0 -- mal3 X ray 0 -- mal60 DNA 0 -- malAR ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- malC1 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- malC2 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- malC3 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- malC4 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- malC5 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence spontaneous 0 -- malF2 methyl methanesulfonate 0 -- malF3 ethyl nitrosourea 0 -- malF4 ethyl nitrosourea 0 -- malF5 p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)amino-DL-phenylalanine 0 -- malF6 p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)amino-L-phenylalanine 0 -- malF7 p-p'-N,N-di(2-chloroethyl)aminophenoxyphenylalanine 0 -- malP25 PM hybrid dysgenesis 0 Yes malpq4 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- malpq5 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- malQ 0 -- malS spontaneous 0 -- malunspecified 0 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 3 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of mal Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion malGD9236 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 2 Yes malKK102529 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes malNIG.1692R in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(1)16-3-22 (Miklos et al., 1987, Torres and Sanchez, 1992) Df(1)16-3-35 (Miklos et al., 1987, Perrimon et al., 1989, Torres and Sanchez, 1992) Df(1)17-25 (Munoz, 2004.1.5) Df(1)17-322 (Munoz, 2004.1.5) Df(1)18-36 (Munoz, 2004.1.5) Df(1)A58 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)A118 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)B12 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)B214 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)Exel6254 (Ryder, 2004.4.26) Df(1)HF396 (Craymer and Roy, 1980) Df(1)HM44 (Kramers et al., 1983, Miklos et al., 1986, Miklos et al., 1987, Perrimon et al., 1989, Miklos and de Couet, 1990) Df(1)mal3 (Chovnick et al., 1969, Kramers et al., 1983, Kramers et al., 1991) Df(1)mal4 (Chovnick et al., 1969) Df(1)mal5 (Chovnick et al., 1969) Df(1)mal6 (Schalet and Finnerty, 1968, Chovnick et al., 1969, Schalet and Lefevre, 1973, Kramers et al., 1983, Kramers et al., 1991, Schalet and Finnerty, 1968) Df(1)mal7 (Chovnick et al., 1969) Df(1)mal8 (Schalet and Finnerty, 1968, Chovnick et al., 1969, Schalet and Lefevre, 1973, Kramers et al., 1983, Zusman et al., 1985, Kramers et al., 1991) Df(1)mal9 (Chovnick et al., 1969) Df(1)mal10 (Munoz, 2004.1.5, Schalet and Finnerty, 1968, Chovnick et al., 1969, Schalet and Lefevre, 1973, Craymer and Roy, 1980, Perrimon et al., 1989, Torres and Sanchez, 1992, Schalet and Finnerty, 1968) Df(1)mal11 (Chovnick et al., 1969, Schalet and Finnerty, 1968) Df(1)mal12 (Chovnick et al., 1969, Durica and Krider, 1978, Craymer and Roy, 1980, Zusman et al., 1985) Df(1)mal13 (Schalet and Finnerty, 1968, Chovnick et al., 1969, Schalet and Finnerty, 1968) Df(1)mal17 (Chovnick et al., 1969, Perrimon et al., 1989) Df(1)mal22 (Craymer and Roy, 1980) Df(1)Q38 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)Q219 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)Q408 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)Q539 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)R-9-1 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)R-10-5 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)run1112 (Zusman et al., 1985, Perrimon et al., 1989, Torres and Sanchez, 1992) Df(1)wl-2 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Dp(1;Y)y+mal107 (Chovnick et al., 1969) Dp(1;Y)y+mal108 (Chovnick et al., 1969) Dp(1;Y)y+mal113 (Chovnick et al., 1969) Dp(1;Y)y+mal118 (Chovnick et al., 1969) Dp(1;Y)y+mal126 (Chovnick et al., 1969)
Not disrupted in	Df(1)2/19B (Perrimon et al., 1989, Miklos and de Couet, 1990) Df(1)16-2-5 (Munoz, 2004.1.5) Df(1)16-2-13 (Miklos et al., 1987, Prud'homme et al., 1995) Df(1)16-3-22 (Craymer and Roy, 1980) Df(1)16-3-35 (Kramers et al., 1983, Kramers et al., 1991) Df(1)16-129 (Miklos et al., 1987, Perrimon et al., 1989, Miklos and de Couet, 1990) Df(1)17-137 (Kramers et al., 1991) Df(1)17-148 (Prud'homme et al., 1995) Df(1)17-257 (Miklos et al., 1987, Perrimon et al., 1989, Miklos and de Couet, 1990) Df(1)17-351 (Miklos et al., 1987, Perrimon et al., 1989, Miklos and de Couet, 1990) Df(1)17-489 (Miklos et al., 1987, Perrimon et al., 1989) Df(1)26B (Perrimon et al., 1989) Df(1)A19 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)A33 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)A53 (Perrimon et al., 1989) Df(1)A118 (Miklos et al., 1987, Perrimon et al., 1989, Kramers et al., 1991) Df(1)A122 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)A129 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) Df(1)A161 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) Df(1)A200 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) Df(1)A209 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Lifschytz and Falk, 1969, Zusman et al., 1985) Df(1)A211 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) Df(1)B18 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) Df(1)B47 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) Df(1)B56 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)B57 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Lifschytz and Falk, 1969, Schalet and Lefevre, 1973, Miklos et al., 1987, Perrimon et al., 1989, Miklos and de Couet, 1990) Df(1)B82 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)B85 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) Df(1)B99 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) Df(1)B111 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)B155 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)B179 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) Df(1)B182 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) Df(1)B199 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) Df(1)B225 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) Df(1)B240 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) Df(1)B255 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) Df(1)B264 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)C74 (Perrimon et al., 1989, Miklos and de Couet, 1990) Df(1)D43L1 (Schalet and Finnerty, 1968, Perrimon et al., 1989, Kramers et al., 1991) Df(1)DCB1-35b (Zusman et al., 1985, Perrimon et al., 1989, Prud'homme et al., 1995) Df(1)DCB1-35c (Schalet and Finnerty, 1968, Miklos et al., 1987, Prud'homme et al., 1995) Df(1)EA113 (Miklos et al., 1987) Df(1)GA22 (Miklos et al., 1987) Df(1)GA33 (Perrimon et al., 1989) Df(1)GA37 (Perrimon et al., 1989) Df(1)GA40 (Perrimon et al., 1989) Df(1)GA90 (Zusman et al., 1985) Df(1)GA104 (Miklos et al., 1987, Perrimon et al., 1989, Miklos and de Couet, 1990) Df(1)GA131 (Miklos et al., 1987) Df(1)GE263 (Miklos et al., 1987, Perrimon et al., 1989, Miklos and de Couet, 1990) Df(1)HC279 (Perrimon et al., 1989) Df(1)HF359 (Miklos et al., 1987) Df(1)HM45 (Kramers et al., 1983) Df(1)JA21 (Miklos et al., 1987) Df(1)JA117 (Miklos et al., 1987, Perrimon et al., 1989, Miklos and de Couet, 1990) Df(1)JC4 (Miklos et al., 1987, Miklos and de Couet, 1990) Df(1)JC77 (Miklos et al., 1987, Perrimon et al., 1989, Miklos and de Couet, 1990) Df(1)LB6 (Perrimon et al., 1989) Df(1)LB7 (Perrimon et al., 1989) Df(1)LB23 (Perrimon et al., 1989) Df(1)N77 (Perrimon et al., 1989) Df(1)Q539 (Zusman et al., 1985, Miklos et al., 1987, Perrimon et al., 1989, Miklos and de Couet, 1990, Kramers et al., 1991) Df(1)R7 (Prud'homme et al., 1995) Df(1)R11 (Prud'homme et al., 1995) Df(1)R20 (Prud'homme et al., 1995) Df(1)R21 (Prud'homme et al., 1995) Df(1)R22 (Prud'homme et al., 1995) Df(1)R44 (Prud'homme et al., 1995) Df(1)R46 (Prud'homme et al., 1995) Df(1)S54 (Miklos et al., 1987, Perrimon et al., 1989, Miklos and de Couet, 1990) Df(1)su(f)4B (Kramers et al., 1991) Df(1)su(f)724 (Prud'homme et al., 1995) Df(1)T2-14A (Miklos et al., 1987, Perrimon et al., 1989) Df(1)X-1 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968, Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)yl-1 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1969) Df(1)y-X15 (Kramers et al., 1991)
Duplicated in	Dp(1;f)3 (Schalet and Finnerty, 1968) Dp(1;f)52 (Schalet and Finnerty, 1968) Dp(1;Y)mal+ (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) Dp(1;Y)y+mal106 (Miklos and de Couet, 1990, Prud'homme et al., 1995) Dp(1;Y)y+mal+ (Lefevre, 1981, Prud'homme et al., 1995)
Not duplicated in	Dp(1;f)mini2 (Perrimon et al., 1989, Prud'homme et al., 1995) Dp(1;f)mini6 (Prud'homme et al., 1995) Dp(1;f)mini77 (Perrimon et al., 1989, Miklos and de Couet, 1990) Dp(1;f)mini-ring (Perrimon et al., 1989) Dp(1;Y)B101 (Perrimon et al., 1989) Dp(1;Y)BS (Kramers et al., 1991, Lindsley and Zimm, 1992, Prud'homme et al., 1995) Dp(1;Y)y59b (Belyaeva et al., 1982) Dp(1;Y)y+mal102 (Chovnick et al., 1969, Perrimon et al., 1989, Prud'homme et al., 1995) Dp(1;Y)y+mal126 (Miklos and de Couet, 1990, Kramers et al., 1991, Prud'homme et al., 1995) Dp(1;Y)y+mal171 (Perrimon et al., 1989)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data UAS construct P{GD9236} NA P{KK102529} NA P{NIG.1692R} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data miscellaneous insertions P{}malP25 NA
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 6 unique terms )
	There is no information supporting a cellular component term for this gene. (Based on a review of available data before: 2006)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
Mo-molybdopterin cofactor sulfurase activity inferred from mutant phenotype (assigned by UniProtKB) (Amrani et al., 2000)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
molybdopterin cofactor metabolic process inferred from mutant phenotype (assigned by UniProtKB) (Amrani et al., 2000) ommochrome biosynthetic process inferred from mutant phenotype (Tearle, 1991)
Cellular Component ( 0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 4 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
molybdenum ion binding inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005302 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-) Mo-molybdopterin cofactor sulfurase activity non-traceable author statement (Primus, 1999.6.24) pyridoxal phosphate binding inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005302, InterPro:IPR015421 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
Mo-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process non-traceable author statement (Primus, 1999.6.24)
Cellular Component ( 0 terms)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
protein-protein
Interacting group Assay References
mal - Arpc1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) mal - Arpc2 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) mal - Arpc4 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) mal - CG1847 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) mal - CG6701 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) mal - Hel25E anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) mal - Hsp23 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) mal - Hsp27 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) mal - RpS21 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) mal - Rpb8 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) mal - mRpL52 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23)
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions mal allele Gene References malunspecified Mocs1 (Courtright, 1975) w (Lloyd et al., 2002)
External Data
Linkouts	DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0002641 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0002641
Orthologs
OrthoDB Orthologs (42) - based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 5.41
OrthoDB Ortholog Groups
	OrthoDB orthology group searches (Waterhouse et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39(Database issue): D283--D288) Drosophila inclusive ortholog search EOG6K3MFR Dipteran inclusive ortholog search EOG6NGGVV Insect inclusive ortholog search EOG60K6TZ Arthropod inclusive ortholog search EOG61ZCS2 Metazoa inclusive ortholog search EOG64R5T3
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (EOG6K3MFR)
Organism Common Name Gene AAA Syntenic Ortholog Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\mal     Drosophila simulans   Dsim\GD19688     Drosophila sechellia   Dsec\GM23034 Y   Drosophila erecta   Dere\GG19684 Y   Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE17883 Y   Drosophila ananassae   Dana\GF19210 Y   Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura   Dpse\GA14218 Y   Drosophila persimilis   Dper\GL15793 Y   Drosophila willistoni   Dwil\GK16373 Y   Drosophila virilis   Dvir\GJ19190 Y   Drosophila mojavensis   Dmoj\GI15478 Y   Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH17731 Y
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (EOG6NGGVV)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\mal3   Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\mal2   Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\mal1   Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito  Agam\mal   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\mal1   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\mal2
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (EOG60K6TZ)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\GB54499   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG013765   Acromyrmex echinatior Panamanian leafcutter ant  Aech\AECH13920   Acromyrmex echinatior Panamanian leafcutter ant  Aech\AECH13919   Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP22700   Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP22705   Camponotus floridanus Florida carpenter ant  Cflo\CFLO22307   Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL17836   Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH18065   Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB25243   Solenopsis invicta Red fire ant  Sinv\SINV22113   Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI005715   Bombyx mori Silkmoth  Bmor\BGIBMGA012462   Pediculus humanus Human body louse  Phum\PHUM354400   Tribolium castaneum Red flour beetle  Tcas\TC000626
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (EOG61ZCS2)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_198784
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (EOG64R5T3)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\R03A10.3   Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_028167gn   Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_025660gn   Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_001079gn   Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\MOCOS   Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Mocos   Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Mocos   Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\MOCOS
Human Orthologs (1)
Gene OMIM HGNC Hsap\MOCOS
AAA Orthologs (10) based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 4.3
Organism Gene Drosophila sechellia Dsec\GM23034 Drosophila erecta Dere\GG19684 Drosophila yakuba Dyak\GE17883 Drosophila ananassae Dana\GF19210 Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura Dpse\GA14218 Drosophila persimilis Dper\GL15793 Drosophila willistoni Dwil\GK16373 Drosophila virilis Dvir\GJ19190 Drosophila mojavensis Dmoj\GI15478 Drosophila grimshawi Dgri\GH17731
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 39 )
Bloomington	37 mal1 180 y1 v1 f1 malF1 3973 y1 v1 mel1 mal1 5709 ccw1 sma1 up1 malF1/FM7c 36571 Df(1)y-X15/In(1)dl-49, v1 snX2 mal2
Kyoto	105773 y1 v1 f1 malF1 107538 y1 v1 mel1 mal1 105694 mal1 / C(1)DX, y1 w1 f1 108385 ccw1 sma1 up1 malF1/FM7c
VDRC	v107163 P{KK102529}VIE-260B v20329 w1118; P{GD9236}v20329 v20332 w1118; P{GD9236}v20332/TM3
	More stocks available...
Genomic Clones ( 2 )
	BACR25I22 BACR30J04 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 28 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	HL08052
Other clones	DPiM_HL08052
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	LD09611 LD17260 LD22335 LD25712 LD26820 LD33873 LD35618 LD41468 LD41476 LD42412 LP02996 LP04382 RE08020 RE08792 RE15137 RE16594 RE19801 RE22660 RE29107 RE31421 RE57859 RE61276 RE62524
Other clones	119615 CK01.49D.C5 EK251114
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0002641 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 33045
Antibody Information
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of	Source for identity of: mal CG1692 (Guan, 1999.11)
Source for database merge of
Additional comments	The alleles of mal have been mapped both by complementation for eye color and by recombination. Five complementation units have been defined (Chovnick, Finnerty, Schalet and Duck, 1969) and malC2 said to define a sixth (Bentley and Williamson, 1982). There is but a single lethal complementation group in heteroallelic combinations raised on purine-enriched medium. Recombinational mapping utilized purine sensitivity to select for mal+ recombinants (Finnerty, Duck and Chovnick, 1970). Maps co-linear.
Other Comments
	Lesions in mal affect eye pigmentation to a small extent only. (Tearle, 1991) Mutations at mal are fully viable, have a maternal effect phenotype and exhibit a brownish eye colour. Larval Malpighian tubules can be short, bloated and irregularly formed. (Perrimon et al., 1989) Aldehyde oxidase deficient mutants of mal have appreciable levels of aldehyde oxidase cross-reacting material in both larval haemolymph and adult extracts. (Browder et al., 1982) Rocket immunoelectrophoresis was used to estimate xanthine dehydrogenase cross-reacting material (XDH-CRM). Results show high levels of XDH-CRM in mutant mal flies, this suggests that the primary effects of the mutant gene is on the function of XDH protein rather than its accumulation. (Browder et al., 1982) Mutations of mal exhibit the same levels of sulfite oxidase activity as wild-type flies. Xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase cannot be detected, but there are wild-type levels of alcohol dehydrogenase. (Bogaart and Bernini, 1981) Brownish eye color resulting from reduction in the red (drosopterin) pigments. Larval Malpighian tubes short, bloated, irregularly formed and contain yellow to orange pteridine globules (Schwinck, 1960). mal is nonautonomous for eye color in mosaics with wild-type tissue (Glassman, 1957) and in transplants of mal eyes into wild-type hosts (Ursprung, 1961). Activities of three molybdo-enzymes reduced or absent: aldehyde oxidase = AO (Courtright, 1967), pyridoxal oxidase = PO (Forrest, Hanley and Lagowski, 1961) and xanthine dehydrogenase = XDH (Forrest, Glassman and Mitchell, 1956) (Glassman and Mitchell, 1959). Measurements of cross-reacting material (e.g., Browder, Wilkes and Tucker, 1982; Browder, Tucker and Wilkes, 1982) show 75% and 50% normal levels of AO CRM in larval hemolymph and adult extracts respectively and 105% normal level of XDH CRM (see also Warner, Watts and Finnerty, 1980). Activity of a fourth molybdo-enzyme, sulfite oxidase, is unaffected by mal (Bogart and Bernini, 1981). Furthermore, unlike mutants in genes thought to be involved with the function of molybdenum cofactor, e.g. cin and lxd, the effects of mal not alleviated by administration of molybdenum; XDH cross reacting material (CRM) isolated from mal flies contains molybdenum (Andres, 1976); mal flies contain high levels of molybdenum cofactor by Neurospora nitrate reductase activation assay (Warner and Finnerty, 1981). Accumulation of enzyme substrates (Forrest, Glassman and Mitchell, 1956; Glassman and Mitchell, 1959; Glassman and McLean, 1962) may account for the reported increase in uricase activity (Friedman, 1970). The absence of XDH activity renders mal flies sensitive to exogenously supplied purine (Glassman, 1965), which has been used in selective schemes (Finnerty, Duck and Chovnick, 1970); the cell autonomy of mal with respect to AO activity provides the basis of a staining procedure for differentiating mal from mal+ tissue in mosaics (Janning, 1972). mal offspring of mal+ mothers appear normal in both eye color and Malpighian-tube morphology (Glassman and Mitchell, 1959; Schwinck, 1960); mal+ activity observed in germ line as AO activity (Marsh and Wieschaus, 1977) and maternally inherited XDH activity in mal offspring detectable until second day of pupal stage (Browder and Williamson, 1976). Maternal effect suppressed if offspring are also homozygous for lxd (Courtright, 1975). Interallelic complementation in females of constitution mal1/malF1; eye color and Malpighian-tube morphology appear normal, but XDH activity about 10% normal (Glassman and Mitchell, 1959; Schwinck, 1960); complementation not seen in flies raised at 29oC and reduced in flies that are also homozygous for lxd (Courtright, 1975); physical properties of XDH and AO altered in different heteroallelic combinations (Finnerty, McCarron and Johnson, 1979; Finnerty and Johnson, 1979). mal1, malF1, and malF3 complement for eye color in all pairwise combinations; however, malF1 malF3/mal1 is mutant. mal and ry extracts complement to produce XDH activity (Glassman, 1962); they do not complement intercellularly in vivo, however, since reciprocal eye-disk or Malpighian-tube transplants reported to behave autonomously with respect to drosopterin formation (Schwinck, 1960; Schwinck, 1963).
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_078699 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_523423 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AA699259 AAD50777 AAF50901 AAM48348 AF162681 AI518938 AY118319 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 33045 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • Q9VRA2
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Aminotransferase, class V/Cysteine desulfurase (IPR000192) Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase, C-terminal (IPR005302) MOSC, N-terminal beta barrel (IPR005303) Pyruvate kinase-like, insert domain (IPR011037) Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase, major region, subdomain 1 (IPR015421) Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase (IPR015424) Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase, major region, subdomain 2 (IPR015422) BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis • HL08052
Linkouts
	DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0002641 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0002641 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0002641 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0002641 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG1692-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0002641 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 33045 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0002641
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 10 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	5 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968) bz (Fahmy and Fahmy, 1958, ) CG1692 (Keleman et al., 2009.8.5) ma-l (Amrani et al., 2000, Goldschmidt, 1999, Schalet, 1960, Braaten and Bentley, 1993, Schalet and Finnerty, 1968, Humphreys et al., 1993, Kamdar et al., 1992, Reaume et al., 1991, Wahl et al., 1982, Courtright, 1975, Finnerty et al., 1970, Finnerty and Chovnick, 1970, Chovnick et al., 1969, Schalet and Finnerty, 1968, Glassman et al., 1968, Keller and Glassman, 1964) mal (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992, Jemc and Rebay, 2007, Anaka et al., 2008, Kamleh et al., 2009, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21) SRF (Thompson, 2010)
Name Synonym	bronzy (Fahmy and Fahmy, 1958, ) maroon-like (Jemc and Rebay, 2007, Anaka et al., 2008) maroonlike (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992) section 5 (Lifschytz and Falk, 1968)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
References ( 105 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 105 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 75 ) Supplementary material  ( 3 ) Review  ( 5 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 7 ) Abstract  ( 1 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 2 ) Teaching note  ( 1 ) Book  ( 3 ) Stock list  ( 2 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 2 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 2 ) Website  ( 1 )
Recent research papers (0)
	All research papers listed in FlyBase were published before 2011 Show research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
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