The gene Enhancer of split mγ, helix-loop-helix is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\E(spl)mγ-HLH (CG8333, FBgn0002735). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: transcription factor binding; sequence-specific DNA binding. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation; wing disc dorsal/ventral pattern formation; negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. 14 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: adult thorax; wing margin bristle; macrochaeta; scutellar bristle; microchaeta; wing vein. It has one annotated transcript and one annotated polypeptide. Protein features are: Myc-type, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain; Orange; Orange subgroup. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of very high expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-12 hour embryonic stages. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval central nervous system. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1626048_at completely aligns to an exonic region of the only FlyBase-annotated transcript isoform of HLHmgamma. Gene sequence location is 3R:21825573..21826483.
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FB2013_03
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The predicted protein products of the seven HLH
genes in the Dhyd\E(spl) complex exhibit a great degree of sequence
similarity extending over the first 120 amino acids of the proteins. The
carboxy terminus is unique for each except for the terminal 4 amino acids,
which are identical in all of the proteins.
Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval central nervous system.
[download data (TSV)]
Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors
No expression (0 - 9.999)
Low expression (10 - 99.999)
Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)
High level expression (500 - 999.999)
Very high expression (>999.999)
Linear, scaled to maximum expression level
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
534.675
Larval Midgut
3.4
Larval Hindgut
5
Larval Malpighian Tubules
2.2
Larval Fat Body
3.6
Larval Salivary Gland
15.3
Larval Trachea
9.6
Larval Carcass
17.525
Adult Head
4.3
Adult Eye
8.15
Adult Brain
1.2
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
2.8
Adult Crop
4.5
Adult Midgut
3.8
Adult Hindgut
2.3
Adult Malpighian Tubules
3.1
Adult Fat Body
16.8
Adult Salivary Gland
30.1
Adult Heart
2.55
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
13.9
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
16.5
Adult Ovary
2.4
Adult Testis
1.9
Adult Male Accessory Gland
7.7
Adult Carcass
11.4
Expression Level Scale
None
Low
Moderate
High
Linear, scaled to Moderate expression
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
534.675
Larval Midgut
3.4
Larval Hindgut
5
Larval Malpighian Tubules
2.2
Larval Fat Body
3.6
Larval Salivary Gland
15.3
Larval Trachea
9.6
Larval Carcass
17.525
Adult Head
4.3
Adult Eye
8.15
Adult Brain
1.2
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
2.8
Adult Crop
4.5
Adult Midgut
3.8
Adult Hindgut
2.3
Adult Malpighian Tubules
3.1
Adult Fat Body
16.8
Adult Salivary Gland
30.1
Adult Heart
2.55
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
13.9
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
16.5
Adult Ovary
2.4
Adult Testis
1.9
Adult Male Accessory Gland
7.7
Adult Carcass
11.4
Expression Level Scale
None
Low
Moderate
High
Linear, scaled to High level expression
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
534.675
Larval Midgut
3.4
Larval Hindgut
5
Larval Malpighian Tubules
2.2
Larval Fat Body
3.6
Larval Salivary Gland
15.3
Larval Trachea
9.6
Larval Carcass
17.525
Adult Head
4.3
Adult Eye
8.15
Adult Brain
1.2
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
2.8
Adult Crop
4.5
Adult Midgut
3.8
Adult Hindgut
2.3
Adult Malpighian Tubules
3.1
Adult Fat Body
16.8
Adult Salivary Gland
30.1
Adult Heart
2.55
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
13.9
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
16.5
Adult Ovary
2.4
Adult Testis
1.9
Adult Male Accessory Gland
7.7
Adult Carcass
11.4
Expression Level Scale
None
Low
Moderate
High
Very high
Linear, scaled to Very high expression
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
534.675
Larval Midgut
3.4
Larval Hindgut
5
Larval Malpighian Tubules
2.2
Larval Fat Body
3.6
Larval Salivary Gland
15.3
Larval Trachea
9.6
Larval Carcass
17.525
Adult Head
4.3
Adult Eye
8.15
Adult Brain
1.2
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
2.8
Adult Crop
4.5
Adult Midgut
3.8
Adult Hindgut
2.3
Adult Malpighian Tubules
3.1
Adult Fat Body
16.8
Adult Salivary Gland
30.1
Adult Heart
2.55
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
13.9
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
16.5
Adult Ovary
2.4
Adult Testis
1.9
Adult Male Accessory Gland
7.7
Adult Carcass
11.4
Expression Level Scale
Very high
log, scaled to maximum expression level
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
534.675
Larval Midgut
3.4
Larval Hindgut
5
Larval Malpighian Tubules
2.2
Larval Fat Body
3.6
Larval Salivary Gland
15.3
Larval Trachea
9.6
Larval Carcass
17.525
Adult Head
4.3
Adult Eye
8.15
Adult Brain
1.2
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
2.8
Adult Crop
4.5
Adult Midgut
3.8
Adult Hindgut
2.3
Adult Malpighian Tubules
3.1
Adult Fat Body
16.8
Adult Salivary Gland
30.1
Adult Heart
2.55
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
13.9
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
16.5
Adult Ovary
2.4
Adult Testis
1.9
Adult Male Accessory Gland
7.7
Adult Carcass
11.4
Expression Level Scale
None
Low
Moderate
High
log, scaled to Moderate expression
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
534.675
Larval Midgut
3.4
Larval Hindgut
5
Larval Malpighian Tubules
2.2
Larval Fat Body
3.6
Larval Salivary Gland
15.3
Larval Trachea
9.6
Larval Carcass
17.525
Adult Head
4.3
Adult Eye
8.15
Adult Brain
1.2
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
2.8
Adult Crop
4.5
Adult Midgut
3.8
Adult Hindgut
2.3
Adult Malpighian Tubules
3.1
Adult Fat Body
16.8
Adult Salivary Gland
30.1
Adult Heart
2.55
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
13.9
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
16.5
Adult Ovary
2.4
Adult Testis
1.9
Adult Male Accessory Gland
7.7
Adult Carcass
11.4
Expression Level Scale
None
Low
Moderate
High
log, scaled to High level expression
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
534.675
Larval Midgut
3.4
Larval Hindgut
5
Larval Malpighian Tubules
2.2
Larval Fat Body
3.6
Larval Salivary Gland
15.3
Larval Trachea
9.6
Larval Carcass
17.525
Adult Head
4.3
Adult Eye
8.15
Adult Brain
1.2
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
2.8
Adult Crop
4.5
Adult Midgut
3.8
Adult Hindgut
2.3
Adult Malpighian Tubules
3.1
Adult Fat Body
16.8
Adult Salivary Gland
30.1
Adult Heart
2.55
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
13.9
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
16.5
Adult Ovary
2.4
Adult Testis
1.9
Adult Male Accessory Gland
7.7
Adult Carcass
11.4
Expression Level Scale
None
Low
Moderate
High
Very high
log, scaled to Very high expression
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
534.675
Larval Midgut
3.4
Larval Hindgut
5
Larval Malpighian Tubules
2.2
Larval Fat Body
3.6
Larval Salivary Gland
15.3
Larval Trachea
9.6
Larval Carcass
17.525
Adult Head
4.3
Adult Eye
8.15
Adult Brain
1.2
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
2.8
Adult Crop
4.5
Adult Midgut
3.8
Adult Hindgut
2.3
Adult Malpighian Tubules
3.1
Adult Fat Body
16.8
Adult Salivary Gland
30.1
Adult Heart
2.55
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
13.9
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
16.5
Adult Ovary
2.4
Adult Testis
1.9
Adult Male Accessory Gland
7.7
Adult Carcass
11.4
Expression Level Scale
None
Low
Moderate
High
Very high
Heatmap
Tissue
Expression Level
Larval Central Nervous System
Larval Midgut
Larval Hindgut
Larval Malpighian Tubules
Larval Fat Body
Larval Salivary Gland
Larval Trachea
Larval Carcass
Adult Head
Adult Eye
Adult Brain
Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion
Adult Crop
Adult Midgut
Adult Hindgut
Adult Malpighian Tubules
Adult Fat Body
Adult Salivary Gland
Adult Heart
Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca
Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca
Adult Ovary
Adult Testis
Adult Male Accessory Gland
Adult Carcass
FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult
Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of very high expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-12 hour embryonic stages.
[download data (TSV)]
Please Note FlyBase no
longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list
may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 11 )
Please Note
This section lists
cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent
of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs
of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes.
Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs
to the gene model.
The distinct expression patterns of genes of the E(spl) complex in imaginal tissues depend to a significant degree on the capacity of their transcriptional cis-regulatory apparatus to respond selectively to direct proneural and Su(H)-mediated activation, often in a subset of the territories and cells in which proneural and Su(H) regulation is occurring. The m4 and HLHmγ enhancers are distinctly similar though the genes are expressed in dissimilar patterns in the wing disc. The HLHmγ enhancer shows a selective response to the N signalling pathway.
The bHLH domains of the gene products encoded by the E(spl)-C and AS-C differ in their ability to form homo- and/or heterodimers. The interactions established through the bHLH link the products of the two complexes in a single interaction network which may function to ensure that a given cell retains the capacity to choose between epidermoblast and neuroblast fates until the cell becomes definitively determined.
Clones mutant for E(spl)-C bHLH-encoding genes or for gro display bristle hyperplasia. The E(spl)-C genes participate in the N signalling pathway. E(spl)-C mutants are epistatic over a gain of function mutant of N and ac-sc mutants are epistatic over E(spl)-C mutants.
The expression pattern of proneural genes of the AS-C and neurogenic genes of the E(spl)-C are examined in the procephlon and a map of the cells is constructed.
Almost all E(spl)-complex bHLH proteins can homo-hetero-dimerise, but not with the same efficiency. All E(spl)-complex bHLH proteins interact with gro protein via their C-terminal domain. E(spl)-complex bHLH proteins interact with proneural proteins, with members of the E(spl) family exhibiting distinct preferences for different proneural proteins.
The bristle loss phenotype of H mutants can be suppressed by deleting components of the E(spl)-complex. The degree of suppression depends on both the number and identity of E(spl)-complex transcription units removed.
Arrangement and sequence of E(spl)-complex genes in D.melanogaster and D.hydei revealed that the E(spl)-gene, and the structure of complex are highly conserved, suggesting that each individual gene, as well as the organization of the complex, is of functional importance.
E(spl) region gene encoding HLH protein identified by low stringency hybridization to previously defined HLHm5 and HLHm7 probes. On basis of cross-hybridization and sequence data the E(spl) HLH genes can be placed into 3 groups. The first includes E(spl) and HLHm5, the second includes HLHm7, HLHm3, HLHmA and HLHmB and the last includes HLHmC.
Molecular analysis established identity of HLHmβ, HLHmγ and HLHmδ with HLHmA, HLHmB and HLHmC of Delidakis et al., respectively. HLHm3, HLHmβ, HLHmγ and HLHmδ encode helix-loop-helix proteins, bringing the total of such proteins in the E(spl) complex to seven.
Genes of the E(spl) complex act as a functional unit composed of redundant genes which can partially substitute for each other. Eight E(spl)-region genes are required for the development of neurectodermal cells: HLHmδ, HLHmβ, HLHmγ, HLHm3, HLHm5, HLHm7, E(spl) and gro. The E(spl)-region gene m4 may also play a role in this process.
Transcriptional Dynamics Elicited by a Short Pulse of Notch Activation Involves Feed-Forward Regulation by E(spl)/Hes Genes. [FBrf0220474]
Berger et al., 2012, Cell Rep. 2(2): 407--418
FACS Purification and Transcriptome Analysis of Drosophila Neural Stem Cells Reveals a Role for Klumpfuss in Self-Renewal. [FBrf0219320]
Engel et al., 2012, Toxicol. In Vitro 26(3): 485--492
The effects of methylmercury on Notch signaling during embryonic neural development in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0217650]
Rebeiz et al., 2012, Dev. Biol. 362(2): 282--294
Ancestral and conserved cis-regulatory architectures in developmental control genes. [FBrf0217764]
Weng et al., 2012, Dev. Neurobiol. 72(11): 1376--1390
Changes in Notch signaling coordinates maintenance and differentiation of the Drosophila larval optic lobe neuroepithelia. [FBrf0219799]
Zacharioudaki et al., 2012, Development 139(7): 1258--1269
bHLH-O proteins are crucial for Drosophila neuroblast self-renewal and mediate Notch-induced overproliferation. [FBrf0217605]
Baker et al., 2011, BMC Evol. Biol. 11: 354
The Enhancer of split complex arose prior to the diversification of schizophoran flies and is strongly conserved between Drosophila and stalk-eyed flies (Diopsidae). [FBrf0217296]
Barry et al., 2011, Development 138(9): 1759--1769
The Drosophila STUbL protein Degringolade limits HES functions during embryogenesis. [FBrf0213458]
Cave et al., 2011, Mol. Cell. Biol. 31(1): 22--29
Differential Regulation of Transcription through Distinct Suppressor of Hairless DNA Binding Site Architectures during Notch Signaling in Proneural Clusters. [FBrf0212524]
Duan et al., 2011, EMBO J. 30(15): 3120--3133
Insensitive is a corepressor for Suppressor of Hairless and regulates Notch signalling during neural development. [FBrf0214638]
Johnson et al., 2011, Development 138(21): 4627--4638
JAK/Stat signaling regulates heart precursor diversification in Drosophila. [FBrf0216404]
Michaut et al., 2011, Dev. Growth Differ. 53(9): 982--993
Analyzing the function of a hox gene: An evolutionary approach. [FBrf0216990]
Ouyang et al., 2011, Development 138(11): 2185--2196
Dronc caspase exerts a non-apoptotic function to restrain phospho-Numb-induced ectopic neuroblast formation in Drosophila. [FBrf0213702]
Toku et al., 2011, Comput. Biol. Chem. 35(5): 282--292
Reconstruction and crosstalk of protein-protein interaction networks of Wnt and Hedgehog signaling in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0216393]
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