FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\ninaD
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\ninaD
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
neither inactivation nor afterpotential D
Annotation Symbol
CG31783
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0002939
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
14 publicly available
Gene Summary
neither inactivation nor afterpotential D (ninaD) encodes a scavenger receptor involved in carotenoid transport, light detection and rhodopsin biosynthesis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-19] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
36E3-36E3
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-53
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:18081628..18083608
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables scavenger receptor activity
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Kiefer et al., 2002)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables scavenger receptor activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
(Kiefer et al., 2002)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000230217
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in carotenoid transport
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Kiefer et al., 2002)
involved_in phototransduction, UV
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Stephenson et al., 1983)
involved_in phototransduction, visible light
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Stephenson et al., 1983)
involved_in phototransduction
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wang and Montell, 2005, Montell, 1999)
involved_in rhodopsin biosynthetic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ozaki et al., 1993, Stephenson et al., 1983)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in carotenoid transport
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
(Kiefer et al., 2002)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000230217
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in membrane
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002159
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
neither inactivation nor afterpotential D (ninaD) encodes a scavenger receptor involved in carotenoid transport, light detection and rhodopsin biosynthesis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-19]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
CLASS B SCAVENGER RECEPTORS -
Class B scavenger receptors are transmembrane proteins that belong to the CD36 family. These receptors contain two transmembrane domains, an extracellular loop with multiple glycosylation sites and two short intracellular tails. They are implicated in lipoprotein scavenging, fatty acid transport, innate immune signalling, cell adhesion, lysosomal protein sorting and gustatory fat detection. (Adapted from FBrf0232659.)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
ninaD (J.C. Hall)
Basic physiological and rhodopsin-depleted phenotypes like those of ninaB mutants (e.g. rhodopsin levels reduced in all three classes of photoreceptors); ninaD mutants can be rescued by dietary supplement of vitamin A and several other retinoids. Measurements of light-induced "quantum bumps" (the basic "units" of the photoreceptor potential) in ninaD2 (rhodopsin content, 10-2 X wild-type) showed these responses to be basically normal (implying that, since extensive inter-rhodopsin molecular interactions are likely to be extremely rare, such interactions are not necessary for generation and adaptation of the bumps); yet, bump amplitudes approximately 4X normal (Johnson and Pak, 1986).
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\ninaD for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q8INY3)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
ninaD-RA
FBtr0081031
NM_165237
1727
513
ninaD-RB
FBtr0302454
NM_001201907
1342
415
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
ninaD-PA
FBpp0080584
57.8
513
4.63
Q8INY3
NP_724087
AAN11179
ninaD-PB
FBpp0291642
47.0
415
4.61
M9MRL5
NP_001188836
ADV37085
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\ninaD using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.20

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\ninaD in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 10 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of ninaD
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of ninaD
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 16 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (3)
Hsap\SCARB1
7 of 14
Yes
No
1  
Hsap\SCARB2
5 of 14
No
No
2  
Hsap\CD36
4 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (5)
Rnor\Scarb1
7 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Scarb2
5 of 14
No
No
Rnor\RGD1565355
4 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Cd36
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\LOC120093085
2 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (3)
Mmus\Scarb1
7 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Scarb2
5 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Cd36
3 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (6)
Xtro\scarb1
7 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\cd36l
3 of 13
No
No
Xtro\cd36
3 of 13
No
No
Xtro\scarb2
3 of 13
No
No
Xtro\LOC100489067
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\synj2
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (5)
Drer\scarb1
6 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\cd36
4 of 14
No
No
Drer\scarb2a
4 of 14
No
No
Drer\scarb2b
4 of 14
No
No
Drer\scarb2c
3 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (6)
Cele\scav-3
6 of 14
Yes
No
Cele\scav-2
5 of 14
No
No
Cele\scav-4
5 of 14
No
No
Cele\scav-5
5 of 14
No
No
Cele\scav-6
5 of 14
No
No
Cele\scav-1
4 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (14)
Agam\SCRBQ1
6 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\SCRBQ2
6 of 12
Yes
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012849
5 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\SCRB17
5 of 12
No
No
Agam\SCRBQ3
5 of 12
No
No
Agam\SCRB3
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\SCRB6
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\SCRB16
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004845
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\SCRB1
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\SCRB5
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\SCRB7
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\SCRB9
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\SCRB10
2 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:ninaD. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (13)
CG31741
9 of 13
crq
9 of 13
santa-maria
9 of 13
pes
8 of 13
CG7227
7 of 13
dsb
7 of 13
emp
7 of 13
bez
6 of 13
CG10345
6 of 13
Snmp2
6 of 13
CG2736
5 of 13
CG40006
5 of 13
Snmp1
5 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    ninaDHMC02392
    exacerbates  atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor
    modeled by Snr1KK101602
    (Tegeder et al., 2019)
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    SCARB1; scavenger receptor class B member 1
    7 of 14
    601040
       
      SCARB2; scavenger receptor class B member 2
      5 of 14
      602257
       
      CD36; CD36 molecule (CD36 blood group)
      4 of 14
      173510
       
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      brm
      suppressible
      ninaD
      (Tegeder et al., 2019)
      ninaE
      suppressible
      ninaD
      (Voolstra et al., 2010)
      Snmp1
      suppressible
      ninaD
      (Gomez-Diaz et al., 2016)
      Snr1
      suppressible
      ninaD
      (Tegeder et al., 2019)
      External Data
      Linkouts
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2L
      Recombination map
      2-53
      Cytogenetic map
      36E3-36E3
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      36E3-36E3
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}Aac11k06710 and P{EP}CG10413EP2164
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-53

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-53.2

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (14)
      Genomic Clones (16)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (4)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            ninaB and ninaD are not required in the retina, and exclusive retinal expression of either ninaB or ninaD, or both genes simultaneously, does not support rhodopsin biogenesis. Neuron-specific expression of ninaB and ninaD allows for rhodopsin biogenesis.

            (Gu et al., 2004)

            Major opsin genes can be transcribed in the absence of carotenoid, or retinoid. Expression of mature opsin is extremely depressed by carotenoid deprivation. The chromophore 11-cis-3-hydroxyretinal accelerates the synthesis of opsin by inducing its maturation.

            (Ozaki et al., 1993)

            Not the same gene as the very closely linked Arr1 (which produces a 'phototransduction protein'); this was shown by sequencing coding exons of genomic DNA from ninaD2, ninaD3 and ninaD5, all of which exhibited wild-type arrestin sequences in these ORFs (Smith et al., 1990).

            Basic physiological and rhodopsin-depleted phenotypes like those of ninaB mutants (e.g. rhodopsin levels reduced in all three classes of photoreceptors); ninaD mutants can be rescued by dietary supplement of vitamin A and several other retinoids. Measurements of light-induced 'quantum bumps' (the basic 'units' of the photoreceptor potential) in ninaD2 (rhodopsin content, 10-2 X wild-type) showed these responses to be basically normal (implying that, since extensive inter-rhodopsin molecular interactions are likely to be extremely rare, such interactions are not necessary for generation and adaptation of the bumps); yet, bump amplitudes approximately 4X normal (Johnson and Pak, 1986).

            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of

            Source for merge of: ninaD CG31783

            (FlyBase, 1996-)
            Additional comments

            Source for merge of ninaD CG31783 was sequence comparison ( date:030120 ).

            (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003, FlyBase, 1996-)
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 35 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            References (90)