FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\msl-3

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\msl-3

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

male-specific lethal 3

Annotation Symbol

CG8631

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0002775

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

9 publicly available

Gene Summary

male-specific lethal 3 (msl-3) encodes a chromodomain protein, reported to interact with H3K36me3, H4K20me1 and DNA. It is a member of the Male-Specific-Lethal dosage compensation complex, which increases male X chromosome transcription approximately two-fold. Homozygous mutant males die as larvae, while females are viable. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Red Book
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

MSL3, MSL, mle3

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

65E4-65E4

Sequence location

3L:7,123,213..7,125,533 [-]

Recombination map

3-19

RefSeq locus

NT_037436 REGION:7123213..7125533

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse GBrowse

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Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

GO Summary Ribbons

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (21 terms)

Molecular Function (3 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables chromatin binding

inferred from direct assay

(Gorman et al., 1995)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Soruco et al., 2013)

enables methylated histone binding

inferred from direct assay

(Moore et al., 2010)

enables RNA binding

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:lncRNA:roX2; FB:FBgn0019660

(Alekseyenko et al., 2014)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)

Biological Process (10 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in chromatin organization

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Deng et al., 2009)

involved_in dosage compensation

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Gorman et al., 1995)

involved_in regulation of hemocyte proliferation

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Sinenko et al., 2010)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (8 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in dosage compensation by hyperactivation of X chromosome

traceable author statement

(Carrozza et al., 2003)

non-traceable author statement

(Schutt and Nothiger, 2000)

involved_in dosage compensation

traceable author statement

(Charlat et al., 2003)

involved_in histone acetylation

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000093963

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

involved_in histone deacetylation

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000093964

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

involved_in histone H2A acetylation

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000093964

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

involved_in histone H4 acetylation

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000093964

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

involved_in histone H4-K16 acetylation

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000853767

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

involved_in regulation of transcription, DNA-templated

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR008676

(assigned by InterPro )

(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)

Cellular Component (8 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in chromocenter

inferred from direct assay

(Figueiredo et al., 2014)

part_of MSL complex

inferred from direct assay

(Hallacli et al., 2012)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Soruco et al., 2013)

located_in nuclear chromosome

inferred from direct assay

(Figueiredo et al., 2014)

located_in polytene chromosome

inferred from direct assay

(Alekseyenko et al., 2014)

located_in X chromosome

inferred from direct assay

(Alekseyenko et al., 2014, Kotlikova et al., 2006)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

part_of histone acetyltransferase complex

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000093963

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

part_of MSL complex

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000853767

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

part_of NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000093964

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

part_of X chromosome located dosage compensation complex, transcription activating

non-traceable author statement

(Schutt and Nothiger, 2000)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

MALE SPECIFIC LETHAL COMPLEX

Protein Family (UniProt)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Gene Group (FlyBase)

MALE SPECIFIC LETHAL COMPLEX -: The Male Specific Lethal (MSL) complex is a chromatin modifying complex composed of five protein subunits and two non-coding RNAs. MSL is involved in X chromosome dosage compensation in males. (Adapted from FBrf0228243).

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

The MSL proteins are essential for elevating transcription of the single X chromosome in the male (X chromosome dosage compensation). Mle, msl-1 and msl-3 are colocalized on the X chromosome. Each of the MSL proteins requires all the other MSLs for wild-type X-chromosome binding.

(UniProt, P50536)

Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)

mle3

Homozygous males exhibit delayed development; survive as larvae for ten days. Ten-day-old male larvae have small undeveloped imaginal discs, which, however, when transplanted into wild type larvae are capable of undergoing nearly complete (wing, leg) or partial (eye-antenna) differentiation; few homozygous mle gynandromorphs survive; XO patches small, with small bristles, and mostly confined to abdomen [Uenoyama, Uchida, Fukunaga, and Oishi, 1982, Genetics 102: 223-31(fig.)]. No interaction with mle. Females transformed into phenotypic males (tra, tra2) or intersexes (dsx) unaffected by mle3, i.e. mle3 acts only upon single-X-bearing flies. Females heterozygous for SxlF1 and homozygous (and to a lesser extent heterozygous) for mle3 show signs of intersexual development; effect less severe when mothers homozygous for mle3 [Uenoyama, Fukunaga, and Oishi, 1982, Genetics 102: 233-43 (fig.)]. Staining of polytene X chromosome of mle3 males similar to that of mle males (Lucchesi, Skripsky, and Tax, 1982, Genetics 100: s42; Okuno, Satou, and Oishi, 1984, Jpn. J. Genet. 59: 237-47).

Summary (Interactive Fly)

chromatin component - dosage compensation - MRG family - chromo-barrel domain of MSL3 reveals a binding preference for mono- or dimethyllysine 20 on histone H4.

Interactive Fly

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\msl-3 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure New Section

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry P50536)

If you don't see the viewer to the right, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

msl-3-RA

FBtr0076926

NM_079227

1970

512

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

1.8 (longest cDNA)

(Gorman et al., 1995)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

RefSeq ID

GenBank

msl-3-PA

FBpp0076635

58.9

512

7.21

NP_523951

AAF50612

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

512, 481 (aa); 58 (kD observed); 57, 53 (kD predicted)

(Gorman et al., 1995)

Comments

Antibodies were made to regions common to both of the predicted msl-3 proteins.

(Gorman et al., 1995)

The putative 481aa msl-3 protein is predicted

from the sequence of one cDNA which represents a transcript generated by

alternative splicing. The encoded protein has three unique amino-terminal

amino acids and is colinear with the longer msl-3 protein from amino

acid 35 of the 512aa protein on. A protein of the expected size has not

been detected in larvae by western blots.

(Gorman et al., 1995)

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of the male-specific lethal (MSL) histone acetyltransferase complex at least composed of mof, msl-1, msl-2 and msl-3.

(UniProt, P50536)

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\msl-3 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

msl-3_1

Linkouts

Expression Data

Expression Summary Ribbons

Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.

For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 1 -- 3

organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 4 -- 6

organism

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 7 -- 8

organism | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 9 -- 10

organism | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 11 -- 12

organism | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 13 -- 16

organism | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

western blot

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

larval stage | male

(Gorman et al., 1995)

larval stage | female

(Gorman et al., 1995)

Additional Descriptive Data

msl-3 protein is associated with hundreds of specific sites along the length of the male X chromosome. Variable staining is seen at 10-20 autosomal sites in males. No staining is observed in females. The sites of msl-3 protein staining on the X chromosome colocalize with sites of mle and msl-1 protein staining. Furthermore, the sites of msl-3 protein staining on the autosome are also sites of mle protein staining.

(Gorman et al., 1995)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in chromocenter

inferred from direct assay

(Figueiredo et al., 2014)

part_of MSL complex

inferred from direct assay

(Hallacli et al., 2012)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Soruco et al., 2013)

located_in nuclear chromosome

inferred from direct assay

(Figueiredo et al., 2014)

located_in polytene chromosome

inferred from direct assay

(Alekseyenko et al., 2014)

located_in X chromosome

inferred from direct assay

(Alekseyenko et al., 2014, Kotlikova et al., 2006)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\msl-3 in GBrowse 2

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\msl-3

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\msl-3

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0002775

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

38779/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0002775

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0002775

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0002775

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG8631

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0002775

Images

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 11 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 34 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of msl-3

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of msl-3

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 10 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 10 )

Gene disrupted in

Df(3L)BSC27

(Deal et al., 2002.12.17)

Df(3L)Exel6110

(Ryder, 2004.4.26)

Ts(Y;3Lt)B234+Ts(Y;3Rt)B186

(Gorman et al., 1995)

Ts(Y;3Lt)P50+Ts(Y;3Rt)B186

(Gorman et al., 1995)

Gene duplicated in

Ts(Y;3Lt)G130

(Gorman et al., 1995)

Ts(Y;3Lt)H138

(Gorman et al., 1995)

Gene not duplicated in

Ts(Y;3Lt)G43

(Gorman et al., 1995)

Ts(Y;3Lt)P50

(Gorman et al., 1995)

Ts(YSt;3Lt)A158

(Gorman et al., 1995)

Ts(YSt;3Lt)B234

(Gorman et al., 1995)

Inferred from location ( 0 )

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal

msl-3¹

lethal | male

lethal | male | recessive

lethal - all die before end of larval stage | male

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

msl-3^GD1492

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

msl-3^GD1492

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

msl-3^GD1492

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

msl-3^GD1492

Sterility

Allele

male sterile, with msl-3¹

msl-3^ΔCD.Tag:TAP

male sterile, with msl-3^ΔCD.Tag:TAP

msl-3¹

male sterile (with msl-3¹)

msl-3^ΔCD.Tag:TAP

male sterile (with msl-3^ΔCD.Tag:TAP)

msl-3¹

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal developmental rate, with msl-3¹

abnormal developmental rate, with msl-3^{SYD62A.Tag:TAP}

msl-3¹

abnormal developmental rate, with msl-3^W59G.Tag:TAP

msl-3¹

abnormal developmental rate, with msl-3^ΔCD.Tag:TAP

msl-3¹

abnormal developmental rate (with msl-3¹)

abnormal developmental rate (with msl-3^{SYD62A.Tag:TAP})

msl-3¹

abnormal developmental rate (with msl-3^ΔCD.Tag:TAP)

msl-3¹

abnormal pain response | adult stage, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

msl-3^GD1492

non-suppressor of variegation | dominant, with In(1)w^m4

msl-3¹

some die during larval stage | male

suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-5

msl-3¹

visible | male limited | somatic clone

msl-3⁰⁸³

wild-type

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

eye | male limited | somatic clone

msl-3⁰⁸³

wing, with msl-3¹

msl-3^ΔCD.Tag:TAP

wing, with msl-3^ΔCD.Tag:TAP

msl-3¹

wing (with msl-3¹)

msl-3^ΔCD.Tag:TAP

wing (with msl-3^ΔCD.Tag:TAP)

msl-3¹

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Homo sapiens (Human) (6)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Hsap\MSL3

14 of 15

Yes

Hsap\MSL3P1

5 of 15

Yes

2 of 15

2 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (9)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Mmus\Msl3

14 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Msl3l2

10 of 15

Yes

2 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Gm5123

1 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Gm5755

1 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Morf4l1

1 of 15

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (9)

Rnor\Msl3l2

11 of 13

Yes

Rnor\Msl3

11 of 13

Yes

Rnor\LOC102547271

2 of 13

Yes

2 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Yes

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)

Xtro\msl3

3 of 12

Yes

Xtro\msl3

3 of 12

Yes

Xtro\morf4l1

2 of 12

Xtro\arid4a

1 of 12

Xtro\arid4b

1 of 12

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (3)

Drer\morf4l1

2 of 15

Yes

Drer\arid4a

1 of 15

Drer\arid4b

1 of 15

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)

Cele\cec-7

3 of 15

Yes

Cele\mrg-1

3 of 15

Yes

Cele\arid-1

1 of 15

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (2)

Atha\AT4G37280

3 of 9

Yes

Atha\AT1G02740

2 of 9

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)

Scer\EAF3

4 of 15

Yes

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)

Spom\alp13

2 of 12

Yes

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

4 of 10

htk

1 of 10

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Model Summary Ribbon

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

MSL3; MSL complex subunit 3

model of Basilicata-Akhtar syndrome

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

msl-3¹

ameliorates acute myeloid leukemia

modeled by Hsap\RUNX1::Hsap\RUNX1T1^UAS.cSa

(Sinenko et al., 2010)

msl-3^d01070

ameliorates acute myeloid leukemia

modeled by Hsap\RUNX1::Hsap\RUNX1T1^UAS.cSa

(Sinenko et al., 2010)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

MSL3; MSL complex subunit 3

14 of 15

300609

BASILICATA-AKHTAR SYNDROME; MRXSBA

Basilicata-Akhtar syndrome

MSL3P1; MSL complex subunit 3 pseudogene 1

5 of 15

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

Interactions Browser

View in Interactions Browser

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

RNA-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

msl-3 - lncRNA:roX1

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, northern blot, pull down, western blot

(Quinn et al., 2014, Mendjan et al., 2006)

msl-3 - lncRNA:roX2

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, reverse transcription pcr, pull down, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, northern blot, nucleotide sequence identification

(Alekseyenko et al., 2014, Mendjan et al., 2006, Morales et al., 2005, Buscaino et al., 2003)

msl-3 - tsu

pull down, western blot

(Buscaino et al., 2003)

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

msl-3 - CG3342

two hybrid

(Hu et al., 2017.6.13)

msl-3 - CG44250

two hybrid

(Hu et al., 2017.6.13)

msl-3 - CG8281

two hybrid

(Hu et al., 2017.6.13)

msl-3 - Cip4

two hybrid

(Hu et al., 2017.6.13)

msl-3 - Clamp

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, proximity ligation assay, fluorescence microscopy

(Zee et al., 2016, Lindehell et al., 2015, Alekseyenko et al., 2014)

msl-3 - Dis3

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Mendjan et al., 2006)

msl-3 - HDAC1

enzymatic study, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot

(Buscaino et al., 2003)

msl-3 - Hcf

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Alekseyenko et al., 2014)

msl-3 - His3

surface plasmon resonance, predetermined participant

(Moore et al., 2010)

msl-3 - His4

surface plasmon resonance, predetermined participant, fluorescence polarization spectroscopy

(Kim et al., 2010, Moore et al., 2010)

msl-3 - JIL-1

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, pull down, anti tag western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Albig et al., 2019, Zee et al., 2016, Alekseyenko et al., 2014, Jin et al., 2000)

msl-3 - MBD-R2

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot

(Mendjan et al., 2006)

msl-3 - Mtor

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Mendjan et al., 2006)

msl-3 - Nup154

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Mendjan et al., 2006)

msl-3 - Nup160

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Mendjan et al., 2006)

msl-3 - Rrp6

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Mendjan et al., 2006)

msl-3 - Top2

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot

(Cugusi et al., 2013)

msl-3 - Wdr82

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Alekseyenko et al., 2014)

msl-3 - eIF4B

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Mendjan et al., 2006)

msl-3 - mle

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, proximity ligation assay, fluorescence microscopy

(Zee et al., 2016, Lindehell et al., 2015, Alekseyenko et al., 2014, Cugusi et al., 2013, Buscaino et al., 2003, Akhtar et al., 2000, Copps et al., 1998)

msl-3 - otp

two hybrid

(Hu et al., 2017.6.13)

msl-3 - pch2

two hybrid

(Hu et al., 2017.6.13)

msl-3 - pira

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Zee et al., 2016, Alekseyenko et al., 2014)

msl-3 - sgg

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Alekseyenko et al., 2014)

msl-3 - ttk

two hybrid

(Hu et al., 2017.6.13)

msl-3 - upSET

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Zee et al., 2016, Alekseyenko et al., 2014)

msl-3 - αTub84B

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Mendjan et al., 2006)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

esyN Network Key:

Suppression

Enhancement

View in Interactions Browser

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

msl-3|sc|sisA

suppressible

Sxl

(Gladstein et al., 2010)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

sc|sisA

enhanceable

msl-3

(Gladstein et al., 2010)

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of the male-specific lethal (MSL) histone acetyltransferase complex at least composed of mof, msl-1, msl-2 and msl-3.

(UniProt, P50536 )

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

64224

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0002775

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

msl-3

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

msl-3

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

External Data

Linkouts

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

HATs acetylate histones

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

3-19

Cytogenetic map

65E4-65E4

Sequence location

3L:7,123,213..7,125,533 [-]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

65E4-65E4

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(3)L4060^L4060 and P{PZ}corn⁰⁴²⁰²

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

65D-65E

(Franke, 1994.9.3)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

3-19

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-16.6

(Comeron et al., 2012)

3-25.8

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (9)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

17095

w¹¹¹⁸; P{EP}msl-3^EP3144

29244

w¹¹¹⁸; Mi{ET1}msl-3^MB11711

27133

y¹ w^*; P{EP}msl-3^G3761

5872

msl-3¹ red¹/TM3, Sb¹ Ser¹

35272

y¹ sc^* v¹ sev²¹; P{TRiP.GL00170}attP2

13165

y¹ w^67c23; P{SUPor-P}msl-3^KG00939 ry⁵⁰⁶

57261

y¹ sc^* v¹ sev²¹; P{TRiP.HMC04654}attP40

VDRC

v330379

P{VSH330379}attP40

v2998

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD1492}v2998

Genomic Clones (10)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (59)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

RE14560

Other clones

DPiM_RE14560

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0002775

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0002775

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

38779

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

monoclonal

(Na et al., 2016, Straub et al., 2013)

polyclonal

(Smith et al., 2000, Gorman et al., 1995)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Other Information

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database identify of

Source for database merge of

Additional comments

Other Comments

Gene products of the male specific lethal (msl) group of genes preferentially associate with the male X chromosome and may have a role in dosage compensation. This may be achieved by regulating an inverse dosage effect, which would be maintained on the male X and nullified on the autosomes.

(Bhadra et al., 1999)

Gene products of the male specific lethal (msl) group of genes including msl-1, msl-2, msl-3, mle, and mof are associated with all female chromosomes at a low level but are sequestered to the X chromosome in males. There is evidence for the presence of nucleation sites for association of msl proteins with the X chromosome rather than individual gene binding sites.

(Bhadra et al., 1999)

mof colocalises with the MSL complex on the X chromosome: a sequence of binding events results in the formation of the MSL complex on the X chromosome in males and in the targeting of mof to its presumed site of action.

(Gu et al., 1998)

msl-2 and msl-1 colocalise to a reproducible subset of their wild-type X chromosome sites in the absence of either mle or msl-3.

(Lyman et al., 1997)

Male-specific lethal (MSL) proteins accumulate in a subregion of male nuclei (the X chromosome) beginning at late blastoderm stage. X chromosomal binding of the MSLs is observed throughout embryonic and larval development in both diploid and polytene tissues. His4 colocalises with the MSLs in embryos. Binding of the MSLs is interdependent in diploid cells and is prevented in female embryonic cells by Sxl.

(Franke et al., 1996)

Sex- and chromosome-specific binding of the male-specific lethal (msl) proteins occurs in Drosophilid species spanning 4 genera. msl binding correlates with the evolution of the sex chromosomes.

(Marin et al., 1996)

The products of msl-1, msl-2, mle and msl-3 loci specifically associate with hundreds of sites along the X chromosome in males, but not in females. The binding of each of the four proteins requires the functional products from the other three. 2X3A individuals are mosaic for both Sxl expression and msl-1, msl-2, mle and msl-3 binding to the X chromosome, with a perfect inverse correlation at the cellular level between Sxl expression and msl-1, msl-2, mle and msl-3 X chromosome binding.

(Baker, 1995)

Immunostaining of embryonic and larval stages demonstrates that His4, msl-1 and msl-3 are associated with the male X chromosome as early as gastrulation, while mle binding is not detected until the late embryonic/late larval stages.

(Franke and Baker, 1995)

The msl-3, mle and msl-1 gene products may associate with one another in a male-specific heteromeric complex on the X chromosome to achieve its hyperactivation.

(Gorman et al., 1995)

Elements needed for dosage compensation are localised to the X chromosome only after blastoderm and msl-dependent dosage compensation is not necessary during the first part of embryogenesis. This suggest the existance of an additional msl-independent dosage compensation mechanism; dosage compensation of run expression at blastoderm is not dependent on male specific lethal genes.

(Rastelli and Kuroda, 1995)

The msl-2 primary transcript may play a role in male-specific binding of mle, msl-3 and msl-1 to the X chromosome.

(Zhou et al., 1995)

Association of H4Ac16 protein with the male X chromosome requires wild type function of msl-1, msl-2, mle and msl-3.

(Bone et al., 1994)

The four msl gene products interact to form a multiprotein complex.

(Hilfiker et al., 1994)

The X chromosome binding of mle requires wild type msl-1, msl-2 and msl-3 functions.

(Gorman et al., 1993)

Mutants are defective for dosage compensation in males. Homozygous males exhibit delayed development; survive as larvae for ten days. Ten-day-old male larvae have small undeveloped imaginal discs, which, however, when transplanted into wild type larvae are capable of undergoing nearly complete (wing, leg) or partial (eye-antenna) differentiation. Mutants show no interaction with mle¹. Females transformed into phenotypic males (tra¹, tra2¹) or intersexes (dsx¹) are unaffected by msl-3¹, i.e. msl-3¹ acts only upon single-X-bearing flies.

(Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)

Staining of polytene X chromosome of msl-3 males similar to that of mle males.

(Okuno et al., 1984, Lucchesi et al., 1982)

Few homozygous msl-3² gynandromorphs survive; X0 patches small, with small bristles and mostly confined to abdomen.

(Uenoyama et al., 1982)

Origin and Etymology

Discoverer

Etymology

Identification

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 42 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

38779

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

P50536

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

P50536

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

P50536

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0002775

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0002775

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

38779/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0002775

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

msl-3_1

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0002775

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0002775

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG8631

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0002775

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

38779

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC011005

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

Dmel_CG8631

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

38779

modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project

FBgn0002775

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

64224

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0002775

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0002775

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0002775

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0002775

Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution

Interactive Fly

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

msl-3

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

msl-3

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

HATs acetylate histones

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (22)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

CG8631

(Meadows, 2017.9.14, Na et al., 2016, Hosono et al., 2015, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Ni et al., 2010.12.1)

DmMsl-3

(Bertram and Pereira-Smith, 2001)

MSL

(Lladser et al., 2017, Kong and Meller, 2008, Minear et al., 2005, Pannuti et al., 2005, Morey and Avner, 2004, Park et al., 2004, Kelley and Kuroda, 2003, Larsson et al., 2003, Rogers et al., 2003, Kelley and Kuroda, 2001, Park and Kuroda, 2001, Amrein and Dunipace, 2000, Kelley and Kuroda, 2000, Meller and Paskus Warden, 2000, Hennig, 1999, Meller and Paskus Warden, 1999, Kuroda, 1998)

MSL-3

(Vensko and Stone, 2015, Lee et al., 2014, Georgiev et al., 2011, Patalano et al., 2009, Mendjan and Akhtar, 2007, Sofola et al., 2007, Legube et al., 2006, de la Cruz et al., 2005, Franke and Baker, 1999, Panning and Jaenisch, 1998, Franke and Baker, 1995, Gorman et al., 1995)

MSL3

(Samata et al., 2020, Albig et al., 2019, Prayitno et al., 2019, Cheetham and Brand, 2018, Kaye et al., 2018, Joshi and Meller, 2017, Kaye et al., 2017, Schunter et al., 2017, Chlamydas et al., 2016, Cugusi et al., 2016, Kuzu et al., 2016, Zee et al., 2016, Cugusi et al., 2015, Keller and Akhtar, 2015, Lindehell et al., 2015, Lucchesi and Kuroda, 2015, Ramírez et al., 2015, Alekseyenko et al., 2014, Comoglio and Paro, 2014, Dias et al., 2014, Ferrari et al., 2014, Figueiredo et al., 2014, Militti et al., 2014, Quinn et al., 2014, Ilik et al., 2013, Soruco et al., 2013, Wang et al., 2013, Alekseyenko et al., 2012, Conrad et al., 2012, Maenner et al., 2012, Philip et al., 2012, Villa et al., 2012, Simon et al., 2011, Straub and Becker, 2011, Strukov et al., 2011, Gorchakov et al., 2010, Gorchakov et al., 2010, Kim et al., 2010, Moore et al., 2010, Raja et al., 2010, Gelbart et al., 2009, Grimaud and Becker, 2009, Kind et al., 2008, Matyunina et al., 2008, Straub et al., 2008, Sural et al., 2008, Mendjan and Akhtar, 2007, Park et al., 2007, Prasanth and Spector, 2007, Straub and Becker, 2007, Weake and Scott, 2007, Alekseyenko et al., 2006, Dahlsveen et al., 2006, Deng and Meller, 2006, Deng and Meller, 2006, Furuhashi et al., 2006, Gilfillan et al., 2006, Hamada et al., 2005, Li et al., 2005, Morales et al., 2005, Nusinow and Panning, 2005, Gilfillan et al., 2004, Kelley, 2004, Larsson et al., 2004, Morales et al., 2004, Scott et al., 2004, Sural and Kuroda, 2004, Andersen and Panning, 2003, Carrozza et al., 2003, Deng and Meller, 2002, Rattner and Meller, 2001, Wang et al., 2001, Gu et al., 2000, Kelley and Kuroda, 2000, Pannuti and Lucchesi, 2000, Scott et al., 2000, Smith et al., 2000, Stuckenholz et al., 1999, Copps et al., 1998, Koonin et al., 1995)

MSL3_DROME

(Fukuyama et al., 2012)

Msl 1-3

(Schubeler, 2006)

Msl3

(Fagegaltier et al., 2014, Hallacli et al., 2012, Kadlec et al., 2011, Carré et al., 2008, Yang, 2004)

mle(3)132

(Uenoyama, 1984)

mle3

(Banfi et al., 1996, Williams, 1995, Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)

mls3

(Birchler et al., 1998)

msl

(Cline, 2005, Pal-Bhadra et al., 2000, Amrein, 1999, Bhadra et al., 1999, Johansen et al., 1999, Baker, 1998, Hodgkin, 1990)

msl3

(McCarthy et al., 2022, Demakova et al., 2020, Birchler, 2016, Erickson, 2016, Koya and Meller, 2015, Lucchesi and Kuroda, 2015, Alekseyenko et al., 2014, Figueiredo et al., 2014, Alekseyenko et al., 2013, Philip and Stenberg, 2013, Bateman et al., 2012, Larschan et al., 2012, Mihailovich et al., 2012, Birchler et al., 2011, Moore et al., 2010, Prabhakaran and Kelley, 2010, Deng et al., 2009, Gorchakov et al., 2009, Alekseyenko et al., 2008, Doheny et al., 2008, Li et al., 2008, Spierer et al., 2008, Sural et al., 2008, Larschan et al., 2007, Larschan et al., 2007, Levine et al., 2007, Rodriguez et al., 2007, Worringer and Panning, 2007, Alekseyenko et al., 2006, Kotlikova et al., 2006, Sural and Kuroda, 2006, Straub et al., 2005, Bai et al., 2004, Deng and Meller, 2004, Oh et al., 2004, Rattner and Meller, 2004, Dahlsveen et al., 2003, Deng and Meller, 2003, Meller, 2003, Park et al., 2003, Amrein, 2000, Jin et al., 2000, Kelley et al., 2000, Mahesh and Ranganath, 2000, Meller, 2000, Meller et al., 2000, Kelley et al., 1999, Cline and Meyer, 1996, Gorman et al., 1993)

Name Synonyms

Male-Specific Lethal 3

(Vensko and Stone, 2015)

gene 2

(Gorman et al., 1995)

male sex lethal 3

(Doheny et al., 2008)

male sex lethal-3

(Sinenko et al., 2010)

male specifc lethal

(Rogers et al., 2003)

male specific lethal 3