FB2025_04 , released October 2, 2025
Gene: Dmel\Mlc2
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Mlc2
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Myosin light chain 2
Annotation Symbol
CG2184
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0002773
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
Myosin light chain 2 (Mlc2) encodes a subunit of the myosin complex involved in myofibril assembly. It contributes to different flight-related processes including wing beat frequency, and indirect flight muscle contraction. [Date last reviewed: 2019-07-11] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

RLC, MRLC, Dmlc2, myosin regulatory light chain, Ifm(3)99Eb

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-100
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:30171438..30174551
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (10 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002048
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000549437
Biological Process (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in flight
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in myofibril assembly
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in locomotion
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000549653
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000549653
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in myofibril
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001495767
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000549437
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Myosin light chain 2 (Mlc2) encodes a subunit of the myosin complex involved in myofibril assembly. It contributes to different flight-related processes including wing beat frequency, and indirect flight muscle contraction. [Date last reviewed: 2019-07-11]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS -
Myosin light chains (MLC) bind myosin heavy chains via an IQ motif in the neck region. They are involved in myosin motor-based movement along actin filaments, regulating ATP hydrolysis or providing a structural function. The calmodulins included in this group have been shown to act as MLCs. (Adapted from FBrf0134714).
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
Mlc2
Encodes a myosin light chain homologous to chicken MLC2. Expression abundant in late embryo, first and third larval instars, late pupae and adults; no expression in early embryos or early pupae. Phosphorylation of the polypeptide determined to be necessary for filament assembly (Hayashi and Hotta, 1982, Dev. Growth Differ. 24: 417).
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Mlc2 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P18432)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0089747
2286
222
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0088688
23.7
222
4.41
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Myosin is a hexamer of 2 heavy chains and 4 light chains.

(UniProt, P18432)
Crossreferences
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Mlc2 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.47

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
RT-PCR
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

Expression dependent on Mef2 levels.

Mlc2 is enriched in border follicle cells relative to follicle cells.

Expression is observed in differentiating somatic muscle cells from embryonic stage 13 on.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in myofibril
inferred from mutant phenotype
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{Mlc2.H-Stinger}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Mlc2 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 3 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 16 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Mlc2
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Mlc2
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 9 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (21)
5 of 14
Yes
No
3  
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
1  
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
1  
5 of 14
Yes
No
1  
5 of 14
Yes
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (13)
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (13)
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (15)
4 of 13
Yes
No
4 of 13
Yes
No
4 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
No
No
3 of 13
No
No
3 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (20)
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (9)
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (11)
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (24)
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (3)
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
4 of 12
Yes
No
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Mlc2. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (14)
6 of 13
3 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 3 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Interaction Browsers

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
protein-protein
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
Myosin is a hexamer of 2 heavy chains and 4 light chains.
(UniProt, P18432 )
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
FlyBase
External Links
External Data
Linkouts
Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
3R
Recombination map
3-100
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
99E1-99E1
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}ncd05884 and P{lacW}l(3)s2500s2500
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
99E-99F
(determined by in situ hybridisation)
99E1-99E3
(determined by in situ hybridisation)
99E-99E
(determined by in situ hybridisation)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (11)
Genomic Clones (14)
 

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (350)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        Haploinsufficient locus (not associated with strong haplolethality or haplosterility).

        Identified as a potential component of the hh signalling pathway in a genome-wide RNAi screen. dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed affects the extent of expression of a hh signaling reporter construct in Clone 8 cells.

        dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

        Analysis of Mlc2 mutants in which one or both Strn-Mlck phosphorylation sites have been mutated suggests that a decrease in the constitutive level of phosphorylation of the Mlc2 protein, without detectable disruption of sarcomere structure or cross-bridge derangement, decreases stretch activation and net power output of the indirect flight muscle by reducing the number of attached cross-bridges rather than by changing the kinetics of the power-producing step of the attached cross-bridges.

        Phosphorylation of indirect fight muscle is not required for calcium-activated force obtained at low strain but the absence of phosphorylation severely reduces the power output in the oscillating muscle which depends upon stretch activation.

        Strn-Mlck-dependent phosphorylation of Mlc2 is not required for myofibrillogenesis or for the development of maximal isometric force in indirect flight muscles. Single or double substitutions at the major phosphorylation site produce reduced power output in isolated flight muscle fibres and reduced flight ability showing that myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation is a key determinant of the stretch activation response.

        Tm1, muscle promoter of Tm2, Act57B and Mlc2 were not transcribed by embryonic extracts. The contractile protein genes may possess a common feature related to in vitro transcription that prevents their transcription.

        Mutant alleles of Tm2 are semi-lethal when Mlc2 is heterozygously deficient.

        Isolated from a genomic library using a probe enriched for sequences complementary to myotube-specific mRNA.

        Phosphorylation of the Mlc2 polypeptide determined to be necessary for filament assembly.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: Mlc2 CG2184

        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (38)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        l(3)99Eb
        Name Synonyms
        Myosin II Regulatory Light Chain
        Myosin LC2
        Myosin Light Chain-2
        Myosin Regulatory Light Chain
        Myosin alkali light chain 2
        Myosin regulatory light chain
        muscle-specific myosin regulatory light chain
        myosin light chain
        myosin light chain-2
        myosin light-chain 2
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 41 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
          References (169)