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Gene Dmel\per

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\per	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	period	Annotation symbol	CG2647
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0003068
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	8 publicly available
Also Known As	dper, Clk, EG:155E2.4
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	X	Recombination map	1-
Cytogenetic map	3B1-3B2	Sequence location	X:2,579,613..2,586,813 [+]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents Beta	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene period is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\per (CG2647, FBgn0003068). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: protein binding; transcription factor binding; protein heterodimerization activity. There is experimental evidence for 16 unique biological process terms, many of which group under: biological regulation; rhythmic process; response to stimulus; multi-organism reproductive process; response to stress; mating; single-organism developmental process; multicellular organismal development; learning or memory; determination of adult lifespan; locomotory behavior; age-dependent response to oxidative stress. 232 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: trichogen cell; indirect flight muscle motor neuron MN5; Malpighian tubule; mesothoracic tergum; posterior adult hindgut. It has 2 annotated transcripts and 2 annotated polypeptides. Protein features are: PAC motif; PAS domain; PAS fold. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderate expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed during late pupal stages, in stages of adults of both sexes. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, adult central nervous system. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1638452_at completely aligns to an exonic region of the only FlyBase-annotated transcript isoform of per. Gene sequence location is X:2579613..2586813.
User Contributed Data
	Beta version, feedback welcome
External Summaries
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	per: period (J.C. Hall; M. Young) The per gene is essential for biological clock functions and determines the period length of circadian and ultradian rhythms. The per mutants are characterized by aberrant rhythms involving eclosion and locomotor activity (Konopka and Benzer, 1971) and may change the rhythmic component of the male courtship song (Crossley, 1988; Ewing, 1988; Kyriacou and Hall, 1980, 1986, 1988). These mutants also affect the rhythm of the larval heartbeat (Dowse, Ringo, and Kyriacou; Livingstone, 1981, Neurosci. Abstr. 7: 351), the level of tyrosine decarboxylase [Livingstone and Tempel, 1983, Nature (London) 303: 67-70], and fluctuations in membrane potentials in larval salivary glands (Weitzel and Rensing, 1981, J. Comp. Physiol. 143: 229-35), modulate intercellular junctional communication (Bargiello et al., 1987), and alter the location of neural secretory cells in the brain (Konopka and Wells, 1980, J. Neurobiol. 11: 411-15). In wild-type flies the period length is about 24 hr. In general, increases in per+ dosage lead to shortened circadian rhythms and decreases lead to lengthened circadian rhythms (Baylies et al., 1987; Cote and Brody, 1986; Hamblen et al., 1986; Smith and Konopka, 1981, 1982; Young et al., 1985). Females heterozygous for per+ and a deletion of the locus or a per0 allele show longer-than-normal periods. per flies can be classified on the basis of their circadian rhythms as: (1) Cryptic period mutants (per0, per-) which have a 10-15 hr (ultradian) period and appear arrhythmic except in special algorhythmic tests (Dowse et al., 1987); (2) Long period mutants (perL), 29 hr; (3) Long-period variable mutants (perLvar), which in homozygotes or heterozygotes are arrhythmic but in combination with certain partial deletions of the per locus result in a 30-34 hr period. (Konopka, 1987); (4) Short period mutants (pers), 19 hr; (5) Short period variable mutants (persvar), some flies having a 20 hr period and the others a normal 24 hr period for locomotor activity. In temperature-change experiments on pers and perL1, the locomotor activity periods were found to be nearer to 24 hr at low temperatures, but to diverge further from normal upon heating (Konopka, Pittendrigh, and Orr; Hamblen, Ewer, and Hall). perL2 shows lengthening of the periods at high temperatures. The mutant types affecting circadian rhythms (per0, perL, and pers) may cause similar kinds of changes in the rhythmic fluctuations in courtship song interpulse intervals (IPIs) of the male (Crossley, 1988; Ewing, 1988; Kyriacou and Hall, 1980, 1986, 1988). per0 mutants show nonrhythmic variations in the interval between pulses of wing vibration. Neural studies show that transplantation of pers brains into per01 adult hosts causes some of the hosts to be "rescued"; i.e. to show short-period circadian rhythms for locomotor activity (Handler and Konopka, 1979). Octopamine synthesis occurs at subnormal rates in per01 brains, with a corresponding decrease in the enzyme tyrosine decarboxylase (Livingstone and Tempel, 1983); less severe decrements in tyrosine decarboxylase are found in pers and perL1 flies. Physiological studies show that per mutations can affect the level of gap junctional communication among cells in a tissue (Bargiello et al., 1987). In salivary glands the per0 and perL1 mutations cause a lowering of the level of junctional communication, while pers gives a level of communication higher than wild type. Because electrical synapses are composed of gap junctions, per may influence circadian behavioral rhythms through altered conductances at the synapse (Bargiello et al., 1987). Mosaic analysis of pers mutants indicates that the gene influences the brain with respect to aberrant locomotor rhythms (Konopka, Wells, and Lee, 1983, Mol. Gen. Genet. 190: 284-88); per01 and per02 (and, to a lesser degree, pers) are said to cause anomalous photonegative behavior in light-response tests (Palmer, Kendrick, and Hotchkiss, 1985, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., pp 323-24), but in general are not defective in visual responses (phototaxis tests, optomotor behavior, and electroretinogram) according to Dushay and Hall.
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2013_03
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Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 3B1-3B2   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}EP1362 and P{EP}dncEP1395
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 3B1-3B1   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Vieira et al., 1997) 3B1-3B2   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Hardin et al., 1990) 3B1-3B2   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Yu et al., 1987) 3B1-3B2   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Citri et al., 1987) 3B1-3B1   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Bargiello and Young, 1984) 3B1-3B2   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Reddy et al., 1984)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	1- (Dushay et al., 1990)
Left of (cM)	w cho (Dushay et al., 1990)
Right of (cM)	y pn (Dushay et al., 1990) z
Notes	1-1.2
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\per for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Gene model reviewed during 5.45
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) per-RA FBtr0070477  NM_080317   4527   1218 per-RB FBtr0332311  NM_001272265   4441   1218
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein per-PA   FBpp0070455   127.4   1218   7.17     NP_525056   AAF45804 per-PB   FBpp0304590   127.4   1218   7.17     NP_001259194   AGB95040
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • PAS domain (IPR000014) PAS fold (IPR013767) PAC motif (IPR001610)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AE014298 AAF45804   AB029194 BAB15868   AB029195 BAB15869   AB029196 BAB15870   AB029222 BAB15896   AB029223 BAB15897   AB029224 BAB15898   AB029250 BAB15924   AB029251 BAB15925   AB029252 BAB15926   AF033029 AAB87476   AF251241 AAG44573   AF345702   AF345703   AF345704   AF345705   AF345706   AF345707   AF345708   AF345709   AF345710   AF345711   AF345712   AF345713   AF345714   AE014298 AGB95040   AI062685   AL024485 CAA19677   AL024485 CAA19678   AL024485 CAA19679   AL024485 CAA19680   AY047980 AAN02289   AY047981 AAN02291   AY047982 AAN02293   AY047983 AAN02295   AY047984 AAN02297   AY047985 AAN02299   AY047986 AAN02301   AY047987 AAN02303   AY047988 AAN02305   AY047989 AAN02307   AY047990 AAN02309   AY047991 AAN02311   AY047992 AAN02313   AY047993 AAN02315   AY047994 AAN02317   AY047995 AAN02319   AY047996 AAN02321   AY047997 AAN02323   AY047998 AAN02325   AY047999 AAN02327   AY048000 AAN02329   AY048001 AAN02331   AY048002 AAN02333   AY048003 AAN02335   AY048004 AAN02337   AY048005 AAN02339   AY048006 AAN02341   AY048007 AAN02343   AY048008 AAN02345   AY048009 AAN02347   AY048010 AAN02349   AY048011 AAN02351   AY048012 AAN02353   AY048013 AAN02355   AY048014 AAN02357   AY048015 AAN02359   AY048016 AAN02361   AY048017 AAN02363   AY048018 AAN02365   AY048019 AAN02367   AY048020 AAN02369   AY048021 AAN02371   AY048022 AAN02373   AY048023 AAN02375   AY048024 AAN02377   AY048025 AAN02379   AY048026 AAN02381   AY048027 AAN02383   AY048028 AAN02385   AY048029 AAN02387   AY048030 AAN02389   AY048031 AAN02391   AY048032 AAN02393   AY048033 AAN02395   AY048034 AAN02397   AY048035 AAN02399   AY048036 AAN02401   AY048037 AAN02403   AY048038 AAN02405   AY048040 AAN02407   AY048041 AAN02409   AY048042 AAN02411   AY575847 AAS89667   BI587565   BI619059   BI619123   BI619924   BI634263   BT132731   CK131127   CO279699   CO317489   D00009 BAA00007   EC051384   EC051436   EC051481   EC051877   EC051885   EC051917   EC051921   EC051934   EC052404   EC052437   EC052454   EC052936   EC052966   EC053004   EC053882   EC054363   EC054390   EC054413   EC054452   EC055265   EC055459   EC066638   EC205689   EV592470   L07817 AAA28777   L07818 AAA28776   L07819 AAA28775   L07821 AAA28773   L07823 AAA28771   L07825 AAA28769   M30114 AAA28752   M30114 AAA28753   M30114 AAA28754   X03636 CAA27285   Z32353
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	P07663
UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References regulatory region FBsf0000161267 X:2,579,050..2,579,119 comment=Region confers robust expression and circadian cycling of mRNA in transgenic flies. evidence=experimental (Hao et al., 1997, Darlington et al., 1998) regulatory region FBsf0000161268 X:2,579,077..2,579,094 comment=18bp E-box-containing region found to be sufficient for Clk-mediated activation of per transcription. evidence=experimental (Darlington et al., 1998) regulatory region FBsf0000436482 X:2,579,010..2,579,165 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Hao et al., 1997, Halfon, 2012.6.19) regulatory region FBsf0000436632 X:2,579,050..2,579,120 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Hao et al., 1997, Halfon, 2012.6.19)
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	EPD - Eukarytoic Promoter Database, an annotated collection of POL II promoters • 11041
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
expression microarray Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage   adult head   (Kadener et al., 2006) adult brain   (Kadener et al., 2006) Comment:per mRNA levels do not significantly differ between ZT4 and ZT16. in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage   photoreceptor cell   (Kloss et al., 1998) LN period neuron   (Kloss et al., 1998) adult brain | restricted   (Kloss et al., 1998) northern blot Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage   adult head   (Hunter-Ensor et al., 1996, Stavropoulos and Young, 2011) RT-PCR Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage   adult head   (Zheng et al., 2009)
Additional Descriptive Data
	There is a dramatic rise in transcript level between Zeitgeber time (ZT)6 and 10. The level remains high for 8 hours, then drops precipitously by ZT22, suggesting that per mRNA cycling is transcriptionally regulated and that per mRNAs have short half-lives. (Hardin et al., 1992) per transcripts show circadian cycling with a pattern that is antiphase to that of Clk transcripts. Peak values of per transcripts occur in the early night. (Bae et al., 1998) per transcripts are expressed in photoreceptor cells in the eye. They are also expressed in a wide region between the optic lobe and the central brain which includes the lateral neurons. They are expressed in the same pattern as dco transcripts. (Kloss et al., 1998) The levels of per transcript oscillate throughout the day in a circadian fashion, similarly to tim but in contrast to inc. Expression of per is highest between ZT10 to ZT20. (Stavropoulos and Young, 2011) per transcript levels in adult flies are not affected by exposure to light. (Hunter-Ensor et al., 1996) RT-PCR analysis indicates that the levels of the per transcript cycle when in light:dark conditions, in anti-phase with the levels of the Clk transcript. per transcript levels increase gradually from ZT02 to ZT14, and decrease after that until ZT20. (Zheng et al., 2009)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
No Assay Recorded Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage   photoreceptor cell   (Ewer et al., 1992) optic lobe   (Ewer et al., 1992) immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 12   neuron of ventral nerve cord | faint & restricted   (Ruiz et al., 2010) Comment:2-3 cells per segment embryonic stage 12 -- 16   neuron of embryonic brain | subset   (Ruiz et al., 2010) embryonic stage 13 -- 16   neuron of ventral nerve cord | restricted   (Ruiz et al., 2010) Comment:midline and lateral cells embryonic stage 16   VUM neuron | subset   (Ruiz et al., 2010) UMI interneuron | subset   (Ruiz et al., 2010) larval stage   larval DN2 neuron   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) third instar larval stage   larval LN period neuron   (Kaneko et al., 1997) larval DN1 neuron   (Kaneko et al., 1997) larval DN2 neuron   (Kaneko et al., 1997) larval DN3 neuron   (Kaneko et al., 1997) larval s-LNv Pdf neuron   (Blanchardon et al., 2001) adult stage   lamina neuropil   (Ewer et al., 1992) ocellus   (Ewer et al., 1992) optic chiasm   (Ewer et al., 1992) supraesophageal ganglion   (Ewer et al., 1992) pacemaker neuron   (Nitabach et al., 2006, Kadener et al., 2006, Shafer et al., 2006) LNd neuron   (Rieger et al., 2006, Yoshii et al., 2005, Shafer et al., 2006, Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007) l-LNv neuron   (Rieger et al., 2006, Shafer et al., 2006, Shafer et al., 2002, Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007, Blanchardon et al., 2001) Pdf negative s-LNV neuron   (Rieger et al., 2006, Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007) s-LNv Pdf neuron   (Rieger et al., 2006, Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007, Blanchardon et al., 2001) glial cell | faint & subset   (Rieger et al., 2006, Shafer et al., 2006) DN1 neuron   (Yoshii et al., 2005, Shafer et al., 2006, Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007) DN2 neuron   (Yoshii et al., 2005, Shafer et al., 2006, Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007, Blanchardon et al., 2001) DN3 neuron   (Yoshii et al., 2005, Shafer et al., 2006, Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007, Blanchardon et al., 2001) LNv neuron   (Yoshii et al., 2005, Shafer et al., 2002) LP neuron   (Yoshii et al., 2005, Shafer et al., 2006) retina | restricted   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) CNS glial cell | subset   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) Comment:At the border between adjacent neuropils eyelet photoreceptor   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) ocellus | restricted   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) surface associated glial cell | subset   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) cortex associated CNS glial cell | subset   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) DN1p neuron   (Shafer et al., 2006) DN1a neuron   (Shafer et al., 2006) Comment:DNa are found 15-30um anterior of DN1. s-LNv neuron   (Shafer et al., 2006, Shafer et al., 2002) accessory medulla | restricted   (Shafer et al., 2002) LNd neuron | faint   (Blanchardon et al., 2001) DN1 neuron | subset   (Blanchardon et al., 2001) neuron | subset of adult brain   (Chen et al., 2012) dorsal anterior lateral neuron of the protocerebrum   (Chen et al., 2012) Malpighian tubule   (Ivanchenko et al., 2001) adult stage | female   follicle cell   (Beaver et al., 2003) western blot Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage   adult head   (Yoshii et al., 2005, Stavropoulos and Young, 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data
	per protein in the adult is expressed in the s-LNv Pdf positive, l-LNv, LNd and DN neurons. On the third instar larval stage it is expressed in the larval s-LNv Pdf neurons. (Blanchardon et al., 2001) Observed at ZT00, 06, 12 and 18, per protein shows oscillation in the LP neurons and DN1a neurons under a 12:12 LD cycle. per protein is found in the nucleus at ZT23. Expression of per is variable in intensity in the DN1p neurons, the DN2 neurons and DN3 neurons at ZT23. (Shafer et al., 2006) per protein starts being expressed in the embryonic brain at stage 12, extending gradually to 130 neurons at stage 16; a hundred of those also express Scer\GAL4per.PK. per-positive neurons are found throughout the brain but with more cells located caudally. Around 20 cells co-express per and tim. These cells are located in the lateral protocerebrum, close to where the lateral and dorsomedial larval clock neurons are found. Expression of per in the ventral nerve cord starts at stage 12 in 2-3 neurons per segment close to the midline. The number of labeled cells increases until stage 16, when per is detected in 8 midline cells and 11 pairs of lateral cells per segment. Co-expression with en is found in 3 VUM interneurons and one UMI interneuron, four other midline neurons and two lateral cells per hemisegment. (Ruiz et al., 2010) per protein shows robust circadian cycling in the pacemaker neuron of wildtype flies. (Kadener et al., 2006) Expression levels of per cycle in Malpighian tubules in a circadian pattern. (Ivanchenko et al., 2001) Period staining is strongest at ZT0-1, but is absent at ZT12. At peak expression, the Period protein is predominantly nuclear. tim protein colocalizes with the per protein. (Kaneko et al., 1997) At 1 hour before lights on in an LD cycle, per is predominantly nuclear localized, close to the nuclear membrane. per protein levels are highest 3hrs before lights on and lowest 12hrs later. (Rieger et al., 2006) per protein shows strong oscillations under LD conditions, with a peak in the night and a gradual decrease at lights on. per protein is not restricted to the cytoplasm, but migrates to and from the nucleus. (Yoshii et al., 2005) The levels of per protein oscillate throughout the day in a circadian fashion, in contrast to inc. Expression of per is highest between ZT0 to ZT4 and ZT16 to ZT20. (Stavropoulos and Young, 2011) A detailed examination of the distribution of per protein-expressing cells within the adult brain was made. Expression was detected in the ocelli, the photoreceptor cells, and throughout the central brain and the optic ganglia and the detailed locations of expressing cells were described. The most prominent immunoreactive cells are lateral cells in the cortical area between the inner margin of the medulla and the central brain neuropil which may correspond to the medullary tangential neurons. Double staining with an antibody to elav which recognizes only neurons was used to determine the nature of the per protein-expressing cells. The per protein-expressing cells in the ocelli and eyes, the lateral cells, and the dorsal-most cortex cells were shown to be neurons. The cells located at the margins of the cortex and neuropil in the optic lobes and the central brain, the cells within the lamina and central brain neuropil, and the cells in the inner chiasm are not neurons and are thought to be glia. (Ewer et al., 1992) per is lost from within the nucleus of the l-LNvs by ZT10. It is found to be evenly distributed between the nucleus and the cytoplasm at ZT16, four hours after lights-off. It becomes predominantly nuclear by ZT19 and remains so for the rest of the dark period. In the s-LNv neurons, per is restricted to the cytoplasm until ZT16, but is seen in both the cytoplasm and nucleus by ZT18, becoming predominantly nuclear by ZT20. (Shafer et al., 2002)
Marker for
	pacemaker neuron
Subcellular Localization (GO Cellular Component)
CV term Evidence References
cytoplasm inferred from direct assay (Lin et al., 2004, Ashmore et al., 2003, Meyer et al., 2006, de la Paz Fernandez et al., 2007, Kotwica et al., 2009) nucleus inferred from direct assay (Lin et al., 2004, Cyran et al., 2005, Ashmore et al., 2003, Meyer et al., 2006, de la Paz Fernandez et al., 2007)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{GAL4-per.BS} Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 16 -- 17   RP2 motor neuron   (Ruiz et al., 2010) aCC neuron   (Ruiz et al., 2010) pCC neuron   (Ruiz et al., 2010) A1-7 DO1 motor neuron   (Ruiz et al., 2010) A1-7 DA2 motor neuron   (Ruiz et al., 2010) U3 neuron   (Ruiz et al., 2010) EL neuron   (Ruiz et al., 2010) VUM neuron   (Ruiz et al., 2010) Comment:interneuron interneuron of neuroblast MNB   (Ruiz et al., 2010) UMI interneuron   (Ruiz et al., 2010) neuroblast NB2-1   (Ruiz et al., 2010) Comment:4 interneurons neuroblast NB4-1   (Ruiz et al., 2010) Comment:2 interneurons larval stage   embryonic/larval digestive system   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) embryonic/larval epidermis   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) embryonic/larval salivary gland   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) embryonic/larval Malpighian tubule   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) embryonic/larval mouth   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) embryonic/larval trachea   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) embryonic/larval anterior spiracle   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) embryonic/larval posterior spiracle   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) larval LN period neuron   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) cortex associated CNS glial cell | subset   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) ventral nerve cord | subset & ventral   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) Comment:Close to the midline adult stage   antenna   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) photoreceptor cell   (Kaneko, 1997.3.14) adult central complex   (Kaneko, 1997.3.14) adult brain | restricted   (Kaneko, 1997.3.14) pars intercerebralis   (Kaneko, 1997.3.14) adult antennal lobe | dorso-lateral & restricted   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) adult antennal lobe | restricted & ventro-lateral   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) proboscis   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) head capsule   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) leg   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) wing   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) adult thorax   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) adult abdomen   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) testis   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) seminal vesicle   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) male accessory gland   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) ejaculatory bulb   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) seminal receptacle   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) uterus   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) spermathecum   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) adult Malpighian tubule   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) adult midgut   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) pacemaker neuron   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) l-LNv neuron   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) s-LNv neuron   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) Comment:Variably labelled between samples DN1 neuron   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) DN2 neuron   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) Comment:Variably labelled between samples DN3 neuron   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) LNd neuron   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) Comment:Variably labelled between samples posterior optic commissure   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) outer medulla   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) dorsal commissure   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) ocellus | restricted   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) retina | restricted   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) photoreceptor | subset   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) eyelet photoreceptor   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) surface associated glial cell | subset   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) glial cell of optic chiasm | subset   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) epithelial cell of adult heart | subset   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) follicle cell | subset   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) adult pars intercerebralis | restricted   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) cortex of the central nervous system | posterior & restricted   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) ellipsoid body | subset   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) fan-shaped body | subset   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) middle antenno-cerebral tract | subset   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) periesophageal neuropils | restricted   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) Comment:Cells surrounding the esophageal foramen lamina | restricted   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) somatic muscle of adult thorax | subset   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) adult protocerebrum | posterior & subset   (Kaneko and Hall, 2000) neuron | subset of adult brain   (Chen et al., 2012) dorsal anterior lateral neuron of the protocerebrum   (Chen et al., 2012) Comment:faint expression eye   (Chen et al., 2012) Comment:faint expression ellipsoid body   (Chen et al., 2012) Comment:strong expression glial cell of adult brain   (Chen et al., 2012) Comment:faint expression antennal lobe projection neuron   (Chen et al., 2012) Comment:medium expression
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools
Reference	See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
FlyAtlas Anatomy Microarray
FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (FlyAtlas-RNA.adult) (FlyAtlas-RNA.larva)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, adult central nervous system. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (>999.999) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    30.8 Larval Midgut    19.6 Larval Hindgut    3.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    7.2 Larval Fat Body    18.4 Larval Salivary Gland    12.8 Larval Trachea    19.2 Larval Carcass    7.025 Adult Head    159.2 Adult Eye    184.45 Adult Brain    112.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    110 Adult Crop    44.6 Adult Midgut    38.7 Adult Hindgut    48 Adult Malpighian Tubules    71.1 Adult Fat Body    38.2 Adult Salivary Gland    69.4 Adult Heart    29.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    30.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    27.6 Adult Ovary    20.2 Adult Testis    11.4 Adult Male Accessory Gland    26.4 Adult Carcass    54.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    30.8 Larval Midgut    19.6 Larval Hindgut    3.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    7.2 Larval Fat Body    18.4 Larval Salivary Gland    12.8 Larval Trachea    19.2 Larval Carcass    7.025 Adult Head    159.2 Adult Eye    184.45 Adult Brain    112.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    110 Adult Crop    44.6 Adult Midgut    38.7 Adult Hindgut    48 Adult Malpighian Tubules    71.1 Adult Fat Body    38.2 Adult Salivary Gland    69.4 Adult Heart    29.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    30.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    27.6 Adult Ovary    20.2 Adult Testis    11.4 Adult Male Accessory Gland    26.4 Adult Carcass    54.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    30.8 Larval Midgut    19.6 Larval Hindgut    3.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    7.2 Larval Fat Body    18.4 Larval Salivary Gland    12.8 Larval Trachea    19.2 Larval Carcass    7.025 Adult Head    159.2 Adult Eye    184.45 Adult Brain    112.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    110 Adult Crop    44.6 Adult Midgut    38.7 Adult Hindgut    48 Adult Malpighian Tubules    71.1 Adult Fat Body    38.2 Adult Salivary Gland    69.4 Adult Heart    29.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    30.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    27.6 Adult Ovary    20.2 Adult Testis    11.4 Adult Male Accessory Gland    26.4 Adult Carcass    54.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    30.8 Larval Midgut    19.6 Larval Hindgut    3.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    7.2 Larval Fat Body    18.4 Larval Salivary Gland    12.8 Larval Trachea    19.2 Larval Carcass    7.025 Adult Head    159.2 Adult Eye    184.45 Adult Brain    112.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    110 Adult Crop    44.6 Adult Midgut    38.7 Adult Hindgut    48 Adult Malpighian Tubules    71.1 Adult Fat Body    38.2 Adult Salivary Gland    69.4 Adult Heart    29.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    30.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    27.6 Adult Ovary    20.2 Adult Testis    11.4 Adult Male Accessory Gland    26.4 Adult Carcass    54.4 Expression Level Scale  Very high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    30.8 Larval Midgut    19.6 Larval Hindgut    3.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    7.2 Larval Fat Body    18.4 Larval Salivary Gland    12.8 Larval Trachea    19.2 Larval Carcass    7.025 Adult Head    159.2 Adult Eye    184.45 Adult Brain    112.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    110 Adult Crop    44.6 Adult Midgut    38.7 Adult Hindgut    48 Adult Malpighian Tubules    71.1 Adult Fat Body    38.2 Adult Salivary Gland    69.4 Adult Heart    29.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    30.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    27.6 Adult Ovary    20.2 Adult Testis    11.4 Adult Male Accessory Gland    26.4 Adult Carcass    54.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    30.8 Larval Midgut    19.6 Larval Hindgut    3.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    7.2 Larval Fat Body    18.4 Larval Salivary Gland    12.8 Larval Trachea    19.2 Larval Carcass    7.025 Adult Head    159.2 Adult Eye    184.45 Adult Brain    112.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    110 Adult Crop    44.6 Adult Midgut    38.7 Adult Hindgut    48 Adult Malpighian Tubules    71.1 Adult Fat Body    38.2 Adult Salivary Gland    69.4 Adult Heart    29.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    30.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    27.6 Adult Ovary    20.2 Adult Testis    11.4 Adult Male Accessory Gland    26.4 Adult Carcass    54.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    30.8 Larval Midgut    19.6 Larval Hindgut    3.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    7.2 Larval Fat Body    18.4 Larval Salivary Gland    12.8 Larval Trachea    19.2 Larval Carcass    7.025 Adult Head    159.2 Adult Eye    184.45 Adult Brain    112.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    110 Adult Crop    44.6 Adult Midgut    38.7 Adult Hindgut    48 Adult Malpighian Tubules    71.1 Adult Fat Body    38.2 Adult Salivary Gland    69.4 Adult Heart    29.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    30.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    27.6 Adult Ovary    20.2 Adult Testis    11.4 Adult Male Accessory Gland    26.4 Adult Carcass    54.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    30.8 Larval Midgut    19.6 Larval Hindgut    3.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    7.2 Larval Fat Body    18.4 Larval Salivary Gland    12.8 Larval Trachea    19.2 Larval Carcass    7.025 Adult Head    159.2 Adult Eye    184.45 Adult Brain    112.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    110 Adult Crop    44.6 Adult Midgut    38.7 Adult Hindgut    48 Adult Malpighian Tubules    71.1 Adult Fat Body    38.2 Adult Salivary Gland    69.4 Adult Heart    29.575 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    30.9 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    27.6 Adult Ovary    20.2 Adult Testis    11.4 Adult Male Accessory Gland    26.4 Adult Carcass    54.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    159.2   NA  Eye    184.45   NA  Brain    112.9   30.8  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    110   NA  Crop    44.6   no informative data  Midgut    38.7   3.9  Hindgut    48   7.2  Malpighian Tubules    no informative data   no informative data  Fat Body    38.2   no informative data  Salivary Gland    69.4   NA  Heart    29.575   19.2  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    30.9   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    no informative data   NA  Ovary    20.2   NA  Testis    no informative data   NA  Male Accessory Gland    no informative data   7.025  Carcass    54.4 FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
modENCODE Anatomy RNA-Seq
modENCODE Tissue Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_tissues)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    3 central nervous system, pupae P8    8 head, virgin 1-day female    15 head, virgin 4-day female    26 head, virgin 20-day female    15 head, mated 1-day female    22 head, mated 4-day female    21 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male    34 head, mated 4-day male    41 head, mated 20-day male    26 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    3 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    5 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    3 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    2 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    3 central nervous system, pupae P8    8 head, virgin 1-day female    15 head, virgin 4-day female  26 head, virgin 20-day female    15 head, mated 1-day female    22 head, mated 4-day female    21 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male  (34) head, mated 4-day male  (41) head, mated 20-day male  26 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    3 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    5 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    3 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    2 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    3 central nervous system, pupae P8    8 head, virgin 1-day female    15 head, virgin 4-day female    26 head, virgin 20-day female    15 head, mated 1-day female    22 head, mated 4-day female    21 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male    34 head, mated 4-day male    41 head, mated 20-day male    26 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    3 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    5 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    3 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    2 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    3 central nervous system, pupae P8    8 head, virgin 1-day female    15 head, virgin 4-day female    26 head, virgin 20-day female    15 head, mated 1-day female    22 head, mated 4-day female    21 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male    34 head, mated 4-day male    41 head, mated 20-day male    26 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    3 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    5 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    3 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    2 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    2 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    3 central nervous system, pupae P8    8 head, virgin 1-day female    15 head, virgin 4-day female    26 head, virgin 20-day female    15 head, mated 1-day female    22 head, mated 4-day female    21 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male    34 head, mated 4-day male    41 head, mated 20-day male    26 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    3 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    5 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    3 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    2 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    3 central nervous system, pupae P8    8 head, virgin 1-day female    15 head, virgin 4-day female  26 head, virgin 20-day female    15 head, mated 1-day female    22 head, mated 4-day female    21 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male  (34) head, mated 4-day male  (41) head, mated 20-day male  26 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    3 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    5 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    3 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    2 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    3 central nervous system, pupae P8    8 head, virgin 1-day female    15 head, virgin 4-day female    26 head, virgin 20-day female    15 head, mated 1-day female    22 head, mated 4-day female    21 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male    34 head, mated 4-day male    41 head, mated 20-day male    26 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    3 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    5 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    3 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    2 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    3 central nervous system, pupae P8    8 head, virgin 1-day female    15 head, virgin 4-day female    26 head, virgin 20-day female    15 head, mated 1-day female    22 head, mated 4-day female    21 head, mated 20-day female    11 head, mated 1-day male    34 head, mated 4-day male    41 head, mated 20-day male    26 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    3 digestive system, 20-day adult    4 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    5 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    3 carcass, 4-day adult    3 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    2 testis, mated 4-day male    1 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering     central nervous system, larvae L3     central nervous system, pupae P8     head, virgin 1-day female     head, virgin 4-day female     head, virgin 20-day female     head, mated 1-day female     head, mated 4-day female     head, mated 20-day female     head, mated 1-day male     head, mated 4-day male     head, mated 20-day male     salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering     salivary gland, white prepupae     digestive system, larvae L3 wandering     digestive system, 1-day adult     digestive system, 4-day adult     digestive system, 20-day adult     fat body, larvae L3 wandering     fat body, white prepupae     fat body, pupae P8     carcass, larvae L3 wandering     carcass, 1-day adult     carcass, 4-day adult     carcass, 20-day adult     ovary, virgin 4-day female     ovary, mated 4-day female     testis, mated 4-day male     accessory gland, mated 4-day male
modENCODE Development RNA-Seq
modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_U)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderate expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed during late pupal stages, in stages of adults of both sexes. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    1 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    1 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    1 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    1 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    9 adult male 30day    10 adult female 01day    7 adult female 05day    2 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    1 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    1 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    1 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    1 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    9 adult male 30day    10 adult female 01day    7 adult female 05day    2 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    1 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    1 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    1 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    1 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    9 adult male 30day    10 adult female 01day    7 adult female 05day    2 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    1 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    1 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    1 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    1 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    9 adult male 30day    10 adult female 01day    7 adult female 05day    2 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    1 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    1 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    1 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    1 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    9 adult male 30day    10 adult female 01day    7 adult female 05day    2 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    1 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    1 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    1 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    1 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    9 adult male 30day    10 adult female 01day    7 adult female 05day    2 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    1 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    1 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    1 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    1 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    9 adult male 30day    10 adult female 01day    7 adult female 05day    2 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    1 embryo 06-08hr    1 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    1 embryo 14-16hr    2 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    1 embryo 20-22hr    1 embryo 22-24hr    1 larva L1    1 larva L2    0 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    0 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    1 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    3 pupae 4d postWPP    6 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    9 adult male 30day    10 adult female 01day    7 adult female 05day    2 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011)
modENCODE Cell Lines RNA-Seq
modENCODE Cell Line Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.A) (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.B)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    1 embryonic GM2    1 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    6 embryonic S3    1 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    1 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    2 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    8 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    7 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    47 ovary OSC    1 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    1 embryonic GM2    1 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    6 embryonic S3    1 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    1 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    2 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    8 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    7 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS  (47) ovary OSC    1 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    1 embryonic GM2    1 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    6 embryonic S3    1 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    1 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    2 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    8 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    7 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    47 ovary OSC    1 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    1 embryonic GM2    1 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    6 embryonic S3    1 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    1 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    2 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    8 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    7 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    47 ovary OSC    1 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    1 embryonic GM2    1 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    6 embryonic S3    1 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    1 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    2 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    8 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    7 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    47 ovary OSC    1 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  log, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    1 embryonic GM2    1 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    6 embryonic S3    1 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    1 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    2 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    8 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    7 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS  (47) ovary OSC    1 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    1 embryonic GM2    1 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    6 embryonic S3    1 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    1 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    2 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    8 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    7 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    47 ovary OSC    1 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    0 embryonic 1182-4H    1 embryonic GM2    1 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    6 embryonic S3    1 leg disc CME L1    0 wing disc CME-W2    0 wing disc ML-DmD8    0 wing disc ML-DmD9    1 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    2 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    0 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    0 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    2 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    8 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    7 tumorous blood cells mbn2    0 ovary fGS/OSS    47 ovary OSC    1 ovary OSS    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+     Schneider line 2 Sg4     embryonic 1182-4H     embryonic GM2     embryonic Kc167     embryonic S1     embryonic S3     leg disc CME L1     wing disc CME-W2     wing disc ML-DmD8     wing disc ML-DmD9     wing disc ML-DmD16-c3     wing disc ML-DmD21     wing disc ML-DmD32     haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3     eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11     antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5     mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1     CNS ML-DmBG1-c1     CNS ML-DmBG2-c2     tumorous blood cells mbn2     ovary fGS/OSS     ovary OSC     ovary OSS
modENCODE Treatments RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatment Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_treatments)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    9 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult     cold shock, 4-day adult     heat shock, 4-day adult     Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3     Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_00
External Data & Images
Linkouts	FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0003068 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG2647-RA
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele viable per01 viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 perGD1260 Sterility Allele semi-fertile per04 semi-fertile | conditional per01 semi-sterile per04 semi-sterile | conditional per01 Other Phenotypes Allele aging defective | recessive per01 behavior defective per01.tYa per01 perB perF perH perL1 pers perT behavior defective | heat sensitive perLR behavior defective | recessive per01 behavior defective | semidominant perClk pers perT body color defective, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 perGD1260 circadian behavior defective per01 circadian rhythm defective per01 per04 per+t7.2 per+t14.6 perClk perL1 perL2 perLvar perS589D perS589E perS589G perS589Y pers persvar perT pertA pertB' perThr-Gly-14 perThr-Gly-17 perThr-Gly-20 perThr-Gly-23a perThr-Gly-23b pertim.Aa pertThr-Gly-1 pertThr-Gly-17a pertThr-Gly-20a perΔ(Thr-Gly) perΔcld perΔS circadian rhythm defective | male per+t14.6 circadian rhythm defective | semidominant | cold sensitive perSLIH courtship behavior defective per01 perL1 pers courtship behavior defective | male per01 perL1 pers eclosion rhythm defective perJC43 eclosion rhythm defective | semidominant perClk perSLIH gravitaxis defective | recessive per01 locomotor rhythm defective per01 perBG.T:Ecol\lacZ perBG.T:Ppyr\LUC perJC43 perL1 pers perSG.T:Ecol\lacZ perSL.T:Ivir\HA1,T:Zzzz\His6 perXLG.T:Ecol\lacZ perΔC2 locomotor rhythm defective, with per01 perS149-151-153A.tG perS149A.tG perS151-153D.tG perS151A.tG perS153.tG perS585A.T:Ivir\HA1.T:Zzzz\His6 perS589A.T:Ivir\HA1.T:Zzzz\His6 perS596A.T:Ivir\HA1.T:Zzzz\His6 perSL.T:Ivir\HA1,T:Zzzz\His6 perT583A.S596A.T:Ivir\HA1.T:Zzzz\His6 locomotor rhythm defective, with perS149-151-153A.tG per01 locomotor rhythm defective, with perS149A.tG per01 locomotor rhythm defective, with perS151-153D.tG per01 locomotor rhythm defective, with perS151A.tG per01 locomotor rhythm defective, with perS153.tG per01 locomotor rhythm defective, with perS585A.T:Ivir\HA1.T:Zzzz\His6 per01 locomotor rhythm defective, with perS589A.T:Ivir\HA1.T:Zzzz\His6 per01 locomotor rhythm defective, with perS596A.T:Ivir\HA1.T:Zzzz\His6 per01 locomotor rhythm defective, with perSL.T:Ivir\HA1,T:Zzzz\His6 per01 locomotor rhythm defective, with perT583A.S596A.T:Ivir\HA1.T:Zzzz\His6 per01 locomotor rhythm defective, with Scer\GAL41118 perScer\UAS.cBa locomotor rhythm defective, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI perScer\UAS.cYa locomotor rhythm defective, with Scer\GAL4cry.PZ perScer\UAS.cYa locomotor rhythm defective, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155 perScer\UAS.cYa locomotor rhythm defective, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155, Scer\GAL80cry.PS, per01 perScer\UAS.cYa locomotor rhythm defective, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155, Scer\GAL80cry.PS, perScer\UAS.cYa per01 locomotor rhythm defective, with Scer\GAL4Mz520 perScer\UAS.cBa locomotor rhythm defective, with Scer\GAL4P0.5.Pdf perScer\UAS.cYa locomotor rhythm defective, with Scer\GAL4P2.4.Pdf perScer\UAS.cBa locomotor rhythm defective, with Scer\GAL4per.PK perScer\UAS.cKa locomotor rhythm defective, with Scer\GAL4tim.PE perdsRNA.Ct.Scer\UAS perdsRNA.PAS.Scer\UAS perScer\UAS.cKa perScer\UAS.cYa locomotor rhythm defective, with Scer\GAL4tim.PE, Scer\GAL80Pdf.PS perScer\UAS.cKa perScer\UAS.cYa locomotor rhythm defective, with Scer\GAL4tim.Scer\UAS perdsRNA.Scer\UAS locomotor rhythm defective (with per01) perS149-151-153A.tG perS149A.tG perS151-153D.tG perS151A.tG perS153.tG locomotor rhythm defective (with perS149-151-153A.tG) per01 locomotor rhythm defective (with perS149A.tG) per01 locomotor rhythm defective (with perS151-153D.tG) per01 locomotor rhythm defective (with perS151A.tG) per01 locomotor rhythm defective (with perS153.tG) per01 locomotor rhythm defective | recessive per01 pers locomotor rhythm defective | semidominant perClk locomotor rhythm defective | semidominant | cold sensitive perSLIH mating defective per01 per04 mating rhythm defective per01 perhs.PEa mating rhythm defective | male limited, with per01 per+t7.2 mating rhythm defective | male limited, with per+t7.2 per01 mating rhythm defective | male limited | recessive per01 memory defective per01 memory defective, with Scer\GAL4Ddc.PL perdsRNA.PAS.Scer\UAS memory defective, with Scer\GAL4G0338 perdsRNA.PAS.Scer\UAS memory defective, with Scer\GAL4G0431 perdsRNA.PAS.Scer\UAS memory defective, with Scer\GAL4per.PK perdsRNA.PAS.Scer\UAS memory defective | heat sensitive perhs.PEa memory defective | recessive per01 pers neuroanatomy defective per01 photoperiod response variant per01 song defective | recessive per01 stress response defective | recessive per01 visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 perGD1260 visual behavior defective per01 wild-type per+mCA per+mCB per+mCC per+mCG per+t7.1 per+t7.2 per+t8.0 per+t12.3 per+t13.2 per+t14.6 perC.T:Hsap\MYC perC.T:Ivir\HA1 pergl.PV perM.T:Hsap\MYC perN.T:Ivir\HA1 perS589D perS589E perS589G perS589T perS589Y pertA pertB' pertG Phenotype manifest in Allele indirect flight muscle motor neuron MN5 per01 Malpighian tubule per01 mesothoracic tergum, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 perGD1260 pericardial cell | P-stage per01 posterior adult hindgut per01 trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 perGD1260
Classical Alleles ( 55 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of per Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion perJC43 2 -- perKG00546 P-element activity 1 -- per01 amorphic allele - genetic evidence, loss of function allele ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes per02 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes per03 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes per04 ethyl methanesulfonate N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine 0 Yes perClk ethyl methanesulfonate chemical 0 Yes perE02 0 Yes perE11 0 Yes perE12 0 Yes perE15 0 Yes perE30 0 Yes perE33 0 Yes perK1 0 -- perK2 0 -- perL1 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes perL2 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes perLI1 0 -- perLI2 0 -- perLvar ethyl methanesulfonate N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine 0 -- perNJ1 0 -- perNJ2 0 -- perNW01 0 Yes perNW03 0 Yes perNW05 0 Yes perNW06 0 Yes perNW09 0 Yes perNW12 0 Yes perRD01 0 Yes perRD02 0 Yes perRD03 0 Yes perRD05 0 Yes perRD07 0 Yes perRD08 0 Yes perRD13 0 Yes perRD15 0 Yes perRD16 0 Yes perRD20 0 Yes perRD21 0 Yes perRD23 0 Yes perRD25 0 Yes pers hypermorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes perSLIH 0 Yes persvar N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine 0 -- perT ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes perThr-Gly-14 natural population 0 Yes perThr-Gly-15 natural population 0 Yes perThr-Gly-17 natural population 0 Yes perThr-Gly-20 natural population 0 Yes perThr-Gly-21 natural population 0 Yes perThr-Gly-23a natural population 0 Yes perThr-Gly-23b natural population 0 Yes perThr-Gly-24 natural population 0 Yes perVT1.1 natural population 0 Yes perVT1.2 natural population 0 Yes
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 177 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of per Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion perGD1260 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 2 Yes perHMS02045 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes perJF01226 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes perJF01452 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes per+mCA in vitro construct - minigene 0 Yes per+mCB in vitro construct - minigene 0 Yes per+mCC in vitro construct - minigene 0 Yes per+mCG in vitro construct - minigene 0 Yes per+t12.3 in vitro construct 0 Yes per+t13.2 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes per+t14.6 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes per+t7.1 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes per+t7.2 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes per+t8.0 in vitro construct - deletion in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes per+tCa in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes per01.tYa in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes per1-1224.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes per1-23.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes per1-450.Act5C.T:SV5\V5,T:SV40\nls2 in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes per1-450.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes per1-450.M73-7.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes per1-516.Act5C.T:SV5\V5,T:SV40\nls2 in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes per1-516.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes per1-95.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes per1.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes per447-1224.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes per513-1224.835-7.Act5C.T:SV5\V5,T:SV40\nls2 in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes per513-1224.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes per513-1224.M788-91.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes per513-1224.M822-3.Act5C.T:SV5\V5,T:SV40\nls2 in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes per513-1224.M822-3.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes per513-1224.M835-7.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes per513-813.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes per513-840.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes per513-892.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes per586-984.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes per764-1224.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes per8.0.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes per8.0.T:Ppyr\LUC in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes per807-1224.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes per829.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes per843-1224.Act5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes per8:8 in vitro construct 0 Yes per9.0 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes per95.gl.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes per95.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perA in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perAct5C.cNa.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perAct5C.PD in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perAct5C.T:Avic\GFP-ECFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perAct5C.T:Ivir\HA1 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perAct5C.T:SV5\V5,T:Zzzz\His6 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perAct5C.T:SV5\V5 in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perB in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perBG.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perBG.T:Ppyr\LUC in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perC.T:Hsap\MYC in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perC.T:Ivir\HA1 in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perCG.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perClk.t13.2 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes perCRS.hs in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perCRS.P\T in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perCt-as.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perCt-s.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perD588F in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perD588V in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perD600E,S604G in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perD600V in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perdel in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perdsRNA.Ct.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perdsRNA.PAS.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perdsRNA.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - RNAi 0 Yes perDyak\per.3' in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perE575G in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perE579A in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perE586G,D588A,M591L in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perE586V,V590D in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perE in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perF in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perG249F.Act5C.T:Hsap\MYC in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes perG593C in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perG593S in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perG in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes pergl.PV in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perH in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perhs.PEa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perhs.PEb in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perhs.PH in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perhs.PN in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perhs.PS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perhs.T:Avic\GFP-ECFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perKKKKNKG74-80PKKKRKV in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perL.hs.T:Avic\GFP-ECFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes perL1.tBa in vitro construct 0 Yes perL415R.Act5C.T:Hsap\MYC in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes perL574M in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perLN in vitro construct - amino acid replacement in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes perLR in vitro construct - amino acid replacement in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes perM.T:Hsap\MYC in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perM2M1 in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes perM560D.Act5C.T:Hsap\MYC in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes perN.T:Ivir\HA1 in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perNIG.2647R in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perninaE.PZ in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perninaE.T:Ivir\HA1 in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perP577R,H578Q in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perP597A in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perP597T,H599Q,Y601F in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perRKKKK73-76LNNNN in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes pers.hs in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes pers.tBa in vitro construct 0 Yes perS149-151-153A.tG in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS149A.tG in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS151-153D.tG in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS151A.tG in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS153.tG in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS47A.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS585A.T:Ivir\HA1.T:Zzzz\His6 in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS585A in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS589A.T:Ivir\HA1.T:Zzzz\His6 in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS589D in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS589E in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS589G in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS589L in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS589T in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS589Y in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS596A.T:Ivir\HA1.T:Zzzz\His6 in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perS59A.tG in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perScer\UAS.cBa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perScer\UAS.cKa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perScer\UAS.cYa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perSG.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perSL.T:Ivir\HA1,T:Zzzz\His6 in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perSMSTS1202-1206VLDR in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perT583A.S596A.T:Ivir\HA1.T:Zzzz\His6 in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perT:Ivir\HA1,T:Zzzz\His6 in vitro construct - genomic fragment in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes pertA in vitro construct - genomic fragment in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes pertB' in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes pertG in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes pertim.Aa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes pertThr-Gly-17a in vitro construct 0 Yes pertThr-Gly-1 in vitro construct 0 Yes pertThr-Gly-20a in vitro construct 0 Yes pertVT1.1-SNP3.SNP4 in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes pertVT1.1-SNP3 in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes pertVT1.1-SNP4 in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes pertVT1.1 in vitro construct 0 Yes pertVT1.2 in vitro construct 0 Yes perV243D.Act5C.T:Hsap\MYC in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes perW482A.Act5C.T:Hsap\MYC in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes perXLG.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perXLG.T:Ppyr\LUC in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perαTub84B.3'UTR in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes perΔ(Thr-Gly) in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔ1-95.hs in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔ118-293.hs in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔ118-530.hs in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔ240-293.hs in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔ365-454.hs in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔ452-512.hs in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔ452-569.hs in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔ515-569.hs in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔ524-685.hs in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔ540-569.hs in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔ585-601.hs in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔ598-1224.hs in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔ65-93,A94R,S95A in vitro construct - deletion in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes perΔ830-1224.hs in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔ95-530.hs in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔ96-529.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔC2 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔCBD.T:Ivir\HA1,T:Zzzz\His6 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔcld in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔNLS.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - deletion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes perΔS in vitro construct - genomic fragment in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes perΔTG13.2 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes perΔTG8.0 in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(1)62d18 (Smith and Konopka, 1981, Bargiello and Young, 1984, Bourouis et al., 1990) Df(1)64c4 (Thierry-Mieg, 1982, Livingstone and Tempel, 1983) Df(1)64c18 (Dushay et al., 1990) Df(1)64f1 (Smith and Konopka, 1981, Thierry-Mieg, 1982, Perrimon and Smouse, 1989, Lin and Wolfner, 1989, Dushay et al., 1990) Df(1)64j4 (Hamblen et al., 1998, Smith and Konopka, 1981, Bargiello et al., 1984, Bargiello and Young, 1984, Liu et al., 1988, Perrimon and Smouse, 1989, Lorenz et al., 1989, Lin and Wolfner, 1989, Dushay et al., 1990, Gailey et al., 1991, Frisch et al., 1994, Dowse et al., 1995, So and Rosbash, 1997) Df(1)TEM7 (Thierry-Mieg, 1982, Lear et al., 2005) Df(1)TEM202 (Hamblen et al., 1998, Smith and Konopka, 1981, Bargiello et al., 1984, Bargiello and Young, 1984, Liu et al., 1988, Lorenz et al., 1989, Gailey et al., 1991, Frisch et al., 1994, Dowse et al., 1995, So and Rosbash, 1997) Df(1)w258-11 (Thierry-Mieg, 1982) Df(1)w258-42 (Thierry-Mieg, 1982) Df(1)w-rJ1 (Smith and Konopka, 1981, Thierry-Mieg, 1982, Livingstone and Tempel, 1983, Dushay et al., 1990, Gailey et al., 1991) Df(1)w-rJ2 (Livingstone and Tempel, 1983) Df(1)X12 (Thierry-Mieg, 1982) T(1;4)JC43 (Bargiello and Young, 1984, Jackson et al., 1986)
Duplicated in	Dp(1;2;Y)w+ (Hamblen et al., 1998, Matsumoto et al., 1999, Smith and Konopka, 1981, Livingstone and Tempel, 1983, Dushay et al., 1990) Dp(1;3)w+67k (Smith and Konopka, 1981) Dp(1;3)wvco (Dushay et al., 1990) Dp(1;4)wm65g (Smith and Konopka, 1981) Dp(1;Y)w+303 (Dushay et al., 1990) Dp(1;Y)y267g19.1 (Lefevre, 1981)
Not disrupted in	Df(1)62g18 (Thierry-Mieg, 1982, Dushay et al., 1990) Df(1)65j26 (Thierry-Mieg, 1982) Df(1)K95 (Smith and Konopka, 1981, Zehring et al., 1984, Perrimon and Smouse, 1989, Dushay et al., 1990) Df(1)N-8 (Lin and Wolfner, 1989, Dushay et al., 1990, Gailey et al., 1991) Df(1)Pgd35 (Dushay et al., 1990) Df(1)pn7a (Dushay et al., 1990, Gailey et al., 1991) Df(1)w55j (Lin and Wolfner, 1989) Df(1)w258-45 (Thierry-Mieg, 1982, Lin and Wolfner, 1989, Dushay et al., 1990) In(1)w-64d (Smith and Konopka, 1981, Zehring et al., 1984, Bargiello and Young, 1984, Dushay et al., 1990)
Partially disrupted in	Ts(1Lt;4Lt)JC43+Ts(1Rt;2Rt)RC45 (Smith and Konopka, 1981)
Partially duplicated in	Ts(1Lt;4Lt)JC43 (Smith and Konopka, 1981)
Not duplicated in	Dp(1;3)N264-58 (Dushay et al., 1990) Dp(1;3)wm49a (Dushay et al., 1990)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
reporter construct	Name Expression Data P{8.0-βgal} No P{CATper.BS} No P{CATper.H1} No P{CATper.HS} No P{CATper.R1} No P{CATper.Spe1} No P{CG-βgal} No P{CperNlZ} No P{CγB} No P{glass-PER1-95β-gal} No P{lacZper.P} No P{NγB} No P{PER1-23lacZ} No P{PER1-95lacZ} No P{PER1-95β-gal} No P{PER1-636ΔNLS66-79lacZ} No P{per21e-lacZ} No P{per21-lacZ} No P{per69x3-lacZ} No P{per-hs43-lacZ.-341-156} No P{per-hs43-lacZ.-449-603} No P{per-hs43-lacZ.-467-325} No P{per-hs43-lacZ.-505-449} No P{per-hs43-lacZ.-563-494} No P{per-hs43-lacZ.-603-449} No P{per-hs43-lacZ.-603-550} No P{per-hs43-lacZ.-1313-34} No P{per-lacZ.829} No P{per-lacZ.BG} No P{per-lacZ.CRS} No P{per-lacZ.NG} No P{per-lacZ.SG} No P{per-P\T-lacZ.-175-34} No P{per-P\T-lacZ.-341-34} No P{per-P\T-lacZ.-341-156} No P{per-P\T-lacZ.-467-34} No P{per-P\T-lacZ.-467-325} No P{per-P\T-lacZ.-603-34} No P{per-P\T-lacZ.-603-156} No P{per-P\T-lacZ.-603-449} No P{per-P\T-lacZ.-1313-34} No P{per-P\T-lacZ.-1313-587} No P{PER-SGΔ96-529} No P{SγB} No P{XLG} No
UAS construct	Name Expression Data P{GD1260} NA P{NIG.2647R} NA P{TRiP.HMS02045} NA P{TRiP.JF01226} NA P{TRiP.JF01452} NA P{UAS-per.B} NA P{UAS-per.Ct-as} NA P{UAS-per.Ct-IR} NA P{UAS-per.Ct-s} NA P{UAS-per.IR} NA P{UAS-per.K} NA P{UAS-per.PAS-IR} NA P{UAS-per.S47A} NA P{UAS-per.Y} NA
heat-shock construct	Name Expression Data P{hsp70-per7.2} NA P{hsp-per.E} NA P{perCRS.hs} NA P{perhs.PH} NA
GAL4 construct	Name Expression Data P{GAL4-per.BS} No
characterization construct	Name Expression Data P{13.2(perAsp589)} NA P{13.2(perGlu589)} NA P{13.2(perGly589)} NA P{13.2(perThr589)} NA P{13.2(perTyr589)} NA P{BG-luc} NA P{CB} NA P{CP1} NA P{glass-PERc} NA P{MM1} NA P{mps2} NA P{mps3} NA P{mps4} NA P{mps5} NA P{ninaE-per.-180} NA P{per5.8} NA P{per7.3} NA P{per8.0(PA)} NA P{per8.0} NA P{per8.0ΔTG} NA P{per9.0} NA P{per9.8} NA P{per12.3} NA P{per13.2.cp} NA P{per13.2.HA10His} NA P{per13.2.VT1.1} NA P{per13.2.VT1.1-SNP3.SNP4} NA P{per13.2.VT1.1-SNP3} NA P{per13.2.VT1.1-SNP4} NA P{per13.2.VT1.2} NA P{per13.2.W8} NA P{per13.2(HA/C)} NA P{per13.2(HA/N)} NA P{per13.2(myc/C)} NA P{per13.2(myc/M)} NA P{per13.2} NA P{per13.2C} NA P{per13.2m-TGs} NA P{per13.2s-TGm} NA P{per13.2ΔCBD} NA P{per13.2ΔTG} NA P{per14.6} NA P{per69x3-luc} NA P{per.8:8} NA P{per.8.0-luc} NA P{per.dyp3'} NA P{per.M2M1} NA P{per.S59A} NA P{per.S149A} NA P{per.S151-153D} NA P{per.S151A} NA P{per.S153A} NA P{per.S585A.HA.His} NA P{per.S589A.HA.His} NA P{per.S596A.HA.His} NA P{per.T583A.S596A.HA.His} NA P{per.XLG-luc} NA P{per(Thr-Gly)1} NA P{per(Thr-Gly)17a} NA P{per(Thr-Gly)20a} NA P{per+tCa} NA P{perCRS.P\T} NA P{perD588F} NA P{perD588V} NA P{perD600E,S604G} NA P{perD600V} NA P{perdel} NA P{perE575G} NA P{perE579A} NA P{perE586G,D588A,M591L} NA P{perE586V,V590D} NA P{perG593C} NA P{perG593S} NA P{perKKKKNKG74-80PKKKRKV} NA P{perL574M} NA P{perl} NA P{perLN} NA P{perLR} NA P{perP577R,H578Q} NA P{perP597A} NA P{perP597T,H599Q,Y601F} NA P{perRKKKK73-76LNNNN} NA P{perS585A} NA P{perS589L} NA P{pers} NA P{perSMSTS1202-1206VLDR} NA P{pertA} NA P{pertB'} NA P{pertG} NA P{perΔ65-93,A94R,S95A} NA P{perΔC2} NA P{perαTub84B.3'UTR} NA P{perA} NA P{per-Aper\per.Ap} NA P{perB} NA P{perC7.2} NA P{perCA} NA P{perCC} NA P{perCG} NA P{perD} NA P{perE} NA P{perF} NA P{perG} NA P{perH} NA P{per-luc.NOG} NA P{perSL.HA10His} NA P{perΔ(Thr-Gly)} NA P{perΔcld} NA P{perΔS.g} NA P{rh-per} NA P{tim-per.A} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data insertion of mobile activating element P{EP}EP1362 NA miscellaneous insertions P{SUPor-P}perKG00546 NA
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 33 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 21 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
protein binding inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:O77059 (assigned by UniProtKB) (Rosato et al., 2001) protein heterodimerization activity inferred from physical interaction with Clk (Lee et al., 1999) transcription factor binding inferred from physical interaction with Clk (Lee et al., 1999)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
age-dependent response to oxidative stress inferred from mutant phenotype (Krishnan et al., 2009) circadian behavior inferred from mutant phenotype (Kaneko et al., 2000) circadian rhythm inferred from mutant phenotype (Ashmore et al., 2003, Ceriani et al., 2002, Lin et al., 2005, Kivimäe et al., 2008) circadian temperature homeostasis inferred from mutant phenotype (Kaneko et al., 2012) copulation inferred from mutant phenotype (Beaver and Giebultowicz, 2004) determination of adult lifespan inferred from mutant phenotype (Krishnan et al., 2009) eclosion rhythm inferred from mutant phenotype (Blanchardon et al., 2001) entrainment of circadian clock inferred from mutant phenotype (Glaser and Stanewsky, 2005) entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod inferred from mutant phenotype (Collins et al., 2005) locomotor rhythm inferred from mutant phenotype (Blanchardon et al., 2001, Picot et al., 2007) long-term memory inferred from mutant phenotype (Sakai et al., 2004, Chen et al., 2012) mating behavior inferred from mutant phenotype (Sakai and Ishida, 2001) negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter inferred from direct assay (Lee et al., 1999, Kadener et al., 2007, Matsumoto et al., 2007) negative regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding inferred from direct assay (Lee et al., 1999) regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep inferred from mutant phenotype (Shaw et al., 2002) response to oxidative stress inferred from mutant phenotype (Krishnan et al., 2008)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
cytoplasm inferred from direct assay (Lin et al., 2004, Ashmore et al., 2003, Meyer et al., 2006, de la Paz Fernandez et al., 2007, Kotwica et al., 2009) nucleus inferred from direct assay (Lin et al., 2004, Cyran et al., 2005, Ashmore et al., 2003, Meyer et al., 2006, de la Paz Fernandez et al., 2007)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 19 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
protein heterodimerization activity non-traceable author statement (Hardin, 2000) traceable author statement (Emery and Reppert, 2004) signal transducer activity inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000014 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-) transcription cofactor activity non-traceable author statement (Sokolowski, 2001) transcription corepressor activity traceable author statement (Stanewsky, 2003)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
behavioral response to cocaine non-traceable author statement (Sokolowski, 2001) circadian rhythm non-traceable author statement (FlyBase, 1992-, Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.4.1, Greenspan and Ferveur, 2000, Sokolowski, 2001) traceable author statement (Glossop and Hardin, 2002, Emery and Reppert, 2004, Hardin, 2000) circadian sleep/wake cycle traceable author statement (Stanewsky, 2002) courtship behavior non-traceable author statement (Sokolowski, 2001) eclosion rhythm non-traceable author statement (Sokolowski, 2001) traceable author statement (Panda et al., 2002, Stanewsky, 2002, Stanewsky, 2003, Hendricks, 2003) locomotor rhythm non-traceable author statement (Sokolowski, 2001, Panda et al., 2002) traceable author statement (Hendricks, 2003) male courtship behavior, veined wing generated song production non-traceable author statement (Greenspan and Ferveur, 2000) traceable author statement (Emmons and Lipton, 2003) negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter non-traceable author statement (Panda et al., 2002) traceable author statement (Stanewsky, 2003, Hardin, 2000) response to light stimulus traceable author statement (Hendricks, 2003) response to temperature stimulus traceable author statement (Hendricks, 2003) rhythmic behavior traceable author statement (Stanewsky, 2003) signal transduction inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000014, InterPro:IPR001610 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-) ultradian rhythm non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.4.1)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
cytoplasm non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.4.1, Panda et al., 2002) traceable author statement (Hendricks, 2003) nucleus non-traceable author statement (FlyBase, 1992-, Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.4.1, Panda et al., 2002) traceable author statement (Stanewsky, 2003, Hendricks, 2003)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
protein-protein
Interacting group Assay References
per - nmo protein kinase assay, western blot (Chiu et al., 2011) per - slmb pull down, anti tag western blot (Chiu et al., 2008)
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions per allele Gene References per01 tim (Yang and Sehgal, 2001) perL1 dco (Bao et al., 2001) tim (Rutila et al., 1996, Matsumoto et al., 1999, Rothenfluh et al., 2000) pers cry (Stanewsky et al., 1998) dco (Rothenfluh et al., 2000) tim (Rothenfluh et al., 2000) perT dco (Rothenfluh et al., 2000) unspecified CkIIα (Lin et al., 2005) Toki (Matsumoto et al., 1994)
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 57782 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0003068 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 31251
Orthologs
OrthoDB Orthologs (30) - based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 5.41
OrthoDB Ortholog Groups
	OrthoDB orthology group searches (Waterhouse et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39(Database issue): D283--D288) Drosophila inclusive ortholog search EOG6Z0BRD Dipteran inclusive ortholog search EOG6SJ5P6 Insect inclusive ortholog search EOG6D51SZ Arthropod inclusive ortholog search EOG647D8H Metazoa inclusive ortholog search EOG6PZX0V
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (EOG6Z0BRD)
Organism Common Name Gene AAA Syntenic Ortholog Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\per     Drosophila erecta   Dere\per Y   Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE16269     Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura   Dpse\per Y   Drosophila willistoni   Dwil\per Y   Drosophila virilis   Dvir\per Y   Drosophila mojavensis   Dmoj\per Y   Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH12039 Y
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (EOG6SJ5P6)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\AAEL008141   Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito  Agam\AGAP001856   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ007193
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (EOG6D51SZ)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\GB52077   Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\GB52078   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG013801   Acromyrmex echinatior Panamanian leafcutter ant  Aech\AECH12493   Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP14492   Camponotus floridanus Florida carpenter ant  Cflo\CFLO16807   Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL28493   Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH14371   Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB27286   Solenopsis invicta Red fire ant  Sinv\SINV16729   Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\per   Bombyx mori Silkmoth  Bmor\BGIBMGA000487   Bombyx mori Silkmoth  Bmor\BGIBMGA000486   Pediculus humanus Human body louse  Phum\PHUM247270   Tribolium castaneum Red flour beetle  Tcas\per
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (EOG647D8H)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\PER   Ixodes scapularis Deer tick  Isca\ISCW017274
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (EOG6PZX0V)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\lin-42   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\per1a
Human Orthologs (0)
Gene OMIM HGNC
AAA Orthologs (9) based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 4.3
Organism Gene Drosophila sechellia Dsec\per Drosophila erecta Dere\per Drosophila ananassae Dana\per Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura Dpse\per Drosophila persimilis Dper\per Drosophila willistoni Dwil\per Drosophila virilis Dvir\per Drosophila mojavensis Dmoj\per Drosophila grimshawi Dgri\GH12039
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 8 )
Bloomington	13104 y1 P{SUPor-P}perKG00546 31285 y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF01226}attP2 31659 y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF01452}attP2 4671 T(1;4)JC43, l(1)3Ed3 perJC43/FM7a 40878 y1 sc* v1; P{TRiP.HMS02045}attP2/TM3, Sb1
Kyoto	107832 T(1;4)JC43, l(1)3Ed3 perJC43/FM7a
VDRC	v5709 w1118 P{GD1260}v5709 v5711 w1118; P{GD1260}v5711/TM3
Genomic Clones ( 2 )
	BACR09H13 BACR30B01 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 32 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones	GH01975
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	RH28268 RH37692 RH50024 RH50095 RH51063
Other clones	163857 CK01.114C.H10 Dmel_neb_015382_0702_1407 EC051384 EC051436 EC051481 EC051877 EC051885 EC051917 EC051921 EC051934 EC052404 EC052437 EC052454 EC052936 EC052966 EC053004 EC053882 EC054363 EC054390 EC054413 EC054452 EC055265 EC055459 EK135701 EK268343
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0003068 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 31251
Antibody Information
	polyclonal (Edery et al., 1994, Luo et al., 2012, Hara et al., 2011, Kim et al., 2007, Lim et al., 2007, Muskus et al., 2007, Chiu et al., 2011, Ko et al., 2010, Houl et al., 2006)
Other Information
Discoverer
	Konopka.
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of	Source for identity of: per CG2647 (Deng, 1999.11)
Source for database merge of
Additional comments
Other Comments
	DNA-protein interactions: genome-wide binding profile (ChIP-chip) assayed for per protein in adult heads; see GEO_GSE32613 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE32613). (Abruzzi et al., 2011) Gene expression is increased in response to the presence of two copies of Scer\GAL4hs.PB. (Liu and Lehmann, 2008) per is required for entrainment of the circadian clock by temperature. (Glaser and Stanewsky, 2005) per is necessary for nuclear localization of tim. (Ashmore et al., 2003) Nuclear transport is essential for the inhibitory action of per. (Chang and Reppert, 2003) Shows particularly robust cycling of transcription in adult heads, as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated during three 12-point time course experiments over the course of 6 days. (Claridge-Chang et al., 2001) Identified as one of 10 highest fold cycling genes as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated from adult heads harvested over six time points over the course of a day. (McDonald and Rosbash, 2001) per has a role in circadian mating rhythm regulation. (Sakai and Ishida, 2001) Maintenance of the per-tim feedback loop is not an absolute requirement for behavioral rhythms, but cyclic expression of the two proteins is essential. (Yang and Sehgal, 2001) per dependent molecular oscillators may have a role in the modulation of amine receptor responsiveness. (Andretic and Hirsh, 2000) "Gene order: Overall orientation not stated: per+ CG2650- CG2658- Csat-" was stated as revision. (Gatt and Ashburner, 2000.2.8) Excretory organs exhibit autonomous per and tim cycling. (Giebultowicz et al., 2000) Light and post-transcriptional regulation play major roles in defining the temporal properties of the per and tim protein curves. The lag between mRNA and protein accumulation is unecessary for the feedback regulation of per and tim protein on per and tim transcription. (Suri et al., 2000) Sensitization to repeated cocaine exposures, a phenomenon also seen in humans and animal models and associated with enhanced drug craving, is eliminated in flies mutant for per, dco, Clk, and cyc but not tim. (Andretic et al., 1999) per, along with other circadian genes Clk, cyc, and dco (but not tim) have roles in regulating cocaine sensitization and may function as regulators of Tdc. (Andretic et al., 1999) Mutants in per genes effect CrebB-17A activity, suggesting that the two genes participate in the same regulatory feedback loop. (Belvin et al., 1999) The cry gene product blocks the function of the per/tim heterodimeric complex in a light-dependent fashion. (Ceriani et al., 1999) Clk mRNA cycling is regulated by per-tim-mediated release of Clk- and cyc-dependent repression. (Glossop et al., 1999) Mutations in per abolish circadian rhythms in olfactory responses. (Krishnan et al., 1999) Daily cycles in the association of per and tim proteins with the Clk-cyc complex may contribute to rhythmic expression of per and tim. (Lee et al., 1999) A thermosensitive splicing event in the 3' UTR of the per mRNA plays an important role in how the circadian clock adapts to seasonally cold days. Enhanced splicing at cold temperatures advances the steady state phases of the per mRNA and protein cycles, contributing to the preferential day time activity of flies on cold days. There is a temperature-dependent switch in the molecular logic governing cycles in per mRNA levels. (Majercak et al., 1999) timrit lengthens circadian period in a temperature-dependent manner through suppression of per protein cycling and nuclear localization. (Matsumoto et al., 1999) tim increases per mRNA levels through a post-transcriptional mechanism. (Suri et al., 1999) per controls courtship song cycles. (Alt et al., 1998) Photoreceptors R1-R6 contain an autonomous circadian oscillator that can function without per mRNA cycling. (Cheng and Hardin, 1998) per mRNA cycling is not required for per protein cycling. (Cheng and Hardin, 1998) Transcription of per and tim, inhibitors if Clk, is induced by Clk. (Darlington et al., 1998) Study of per and Dpse\per fusions reveals striking phenotypic differences between transgenic flies, these difference support the idea of an intragenic coevolution between the repeat and flanking regions of the two genes. (Peixoto et al., 1998) The gene product of the dco locus regulates per protein accumulation. The function of dco may be to reduce the stability and thus the level of accumulation of monomeric per proteins, promoting the delay between per/tim transcription and the function of the per/tim protein complex, which is essential for molecular rhythmicity. (Price et al., 1998) Mutations at the per locus do not influence mean courtship duration. (Roche et al., 1998) Heat pulses at all times in a daily cycle elicited dramatic and rapid decreases in the levels of per and tim proteins, the proteins can be independently degraded by heat pulses. These two modalities produce markedly different long term effects on the circadian time-keeping mechanism. Heat-induced phase delays in behavioural rhythms are accompanied by long-term delays in the per and tim biochemical oscillations. Heat pulses in the late night elicit transient and rapid increases in the speed of the per-tim cycles. The timing of per and tim mRNA cycles is perturbed by heat pulses in a manner consistent with the direction and magnitude of the behavioural phase shift. (Sidote et al., 1998) per coding region contains posttrancriptional regulatory information that is important for per protein cycling. (Dembinska et al., 1997) per protein expression in the pupal prothoracic gland has been studied in vivo and in ring glands cultured in vitro. (Emery et al., 1997) A circadian transcriptional enhancer within a 69bp DNA fragment is identified in per upstream sequences. The enhancer drives high-amplitude mRNA cycling under light-dark-cycling or constant-dark conditions and this activity is per protein-dependent. An E-box sequence within this fragment is necessary for high-level expression, but not for rhythmic expression, indicating per mediates circadian transcription through other sequences in this fragment. (Hao et al., 1997) Analysis of the rhythmic expression of a per reporter construct suggests that the Malpighian tubules contain a circadian pacemaker that functions independently of the brain. (Hege et al., 1997) The products of per and tim are detectable in a limited number of neurons in the larval CNS, the expression patterns in several such cells is cyclical. (Kaneko et al., 1997) The temporal regulation of per protein and RNA products is used to evaluate the status of the oscillatory mechanism in Pka-C1 mutants and to determine the site of action on the circadian timing system that is affected by reduced levels of Pka-C1. (Majercak et al., 1997) per driven Ppyr\LUC reporter gene expression can be used to investigate transcriptional regulation of per and allows study of the molecular rhythmicity of an individual fly. (Plautz et al., 1997) Quantifying rates of protein sequence divergence within and between species reveals that the Drosophila genome harbors a substantial proportion of genes with a very high divergence rate. (Schmid and Tautz, 1997) Nuclear run-on assays for fly heads and the in vivo transcription rate of per and tim suggest that there is an important circadian regulation at a post-transcriptional level. Results suggest this additional regulatory mode serves to ensure proper circadian fluctuations of clock gene expression. (So and Rosbash, 1997) The spatial and temporal expression patterns of per-Ecol\lacZ constructs containing differing amounts of the per coding region have been analysed. (Stanewsky et al., 1997) A new regulatory element necessary for the correct temporal expression of per is identified by monitoring real-tie per expression in living individual flies carrying two different per-Ppyr\LUC transgenes. (Stanewsky et al., 1997) Circadian rhythms are clearly exhibited in constant darkness even in flies reared in constant light and constant darkness as well as flies reared in light-dark cycles, but the freerunning period differs. Results suggest that the circadian clock is assembled without any cyclical photic information and light influences the developing circadian clock to alter the freerunning period. (Tomioka et al., 1997) A Ppyr\LUC reporter construct permits per circadian rhythms to be monitored by bioluminescence over several days in living adults and reveals novel features of per transcription. (Brandes et al., 1996) Nuclear expression of tim depends on per. The expression of tim, but not per, is rapidly reduced by light, suggesting that tim mediates light-induced resetting of the circadian clock. (Hunter-Ensor et al., 1996) Photic stimuli perturb the timing of the per protein and mRNA cycles in a manner consistent with the direction and magnitude of the phase shift. The tim protein interacts with per in vivo, and the association is rapidly decreased by light. The disruption of the per-tim complex in the cytoplasm is accompanied by a delay in per phosphorylation and nuclear entry and disruption in the nucleus by an advance in per phosphorylation and disappearance. (Lee et al., 1996) Light inhibits the level and phosphorylation status of per and tim proteins, this then delays the negative feedback circuit (in which per or the per-tim complex participates) and extends the RNA profiles. This light-mediated delay compensates for the accelerated RNA increase in per mutant strains and restores rhythms to wild-type like periodicities. (Marrus et al., 1996) The tim and per proteins physically interact and the timing of their association and nuclear localization promotes cycles of per and tim transcription through an autoregulatory feedback loop. tim couples the per-tim pacemaker to the environment: the tim gene product is rapidly degraded on exposure to light. (Myers et al., 1996) Studies of per mRNA cycling and locomotor activity rhythms under different light/dark cycling regimes indicate that the per feedback loop uses lights-off as a phase reference point and suggest that per mRNA cycling is not regulated via simple negative feedback from the per protein. (Qiu and Hardin, 1996) The complete sequence of the Thr-Gly region is examined and reveals that the region has evolved largely by the action of deletions/duplications and point mutations. Polymorphic sites upstream and downstream of the Thr-Gly region are also examined. (Rosato et al., 1996) The identification of a period-altering tim allele provides further evidence that tim is a major component of the clock, and the allele-specific interactions with per provide evidence that the per/tim heterodimer is a unit of circadian function. (Rutila et al., 1996) tim and per accumulate in the cytoplasm when independently expressed in S2 cells and move to the nucleus when coexpressed. Domains of per and tim have been identified that block nuclear localisation of the monomeric proteins. In vitro protein interaction studies indicate that the sequence inhibiting the nuclear accumulation of per forms a binding site for tim. Results indicate a mechanism for controlled nuclear localisation in which suppression of cytoplasmic localisation is accomplished by direct interaction of per and tim. (Saez and Young, 1996) per and tim are in a large protein complex, they are heterodimeric partners. (Zeng et al., 1996) The conformation of (Thr-Gly)n peptides (the conserved (Thr-Gly)n repeat in the per gene may have an important role in the temperature compensation of the circadian clock) has been analysed. (Castiglione-Morelli et al., 1995) Key pacemaker neurons of the brain were examined to determine the changes of subcellular distribution of per with the time of day, per accumulates in the cytoplasm for several hours before entering the nucleus during a narrow time window. Long-period mutations cause a delay in the timing of nuclear translocation and a further delay at elevated temperature. This data indicates that regulation of per nuclear entry is critical for circadian oscillations by providing a necessary temporal delay between per synthesis and its effect on transcription. (Curtin et al., 1995) The interaction between the tim and per products determines the timing of per nuclear entry and therefore the duration of part of the circadian cycle. (Gekakis et al., 1995) Identification: as a protein that interacts specifically with per protein in a yeast two-hybrid assay. (Gekakis et al., 1995) The entire arborisation pattern of per-containing pacemaker cells is revealed by immunostaining with crustacean pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) antiserum. The arborisations of these neurons are appropriate for the modulation of the activity of many neurons and they might interact with per containing glial cells. (Helfrich-Forster, 1995) Temperature compensation of circadian period may be due in part to temperature-independent PER activity, which is based on competition between inter- and intramolecular interactions with similar temperature coefficients. (Huang et al., 1995) The period protein from the silkmoth A.pernyi can mediate clock functions in D.melanogaster. (Levine et al., 1995) tim and per interact and both are required for production of circadian rhythms. Absence of tim sequence similarity to the PER dimerization motif (PAS) indicates that direct interaction between the per and tim products would require a heterotypic protein association. (Myers et al., 1995) Mutations of tim lead to loss of circadian rhythms. tim suppresses circadian oscillations of per abundance and phosphorylation in light/dark cycles, depresses levels of per and blocks nuclear localisation of a per reporter gene due to a primary affect on per expression at the post-transcriptional level. Constant light has no effect on per in tim flies. (Price et al., 1995) A linear relationship between temperature compensation and per Thr-Gly repeat length has been demonstrated. The major natural variants differ by units of (Thr-Gly)3, and rarer variants whose lengths fall out of phase with this pattern show more erratic temperature compensation, providing a correlation between behaviour and protein structure. Interspecific comparisons reveal a co-evolutionary process between the Thr-Gly region and flanking regions. (Sawyer et al., 1995) The tim RNA oscillations are dependent on the presence of per and tim proteins. The cyclic expression of tim appears to dictate the timing of per protein accumulation and nuclear localization, suggesting that tim promotes circadian rhythms of per and tim transcription by restricting per RNA and protein accumulation to separate times of day. (Sehgal et al., 1995) DNA binding coimmunoprecipitation assays studying the interaction of human Arnt with other PAS proteins demonstrates human Arnt forms heterodimers with per and sim, by means of the PAS domain, in a cooperative way. (Sogawa et al., 1995) Expression of per under the control of the gl promoter confers both behavioral and molecular rhythmicity. Expression in a few central brain cells producing gl and per product are capable of generating biological rhythms. (Vosshall and Young, 1995) Ecol\lacZ reporter gene constructs demonstrate that per contains multipartite regulatory information for dosage compensation within the first large intron and also within the 3' half of the locus. (Cooper et al., 1994) Ectopic expression of per supports the contention that the per gene product is a clock component. (Edery et al., 1994) The per protein undergoes daily oscillations in apparent molecular mass and abundance. The mobility changes are exclusively due to multiple phosphorylation events, phosphorylation is an important determinant in the clock time keeping mechanism. (Edery et al., 1994) Analysis of per mRNA cycling suggests that circadian oscillators are present in head and body tissues in which per protein is nuclear, and that these oscillators behave differently. (Hardin, 1994) A hypothesis has been suggested that a controlled chaotic attractor may provide the central oscillator responsible for the generation of circadian and ultradian rhythms. this can be tested by seeking chaotic dynamics in systems where the controls have been disrupted. (Lloyd and Lloyd, 1994) The "Thr-Gly" region of the per gene has been compared with the corresponding region of the per genes of a number of Dipteran species. (Nielsen et al., 1994) The process of reinitiation of a 24 hour rhythmicity in individual flies reared in constant darkness (DD) is studied. (Power et al., 1994) D.melanogaster females do not discriminate between males carrying D.melanogaster or D.simulans per genes, indicating that the per locus may only make a small contribution to total premating isolation between the two species. (Ritchie and Kyriacou, 1994) per gene does not influence an observable locomotor behavioural phenotype in the larval stage of development. (Sawin et al., 1994) per gene contains sequences that can inhibit per protein nuclear localisation in the absence of tim protein. (Vosshall et al., 1994) Autoregulation of per transcription is a direct, intracellular event and each per expressing cell may contain an autonomous clock, of which the per autoregulation loop is a component. (Zeng et al., 1994) Sequences homologous to per demonstrated in the genome of the mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi. (Ben-Shlomo et al., 1993) The per gene contains an amino acid motif of approximately 270 residues, termed PAS, whose function is unknown. PAS is also present in sim gene product, and in the two subunits of the mammalian dioxin receptor. Coprecipitation experiments showed that PAS functions in vitro as a novel protein dimerization motif which can mediate interactions between different members of the PAS protein family. Missense mutations in the PAS domain, including the original perL1, decrease the dimerization efficiency. In vivo experiments using transformants with tagged per coding regions suggest that dimerization also occurs in vivo. (Huang et al., 1993) Protein-protein interactions mediated through the PAS domain may be a crucial aspect of per biochemical function. (Huang et al., 1993) A 1.9 kb region of per has been compared in D.melanogaster, D.simulans, D.sechellia and D.mauritiana, and reveals a complex history. D.simulans appears to be a parent species to D.sechellia and D.mauritiana, but the order of appearance of the two species remains unclear. Whereas D.simulans and D.mauritiana share a large number of polymorphisms, D.sechellia shows very little variation. (Kliman and Hey, 1993) Validity of experiments that led to the conclusions that strong differences in intercellular coupling distinguished per genotypes have been called into question. A reinvestigation of dye coupling concluded that no consistent differences in intercellular coupling in salivary glands can be attributed to mutations at the per lous (Flint, Rosbash and Hall, and Spray and Siwicki, unpublished information). (Bargiello et al., 1992) Mutations altering the structure of an approximately 20 amino acid segment, surrounding the location of the pers mutation, confer short per phenotypes. Loss or lowered function may dramatically increase measured level of protein activity. (Baylies et al., 1992) Mutants exhibit defective courtship song. (Bernstein et al., 1992) Effects of per mutant alleles on visual pigment, sensitivity and rhabdomere size in 12hr light/12hr dark cycles was measured. (Chen et al., 1992) Minisatellite region encoding thr-gly repeat is polymorphic in length in natural populations. Geographical analysis of this polymorphism cloned by PCR reveals a robust clinal pattern observed along a north-south axis: the higher the latitude the more likely a population is to have thr-gly20 and less likely to have thr-gly17. Length polymorphism may be maintained by thermal selection, because thr-gly region has been shown to provide thermostability to the circadian phenotype. (Costa et al., 1992) A 13.2kb construct cloned from Clk-bearing flies will rescue arrhythmicity of per mutants. Transformant flies have shorter than normal rhythms demonstrating that the Clk mutation is within the 13.2b per fragment. (Dushay et al., 1992) Internally marked mosaics determined that the pacemaker location is in the brain but not exclusively in the eyes, optic lobe or the ocelli. Although the pacemaker may be paired, the function of one of them is sufficient for rhythmicity. Glial expression is sufficient for some, albeit weak, rhythmicity. (Ewer et al., 1992) Courtship song rhythms and locomotor activity rhythms assayed in D.melanogaster carrying Dsim\per or D.melanogaster/D.simulans per gene fusions. In all cases the circadian periodicities were slightly longer than for wild type, suggesting that the 13.2kb per fragment used to make the transgenic constructs is slightly inadequate at performing wild type per function. (Hall et al., 1992) Phases of the evening peaks of activity under LD conditions are correspondingly earlier than normal for the short-period mutants and later than normal for long cycle durations. The morning peaks, however, move minimally under the influence of a given per variant. (Hamblen-Coyle et al., 1992) Fluctuations in per mRNA are primarily controlled by fluctuations in per transcription: per mRNA has a relatively short half life, and sequences sufficient to drive per mRNA cycling are present in 1.3kb of 5' flanking sequences. (Hardin et al., 1992) per protein is found predominantly in the nuclei in adult Drosophila. (Liu et al., 1992) Mutagenesis of the per gene product reveals that the only the presence of a serine at residue 589 gives a 24h period but mutation of position 589 gives short period mutants. These short period mutants give rise to pacemakers with elements that fail to respond to the negative feedback loops of circadian oscillators. (Rutila et al., 1992) The threonine-glycine encoding repeat region of the per gene shows high levels of length polymorphism in natural populations of D.melanogaster. (Costa et al., 1991) Associative learning of per mutants is assayed using the classical conditioning procedure of Tully (FBrf0043081). Results lend little support to the possibility that a short-cycle oscillation plays an integral role in learning processes; neither do they indicate any general effect on learning attributable to an abnormally lengthened circadian rhythm. (Gailey et al., 1991) Chimeric per gene constructs from D.melanogaster and D.simulans have been used to map the genetic control of their courtship song rhythm difference to a small segment of the amino acid encoding information within per. (Wheeler et al., 1991) Ectopic expression of per demonstrates that per gene action during preimaginal stages is neither necessary or sufficient for locomotor activity rhythms to be expressed in the adult. per gene function appears to be necessary for pacemaker functioning itself. By analysing the singing of D.simulans and D.melanogaster reciprocally hybrid males the genetic etiology of the song rhythm difference is due to 1-4 amino acid replacements that have occurred over evolutionary time. (Hall, 1990) per mRNA levels in the fly head undergo circadian fluctuations during both 12 hour light/12 hour dark cycles and constant darkness. (Hardin et al., 1990) The per gene product is thought to be involved in the regulation of the cell cycle as per mutant development time differs from wild type. A role of per in timers required for conditioning is suggested as mutations can slow down the biological timers. Transformation experiments involving the Thr-Gly encoding region of per (Yu, Nature 326:765) suggest that the Thr-Gly residues may play a role in determining song cycles, per has 17 to 23 Thr-Gly pairs and sings with 55 second song cycles. (Kyriacou, 1990) The rhythmic components of male courtship songs have been spectral analysed. (Kyriacou et al., 1990) Fluctuations in per protein expression in the visual system and central brain of adult flies at different times of the day have been studied. (Zerr et al., 1990) per has an indirect influence on the levels of CG2650 transcript via its own regulation of eclosion rhythm. (Lorenz et al., 1989) Sequence analysis of frequency (frq) of N.crassa identifies a common element between frq and per suggesting a common element in the clock mechanisms of these two organisms. (McClung et al., 1989) Aberrant intervals between song pulses were observed in per mutant songs. (Wheeler et al., 1989) Comparison of the predicted protein sequence of the Thr-Gly repeat region of different D.melanogaster strains reveals a high degree of polymorphism and evolutionary plasticity. Deletion derivatives of the per gene lacking all the perfect Thr-Gly repeats indicates that the Thr-Gly region may have an important function in the courtship song phenotype. (Yu et al., 1987) The lesions associated with per01 and pers have been molecularly mapped. (Yu et al., 1987) per has been cloned and sequenced. (Jackson et al., 1986) Germ line transformation demonstrates that a 7.1kb fragment including the per transcript can restore rhythmicity of eclosion and activity to per mutants. (Bargiello et al., 1984) per01 is complemented by l(1)3A and l(1)3B mutants nearby (Young and Judd, 1978; Smith and Konopka, 1981). The mutant per01 of D.melanogaster can be rescued (i.e. made to show rhythmic behavior) by transformation with a hybrid gene carrying the coding region of the D.pseudoobscura.pseudoobscura per gene (Peterson et al., 1988).   The per gene is essential for biological clock functions and determines the period length of circadian and ultradian rhythms. The per mutants are characterized by aberrant rhythms involving eclosion and locomotor activity (Konopka and Benzer, 1971) and may change the rhythmic component of the male courtship song (Crossley, 1988; Ewing, 1988; Kyriacou and Hall, 1980, 1986, 1988). These mutants also affect the rhythm of the larval heartbeat (Dowse, Ringo and Kyriacou) (Livingstone, 1981), the level of tyrosine decarboxylase (Livingstone and Tempel, 1983) and fluctuations in membrane potentials in larval salivary glands (Weitzel and Rensing, 1981), modulate intercellular junctional communication (Bargiello et al., 1987), and alter the location of neural secretory cells in the brain (Konopka and Wells, 1980). In wild-type flies the period length is about 24 hr. In general, increases in per+ dosage lead to shortened circadian rhythms and decreases lead to lengthened circadian rhythms (Baylies et al., 1987; Cote and Brody, 1986; Hamblen et al., 1986; Smith and Konopka, 1981; Smith and Konopka, 1982; Young et al., 1985). Females heterozygous for per+ and a deletion of the locus or a per01 allele show longer-than-normal periods. per flies can be classified on the basis of their circadian rhythms as: (1) Cryptic period mutants (per01, per-) which have a 10-15 hr (ultradian) period and appear arrhythmic except in special algorhythmic tests (Dowse, Hall and Ringo, 1987); (2) Long period mutants (perL), 29 hr; (3) Long-period variable mutants (perLvar), which in homozygotes or heterozygotes are arrhythmic but in combination with certain partial deletions of the per locus result in a 30-34 hr period (Konopka, 1987); (4) Short period mutants (pers), 19 hr; (5) Short period variable mutants (persvar), some flies having a 20 hr period and the others a normal 24 hr period for locomotor activity. In temperature-change experiments on pers and perL1, the locomotor activity periods were found to be nearer to 24 hr at low temperatures, but to diverge further from normal upon heating (Konopka, Pittendrigh, and Orr, 1989; Hamblen, Ewer and Hall). perL2 shows lengthening of the periods at high temperatures. The mutant types affecting circadian rhythms (per01, perL1 and pers) may cause similar kinds of changes in the rhythmic fluctuations in courtship song interpulse intervals (IPIs) of the male (Crossley, 1988; Ewing, 1988; Kyriacou and Hall, 1980; Kyriacou and Hall, 1986; Kyriacou and Hall, 1988). per01 mutants show nonrhythmic variations in the interval between pulses of wing vibration. Neural studies show that transplantation of pers brains into per01 adult hosts causes some of the hosts to be 'rescued'; i.e. to show short-period circadian rhythms for locomotor activity (Handler and Konopka, 1979). Octopamine synthesis occurs at subnormal rates in per01 brains, with a corresponding decrease in the enzyme tyrosine decarboxylase (Livingstone and Tempel, 1983); less severe decrements in tyrosine decarboxylase are found in pers and perL1 flies. Physiological studies that claimed that per mutations can affect the level of gap junctional communication among cells in a tissue (Bargiello et al., 1987). In salivary glands and that the per01 and perL1 mutations cause a lowering of the level of junctional communication have been withdrawn (Saez, Young, Baylies, Gasic, Bargiello and Spray, 1992). Mosaic analysis of pers mutants indicates that the gene influences the brain with respect to aberrant locomotor rhythms (Konopka, Wells and Lee, 1983); per01 and per02 (and, to a lesser degree, pers) are said to cause anomalous photonegative behavior in light-response tests (Palmer, Kendrick, and Hotchkiss, 1985), but in general are not defective in visual responses (phototaxis tests, optomotor behavior and electroretinogram) according to Dushay and Hall.
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_080317 NM_001272265 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_525056 NP_001259194 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AAA28752 AAA28753 AAA28754 AAA28769 AAA28771 AAA28773 AAA28775 AAA28776 AAA28777 AAB87476 AAF45804 AAG44573 AAN02289 AAN02291 AAN02293 AAN02295 AAN02297 AAN02299 AAN02301 AAN02303 AAN02305 AAN02307 AAN02309 AAN02311 AAN02313 AAN02315 AAN02317 AAN02319 AAN02321 AAN02323 AAN02325 AAN02327 AAN02329 AAN02331 AAN02333 AAN02335 AAN02337 AAN02339 AAN02341 AAN02343 AAN02345 AAN02347 AAN02349 AAN02351 AAN02353 AAN02355 AAN02357 AAN02359 AAN02361 AAN02363 AAN02365 AAN02367 AAN02369 AAN02371 AAN02373 AAN02375 AAN02377 AAN02379 AAN02381 AAN02383 AAN02385 AAN02387 AAN02389 AAN02391 AAN02393 AAN02395 AAN02397 AAN02399 AAN02401 AAN02403 AAN02405 AAN02407 AAN02409 AAN02411 AAS89667 AB029194 AB029195 AB029196 AB029222 AB029223 AB029224 AB029250 AB029251 AB029252 AF033029 AF251241 AF345702 AF345703 AF345704 AF345705 AF345706 AF345707 AF345708 AF345709 AF345710 AF345711 AF345712 AF345713 AF345714 AGB95040 AI062685 AL024485 AY047980 AY047981 AY047982 AY047983 AY047984 AY047985 AY047986 AY047987 AY047988 AY047989 AY047990 AY047991 AY047992 AY047993 AY047994 AY047995 AY047996 AY047997 AY047998 AY047999 AY048000 AY048001 AY048002 AY048003 AY048004 AY048005 AY048006 AY048007 AY048008 AY048009 AY048010 AY048011 AY048012 AY048013 AY048014 AY048015 AY048016 AY048017 AY048018 AY048019 AY048020 AY048021 AY048022 AY048023 AY048024 AY048025 AY048026 AY048027 AY048028 AY048029 AY048030 AY048031 AY048032 AY048033 AY048034 AY048035 AY048036 AY048037 AY048038 AY048040 AY048041 AY048042 AY575847 BAA00007 BAB15868 BAB15869 BAB15870 BAB15896 BAB15897 BAB15898 BAB15924 BAB15925 BAB15926 CAA19677 CAA19678 CAA19679 CAA19680 CAA27285 D00009 L07817 L07818 L07819 L07821 L07823 L07825 M30114 X03636 X76206 Z32353 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 31251 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • P07663
Other Crossreferences
	EPD - Eukarytoic Promoter Database, an annotated collection of POL II promoters • 11041 InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • PAS domain (IPR000014) PAS fold (IPR013767) PAC motif (IPR001610)
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 57782 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0003068 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0003068 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0003068 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG2647-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0003068 FlyReactome - A curated knowledgebase of Drosophila melanogaster pathways • 98049 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 31251 Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution • /neural/period.htm InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 31251 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0003068 REDfly - A database of transcriptional regulatory elements. • FBgn0003068
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 18 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	CG2647 (Benos, 2000.12.13, Juhola et al., 2000, Mohammad et al., 2009, Ni et al., 2009, Ni et al., 2008, Ni et al., 2010.12.1) Clk (Hamblen-Coyle et al., 1992, Dunlap, 1990, Dushay et al., 1990, Ito et al., 2008) clk-6   dmper (Low et al., 2008) dper (Weber and Kay, 2003, Kim et al., 2007, Chiu et al., 2008, Low et al., 2012, Sun et al., 2010, Chiu et al., 2011) dPER (Hastings and Maywood, 2000, Merrow, 2006) EG:155E2.4 (Benos et al., 2001, Benos, 2000.12.13, ) mel_per (Paquet et al., 2008) per (Fujii et al., 2007, Wijnen et al., 2006, Akashi et al., 2006, Merrow, 2006, Krupp et al., 2007, Wijnen et al., 2007, Fang et al., 2007, Hart and Warrick, 2007, Kashi and King, 2006, Reppert, 2006, Dunlap, 2006, Ko et al., 2006, Wheeler et al., 2006, Kadener et al., 2006, Koh et al., 2006, Koh et al., 2006, Bartolome and Charlesworth, 2006, Chen et al., 2012, Megighian et al., 2001, Mazzoni et al., 2005, Lear et al., 2005, Shigeyoshi et al., 2002, Pezzulo et al., 2012, Kurata et al., 2007, Geiger-Thornsberry and Mackay, 2004, Mehnert et al., 2007, Hall, 2002, Yoshii et al., 2004, Choi et al., 2005, Fujii and Amrein, 2010, Van Gelder, 2006, Cyran et al., 2005, Lin et al., 2005, Klarsfeld et al., 2004, Stoleru et al., 2007, Sawyer et al., 2006, Konopka et al., 2007, Preuss et al., 2004, Majercak et al., 2004, Hung et al., 2007, Lim et al., 2007, Fang et al., 2007, Matsumoto et al., 2007, Yu and Hardin, 2006, Vosshall, 2007, Dunlap, 2008, Kaneko et al., 2000, Liu and Lehmann, 2008, Driver, 2000, Dolezelova et al., 2007, Xie et al., 2010, Ito et al., 2011, Boothroyd et al., 2007, Nawathean et al., 2007, Lim et al., 2007, Darlington et al., 2000, Lyons et al., 2000, Muskus et al., 2007, van der Linde et al., 2010, Kilman and Allada, 2009, Beaver et al., 2010, Smith et al., 2008, Kadener et al., 2007, Mehnert and Cantera, 2011, Kolaczkowski et al., 2011, Linde and Lyons, 2011, Lone et al., 2011, Hung et al., 2009, Taylor and Hardin, 2008, Kempinger et al., 2009, Lu et al., 2008, DiTacchio et al., 2011, Pereanu et al., 2010, Kaiser and Cobb, 2008, Tomaiuolo et al., 2008, Lone and Sharma, 2011, Abruzzi et al., 2011, Itoh et al., 2011, Ko et al., 2007, Yoshii et al., 2007, Gunawan and Doyle, 2007, Rush et al., 2006, Chen et al., 2006, Kaushik et al., 2007, McDermott and Kliman, 2008, Picot et al., 2007, Murad et al., 2007, Suh and Jackson, 2007, Kadener et al., 2008, Fernandez et al., 2008, Ito et al., 2008, Lee and Edery, 2008, Kivimäe et al., 2008, Diangelo et al., 2011, Tanoue et al., 2008, Krishnan et al., 2008, Krupp et al., 2008, Chiu et al., 2008, Busza et al., 2007, Cao and Nitabach, 2008, Meissner et al., 2008, Lear et al., 2005, Fujii et al., 2008, Akten et al., 2009, Mohammad et al., 2009, Yu et al., 2009, Paranjpe et al., 2005, Weber et al., 2009, Lyons and Roman, 2009, Landskron et al., 2009, Kilman et al., 2009, Donlea et al., 2009, Kotwica et al., 2009, Hung et al., 2009, Hall, 2003, Górska-Andrzejak et al., 2009, Noor and Kliman, 2003, Rogers et al., 2004, Kuo et al., 2010, Anaka et al., 2008, Rieger et al., 2009, Lear et al., 2009, Larsen et al., 2009, Tanenhaus et al., 2012, Wright, 1987, Dierick and Greenspan, 2006, Johard et al., 2009, Yoshii et al., 2008, Shafer et al., 2006, Blanchardon et al., 2001, T et al., 2008, Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007, Sehadova et al., 2009, Cusumano et al., 2009, Ni et al., 2009, Zheng et al., 2009, Hodge and Stanewsky, 2008, Currie et al., 2009, Shahidullah et al., 2009, Levine et al., 2002, Levine et al., 2002, Jaramillo et al., 2004, Yang et al., 2008, Houl et al., 2008, Krishnan et al., 2009, Krishnan et al., 2008, Chatterjee et al., 2010, Morozova et al., 2006, Fernández-Ayala et al., 2010, Menet et al., 2010, Barth et al., 2010, Yoshii et al., 2005, Zhang et al., 2010, Li et al., 2010, Sekine et al., 2008, Richier et al., 2008, Benito et al., 2008, Zheng et al., 2008, Wang et al., 2008, Bagheri et al., 2008, Zhang et al., 2010, Kula-Eversole et al., 2010, Blanchard et al., 2010, Nagoshi et al., 2010, Kadener et al., 2009, Codd et al., 2007, Smolen et al., 2004, Li and Lang, 2008, Fathallah-Shaykh et al., 2009, Lim et al., 2011, Ng et al., 2011, Saez et al., 2011, Thimgan et al., 2010, Syed et al., 2011, Gleason, 2005, Oliveira et al., 2011, Chiu et al., 2011, Fathallah-Shaykh, 2010, Lamaze et al., 2011, Ogawa et al., 2008, Miura et al., 2008, Ruiz et al., 2010, Powell et al., 2003, Zhou et al., 2005, Beaver et al., 2003, Hendricks et al., 2003, Stanewsky et al., 2002, Ivanchenko et al., 2001, Petri and Stengl, 2001, Stavropoulos and Young, 2011, Hara et al., 2011, Lone and Sharma, 2011, Mukherjee et al., 2012, Kaasik et al., 2013, Ling et al., 2012, Mizrak et al., 2012, Rakshit et al., 2012, Zheng et al., 2007, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Shaik et al., 2008, Krishnan et al., 2012, Bywalez et al., 2012, Vanin et al., 2012, Grima et al., 2012, De et al., 2012, Kaneko et al., 2012, Ruben et al., 2012) PER (Nawathean and Rosbash, 2004, Leloup and Goldbeter, 2000, Johnson and Day, 2000, Wang et al., 2007, Collins et al., 2006, Dunlap, 2006, Meyer et al., 2006, Meyer et al., 2006, Yu et al., 2006, Sheeba et al., 2008, Im and Taghert, 2010, Nitabach et al., 2005, Sandrelli et al., 2007, Chen et al., 2011, Lin et al., 2004, Rieger et al., 2006, Hemsley et al., 2007, Lan and Mezić, 2011, Koh et al., 2008, King et al., 2011, Hara et al., 2011, Veleri et al., 2007, de la Paz Fernandez et al., 2007, Bachleitner et al., 2007, Berni et al., 2008, Yoshii et al., 2009, Picot et al., 2009, Zhang et al., 2009, Shafer and Taghert, 2009, Zhang et al., 2010, Zhang et al., 2010, Zheng and Sehgal, 2010, Schroeder et al., 2003, Xu and Cai, 2009, Ko et al., 2010, Zheng et al., 2007, Houl et al., 2006, Depetris-Chauvin et al., 2011, Abruzzi et al., 2011, Jepson et al., 2012, Luo and Sehgal, 2012, Risau-Gusman and Gleiser, 2012) Per (Rodriguez-Trelles et al., 1999, Peschel et al., 2006, Korol et al., 2006, Tio et al., 2011, Nandi et al., 2009, Wheeler et al., 2008, Feng and Irvine, 2009, Agarwal and Roychowdhury, 2008) period (Laayouni et al., 2007)
Name Synonym	Clock   clock-6   dperiod (Hastings and Maywood, 2000) per (Zheng et al., 2007) period (Turner et al., 2008, Kliman, 1993.2.25, Kliman, 1993.2.25, Kliman, 1993.2.25, Kliman, 1993.2.25, Kliman, 1993.2.25, Kliman, 1993.2.25, Krupp et al., 2007, Wijnen et al., 2007, Fang et al., 2007, Wheeler et al., 2006, Megighian et al., 2001, Mazzoni et al., 2005, Lear et al., 2005, Wu and Silverman, 2007, Shigeyoshi et al., 2002, Geiger-Thornsberry and Mackay, 2004, Mehnert et al., 2007, Hall, 2002, Nitabach et al., 2005, Van Gelder, 2006, Korol et al., 2006, Cyran et al., 2005, Sawyer et al., 2006, Reaume and Sokolowski, 2006, Konopka et al., 2007, Sherazee et al., 2008, Preuss et al., 2004, Majercak et al., 2004, Lim et al., 2007, Yu and Hardin, 2006, Vosshall, 2007, Dunlap, 2008, Kaneko et al., 2000, Driver, 2000, Dolezelova et al., 2007, Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006, Boothroyd et al., 2007, Nawathean et al., 2007, Lim et al., 2007, Darlington et al., 2000, Lyons et al., 2000, Mehnert and Cantera, 2011, Lone et al., 2011, Lu et al., 2008, Pereanu et al., 2010, Ruiz et al., 2010, Kaiser and Cobb, 2008, Tomaiuolo et al., 2008, Kaushik et al., 2007, Kadener et al., 2008, Lee and Edery, 2008, Krupp et al., 2008, Busza et al., 2007, Fan et al., 2009, Akten et al., 2009, Yu et al., 2009, Paranjpe et al., 2005, Weber et al., 2009, Yoshii et al., 2009, Lyons and Roman, 2009, Landskron et al., 2009, Kilman et al., 2009, Laayouni et al., 2007, Donlea et al., 2009, Hall, 2003, Górska-Andrzejak et al., 2009, Rogers et al., 2004, Kuo et al., 2010, Picot et al., 2009, Rieger et al., 2009, Larsen et al., 2009, Wright, 1987, Yoshii et al., 2008, Blanchardon et al., 2001, T et al., 2008, Sehadova et al., 2009, Zheng et al., 2009, Levine et al., 2002, Levine et al., 2002, Jaramillo et al., 2004, Houl et al., 2008, Krishnan et al., 2009, Krishnan et al., 2008, Morozova et al., 2006, Menet et al., 2010, Barth et al., 2010, Li et al., 2010, Bagheri et al., 2008, Blanchard et al., 2010, Saez et al., 2011, Syed et al., 2011, Gleason, 2005, Oliveira et al., 2011, Lamaze et al., 2011, Zhou et al., 2005, Beaver et al., 2003, Hendricks et al., 2003, Stanewsky et al., 2002, Ivanchenko et al., 2001, Petri and Stengl, 2001, Cirelli et al., 2005, Hara et al., 2011, Lone and Sharma, 2011, Rakshit et al., 2012, Krishnan et al., 2012, Bywalez et al., 2012, De et al., 2012, Kaneko et al., 2012) PERIOD (Veleri et al., 2003, Dunlap, 2006, Yu et al., 2006, Hemsley et al., 2007, Choi et al., 2009, Berni et al., 2008, Hennig et al., 2009, Picot et al., 2007, Zhang et al., 2009, Lear et al., 2005, Shafer and Taghert, 2009, Shahidullah et al., 2009, Zhang et al., 2010, Zhang et al., 2010, Zheng and Sehgal, 2010, Chiu et al., 2011, Houl et al., 2006, Depetris-Chauvin et al., 2011, Luo and Sehgal, 2012, Vanin et al., 2012) Period (Galletti et al., 2007, Muskus et al., 2007, Wheeler et al., 2008, Lear et al., 2009, Feng and Irvine, 2009, Schroeder et al., 2003, Johard et al., 2009) period clock protein (Anantharaman and Aravind, 2000)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBgn0000321 FBgn0020918
References ( 991 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 991 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 621 ) Supplementary material  ( 9 ) Review  ( 204 ) Erratum  ( 1 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 9 ) Abstract  ( 113 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 2 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 7 ) Conference report  ( 6 ) Stock list  ( 1 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 2 ) Letter  ( 8 ) Protein sequence record  ( 1 ) Book  ( 1 ) News article  ( 1 ) Book review  ( 3 ) Biography  ( 2 )
Recent research papers ( 59 )
	Gentile et al., 2013, Curr. Biol. 23(3): 185--195 Cryptochrome Antagonizes Synchronization of Drosophila's Circadian Clock to Temperature Cycles. [FBrf0220748] Górska-Andrzejak et al., 2013, Dev. Neurobiol. 73(1): 14--26 Circadian expression of the presynaptic active zone protein bruchpilot in the lamina of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0220165] Kaasik et al., 2013, Cell Metab. 17(2): 291--302 Glucose Sensor O-GlcNAcylation Coordinates with Phosphorylation to Regulate Circadian Clock. [FBrf0220792] Beaver et al., 2012, PLoS ONE 7(11): e50454 Circadian Regulation of Glutathione Levels and Biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0220135] Bywalez et al., 2012, Chronobiol. Int. 29(4): 395--407 The Dual-Oscillator System of Drosophila melanogaster Under Natural-Like Temperature Cycles. [FBrf0218098] Chen et al., 2012, Science 335(6069): 678--685 Visualizing long-term memory formation in two neurons of the Drosophila brain. [FBrf0217453] Collins et al., 2012, Neuron 74(4): 706--718 Balance of Activity between LN(v)s and Glutamatergic Dorsal Clock Neurons Promotes Robust Circadian Rhythms in Drosophila. [FBrf0218423] De et al., 2012, J. Biol. Rhythms 27(4): 280--286 Adult Emergence Rhythm of Fruit Flies Drosophila melanogaster under Seminatural Conditions. [FBrf0219091] Fontana and Crews, 2012, Dev. Biol. 372(1): 131--142 Transcriptome analysis of Drosophila CNS midline cells reveals diverse peptidergic properties and a role for castor in neuronal differentiation. [FBrf0219766] Grima et al., 2012, PLoS Biol. 10(8): e1001367 CULLIN-3 Controls TIMELESS Oscillations in the Drosophila Circadian Clock. [FBrf0219137] Hughes et al., 2012, Genome Res. 22(7): 1266--1281 Deep sequencing the circadian and diurnal transcriptome of Drosophila brain. [FBrf0218741] Jepson et al., 2012, PLoS Genet. 8(4): e1002671 dyschronic, a Drosophila Homolog of a Deaf-Blindness Gene, Regulates Circadian Output and Slowpoke Channels. [FBrf0218124] Kaneko et al., 2012, Curr. Biol. 22(19): 1851--1857 Circadian rhythm of temperature preference and its neural control in Drosophila. [FBrf0219631] Kim et al., 2012, Nat. Neurosci. 15(6): 876--883 Contribution of visual and circadian neural circuits to memory for prolonged mating induced by rivals. [FBrf0219349] Krishnan et al., 2012, Neurobiol. Disease 45(3): 1129--1135 Loss of circadian clock accelerates aging in neurodegeneration-prone mutants. [FBrf0217432] Lagisz et al., 2012, Heredity 108(6): 602--608 Two distinct genomic regions, harbouring the period and fruitless genes, affect male courtship song in Drosophila montana. [FBrf0218390] Linford et al., 2012, PLoS Genet. 8(5): e1002668 Re-Patterning Sleep Architecture in Drosophila through Gustatory Perception and Nutritional Quality. [FBrf0218228] Ling et al., 2012, J. Neurosci. 32(47): 16959--16970 KAYAK-α Modulates Circadian Transcriptional Feedback Loops in Drosophila Pacemaker Neurons. [FBrf0219997] Low et al., 2012, PLoS ONE 7(11): e49536 Natural Variation in the Drosophila melanogaster Clock Gene Period Modulates Splicing of Its 3'-Terminal Intron and Mid-Day Siesta. [FBrf0219973] Luo and Sehgal, 2012, Cell 148(4): 765--779 Regulation of Circadian Behavioral Output via a MicroRNA-JAK/STAT Circuit. [FBrf0217497] Luo et al., 2012, Aging Cell 11(3): 428--438 Old flies have a robust central oscillator but weaker behavioral rhythms that can be improved by genetic and environmental manipulations. [FBrf0218380] Maeda and Kurata, 2012, PLoS ONE 7(2): e30489 A symmetric dual feedback system provides a robust and entrainable oscillator. [FBrf0218819] Menegazzi et al., 2012, J. Biol. Rhythms 27(6): 433--442 Laboratory versus Nature: The Two Sides of the Drosophila Circadian Clock. [FBrf0220145] Mizrak et al., 2012, Curr. Biol. 22(20): 1871--1880 Electrical activity can impose time of day on the circadian transcriptome of pacemaker neurons. [FBrf0219786] Mukherjee et al., 2012, J. Exp. Biol. 215(17): 2960--2968 A model based on oscillatory threshold and build-up of a developmental substance explains gating of adult emergence in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0219138] Pezzulo et al., 2012, PLoS ONE 7(8): e43777 Expression of Human Paraoxonase 1 Decreases Superoxide Levels and Alters Bacterial Colonization in the Gut of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0219363] Rakshit et al., 2012, Chronobiol. Int. 29(1): 5--14 Effects of aging on the molecular circadian oscillations in Drosophila. [FBrf0217133] Risau-Gusman and Gleiser, 2012, J. Theor. Biol. 307: 53--61 Modelling the effect of phosphorylation on the circadian clock of Drosophila. [FBrf0218753] Ruben et al., 2012, J. Biol. Rhythms 27(5): 353--364 A mechanism for circadian control of pacemaker neuron excitability. [FBrf0219602] Tanenhaus et al., 2012, PLoS ONE 7(10): e45130 In Vivo Circadian Oscillation of dCREB2 and NF-κB Activity in the Drosophila Nervous System. [FBrf0219734] Vanin et al., 2012, Nature 484(7394): 371--375 Unexpected features of Drosophila circadian behavioural rhythms under natural conditions. [FBrf0218149] Vesala et al., 2012, Insect Mol. Biol. 21(1): 107--118 Cold tolerance and cold-induced modulation of gene expression in two Drosophila virilis group species with different distributions. [FBrf0217233] Abruzzi et al., 2011, Genes Dev. 25(22): 2374--2386 Drosophila CLOCK target gene characterization: implications for circadian tissue-specific gene expression. [FBrf0216798] Chen et al., 2011, Curr. Biol. 21(9): 719--729 QUASIMODO, a Novel GPI-Anchored Zona Pellucida Protein Involved in Light Input to the Drosophila Circadian Clock. [FBrf0213611] Chiu et al., 2011, Cell 145(3): 357--370 NEMO/NLK Phosphorylates PERIOD to Initiate a Time-Delay Phosphorylation Circuit that Sets Circadian Clock Speed. [FBrf0213577] Depetris-Chauvin et al., 2011, Curr. Biol. 21(21): 1783--1793 Adult-specific electrical silencing of pacemaker neurons uncouples molecular clock from circadian outputs. [FBrf0216659] Diangelo et al., 2011, PLoS ONE 6(5): e19921 The central clock neurons regulate lipid storage in Drosophila. [FBrf0213791] DiTacchio et al., 2011, Science 333(6051): 1881--1885 Histone lysine demethylase JARID1a activates CLOCK-BMAL1 and influences the circadian clock. [FBrf0216307] Goda et al., 2011, PLoS Genet. 7(7): e1002167 Adult Circadian Behavior in Drosophila Requires Developmental Expression of cycle, But Not period. [FBrf0214302] Hara et al., 2011, J. Neurosci. 31(27): 9982--9990 Post-Translational Regulation and Nuclear Entry of TIMELESS and PERIOD Are Affected in New timeless Mutant. [FBrf0214253] Ito et al., 2011, J. Biol. Rhythms 26(1): 14--23 Temperature Entrainment of the Circadian Cuticle Deposition Rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0212848] Itoh et al., 2011, Genes Cells 16(12): 1159--1167 Membrane-bound transporter controls the circadian transcription of clock genes in Drosophila. [FBrf0216813] King et al., 2011, J. Mol. Biol. 413(3): 561--572 Structure of an enclosed dimer formed by the Drosophila period protein. [FBrf0216421] Kolaczkowski et al., 2011, Genetics 187(1): 245--260 Genomic Differentiation Between Temperate and Tropical Australian Populations of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0212762] Lamaze et al., 2011, EMBO Rep. 12(6): 549--557 The E3 ubiquitin ligase CTRIP controls CLOCK levels and PERIOD oscillations in Drosophila. [FBrf0213851] Lan and Mezić, 2011, BMC Syst. Biol. 5: 37 On the architecture of cell regulation networks. [FBrf0214351] Lim et al., 2011, Nature 470(7334): 399--403 The novel gene twenty-four defines a critical translational step in the Drosophila clock. [FBrf0213059] Linde and Lyons, 2011, Chronobiol. Int. 28(5): 397--406 Circadian modulation of acute alcohol sensitivity but not acute tolerance in Drosophila. [FBrf0214064] Lone et al., 2011, Chronobiol. Int. 28(6): 497--508 Cyclic Presence and Absence of Conspecifics Alters Circadian Clock Phase But Does Not Entrain the Locomotor Activity Rhythm of the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0214519] Lone and Sharma, 2011, J. Exp. Biol. 214(22): 3742--3750 Social synchronization of circadian locomotor activity rhythm in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0216518] Lone and Sharma, 2011, PLoS ONE 6(12): e28336 Circadian Consequence of Socio-Sexual Interactions in Fruit Flies Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0217074] Mehnert and Cantera, 2011, Cell Tissue Res. 344(3): 381--389 Circadian rhythms in the morphology of neurons in Drosophila. [FBrf0213790] Ng et al., 2011, Curr. Biol. 21(8): 625--634 Glial cells physiologically modulate clock neurons and circadian behavior in a calcium-dependent manner. [FBrf0213518] Oliveira et al., 2011, BMC Evol. Biol. 11: 179 Variations on a theme: diversification of cuticular hydrocarbons in a clade of cactophilic Drosophila. [FBrf0214778] Saez et al., 2011, Genetics 188(3): 591--600 A key temporal delay in the circadian cycle of Drosophila is mediated by a nuclear localization signal in the timeless protein. [FBrf0214282] Stavropoulos and Young, 2011, Neuron 72(6): 964--976 insomniac and Cullin-3 Regulate Sleep and Wakefulness in Drosophila. [FBrf0217043] Syed et al., 2011, J. Biol. Chem. 286(31): 27654--27662 Kinetics of Doubletime Kinase-dependent Degradation of the Drosophila Period Protein. [FBrf0214559] Tio et al., 2011, PLoS ONE 6(11): e26879 Asymmetric cell division and notch signaling specify dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila. [FBrf0216651] Yu et al., 2011, Curr. Biol. 21(9): 756--761 NEMO Kinase Contributes to Core Period Determination by Slowing the Pace of the Drosophila Circadian Oscillator. [FBrf0213626] Show all research papers ...
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	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2011 Show reviews ...