• Home
• Tools
  • Tools Overview
  • Query Tools

    
    • QuickSearch
    • QueryBuilder
    • TermLink
    • CytoSearch
    • Interactions Browser
    • ImageBrowse
    • Find A Person
    • Google™ FlyBase
  • Genomic/Map Tools

    
    • BLAST
    • GBrowse
    • CytoSearch
    • Aberrations Maps
    • Chromosome Maps
    • Coordinates Converter
  • Retrieve/Convert

    
    • Batch Download
    • Coordinates Converter
    • ID Converter
  • Data Submission

    
    • Fast-Track Your Paper
    • Submit Personal Comm
    • Add A New Person
    • Update Person Info
  • People

    
    • Find A Person
    • Add A New Person
    • Update Person Info
• Files
  • Files Overview
  • Downloads:
  • Precomputed files
  • Archived data
  • Releases (FTP)
  • Genomes (FTP)
  • AAA data (FTP)
  • Lists:
  • Transposons (Dmel)
  • Transposons (other)
  • Vectors & Constructs
  • Anatomical Terms
  • Map Conversion
• Species
  • Phylogeny
  • Sequenced Species
  • Synteny Table
  • Color Illustrations
  • Abbreviations
• Documents
  • About FlyBase
  • Reference Manual:
  • Sections
  • Contents
  • Nomenclature
  • Release Notes
• Resources
  • All Resources
  • Model Organisms
  • Stock Collections
  • Other links:
  • BDGP
  • DGRC
  • FlyExpress
  • Interactive Fly
  • modENCODE
  • Textpresso for Fly
• News
  • News
  • FlyBase Forum
  • FlyBase Positions
  • Meetings
  • Courses
  • Fly Board
  • White papers
  • Funding
  • bionet.dros
• Help
  • Google™ FlyBase
  • Site Map
  • FAQs
  • FlyBase Guides
  • Video Tutorials
  • Report help
  • New to Flies
  • Pers. comm.
  • Author guidelines
  • Contact FlyBase
• Archives
  • Prior Release
  • Other Archives
  • Coordinate Converter

Gene Dmel\Pc

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\Pc	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	Polycomb	Annotation symbol	CG32443
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0003042
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	43 publicly available
Also Known As	Pc-G
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	3L	Recombination map
Cytogenetic map	78C6-78C7	Sequence location	3L:21,299,236..21,311,076 [-]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents modENCODE GBrowse	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene Polycomb is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\Pc (CG32443, FBgn0003042). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: chromatin binding; methylated histone residue binding. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: gene silencing; regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; specification of segmental identity, abdomen; neuron remodeling; syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle; neurogenesis. 92 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: adult segment; embryonic abdomen; embryonic segment; organ system subdivision; thoracic segment; primordium; late extended germ band embryo; adult abdominal segment; non-connected developing system; embryonic head; abdominal segment 7; presumptive embryonic/larval nervous system; midgut constriction; embryonic abdominal segment 4; larval abdominal segment; antennal segment. It has one annotated transcript and one annotated polypeptide. Protein features are: Chromo domain; Chromo domain subgroup; Chromo domain, conserved site; Chromo domain-like; Chromo domain/shadow. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-06 hour embryonic stages. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval/adult central nervous system, adult ovary. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1636721_at completely aligns to an exonic region of the only FlyBase-annotated transcript isoform of Pc. Gene sequence location is 3L:21299236..21311076.
External Summaries
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	Pc: Polycomb Pc+ may be considered a negative regulator of the bithorax complex (BXC) and the Antennapedia complex (ANTC), with a decreasing gradient of activity from anterior to posterior. When homozygous or hemizygous, Pc mutants are late embryonic lethals. Embryos with at least one dose of the BXC show incomplete head development and caudad transformations, the thoracic and first seven abdominal segments being partially transformed into the eighth abdominal segment (Lewis, 1978; Denell, 1982; Haynie, 1983, Dev. Biol. 100: 399-411; Denell and Frederick, 1983, Dev. Biol. 97: 34-47). This homeotic effect in homozygotes is enhanced by increasing the dosage of the BXC. Transformations involve brain and ventral nerve cord as well as epidermis (Jimenez and Campos-Ortega, 1981). Pc+ alleles in the mother weaken the homeotic effect (Denell, 1982; Lawrence, Johnson, and Struhl, 1983, Cell 35: 27-34). Pc2/Pc2 or Pc3/Pc3 clones induced in leg and eye-antennal tissue during larval development also show similar posteriorly-directed transformations (Struhl, 1981; Duncan and Lewis, 1982). Pc/+ flies carrying at least one dose of the BXC show caudad transformations, i.e. partial conversion of wings into halteres and of anterior abdominal segments into more posterior ones. Some Pc heterozygotes show phenotypes characteristic of ANTC mutants, i.e. partial conversion of antennae into legs and of second and third legs into first legs (with sex combs in males) (Hannah-Alava, 1958; Duncan, 1982). The frequency of wing transformations varies directly with the BXC dosage, but does not seem to be changed by variation in ANTC dosage (Duncan and Lewis, 1982; Botas et al., 1982). The number of abdominal transformations, however, varies inversely with the doses of the BXC while it increases as the doses of the ANTC are increased (Duncan, 1982; Duncan and Lewis, 1982). Other changes observed in Pc/+ flies include a transformation of ventral to dorsal wing (Tiong; Sato et al., 1983), elevated, divergent, or crinkled wings, terminal gaps in the L4 wing vein, bent humeral or notopleural bristles, and defective sternopleural bristles, all abnormalities being less extreme in males than in females (sometimes absent in males). When doubly heterozygous with AntpYu and AntpB, Pc enhances Antp. The expression of all Pc mutant heterozygotes (including deficiencies for the locus) is enhanced by the second chromosome dominant, E(Pc) (Sato et al., 1983, 1984). Pc3/Pc3/Dp(1;3;4)7 flies (carrying a Pc+ duplication) show stronger leg and wing transformations than E(Pc)/+;Pc3/+ flies (Duncan and Lewis, 1982; Sato et al., 1983).
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
Update Feed	Click the icon below to subscribe to this FlyBase record and receive updates automatically through your feed reader.
FB2012_01	References Wang et al., 2010, Structure 18(8): 966--975 Vatolina et al., 2011, Genetika, Moscow 47(5): 597--609 Riddle et al., 2011, Genome Res. 21(2): 147--163 Vatolina et al., 2011, Russ. J. Genet. 47(5): 521--532 Huen and Russell, 2010, BMC Bioinformatics 11: 359 Guertin and Lis, 2010, PLoS Genet. 6(9): Sequence features BKN20941 HFA11873
FB2011_10
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 78C6-78C7   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(3)j1B10j1B10 and P{lacW}l(3)j2C4j2C4
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 78D7-78D8   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Harding et al., 1995) 78E-78E   Location from complementation analysis with deficiency and duplication chromosomes (details unspecified).   (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	3-47.7 (Duncan and Kaufman, 1975) 3-47.1 (Puro and Nygren, 1975, Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) 3-48 (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987)
Left of (cM)	eg (Puro and Nygren, 1975)
Right of (cM)	kni (Puro and Nygren, 1975)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Pc for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) Pc-RA FBtr0078405  NM_079475   2420   390
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	2.5, 2.0 (northern blot) (Paro and Hogness, 1991)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein Pc-PA   FBpp0078059   44.0   390   7.64     NP_524199   AAF51707
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)	390 (aa); 44 (kD predicted) (Paro and Hogness, 1991)
Comments	A variation on the in vivo formaldehyde cross-linking technique was used to map Pc-interacting sites along the chromatin in the Ubx region. Pc was found to quantitatively cover large regulatory regions of repressed Ubx genes. Pc did not bind the transcriptionally active Abd-B region. (Orlando and Paro, 1993) Pc protein and polyhomeotic protein are coprecipitated by antibodies to either showing that they are constituents of a multimeric protein complex. Pc and polyhomeotic complexes can be coprecipitated over the entire period of embryogenesis. The molecular weight of the complex is ~2-5x103kD. Double-immunofluorescence labeling was used to show that Pc protein and polyhomeotic protein have exactly the same binding patterns on polytene chromosomes. (Franke et al., 1992) Pc protein is associated with ~60 sites on the polytene chromosomes. It is associated with loci shown to interact with Pc by genetic methods. It is abundant at the ANT-C and the BX-C and is found at several locations of Pc-group genes. The Pc protein expressed in salivary glands is encoded by a 1.0kb Pc transcript and is smaller than the 390aa Pc protein. (Zink and Paro, 1989)
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Chromo domain subgroup (IPR017984) Chromo domain/shadow (IPR000953) Chromo domain-like (IPR016197) Chromo domain, conserved site (IPR023779) Chromo domain (IPR023780)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA141333   AA141456   AA141593   AA141714   AA141885   AA142289   AE014296 AAF51707   AI533463   AY071619 AAL49241   BF489526   BG637093   BH809488   BI142092   BI165760   BI358319   BI367893   BI368978   BI483877   BI566503   BI571671   BI571679   BI580009   BI580011   BI588633   BI589043   BI604852   BI638345   BI639929   CO177213   CO177549   CO178669   CO179410   CO179610   CO187484   CO188508   CO190773   CO262294   CO265804   CO266018   CO266208   CO266528   CO267012   CO268279   CO268775   CO268945   CO269723   CO269956   CO270891   CO271243   CO271944   CO272166   CO272320   CO273023   CO273402   CO273774   CO274535   CO274786   CO275308   CO275886   CO276551   CO277214   CO278056   CO278176   CO278262   CO279733   CO280398   CO280947   CO281268   CO281528   CO281956   CO283869   CO284589   CO284981   CO285421   CO285825   CO286248   CO286446   CO286641   CO287208   CO290759   CO291601   CO291625   CO292369   CO292457   CO293572   CO294536   CO294915   CO295160   CO295477   CO296503   CO299908   CO300458   CO300478   CO300848   CO302228   CO302803   CO303318   CO303448   CO304688   CO304728   CO308750   CO309979   CO311288   CO312884   CO314047   CO315692   CO316193   CO316223   CO319487   CO320331   CO321061   CO321607   CO322659   CO324123   CO325274   CO325971   CO325983   CO326143   CO326309   CO326933   CO327053   CO328882   CO329578   CO331136   CO331479   CO331743   CO331749   CO332242   CO336331   CO337673   CO339030   CO339033   CO339323   CO339724   CO339761   CO340147   CO340244   CO340387   CO340901   CO341425   CO341811   CO342049   CO342388   CO343822   CO344057   CO344644   CZ468390   CZ484339   CZ484340   CZ486354   EC067766   EC074072   EC078193   EC081311   EC083554   EC086715   EC205126   EC215414   EC216486   EC218528   EC220593   EC221493   EC225088   EC232582   EC232692   EC235337   EC241376   EC253335   X55702 CAA39229
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	P26017
UniProtKB/TrEMBL	Q541F9
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
No Assay Recorded Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage | early     (Paro and Hogness, 1991) larval stage   embryonic/larval salivary gland   (Paro and Hogness, 1991) unfertilized egg stage   unfertilized egg   (Paro and Hogness, 1991) in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage   organism | ubiquitous   (Paro and Hogness, 1991) embryonic stage | late   presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system   (Paro and Hogness, 1991) unfertilized egg stage   unfertilized egg   (Paro and Hogness, 1991) northern blot Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 1 -- 12     (Paro and Zink, 1992) Comment:reference states 0-8 hr AEL unfertilized egg stage   unfertilized egg   (Paro and Zink, 1992)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Notes
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage | early   organism | ubiquitous   (Paro and Zink, 1992) embryonic stage   embryonic/larval salivary gland   (Paro and Zink, 1992) embryonic/larval pharynx   (Paro and Zink, 1992) presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system   (Franke et al., 1992, Paro and Zink, 1992) thoracico-abdominal ganglion   (Paro and Zink, 1992) subesophageal ganglion   (Paro and Zink, 1992) supraesophageal ganglion   (Paro and Zink, 1992) embryonic stage 7 -- 9   mitotic domain   (Franke et al., 1992) embryonic stage 16   embryonic/larval central nervous system   (Franke et al., 1992) larval stage   embryonic/larval fat body | anterior   • polytene chromosome band | restricted (Marchetti et al., 2003) third instar larval stage   embryonic/larval salivary gland   • polytene chromosome (Franke et al., 1992) adult stage & oogenesis   germarium   (Paro and Zink, 1992) adult stageoogenesis stage S1 -- S2   egg chamber   (Paro and Zink, 1992) adult stageoogenesis stage S9 -- S14   nurse cell   (Paro and Zink, 1992) adult stageoogenesis stage S10 -- S14   follicle cell   (Paro and Zink, 1992)
Additional Descriptive Data
	The distribution of polyhomeotic protein and Pc protein is nearly indistinguishable in embryos. (Franke et al., 1992) Pc protein is expressed in ovaries and during all stages of embryogenesis. Protein levels increase with developmental time in embryos. Two phases of Pc expression are observed in ovaries. First, substantial Pc protein is found in the germarium and in stage S1 and S2 follicles. Protein levels decline during stages S3-S8 and rise again in stages S9 and S10. In the germline, most of the protein is found in the polyploid nurse cell nuclei. Some Pc protein is deposited in the oocyte but none is observed in the nucleus. A very dynamic pattern of expression involving overlapping gradients is observed in follicle cells during stages S10-S14. In embryos, Pc transcripts are homogenously distributed over the length of the embryo at the cellular blastoderm stage and in germ band extended embryos. In late stage embryos, transcripts are found predominantly in the CNS. Particularly strong expression is observed in the supra-, suboesophageal and anterior thoracic ganglia. Strong staining is also observed in the pharynx, salivary glands, and other internal tissues. (Paro and Zink, 1992) The Pc protein accumulates in the region of the bithorax complex genes on polytene chromosomes from anterior regions of larval fat bodies where the homeotic genes are repressed. (Marchetti et al., 2003)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term	nucleus (Paro and Zink, 1992)
Notes
High-Throughput Expression Data
or
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes. modENCODE Temporal Expression Data for FBgn0003042    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales max expr for FBgn0003042 Very low expression bin max Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-06 hour embryonic stages. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No expression (0 - 0)   Extremely low expression (1 - 10)   Very low expression (11 - 100)   Low expression (101 - 400)   Moderate expression (401 - 1400)   Moderately high expression (1401 - 4000)   High expression (4001 - 10000)   Very high expression (10001 - 100000)   Extremely high expression (100001 - 2000000) Linear, scaled to maximum FBgn0003042 expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    2655 embryo 02-04hr    1144 embryo 04-06hr    1780 embryo 06-08hr    1308 embryo 08-10hr    1230 embryo 10-12hr    859 embryo 12-14hr    664 embryo 14-16hr    514 embryo 16-18hr    370 embryo 18-20hr    305 embryo 20-22hr    236 embryo 22-24hr    285 larva L1    265 larva L2    186 larva L3 12hr old    131 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    153 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    255 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    347 white prepupae new    386 white prepupae 12hr    494 white prepupae 24hr    507 pupae 2d postWPP    363 pupae 3d postWPP    210 pupae 4d postWPP    251 adult male 01day    211 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    273 adult female 01day    541 adult female 05day    1283 adult female 30day    1219 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to Very low expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (2655) embryo 02-04hr  (1144) embryo 04-06hr  (1780) embryo 06-08hr  (1308) embryo 08-10hr  (1230) embryo 10-12hr  (859) embryo 12-14hr  (664) embryo 14-16hr  (514) embryo 16-18hr  (370) embryo 18-20hr  (305) embryo 20-22hr  (236) embryo 22-24hr  (285) larva L1  (265) larva L2  (186) larva L3 12hr old  (131) larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (153) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (255) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (347) white prepupae new  (386) white prepupae 12hr  (494) white prepupae 24hr  (507) pupae 2d postWPP  (363) pupae 3d postWPP  (210) pupae 4d postWPP  (251) adult male 01day  (211) adult male 05day  (270) adult male 30day  (273) adult female 01day  (541) adult female 05day  (1283) adult female 30day  (1219) Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (2655) embryo 02-04hr    1144 embryo 04-06hr  (1780) embryo 06-08hr    1308 embryo 08-10hr    1230 embryo 10-12hr    859 embryo 12-14hr    664 embryo 14-16hr    514 embryo 16-18hr    370 embryo 18-20hr    305 embryo 20-22hr    236 embryo 22-24hr    285 larva L1    265 larva L2    186 larva L3 12hr old    131 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    153 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    255 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    347 white prepupae new    386 white prepupae 12hr    494 white prepupae 24hr    507 pupae 2d postWPP    363 pupae 3d postWPP    210 pupae 4d postWPP    251 adult male 01day    211 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    273 adult female 01day    541 adult female 05day    1283 adult female 30day    1219 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    2655 embryo 02-04hr    1144 embryo 04-06hr    1780 embryo 06-08hr    1308 embryo 08-10hr    1230 embryo 10-12hr    859 embryo 12-14hr    664 embryo 14-16hr    514 embryo 16-18hr    370 embryo 18-20hr    305 embryo 20-22hr    236 embryo 22-24hr    285 larva L1    265 larva L2    186 larva L3 12hr old    131 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    153 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    255 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    347 white prepupae new    386 white prepupae 12hr    494 white prepupae 24hr    507 pupae 2d postWPP    363 pupae 3d postWPP    210 pupae 4d postWPP    251 adult male 01day    211 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    273 adult female 01day    541 adult female 05day    1283 adult female 30day    1219 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    2655 embryo 02-04hr    1144 embryo 04-06hr    1780 embryo 06-08hr    1308 embryo 08-10hr    1230 embryo 10-12hr    859 embryo 12-14hr    664 embryo 14-16hr    514 embryo 16-18hr    370 embryo 18-20hr    305 embryo 20-22hr    236 embryo 22-24hr    285 larva L1    265 larva L2    186 larva L3 12hr old    131 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    153 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    255 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    347 white prepupae new    386 white prepupae 12hr    494 white prepupae 24hr    507 pupae 2d postWPP    363 pupae 3d postWPP    210 pupae 4d postWPP    251 adult male 01day    211 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    273 adult female 01day    541 adult female 05day    1283 adult female 30day    1219 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum FBgn0003042 expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    2655 embryo 02-04hr    1144 embryo 04-06hr    1780 embryo 06-08hr    1308 embryo 08-10hr    1230 embryo 10-12hr    859 embryo 12-14hr    664 embryo 14-16hr    514 embryo 16-18hr    370 embryo 18-20hr    305 embryo 20-22hr    236 embryo 22-24hr    285 larva L1    265 larva L2    186 larva L3 12hr old    131 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    153 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    255 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    347 white prepupae new    386 white prepupae 12hr    494 white prepupae 24hr    507 pupae 2d postWPP    363 pupae 3d postWPP    210 pupae 4d postWPP    251 adult male 01day    211 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    273 adult female 01day    541 adult female 05day    1283 adult female 30day    1219 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  log, scaled to Very low expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (2655) embryo 02-04hr  (1144) embryo 04-06hr  (1780) embryo 06-08hr  (1308) embryo 08-10hr  (1230) embryo 10-12hr  (859) embryo 12-14hr  (664) embryo 14-16hr  (514) embryo 16-18hr  (370) embryo 18-20hr  (305) embryo 20-22hr  (236) embryo 22-24hr  (285) larva L1  (265) larva L2  (186) larva L3 12hr old  131 larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (153) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (255) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (347) white prepupae new  (386) white prepupae 12hr  (494) white prepupae 24hr  (507) pupae 2d postWPP  (363) pupae 3d postWPP  (210) pupae 4d postWPP  (251) adult male 01day  (211) adult male 05day  (270) adult male 30day  (273) adult female 01day  (541) adult female 05day  (1283) adult female 30day  (1219) Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (2655) embryo 02-04hr    1144 embryo 04-06hr  1780 embryo 06-08hr    1308 embryo 08-10hr    1230 embryo 10-12hr    859 embryo 12-14hr    664 embryo 14-16hr    514 embryo 16-18hr    370 embryo 18-20hr    305 embryo 20-22hr    236 embryo 22-24hr    285 larva L1    265 larva L2    186 larva L3 12hr old    131 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    153 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    255 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    347 white prepupae new    386 white prepupae 12hr    494 white prepupae 24hr    507 pupae 2d postWPP    363 pupae 3d postWPP    210 pupae 4d postWPP    251 adult male 01day    211 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    273 adult female 01day    541 adult female 05day    1283 adult female 30day    1219 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    2655 embryo 02-04hr    1144 embryo 04-06hr    1780 embryo 06-08hr    1308 embryo 08-10hr    1230 embryo 10-12hr    859 embryo 12-14hr    664 embryo 14-16hr    514 embryo 16-18hr    370 embryo 18-20hr    305 embryo 20-22hr    236 embryo 22-24hr    285 larva L1    265 larva L2    186 larva L3 12hr old    131 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    153 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    255 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    347 white prepupae new    386 white prepupae 12hr    494 white prepupae 24hr    507 pupae 2d postWPP    363 pupae 3d postWPP    210 pupae 4d postWPP    251 adult male 01day    211 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    273 adult female 01day    541 adult female 05day    1283 adult female 30day    1219 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    2655 embryo 02-04hr    1144 embryo 04-06hr    1780 embryo 06-08hr    1308 embryo 08-10hr    1230 embryo 10-12hr    859 embryo 12-14hr    664 embryo 14-16hr    514 embryo 16-18hr    370 embryo 18-20hr    305 embryo 20-22hr    236 embryo 22-24hr    285 larva L1    265 larva L2    186 larva L3 12hr old    131 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    153 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    255 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    347 white prepupae new    386 white prepupae 12hr    494 white prepupae 24hr    507 pupae 2d postWPP    363 pupae 3d postWPP    210 pupae 4d postWPP    251 adult male 01day    211 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    273 adult female 01day    541 adult female 05day    1283 adult female 30day    1219 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data for FBgn0003042    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales max expr for FBgn0003042 Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval/adult central nervous system, adult ovary. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (1000 - 25000) Linear, scaled to maximum FBgn0003042 expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    212.6 Larval Midgut    28 Larval Hindgut    35.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    34.5 Larval Fat Body    36 Larval Salivary Gland    66.9 Larval Trachea    45.25 Larval Carcass    33.925 Adult Head    72.9 Adult Eye    61.1 Adult Brain    233.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    222.9 Adult Crop    42.6 Adult Midgut    29.2 Adult Hindgut    30.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    44.6 Adult Fat Body    33.9 Adult Salivary Gland    49.9 Adult Heart    19.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    28.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    36.2 Adult Ovary    259.7 Adult Testis    13 Adult Male Accessory Gland    61.1 Adult Carcass no informative data Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    212.6 Larval Midgut    28 Larval Hindgut    35.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    34.5 Larval Fat Body    36 Larval Salivary Gland    66.9 Larval Trachea    45.25 Larval Carcass    33.925 Adult Head    72.9 Adult Eye    61.1 Adult Brain    233.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    222.9 Adult Crop    42.6 Adult Midgut    29.2 Adult Hindgut    30.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    44.6 Adult Fat Body    33.9 Adult Salivary Gland    49.9 Adult Heart    19.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    28.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    36.2 Adult Ovary    259.7 Adult Testis    13 Adult Male Accessory Gland    61.1 Adult Carcass no informative data Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    212.6 Larval Midgut    28 Larval Hindgut    35.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    34.5 Larval Fat Body    36 Larval Salivary Gland    66.9 Larval Trachea    45.25 Larval Carcass    33.925 Adult Head    72.9 Adult Eye    61.1 Adult Brain    233.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    222.9 Adult Crop    42.6 Adult Midgut    29.2 Adult Hindgut    30.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    44.6 Adult Fat Body    33.9 Adult Salivary Gland    49.9 Adult Heart    19.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    28.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    36.2 Adult Ovary    259.7 Adult Testis    13 Adult Male Accessory Gland    61.1 Adult Carcass no informative data Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    212.6 Larval Midgut    28 Larval Hindgut    35.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    34.5 Larval Fat Body    36 Larval Salivary Gland    66.9 Larval Trachea    45.25 Larval Carcass    33.925 Adult Head    72.9 Adult Eye    61.1 Adult Brain    233.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    222.9 Adult Crop    42.6 Adult Midgut    29.2 Adult Hindgut    30.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    44.6 Adult Fat Body    33.9 Adult Salivary Gland    49.9 Adult Heart    19.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    28.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    36.2 Adult Ovary    259.7 Adult Testis    13 Adult Male Accessory Gland    61.1 Adult Carcass no informative data Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to maximum FBgn0003042 expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    212.6 Larval Midgut    28 Larval Hindgut    35.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    34.5 Larval Fat Body    36 Larval Salivary Gland    66.9 Larval Trachea    45.25 Larval Carcass    33.925 Adult Head    72.9 Adult Eye    61.1 Adult Brain    233.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    222.9 Adult Crop    42.6 Adult Midgut    29.2 Adult Hindgut    30.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    44.6 Adult Fat Body    33.9 Adult Salivary Gland    49.9 Adult Heart    19.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    28.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    36.2 Adult Ovary    259.7 Adult Testis    13 Adult Male Accessory Gland    61.1 Adult Carcass no informative data Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    212.6 Larval Midgut    28 Larval Hindgut    35.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    34.5 Larval Fat Body    36 Larval Salivary Gland    66.9 Larval Trachea    45.25 Larval Carcass    33.925 Adult Head    72.9 Adult Eye    61.1 Adult Brain    233.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    222.9 Adult Crop    42.6 Adult Midgut    29.2 Adult Hindgut    30.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    44.6 Adult Fat Body    33.9 Adult Salivary Gland    49.9 Adult Heart    19.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    28.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    36.2 Adult Ovary    259.7 Adult Testis    13 Adult Male Accessory Gland    61.1 Adult Carcass no informative data Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    212.6 Larval Midgut    28 Larval Hindgut    35.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    34.5 Larval Fat Body    36 Larval Salivary Gland    66.9 Larval Trachea    45.25 Larval Carcass    33.925 Adult Head    72.9 Adult Eye    61.1 Adult Brain    233.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    222.9 Adult Crop    42.6 Adult Midgut    29.2 Adult Hindgut    30.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    44.6 Adult Fat Body    33.9 Adult Salivary Gland    49.9 Adult Heart    19.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    28.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    36.2 Adult Ovary    259.7 Adult Testis    13 Adult Male Accessory Gland    61.1 Adult Carcass no informative data Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    212.6 Larval Midgut    28 Larval Hindgut    35.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    34.5 Larval Fat Body    36 Larval Salivary Gland    66.9 Larval Trachea    45.25 Larval Carcass    33.925 Adult Head    72.9 Adult Eye    61.1 Adult Brain    233.5 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    222.9 Adult Crop    42.6 Adult Midgut    29.2 Adult Hindgut    30.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    44.6 Adult Fat Body    33.9 Adult Salivary Gland    49.9 Adult Heart    19.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    28.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    36.2 Adult Ovary    259.7 Adult Testis    13 Adult Male Accessory Gland    61.1 Adult Carcass no informative data Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass no informative data FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    72.9   NA  Eye    61.1   NA  Brain    233.5   212.6  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    222.9   NA  Crop    42.6   28  Midgut    29.2   35.9  Hindgut    30.1   34.5  Malpighian Tubules    44.6   36  Fat Body    33.9   66.9  Salivary Gland    49.9   NA  Heart    19.575   45.25  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    28.9   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    36.2   NA  Ovary    259.7   NA  Testis    13   NA  Male Accessory Gland    61.1   33.925  Carcass    no informative data modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011) FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_13
External Data & Images
Linkouts	FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0003042 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG32443-RA
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele lethal | embryonic stage | homeotic | recessive Pcunspecified lethal | embryonic stage | recessive Pc2 Pc3 Pc4 Pc21 Pc22 lethal | heat sensitive Pchs.T:su(Hw)-ZnF,T:Zzzz\FLAG lethal | recessive Pc1 Pc2 Pc3 PcM1 PcM2 PcM3 PcM4 PcM5 PcM6 PcMb PcMM Other Phenotypes Allele decreased cell number | somatic clone Pc15 mitotic cell cycle defective | embryonic stage Pc4 Pc15 mitotic cell cycle defective | somatic clone Pc15 neuroanatomy defective | somatic clone Pc15 non-enhancer of variegation, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-5 Pc1 Pc6 non-suppressor of variegation, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-5 Pc1 Pc6 suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-5 Pc11 suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-27 Pc11 suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{hsp26-pt-T}39C-31 Pc11 suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{SUPor-P.PRE#6}69M3 Pc3 suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{UAS-lacZ.Abd-B.5F24}25,2a Pc15 suppressor of variegation | dominant, with P{wA}4-4 Pc11 visible Pc3 Pc4 Pc11 Pc16 visible | adult stage | dominant Pc4 visible | dominant Pc1 Pc2 Pc3 Pc4 Pc15 Pc16 Pc21 Pcunspecified visible | dominant | homeotic Pc3 Pc4 Pc11 Pc16 visible | dominant | homeotic | heat sensitive Pc3 visible | homeotic Pc1 Pc3 Pc4 Pc16 visible | recessive Pc5 Pc16 Pc17 visible | somatic clone Pc33A3 Pc33B10 Pc33E12 Pc33M4 Pc557 wild-type PcT:Avic\GFP-EGFP Phenotype manifest in Allele abdominal segment Pc4 abdominal segment 4 | male Pc1 Pc3 abdominal segment 5 | ectopic | male Pc1 Pc3 abdominal tergite 4 | male Pc3 adult abdominal segment 1 Pc3 adult abdominal segment 4 Pc3 adult abdominal segment 4 | male Pc3 adult abdominal segment 5 Pc3 adult abdominal segment 5 | ectopic | male Pc3 adult abdominal segment 6 Pc3 anaphase | embryonic stage Pc15 Pc4 antenna Pc3 dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC | somatic clone Pc15 dendrite | somatic clone Pc15 embryonic/larval brain | embryonic stage Pc3 embryonic abdominal segment Pc3 embryonic abdominal segment 1 Pcunspecified embryonic abdominal segment 2 Pcunspecified embryonic abdominal segment 3 Pcunspecified embryonic abdominal segment 4 Pcunspecified embryonic abdominal segment 5 Pc3 Pcunspecified embryonic abdominal segment 6 Pc3 Pcunspecified embryonic abdominal segment 7 Pc3 Pcunspecified embryonic abdominal segment 8 Pcunspecified embryonic abdominal segment 9 Pcunspecified embryonic abdominal segment 10 Pcunspecified embryonic abdominal segment 11 Pcunspecified embryonic head Pcunspecified embryonic thoracic segment Pc3 eye | somatic clone PcT181 eye disc | somatic clone PcT181 genital disc primordium | ectopic Pc3 gonadal sheath proper primordium (with Pc3) Pc15 gonadal sheath proper primordium (with Pc15) Pc3 haltere | ectopic Pc1 Pc11 Pc15 haltere | ectopic | female Pc3 larval abdominal segment 4 Pc15 larval abdominal segment 5 | ectopic Pc15 larval head Pc15 Pc23937.4A Pc26865.4 larval segment Pc15 Pc23937.4A Pc26865.4 leg Pc4 leg | ectopic Pc3 mesothoracic leg Pc1 Pc10 Pc11 Pc12 Pc13 Pc14 Pc15 Pc16 Pc17 Pc18 Pc19 Pc2 Pc21 Pc22 Pc23 Pc24 Pc25 Pc26 Pc3 Pc4 Pc5 Pc6 Pc7 Pc8 Pc9 Pcunspecified mesothoracic leg & sex comb | ectopic Pc15 Pc3 Pc4 mesothoracic leg & sex comb tooth | ectopic Pc3 Pc4 Pc6 mesothoracic leg | male Pc1 Pc3 mesothoracic segment Pc1 Pc3 metathoracic leg Pc1 Pc10 Pc11 Pc12 Pc13 Pc14 Pc15 Pc16 Pc17 Pc18 Pc19 Pc21 Pc22 Pc23 Pc24 Pc25 Pc26 Pc3 Pc4 Pc6 Pc7 Pc8 Pc9 Pcunspecified metathoracic leg & sex comb | ectopic Pc4 metathoracic leg & sex comb tooth | ectopic Pc3 Pc4 Pc6 metathoracic segment Pc3 midgut constriction Pc3 morphogenetic furrow | somatic clone PcT181 neuroblast | somatic clone Pc15 photoreceptor cell | somatic clone PcT181 presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system Pc3 prothoracic leg | ectopic Pc11 Pc16 prothoracic leg | ectopic | male Pc1 Pc3 sex comb Pc16 Pc17 Pc3 Pc4 sex comb (with Df(3R)ry27) Pc15 Pc4 sex comb (with Df(3R)ry619) Pc15 Pc4 sex comb | ectopic Pc1 Pc11 Pc15 Pc16 Pc3 Pc4 sex comb | ectopic | male Pc1 Pc3 sex comb | supernumerary Pc4 sex comb tooth Pc16 telophase | embryonic stage Pc15 Pc4 ventral mesothoracic disc primordium Pc3 wing Pc1 Pc11 Pc15 Pc2 Pc21 Pc3 Pc4 Pc5 wing | female Pc3 wing | somatic clone Pc33A3 Pc33B10 Pc33E12 Pc33M4 Pc557
Classical Alleles ( 51 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of Pc Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion Pc3 antimorphic allele - genetic evidence, amorphic allele - genetic evidence, gain of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 16 -- Pc1 amorphic allele - genetic evidence X ray 5 -- Pc2 antimorphic allele - genetic evidence, amorphic allele - genetic evidence X ray 3 -- Pc24 gamma ray 2 -- Pc6 ethyl methanesulfonate 2 -- Pc7 ethyl methanesulfonate 2 -- Pcf01890 piggyBac transposase 2 -- Pc11 amorphic allele - genetic evidence X ray 1 Yes Pc15 amorphic allele - genetic evidence X ray 1 -- Pc12 X ray 1 -- Pcf01851 piggyBac transposase 1 -- PcKG05398 P-element activity 1 -- Pc16 amorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Pc106 0 Yes Pc10 X ray 0 -- Pc13 X ray 0 -- Pc14 X ray 0 -- Pc17 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Pc18 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Pc19 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Pc20 0 -- Pc21 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Pc22 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Pc23937.4A 0 -- Pc23 0 -- Pc25 gamma ray 0 -- Pc26865.4 0 -- Pc26 gamma ray 0 -- Pc33A3 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Pc33B10 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Pc33E12 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Pc33M4 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Pc4 loss of function allele gamma ray 0 -- Pc557 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Pc5 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Pc73 ethyl nitrosourea 0 -- Pc8 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Pc9 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Pcc03016 piggyBac transposase 0 -- Pce9 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Pcf03766 piggyBac transposase 0 -- PcM1 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- PcM2 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- PcM3 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- PcM4 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- PcM5 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- PcM6 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- PcMb X ray 0 -- PcMM X ray 0 -- PcT181 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Pcunspecified 0 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 41 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of Pc Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion PcGL00488 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes PcHMS00016 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes PcHMS00921 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes Pchs.PF in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes PcJF01581 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes PcT:Avic\GFP-EGFP in vitro construct - coding region fusion 1 Yes Pc117.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Pc190.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Pc2.Act5C in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Pc266.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Pc3.Act5C in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Pc390.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Pc4.Act5C in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Pc65.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes Pca.cBa in vitro construct - RNAi 0 Yes PcAct5C.PC in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Pcarm.PM in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes PccBa in vitro construct - RNAi 0 Yes PcCHD.hb.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct 0 Yes PcCΔ.hb.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes PcdsRNA.cGa in vitro construct - RNAi 0 Yes Pcfl.cMa in vitro construct 0 Yes PcGD4595 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Pchb.PM in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Pchb.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Pchs.DBD.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Pchs.T:Ecol\lexA in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Pchs.T:Scer\GAL4 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Pchs.T:su(Hw)-ZnF,T:Zzzz\FLAG in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes PcI31F.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - amino acid replacement in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes PcMtnA.T:Zzzz\FLAG in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes PcNIG.32443R in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes PcScer\UAS.cLa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes PcScer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes PcScer\UAS.T:Ecol\dam in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes PctPa in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes PcαTub84B.T:Ecol\lexA in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes PcΔ26-36.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes PcΔ42-65.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes PcΔ46-52.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes PcΔ69-70.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Duplicated in	Dp(1;3;4)7   Dp(3;2)N2-27 (Puro, 1982) Dp(3;3)C126 (Duncan, 1982)
Disrupted in	Ab(3L;h)Pc-109 (Russell et al., 1996) Df(3L)A81 (Jurgens et al., 1984) Df(3L)FA12 (Jurgens et al., 1984) Df(3L)J158 (Jurgens et al., 1984) Df(3L)Pc (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987, Shearn, 1989, Simcox et al., 1991, Landecker et al., 1994, Harbecke and Lengyel, 1995, Russell et al., 1996) Df(3L)Pc-2q (Russell et al., 1996) Df(3L)Pc-9a (Russell et al., 1996) Df(3L)Pc-12h (Russell et al., 1996) Df(3L)Pc-14d (Russell et al., 1996) Df(3L)Pc-30A (Russell et al., 1996) Df(3L)Pc-101 (Russell et al., 1996) Df(3L)Pc-cp1 (Russell et al., 1996) Df(3L)Pc-MK (Sato and Denell, 1985, Harbecke and Lengyel, 1995, Russell et al., 1996) In(3)Pc-T7 (Kennison and Russell, 1987, Carpenter, 1994, Russell et al., 1996)
Not disrupted in	Df(3L)ME107 (Carpenter, 1994, Russell et al., 1996) Df(3L)ME1325 (Carpenter, 1994, Russell et al., 1996) In(3)80c (Carpenter, 1994, Russell et al., 1996)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data UAS construct M{UAS-Pc.Dam} NA P{GD4595} NA P{TRiP.GL00488} NA P{TRiP.HMS00016} NA P{TRiP.HMS00921} NA P{TRiP.JF01581} NA P{UAS-Pc.GFP} NA P{UAS-Pc.L} NA heat-shock construct P{GAL4::Pc-hb} NA P{GAL4::Pc-Hsp70} NA P{hs-Pc.T:GAL4.DBD} NA P{LexA-Pc} NA P{yhsPc} NA P{ZnF-Pc.R} NA reporter construct P{Pc1-266} No P{Pc1-390-lacZ} No P{PcΔ42-65-lacZ} No characterization construct P{Arm-Pc} NA P{hb-Pc.M} NA P{HP1-Pc} NA P{lacZ-UAS.BGUZ} NA P{lacZ-UAS.GBHZ} NA P{lacZ-UAS.GBNHZ} NA P{lacZ-UAS.GBUZ} NA P{lacZ-UAS.GNHZ} NA P{lacZ-UAS.αTub} NA P{Pc+.P} NA P{PcT:Avic\GFP-EGFP} NA P{αTub84B-Pc.LexA} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data miscellaneous insertions P{SUPor-P}PcKG05398 NA PBac{PB}Pcc03016 NA PBac{WH}Pcf01851 NA PBac{WH}Pcf01890 NA PBac{WH}Pcf03766 NA
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 14 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 12 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
chromatin binding inferred from direct assay (Negre et al., 2006) methylated histone residue binding inferred from direct assay (Czermin et al., 2002)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
gene silencing inferred from genetic interaction with ph-p AND inferred from mutant phenotype (Roseman et al., 2001) neurogenesis inferred from mutant phenotype (Bello et al., 2007) neuron remodeling inferred from mutant phenotype (Wang et al., 2006) regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent inferred from mutant phenotype (Goodliffe et al., 2007) specification of segmental identity, abdomen inferred from mutant phenotype (Chen et al., 2005) syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle inferred from mutant phenotype (O'Dor et al., 2006)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
chromatin inferred from direct assay (Chen et al., 2005, Chen et al., 2005) nucleolus inferred from direct assay (Chen et al., 2005, Chen et al., 2005) nucleus inferred from direct assay (Grimaud et al., 2006, Mulholland et al., 2003) PRC1 complex inferred from direct assay (Mulholland et al., 2003)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 5 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
methylated histone residue binding traceable author statement (Simms et al., 2003)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
chromatin silencing inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q9HC52 (FlyBase, 1992-) non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1992.5.1)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
intercalary heterochromatin non-traceable author statement (Zhimulev and Belyaeva, 2003) nucleus inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q9HC52 (FlyBase, 1992-) PRC1 complex traceable author statement (Ahringer, 2000, Lehmann, 2004, Levine et al., 2004)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
Protein-protein
Interacting group Assay References
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions Pc allele Gene References Pc1 CycE (Brumby et al., 2002) E(z) (Bajusz et al., 2001) lolal (Mishra et al., 2003) ph-p (Boivin et al., 2003) Snr1 (Marenda et al., 2004) w (Mishra et al., 2001) Pc2 Scm (Bornemann et al., 1998) Pc3 Asx (Breen and Duncan, 1986) corto (Kodjabachian et al., 1998) crm (Yamamoto et al., 1997) E(Pc)17B (Fauvarque and Dura, 1993) eff (Fauvarque and Dura, 1993) gpp (Shanower et al., 2005) Hsc70-4 (Mollaaghababa et al., 2001) M(2)56F (Sinclair et al., 1984) M(3)80 (Sinclair et al., 1984) Pcl (Duncan, 1982) ph-d (Dura et al., 1985) ph-p (Fauvarque and Dura, 1993) pnr (Pena-Rangel et al., 2002) psq (Schwendemann and Lehmann, 2002) Scm (Bornemann et al., 1998) Sir2 (Furuyama et al., 2004) ss (Kuzin et al., 1997) Su(Pc)35CD (Fauvarque and Dura, 1993) tna (Gutierrez et al., 2003) Trl (Strutt et al., 1997, Busturia et al., 2001) Pc4 Asx (Milne et al., 1999) brm (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) btl (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) CycE (Brumby et al., 2002) Dll (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) E(Pc) (Sinclair et al., 1998) kis (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) kto (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) l(3)80Fj (Schulze et al., 2001) lawc (Zorin et al., 1999) Mi-2 (Kehle et al., 1998) mor (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988, Brizuela and Kennison, 1997) osa (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) Pcl (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988, Kehle et al., 1998) rho (Marenda et al., 2004) Scr (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) skd (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) sls (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) Snr1 (Marenda et al., 2004) Su(Pc)37D (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) tna (Gutierrez et al., 2003) trx (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) urd (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) Vha55 (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) vtd (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988, Schulze et al., 2001) Pc5 Hsc70-4 (Mollaaghababa et al., 2001) ph-p (Boivin et al., 1999) Pc6 ph-p (Boivin et al., 2003) Pc7 CycE (Brumby et al., 2002) Pc11 Antp (Decoville et al., 2001) Dsp1 (Decoville et al., 2001) Sam-S (Larsson et al., 1996) Vha55 (Davies et al., 1996) Pc15 Scm (Bornemann et al., 1998) Trl (Strutt et al., 1997) w (Cavalli, 1999) Pc16 corto (Kodjabachian et al., 1998) dom (Ruhf et al., 2001) E(z) (Campbell et al., 1995) eff (Fauvarque and Dura, 1993, Fauvarque et al., 2001) inv (Randsholt et al., 2000) mxc (Docquier et al., 1996, Saget et al., 1998) Pcl (Campbell et al., 1995) salm (Landecker et al., 1994) Su(Pc)35CD (Fauvarque and Dura, 1993) tara (Fauvarque et al., 2001, Calgaro et al., 2002) tou (Fauvarque et al., 2001) w (Fauvarque and Dura, 1993, Netter et al., 1998, Bloyer et al., 2003) Pce9 Mi-2 (Kehle et al., 1998) Pcunspecified Antp (Hannah-Alava, 1964) Asx (Jurgens, 1985) brm (Tamkun et al., 1992) E(Pc) (Stankunas et al., 1998) ph-d (Dura et al., 1985) ph-p (Dura et al., 1985) Scm (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) skd (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992) Su(z)12 (Birve and Rasmuson-Lestander, 1994) vtd (Sinclair et al., 2000) unspecified Abd-B (Mihaly et al., 1997) Antp (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988, Lindsley and Zimm, 1992) ara (Netter et al., 1998) ash1 (Gildea et al., 2000) Asx (Campbell et al., 1995) E(Pc) (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992, Campbell et al., 1995) E(Pc)a (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992) EcR (Gellon et al., 1997) Fab-7 (Cavalli, 1999) ftz (Duncan, 1986) His2Av (Swaminathan et al., 2005) iab-7PRE (Mishra et al., 2001) jing (Culi et al., 2006) kis (Gellon et al., 1997) lolal (Faucheux et al., 2003) MRG15 (Qi et al., 2006) osa (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992) ph-d (Boivin et al., 1999) ph-p (Fauvarque et al., 1995, Roseman et al., 2001) ph-PRE (Bloyer et al., 2003) Psc (Campbell et al., 1995) rept (Qi et al., 2006) Sam-S (Larsson et al., 1995) Sce (Campbell et al., 1995) Scm (Campbell et al., 1995) Scr (Gindhart and Kaufman, 1995) sxc (Campbell et al., 1995) trx (Gildea et al., 2000) y (Roseman et al., 2001)
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 65606 DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0003042 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0003042 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 40358
Orthologs
Genome-wide drosophilid orthologs	Dana\GF24200 Dere\GG13243 Dgri\GH16158 Dmoj\GI13310 Dper\GL24588 Dpse\GA16908 Dsec\GM22147 Dsim\GD12124 Dvir\GJ12080 Dwil\GK20423 Dyak\GE22965
Curated drosophilid orthologs	Dpse\GA16908
Linkouts	InParanoid A subset of ortholog calls from InParanoid. • AAEL014098-PA Aedes aegypti (mosquito) XP_001121316.1 Apis mellifera (honey bee) XP_001948615.1 Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid) 118975 Branchiostoma floridae (lancelet) 118976 Branchiostoma floridae (lancelet) BGIBMGA006904-PA Bombyx mori (silk worm) ENSBTAP00000012004 Bos taurus (bovine) CBP10813 Caenorhabditis briggsae (nematode) ENSCAFP00000008316 Canis familiaris (dog) JA16616 Caenorhabditis japonica (nematode) CPIJ008739 Culex pipens (mosquito) ENSCPOP00000016560 Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) RP40658 Caenorhabditis remanei (nematode) 221925 Capitella spl (polychaete worm) ENSDARP00000093874 Danio rerio (zebra fish) ENSECAP00000016784 Equus caballus (horse) ENSGACP00000024085 Gymnopilus aculeatus (mushroom) ENSGALP00000037077 Gallus gallus (chicken) 194045 Hypsipyla robusta (cedar shoot borer) ENSP00000269385 Homo sapiens (human) ISCW012843-PA Ixodes scapularis (deer tick) ENSMODP00000036781 Monodelphis domestica (gray opossum) ENSMMUP00000010301 Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) ENSMUSP00000026663 Mus musculus (house mouse) 238789 Nematostella vectensis (starlet anemone) XP_001600331.1 Nasonia vitripennis (wasp) ENSOANP00000007669 Ornithorynchus anatinus (platypus) ENSORLP00000002308 Oryzias latipes (japanese killifish) PHUM006012-PA Pediculus humanus (human body louse) ENSPPYP00000013205 Pongo pygmaeus (orangutan) ENSPTRP00000024790 Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) ENSRNOP00000052999 Rattus norvegicus (norway rat) Smp_164390 Schistosoma mansoni (trematode parasite) 62418 Trichoplax adhaerens (metazoa) XP_974290.2 Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) ENSTNIP00000007258 Tetraodon nigroviridis (green spotted pufferfish) ENSTRUP00000004618 Takifugu rubripes (pufferfish Takifugu) ENSXETP00000015103 Xenopus tropicalis (frog) OrthoDB (Arthropod subset) The hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs. • NV11012 LH25013 ISCW012843 FBgn0240166 FBgn0239566 FBgn0222420 FBgn0199332 FBgn0183861 FBgn0177018 JGI_V11_191862 FBgn0076922 FBgn0162177 FBgn0136067 FBgn0123629 FBgn0105515 FBgn0101194 FBgn0097161 CPIJ008739 BGIBMGA006904 ACYPI002201 GB12523 AAEL014098 PB21718 PHUM001810 GLEAN_12316
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 43 )
Bloomington	1728 Pc1/TM1 1730 In(3R)P(Pc3), Pc3/TM1 9395 y1 w67c23; P{yhsPc}703.9.3 31110 y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF01581}attP2 9593 w1118; P{PcT:Avic\GFP-EGFP}3 1729 Pc1 Abd-BMc/TM3, Sb1 33964 y1 sc* v1; P{TRiP.HMS00921}attP2
Harvard	- PBac{WH}Pcf01851 - PBac{WH}Pcf01890
Kyoto	106473 Pc1/TM1 106475 In(3R)P(Pc3), Pc3/TM1 106474 Pc1 Abd-BMc/TM3, Sb1
	More stocks available...
Genomic Clones ( 2 )
	BACR02C22 BACR25G05 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 162 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	RE66837
Other clones	DPiM_RE66837
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	AT25571 RE05714 RE45055 RE53763 RE55048 RE74128 RE74130 RH06941 RH06949 RH30020 RH30716 RH36065 RH70341 SD05284 SD14952 SD16092 SD20610 SD22651
Other clones	1965 12346 13263 14566 17334 56261 67357 73919 98328 162666 165465 214351.55 272986 273239 274652 CK01.60B.A4 CK01.64D.E7 CK01.78A.G7 CK01358 CK01771 CK01836 CK02256 CK02684 CK02693 EK030002 EK040554 EK049563 EK052820 EK053803 EK057316 EK059327 EK060011 EK060828 EK062229 EK062839 EK063434 EK065220 EK075111 EK084963 EK090809 EK092643 EK093145 EK095703 EK097007 EK100937 EK102527 EK105244 EK106046 EK106728 EK109250 EK110833 EK112136 EK114404 EK115509 EK117046 EK119043 EK121312 EK123362 EK128624 EK129203 EK129462 EK135752 EK143704 EK144714 EK145429 EK146664 EK148339 EK153953 EK155537 EK156329 EK157360 EK159163 EK164707 EK166349 EK167802 EK168941 EK176904 EK178232 EK178259 EK179526 EK183708 EK184927 EK186020 EK188604 EK192703 EK196011 EK197806 EK197836 EK200006 EK200229 EK203610 EK207145 EK207953 EK208757 EK209943 EK213836 EK220109 EK224049 EK230464 EK234764 EK240954 EK241457 EK245728 EK245947 EK259242 EK262215 EK263921 EK264004 EK278350 EK284052 EK290234 EK291606 EK293141 EK298525 EK299911 EK301608 EK301618 EK302908 EN12324 EN15045 EP00644 EP00647 EP01622 EP03007 EP03024 EP03318 EP03630 EP05010 EP05631 EP09350 EP10112 EP10255 EP10540 EP11538 EP12425 EP13216 EP13712 EP14817 EP18140 EP18609 EP19647 EP22363
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0003042 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 40358
Antibody Information
	polyclonal (Zink and Paro, 1989)
Other Information
Discoverer
	P.H. Lewis. (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of
Source for database merge of
Additional comments
Other Comments
	DNA-protein interactions: genome-wide binding profile assayed for Pc protein in Kc167 cells; see Chromatin_types_NKI collection report. Individual protein-binding experiments listed under "Samples" at GEO_GSE22069 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE22069). (Filion et al., 2010) Pc is required for normal neuroblast survival and proliferation in postembryonic central nervous system development. (Bello et al., 2007) Pc is required for for the maintenance of dendritic fields in class IV dendrite arborisation (da) neurons. (Parrish et al., 2007) dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against Pc used to treat S2 cells results in a decreased proportion of cells in G1 and S phase, with an accompanying increase in G2/M cells. This modification of the cell cycle profile occurs in the absence of any apparent growth defect. (Martinez et al., 2006) Mutant allele fails to complement a QTL affecting male mating behaviour. (Moehring and Mackay, 2004) Pc-G proteins can silence gene expression at a large number of chromosomal locations, affecting both enhancer-activated and basal w transcription. Repression is observed even with separation distances of up to 3.0kb between target promoters and binding sites for tethered Pc-G proteins. (Roseman et al., 2001) Mutant analysis demonstrates functional interactions between Pc, sxc and Asx in vivo. (Milne et al., 1999) Pc protein is associated with genes silenced as part of the cosuppression phenomenon. (Pal-Bhadra et al., 1999) Pc, Scm, Psc, ph-p and ph-d contribute to the PRC1 (Polycomb repressive complex 1). PRC1 directly antagonizes ATP-dependent remodeling of nucleosomal arrays in a purified system and may directly modulate (and be modified by) SWI/SNF (brm/mor) activity. (Shao et al., 1999) Evidence of physical interaction between esc and E(z) in vitro and in vivo and coimmunoprecipitation in vivo suggests the proteins are direct partners in Pc-G mediated repression and this relationship has been evolutionarily conserved. (Jones et al., 1998) ph-p, Psc and Pc proteins coimmunoprecipitate from nuclear extracts. Interacting domains are identified and delimited using the two-hybrid system, the interactions are shown to be direct by using an in vitro binding assay. (Kyba and Brock, 1998) The Pc and trx gene products bind to PRE target sequences by cellular blastoderm, when the bithorax complex transcription begins. At the same stage trx but not Pc gene product is strongly associated with core promoters. At germ band extension, the time of derepression in Pc mutants, Pc gene product is found outside core PREs. (Orlando et al., 1998) Abd-B MCP725 element is a silencer that functions throughout proliferation of the imaginal discs. MCP725-mediated silencing requires the Pc and Pcl proteins (it is likely that other members of the PcG also interact with the MCP725 silencer). (Busturia et al., 1997) Mutant phenotype suppressed by alleles of kis and (weakly) EcR. (Gellon et al., 1997) Silencing activity of the iab-7PRE in the bithorax complex is dependent upon proteins from the Polycomb group. (Hagstrom et al., 1997) The distribution of Pc protein on the bithorax complex of Drosophila tissue culture cells has been mapped. The protein is not distributed homogeneously on the regulatory regions of the repressed Ubx and abd-A genes, but is highly enriched at discrete sequence elements, many of which coincide with previously mapped Pc response elements (PREs). Trl protein is also bound at those PREs which contain Trl consensus-binding sites. (Strutt et al., 1997) The chromodomain of Pc is necessary for protein-protein interactions within a Pc-polyhomeotic complex. In addition, Psc protein coimmunoprecipitates Pc and polyhomeotic indicating they are members of a common multimeric protein complex. These three proteins are associated with identical regulatory elements of en in tissue culture cells and differentially distributed on regulatory sequences of inv. (Strutt and Paro, 1997) Using reporter gene constructs the Pc group response elements (PRE) behaves as an orientation-dependent silencer capable of inducing mosaic gene expression on neighbouring genes. (Breiling et al., 1995) In an effort to subdivide the Pc-group genes functionally, the phenotypes of adult flies heterozygous for every pairwise combination of Pc-group mutation were examined. Asx, Pc, Pcl, Psc, Scm and Sce have similar functions in some imaginal tissues. Genetic interactions have been demonstrated between esc, Asx, E(Pc), Pcl, E(z) and sxc. Most duplications of Pc-group genes neither exhibit anterior transformations nor suppress the extra sex comb phenotype of Pc-group mutations, suggesting that not all Pc-group genes behave as predicted by the mass action model. (Campbell et al., 1995) Proper regulation of both trx and Pc can be established by transient assays with a haploid cell line expressing Ubx promoters fused to a Ecol\lacZ reporter gene. This system has been used to map the regulatory sequences in the Ubx promoter to a 440bp region. The Ubx proximal promoter is essential for trx-dependent activation. (Chang et al., 1995) Pc associates with multiple sites in the bithorax complex and these sites all contain maintenance elements, as defined by a Ecol\lacZ expression assay. (Chiang et al., 1995) The negative autoregulation of ph-p starts at the blastoderm stage and is partly mediated by a transvection effect. As the number of functional copies of ph-p increases a concomitant reduction of the transcription in each copy is observed. This regulation is ensured positively by the trx group and negatively by the Pc group gene products. (Fauvarque et al., 1995) Sections of the Scr regulatory region may be important for regulation of Scr by Polycomb- and trithorax-group genes. (Gindhart and Kaufman, 1995) Mutations of Pc interact with Dfd to reduce the viability of the Dfd3/Dfd13 combination. (Harding et al., 1995) A Pc-response element has been identified in an intron of abd-A. (Lunde et al., 1995) Pc acts as a transcriptional silencer in embryos if tethered to reporter genes by the DNA binding domain of Scer\GAL4 (as a Scer\GAL4-Pc fusion gene). Silencing by Scer\GAL4-Pc requires the C-terminal portion, but not the chromodomain. (Muller, 1995) Phenotypic rescue of Pc- larvae cuticle phenotype and Pc- clones of adult cells demonstrates the Mmus\Cbx2 protein can emulate Pc both early and late in development. (Muller et al., 1995) A method based on in-vivo formaldehyde crosslinking and chromatin immunoprecipitation has allowed the determination of the in vivo distribution of Pc, brm and Abd-B products at their target sites. (Orlando et al., 1995) A chimeric Su(var)205-Pc protein (the chromo domain of Pc in the context of Su(var)205) causes mislocalisation of Su(var)205 to Pc binding sites and expression in transgenic flies promotes heterochromatin mediated gene silencing. Results support the view that the chromo domain homology reflects a common mechanistic basis for homeotic and heterochromatic silencing. (Platero et al., 1995) The ventral to dorsal effect of Pc mutants is mediated through Dlw. (Tiong et al., 1995) Pc group response elements found in the Fab and Mcp regions of Abd-B induce mosaic expression of w+mC, this is dependent on Pc. (Zink and Paro, 1995) Members of the Pc group function as potent repressors in mammalian cells. (Bunker and Kingston, 1994) Duplication of ph-d suppress homeotic transformations of Pc and Pcl, this data supports the conclusion that ph-d is at equilibrium with a multimeric complex containing Pc group genes. (Cheng et al., 1994) Pc product is found on larval salivary chromosomes at about 100 specific loci, in the same positions as the products of Pcl, ph-d and ph-p genes. (Lonie et al., 1994) Mutation analysis and en expression patterns demonstrate a role for Pc gene in regulation of some segmentation genes. (McKeon et al., 1994) P elements bearing ph-p regulatory sequences preferentially insert into regions containing known Pc and ph-p protein binding sites, perhaps because shared regulatory proteins bring transposons and insertion sites into close proximity. (Fauvarque and Dura, 1993) Pc binds polytene chromosomes at 45 locations where other Pc-group proteins, encoded by the Psc and polyhomeotic genes, are present. (Martin and Adler, 1993) Distribution of the Pc protein in the bithorax complex was determined, and Pc protein quantitatively covers large regulatory regions of repressed genes. (Orlando and Paro, 1993) There is considerable overlap of chromosomal binding sites for Psc, Su(z)2, z, Pc and the polyhomeotic proteins. (Rastelli et al., 1993) The bithorax complex genes are regulated by the Pc group of genes, acting via 'Pc group response elements' (PREs), that can work even when removed from the normal bithorax complex context. The Pc group products apparently provide stable memory or imprinting of boundaries which are specified by gap and pair-rule regulators. (Simon et al., 1993) Extensive overlap exists between the binding sites of ph-p and Pc on polytene chromosomes. (DeCamillis et al., 1992) Pc and polyhomeotic proteins are constituents of a soluble multimeric nuclear protein complex. (Franke et al., 1992) When homozygous or hemizygous, Pc mutants are late embryonic lethals. Embryos with at least one dose of the BXC show incomplete head development and caudal transformations, the thoracic and first seven abdominal segments being partially transformed into the eighth abdominal segment (FBrf0032262; FBrf0063402; FBrf0039217; FBrf0039211). This homeotic effect in homozygotes is enhanced by increasing the dosage of the BXC. Transformations involve brain and ventral nerve cord as well as epidermis (FBrf0037316). Pc+ alleles in the mother weaken the homeotic effect (FBrf0063402; FBrf0038997). Pc2/Pc2 or Pc3/Pc3 clones induced in leg and eye-antennal tissue during larval development also show similar posteriorly-directed transformations (FBrf0037148; FBrf0063405). Pc/+ flies carrying at least one dose of the BXC show caudal transformations, i.e. partial conversion of wings into halteres and of anterior abdominal segments into more posterior ones. Some Pc heterozygotes show phenotypes characteristic of ANTC mutants, i.e. partial conversion of antennae into legs and of second and third legs into first legs (with sex combs in males) (FBrf0012037; FBrf0038059). The frequency of wing transformations varies directly with the BXC dosage, but does not seem to be changed by variation in ANTC dosage (FBrf0063405; FBrf0037909). The number of abdominal transformations, however, varies inversely with the doses of the BXC while it increases as the doses of the ANTC are increased (FBrf0038059; FBrf0063405). Other changes observed in Pc/+ flies include a transformation of ventral to dorsal wing (FBrf0051513; FBrf0039451), elevated, divergent, or crinkled wings, terminal gaps in the L4 wing vein, bent humeral or notopleural bristles, and defective sternopleural bristles, all abnormalities being less extreme in males than in females (sometimes absent in males). When doubly heterozygous with AntpYu and AntpB, Pc enhances Antp. The expression of all Pc mutant heterozygotes (including deficiencies for the locus) is enhanced by the second chromosome dominant, E(Pc) (FBrf0039451; FBrf0040741). Pc3/Pc3/Dp(1;3;4)7 flies (carrying a Pc+ duplication) show stronger leg and wing transformations than E(Pc)/+; Pc3/+ flies (FBrf0063405; FBrf0039451). (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992) Pc+ may be considered a negative regulator of the bithorax complex (BXC) and the Antennapedia complex (ANTC), with a decreasing gradient of activity from anterior to posterior. (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992) The chromo domain is a homologous protein motif between Pc and Su(var)205. Transgenic lines and transient assays in culture cells have been used to determine the functional role of the Pc chromo domain, it is important for the function of Pc and is absolutely required for binding of Pc protein to chromatin. The chromo domain could be involved in a packaging mechanism essential for compacting chromosomal proteins within heterochromatin or heterochromatin-like complexes. (Messmer et al., 1992) Embryos mutant for two or more Pc group genes (Pc, Scm, Pcl, Psc, Asx, E(Pc), E(z), ph-d, pho and esc) show strong ectopic en expression, but only weak derepression occurs if embryo is mutant at only one of the Pc group genes. This effect is independent of the function of en itself, and wg. (Moazed and O'Farrell, 1992) Developmental profile of Pc gene products demonstrates that Pc is down-regulated by one of its own targets, Ubx. (Paro and Zink, 1992) Mutations of genes in the polycomb group (esc, E(z), Pc, ph-p, ph-d, Scm, Pcl, Sce, Asx, Psc, pho and Antp) cause abnormal segmental development due to the ectopic expression of abd-A and Abd-B. Embryos lacking both maternal and zygotic Pc product were generated to determine abd-A and Abd-B expression patterns. (Simon et al., 1992) Pc dominant loss-of-function mutants cause widespread alterations in cell fates by derepressing genes in the BXC and ANTC. (Tamkun et al., 1992) The Pc group genes are negative regulators of homeotic genes. (McKeon and Brock, 1991) Mutations in maternal class gene Pc do not interact with RpII140wimp. (Parkhurst and Ish-Horowicz, 1991) Pc has been cloned and sequenced. (Paro and Hogness, 1991) Homeotic gene activity programs primordia as either discs or histoblast nests by the early extended germ band stage. In Pc- embryos homeotic gene expression is no longer restricted to the normal expression domains. (Simcox et al., 1991) The Pc gene product regulates Antp transcription directly at the chromosomal level. Regulation of Antp P2 differs from Antp P1 in that in that it can be repressed by transacting factors other than Pc. (Zink et al., 1991) The role of Pc in maintaining stable patterns of homeotic gene transcription has been studied. (Gould et al., 1990) Interactions with a mutation of the Pc gene were used to confirm that ash1 and ash2 are members of a functionally related class of genes whose alleles have similar transformation properties to mutations of trx. The dominant extra sex combs phenotype of adult males heterozygous for Pc mutations is sensitive to the gene dosage of trx, and is suppressed by heterozygosity for a trx deletion and enhanced by heterozygosity for a trx duplication. (Shearn, 1989) Cell clones deficient for Pc and the BXC genes have abnormal wings and legs, Scr and en are derepressed in the absence of Pc and BXC function. By using the Pc- mutation and various BXC mutant combinations imaginal cell clones possessing different combinations of active homeotic genes have been generated. In the absence of BXC genes Pc- clones develop prothoracic patterns: Scr activity overrules Antp. Adding contributions of Ubx, abd-A and Abd-B results in thoracic or abdominal patterns. (Busturia and Morata, 1988) Mutations in 18 complementation groups identify modifiers of Pc and/or Antp phenotypes. All 18 complementation groups are required for viability. Alleles of Pc, Pcl, Scm, Dll, brm, kto, Scr and trx show clear dominant enhancement or suppression of AntpScx, whereas alleles of vtd, Vha55, Su(Pc)37D, urd, mor, skd and osa do not. (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988) Mutants of Pc exhibit a reduction in sex comb teeth on the second and third legs. (Kennison and Russell, 1987) Genetic analysis of the Pc locus suggests it is a complex gene. Insufficiency of Pc products can be corrected by insufficiency of hb products or be exaggerated by the excess of the same products. Pc+ products regulate the expression Of the Ubx protein coding region. (Capdevila et al., 1986) The effect of various mutations in the bithorax and antennapedia complexes on the Pc mutant phenotype has been studied. (Sato and Denell, 1985) Pc mutants display homeotic transformation of head and thoracic segments towards A8. (Jurgens et al., 1984) Mutant males display sex combs in the second and third legs. (Duncan and Kaufman, 1975)
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_079475 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_524199 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AAF51707 AAL49241 AY071619 BH809488 BI483877 CAA39229 CZ468390 CZ484339 CZ484340 CZ486354 X55702 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 40358 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • P26017 UniProtKB/TrEMBL • Q541F9
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Chromo domain subgroup (IPR017984) Chromo domain/shadow (IPR000953) Chromo domain-like (IPR016197) Chromo domain, conserved site (IPR023779) Chromo domain (IPR023780)
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 65606 DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0003042 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0003042 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0003042 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0003042 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG32443-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0003042 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 40358 InParanoid A subset of ortholog calls from InParanoid. • AAEL014098-PA Aedes aegypti (mosquito) XP_001121316.1 Apis mellifera (honey bee) XP_001948615.1 Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid) 118975 Branchiostoma floridae (lancelet) 118976 Branchiostoma floridae (lancelet) BGIBMGA006904-PA Bombyx mori (silk worm) ENSBTAP00000012004 Bos taurus (bovine) CBP10813 Caenorhabditis briggsae (nematode) ENSCAFP00000008316 Canis familiaris (dog) JA16616 Caenorhabditis japonica (nematode) CPIJ008739 Culex pipens (mosquito) ENSCPOP00000016560 Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) RP40658 Caenorhabditis remanei (nematode) 221925 Capitella spl (polychaete worm) ENSDARP00000093874 Danio rerio (zebra fish) ENSECAP00000016784 Equus caballus (horse) ENSGACP00000024085 Gymnopilus aculeatus (mushroom) ENSGALP00000037077 Gallus gallus (chicken) 194045 Hypsipyla robusta (cedar shoot borer) ENSP00000269385 Homo sapiens (human) ISCW012843-PA Ixodes scapularis (deer tick) ENSMODP00000036781 Monodelphis domestica (gray opossum) ENSMMUP00000010301 Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) ENSMUSP00000026663 Mus musculus (house mouse) 238789 Nematostella vectensis (starlet anemone) XP_001600331.1 Nasonia vitripennis (wasp) ENSOANP00000007669 Ornithorynchus anatinus (platypus) ENSORLP00000002308 Oryzias latipes (japanese killifish) PHUM006012-PA Pediculus humanus (human body louse) ENSPPYP00000013205 Pongo pygmaeus (orangutan) ENSPTRP00000024790 Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) ENSRNOP00000052999 Rattus norvegicus (norway rat) Smp_164390 Schistosoma mansoni (trematode parasite) 62418 Trichoplax adhaerens (metazoa) XP_974290.2 Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) ENSTNIP00000007258 Tetraodon nigroviridis (green spotted pufferfish) ENSTRUP00000004618 Takifugu rubripes (pufferfish Takifugu) ENSXETP00000015103 Xenopus tropicalis (frog) Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution • /polycomb/polycmb1.htm InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 40358 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0003042 OrthoDB (Arthropod subset) The hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs. • NV11012 LH25013 ISCW012843 FBgn0240166 FBgn0239566 FBgn0222420 FBgn0199332 FBgn0183861 FBgn0177018 JGI_V11_191862 FBgn0076922 FBgn0162177 FBgn0136067 FBgn0123629 FBgn0105515 FBgn0101194 FBgn0097161 CPIJ008739 BGIBMGA006904 ACYPI002201 GB12523 AAEL014098 PB21718 PHUM001810 GLEAN_12316
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 9 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	CG7618   CG32443 (Klebes et al., 2005, Ni et al., 2008, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Ni et al., 2011.7.19) DmPc (Bertram and Pereira-Smith, 2001) dPC (Simms et al., 2003) Pc (Breiling et al., 2004, Schwartz and Pirrotta, 2007, de Navas et al., 2006, Brown et al., 2005, Chanas and Maschat, 2005, Qi et al., 2006, Goodliffe et al., 2007, Maeda and Karch, 2006, Schuettengruber, 2006, Wang et al., 2006, Ringrose, 2006, Papp and Muller, 2006, Klymenko et al., 2006, Culi et al., 2006, Sultana et al., 2011, Joanis and Lloyd, 2002, Gutierrez et al., 2004, Mishra et al., 2007, Dixit et al., 2008, Ogasawara et al., 2007, Gan et al., 2010, Kavi et al., 2006, King et al., 2002, Huang et al., 2002, Chen et al., 2008, Hirose et al., 2001, Liu et al., 2006, Bello et al., 2007, Muller and Kassis, 2006, Chopra and Mishra, 2006, Bai et al., 2007, Lin et al., 2008, Chen et al., 2005, Bejarano et al., 2005, Chen et al., 2005, Fischle et al., 2003, Choo et al., 2011, Choi et al., 2000, de Ayala Alonso et al., 2007, Ali and Bender, 2004, King et al., 2005, Wang et al., 2006, de Wit et al., 2007, Chalkley et al., 2008, Kwong et al., 2008, Estella et al., 2008, Zhang et al., 2008, Mitonaka et al., 2007, McDermott and Kliman, 2008, Petruk et al., 2008, Fujioka et al., 2008, Pham et al., 2008, Doheny et al., 2008, Hauenschild et al., 2008, Pindyurin et al., 2007, Parrish et al., 2007, González et al., 2008, Garaulet et al., 2008, Shevelyov et al., 2009, Hallson et al., 2008, Lo et al., 2009, Bantignies et al., 2011, Khan et al., 2009, Pauli et al., 2008, Francis et al., 2009, Fang et al., 2009, Diop et al., 2008, Schaaf et al., 2009, Gambetta et al., 2009, Gambetta et al., 2009, Zhai et al., 2009, Tie et al., 2009, Le Bras and Van Doren, 2006, Tolhuis et al., 2006, Sinclair et al., 2009, Sinclair et al., 2009, Sing et al., 2009, Classen et al., 2009, Balasov, 2002, Goodliffe et al., 2007, de Wit et al., 2008, Engström et al., 2007, Saj et al., 2010, Campos et al., 2010, Baig et al., 2010, Li et al., 2010, Herz et al., 2010, Brown and Kassis, 2010, Lee et al., 2010, Bhatia et al., 2010, Wilkinson et al., 2010, Kwon et al., 2003, Ahn et al., 2010, modENCODE Consortium et al., 2010, Lamiable et al., 2010, Franke et al., 1995, Basu and Atchison, 2010, Pruteanu-Malinici et al., 2011, Wang et al., 2010, Huen and Russell, 2010, Guertin and Lis, 2010) PC (Ringrose et al., 2004, Chopra and Mishra, 2005, Cavalli, 2006, Grimaud et al., 2006, Kahn et al., 2006, Hill, 2006, Negre et al., 2006, Mohd-Sarip et al., 2002, Ringrose and Paro, 2007, Schwartz et al., 2005, Srinivasan et al., 2008, Comet et al., 2006, Lanzuolo et al., 2007, Andreyeva et al., 2005, Schuettengruber et al., 2009, Moon et al., 2011, Salvaing et al., 2006, Fanti et al., 2008, Schwartz et al., 2006, Czermin et al., 2002, Johnson et al., 2010, van Steensel et al., 2010, Wang et al., 2010, Schwartz et al., 2010, Mohd-Sarip et al., 2006, Filion et al., 2010, Tolhuis et al., 2011, Vatolina et al., 2011, Vatolina et al., 2011) Pc-G (Chopra and Mishra, 2003, Akbari et al., 2006) PcG (Jung et al., 2007)
Name Synonym	Polycomb (Bird, 2007, Brown et al., 2005, Maeda and Karch, 2006, Cavalli, 2006, Schuettengruber, 2006, O'Dor et al., 2006, Ringrose, 2006, Nystul and Spradling, 2006, Maurange et al., 2006, Riaz et al., 2007, Redhouse and White, 2007, Mishra et al., 2007, Lau et al., 2009, Negre et al., 2006, Kavi et al., 2006, Wang and Brock, 2003, Mohd-Sarip et al., 2002, Huang et al., 2002, Chen et al., 2008, Bello et al., 2007, Muller and Kassis, 2006, Chopra and Mishra, 2006, Eissenberg, 2006, Chen et al., 2008, Lu et al., 2008, Chopra and Levine, 2008, Bejarano et al., 2005, Chen et al., 2005, Min et al., 2003, Fischle et al., 2003, Levine and Tjian, 2003, Ringrose and Paro, 2007, Choi et al., 2000, Ali and Bender, 2004, Schwartz et al., 2005, King et al., 2005, de Wit et al., 2007, Chalkley et al., 2008, Kwong et al., 2008, Estella et al., 2008, Mitonaka et al., 2007, Lanzuolo et al., 2007, Pindyurin et al., 2007, Garaulet et al., 2008, Shevelyov et al., 2009, Fanti et al., 2008, Zhao et al., 2009, Bantignies et al., 2011, Saller and Bienz, 2001, Pauli et al., 2008, Fang et al., 2009, Diop et al., 2008, Schaaf et al., 2009, Zhai et al., 2009, Schwartz et al., 2006, Czermin et al., 2002, Sinclair et al., 2009, Sing et al., 2009, Classen et al., 2009, Johnson et al., 2010, Balasov, 2002, Engström et al., 2007, van Steensel et al., 2010, Baig et al., 2010, Herz et al., 2010, Wang et al., 2010, Schwartz et al., 2010, Bhatia et al., 2010, Kwon et al., 2003, Ahn et al., 2010, Tolhuis et al., 2011, Kim et al., 2010, Wang et al., 2010, Huen and Russell, 2010)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBgn0015223 FBgn0052443
References ( 703 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 703 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 403 ) Supplementary material  ( 9 ) Review  ( 151 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 4 ) Abstract  ( 116 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 1 ) Meeting report  ( 1 ) Book  ( 1 ) Stock list  ( 2 ) Protein sequence record  ( 1 ) Computer file  ( 4 ) Obituary  ( 1 ) Biography  ( 1 ) Automatic genome annotation  ( 1 ) Conference report  ( 3 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 1 ) Letter  ( 2 )
Recent research papers ( 33 )
	Bantignies et al., 2011, Cell 144(2): 214--226 Polycomb-Dependent Regulatory Contacts between Distant Hox Loci in Drosophila. [FBrf0212775] Choo et al., 2011, PLoS ONE 6(4): e14778 Genome-wide analysis of the binding of the hox protein ultrabithorax and the hox cofactor homothorax in Drosophila. [FBrf0213420] Moon et al., 2011, Development 138(17): 3835--3845 The THO complex is required for nucleolar integrity in Drosophila spermatocytes. [FBrf0214600] Moshkovich et al., 2011, Genes Dev. 25(16): 1686--1701 RNAi-independent role for Argonaute2 in CTCF/CP190 chromatin insulator function. [FBrf0214686] Pruteanu-Malinici et al., 2011, PLoS Comput. Biol. 7(7): e1002098 Automatic Annotation of Spatial Expression Patterns via Sparse Bayesian Factor Models. [FBrf0214618] Riddle et al., 2011, Genome Res. 21(2): 147--163 Plasticity in patterns of histone modifications and chromosomal proteins in Drosophila heterochromatin. [FBrf0213099] Sultana et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39(9): 3543--3557 A BEAF dependent chromatin domain boundary separates myoglianin and eyeless genes of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0213641] Tolhuis et al., 2011, PLoS Genet. 7(3): e1001343 Interactions among Polycomb Domains Are Guided by Chromosome Architecture. [FBrf0213356] Vatolina et al., 2011, Genetika, Moscow 47(5): 597--609 [Identification and molecular genetic characterization of the polytene chromosome interbands in Drosophila melanogaster]. [FBrf0214456] Vatolina et al., 2011, Russ. J. Genet. 47(5): 521--532 Identification and molecular genetic characterization of the polytene chromosome interbands in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0216692] Ahn et al., 2010, Int. J. Dev. Biol. 54(8-9): 1251--1258 Drosophila castor is regulated negatively by the Ubx and abdA genes, but positively by the AbdB gene. [FBrf0211815] Baig et al., 2010, Genetics 184(3): 731--744 The chromatin-remodeling protein Osa interacts with CyclinE in Drosophila eye imaginal discs. [FBrf0210399] Basu and Atchison, 2010, J. Cell. Biochem. 110(1): 62--69 CtBP levels control intergenic transcripts, PHO/YY1 DNA binding, and PcG recruitment to DNA. [FBrf0210665] Bhatia et al., 2010, Genes Cells 15(7): 725--735 Chromatin remodeling protein INO80 has a role in regulation of homeotic gene expression in Drosophila. [FBrf0211277] Brown and Kassis, 2010, Development 137(15): 2597--2602 Spps, a Drosophila Sp1/KLF family member, binds to PREs and is required for PRE activity late in development. [FBrf0211271] Campos et al., 2010, Genetics 184(1): 129--140 Genetic screen in Drosophila melanogaster uncovers a novel set of genes required for embryonic epithelial repair. [FBrf0209682] Filion et al., 2010, Cell 143(2): 212--224 Systematic protein location mapping reveals five principal chromatin types in Drosophila cells. [FBrf0212051] Gan et al., 2010, Cell Res. 20(7): 763--783 Dynamic regulation of alternative splicing and chromatin structure in Drosophila gonads revealed by RNA-seq. [FBrf0211191] Guertin and Lis, 2010, PLoS Genet. 6(9): Chromatin Landscape Dictates HSF Binding to Target DNA Elements. [FBrf0211835] Herz et al., 2010, Mol. Cell. Biol. 30(10): 2485--2497 The H3K27me3 demethylase dUTX is a suppressor of notch- and Rb-dependent tumors in Drosophila. [FBrf0210661] Huen and Russell, 2010, BMC Bioinformatics 11: 359 On the use of resampling tests for evaluating statistical significance of binding-site co-occurrence. [FBrf0214212] Johnson et al., 2010, PLoS Genet. 6(3): e1000872 PPS, a Large Multidomain Protein, Functions with Sex-Lethal to Regulate Alternative Splicing in Drosophila. [FBrf0210202] Kim et al., 2010, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 17(8): 1027--1029 Corecognition of DNA and a methylated histone tail by the MSL3 chromodomain. [FBrf0214093] Lamiable et al., 2010, genesis 48(4): 244--253 Rm62, a DEAD-box RNA helicase, complexes with DSP1 in Drosophila embryos. [FBrf0210563] Lee et al., 2010, Mol. Cell. Biol. 30(10): 2563--2577 Drosophila RB proteins repress differentiation-specific genes via two different mechanisms. [FBrf0210656] Li et al., 2010, Genes Dev. 24(9): 933--946 Polycomb group genes Psc and Su(z)2 restrict follicle stem cell self-renewal and extrusion by controlling canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling. [FBrf0210675] modENCODE Consortium et al., 2010, Science 330(6012): 1787--1797 Identification of functional elements and regulatory circuits by Drosophila modENCODE. [FBrf0212741] Saj et al., 2010, Dev. Cell 18(5): 862--876 A combined ex vivo and in vivo RNAi screen for notch regulators in Drosophila reveals an extensive notch interaction network. [FBrf0210834] Schwartz et al., 2010, PLoS Genet. 6(1): e1000805 Alternative epigenetic chromatin states of polycomb target genes. [FBrf0209708] van Steensel et al., 2010, Genome Res. 20(2): 190--200 Bayesian network analysis of targeting interactions in chromatin. [FBrf0209848] Wang et al., 2010, Mol. Cell. Biol. 30(11): 2584--2593 Comparative analysis of chromatin binding by Sex Comb on Midleg (SCM) and other polycomb group repressors at a drosophila Hox gene. [FBrf0210763] Wang et al., 2010, Structure 18(8): 966--975 Polycomb Group Targeting through Different Binding Partners of RING1B C-Terminal Domain. [FBrf0211462] Wilkinson et al., 2010, J. Cell. Biochem. 109(3): 478--486 PcG recruitment by the YY1 REPO domain can be mediated by Yaf2. [FBrf0209787] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2010 Show reviews ...