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Gene Dmel\polo

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\polo	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	polo	Annotation symbol	CG12306
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0003124
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	19 publicly available
Also Known As	l(3)01673
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	3L	Recombination map	3-46
Cytogenetic map	77B2-77B3	Sequence location	3L:20,302,754..20,306,566 [+]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents Beta	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene polo is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\polo (CG12306, FBgn0003124). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: protein serine/threonine kinase activity; protein kinase activity. There is experimental evidence for 19 unique biological process terms, many of which group under: cellular component organization or biogenesis; cell cycle; cell cycle process; M phase of meiotic cell cycle; localization; meiosis II; organelle organization; macromolecule modification; biological regulation; system development; multicellular organism reproduction; single-organism developmental process. 48 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: organ system; multicellular structure; organelle; anatomical structure; organ system subdivision; nucleus; portion of tissue; nuclear part; spindle; adult segment. It has 2 annotated transcripts and 2 annotated polypeptides. Protein features are: POLO box duplicated domain; Protein kinase, catalytic domain; Protein kinase-like domain; Serine/threonine- / dual specificity protein kinase, catalytic domain; Serine/threonine-protein kinase, active site. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of very high expression to a trough of low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-12 hour embryonic stages, in adult female stages. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval central nervous system, adult ovary, adult testis. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval fat body, larval trachea, larval carcass. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1636189_at completely aligns to an exonic region common to each of the 2 FlyBase-annotated transcript isoforms of polo. Gene sequence location is 3L:20302754..20306566.
User Contributed Data
	Beta version, feedback welcome
External Summaries
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	polo: polo Maternal-effect mitotic mutation and male meiotic mutation. The wild type allele functions in the early embryo and in the imaginal and neuroblast cells of the larva. About 7% of polo1 homozygotes (offspring of polo1/+ females mated to polo1/+ or polo1/polo1 males) survive to adulthood, but most of them die as late third instar larvae, their imaginal disks and neuroblast cells failing to proliferate. polo2 homozygotes (offspring of polo2/+ females mated to polo2/+ males) never eclose, dying as early third-instar larvae. Some polo1/polo2 heterozygotes (less than 7%) survive, but show very abnormal cuticle formation in the abdominal tergites. Offspring of surviving polo1/polo1 females die very early in development, the embryos showing an abnormal distribution of nuclei that fail to cellularize and then become polyploid before breaking down. Spindles of these embryonic nuclei are highly branched and have broad, barrel-shaped poles. In third instar larvae homozygous for polo1, many of the neuroblast cells show mitotic abnormalities. In anaphase, the chromosomes are often in a circular arrangement and may or may not be polyploid or aneuploid; these chromosomes, however, are never fragmented and seem to undergo normal condensation. In anaphase, chromosomes frequently lie in a random orientation at one or both poles. Surviving polo1/polo1 males are fertile, but often show meiotic abnormalities. Many of the meiotic spindles are irregular in shape and structure amd a high frequency of nondisjunction occurs, mostly in the second meiotic division.
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02	Controlled Vocabulary Terms oocyte fate commitment
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 77B2-77B3   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(3)L1243L1243&P{lacW}Mi-2j3D4 and P{PZ}eRF100103
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 77B1-77B2   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Spradling et al., 1999) 77B-77B   (determined by in situ hybridisation) 77B3--7 (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Szeged Stock Center, 1998-) 77B-77B   (determined by in situ hybridisation) 77B3--7 (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Deak et al., 1997) 77A-77A   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Roseman et al., 1995) 77B1-77B2   77B1--4   (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999) 77A3-77A3   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Llamazares et al., 1991) 77A3-77A3   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Sunkel and Glover, 1988)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	3-46   3-46.8 +/- 0.1 (Llamazares et al., 1991)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\polo for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Gene model reviewed during 5.45 Low-frequency RNA-seq exon junction(s) not annotated.
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) polo-RA FBtr0074839  NM_079455   2980   576 polo-RB FBtr0100318  NM_001014592   2324   576
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	2.5, 2.2 (northern blot) (Llamazares et al., 1991)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein polo-PA   FBpp0074608   67.0   576   9.19     NP_524179   AAF49036 polo-PB   FBpp0099722   67.0   576   9.19     NP_001014592   AAX52738
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)	576 (aa); 65 (kD observed) (Llamazares et al., 1991)
Comments	A GFP-polo construct was used as a marker for centrosomes,mitotic spindles, kinetochores, and the midbody during early embryogenesis. (Maiato et al., 2002)
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Protein kinase, catalytic domain (IPR000719) POLO box duplicated domain (IPR000959) Serine/threonine- / dual specificity protein kinase, catalytic domain (IPR002290) Serine/threonine-protein kinase, active site (IPR008271) Protein kinase-like domain (IPR011009)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA201376   AA201479   AA201760   AA202131   AA202161   AA202326   AA202333   AA202385   AA202686   AA264159   AA391253   AA391669   AA391720   AA391727   AA392613   AA439823   AA440678   AA441348   AA441461   AA441485   AA536322   AA536423   AA536462   AA536531   AA540432   AA540872   AA541219   AA695437   AA696851   AA735389   AA801695   AA816960   AA817659   AA820522   AA820665   AA941596   AA948876   AA949323   AA950433   AA950555   AA951234   AA951243   AA990641   AE014296 AAF49036   AE014296 AAX52738   AI061753   AI512322   AI512361   AI512587   AI514363   AI514766   AI514965   AI515033   AI515314   AI515556   AI515890   AI515964   AI516300   AI518755   AI519898   AI520377   AI531664   AI541622   AI542296   AI544216   AW942205   AX260041   AY095028 AAM11356   BE975958   BE976061   BF485805   BG636610   BG638890   BG641426   BH809423   BI163654   BI164225   BI164417   BI165685   BI166847   BI167186   BI167679   BI168396   BI169282   BI169969   BI170853   BI171569   BI172320   BI212148   BI228309   BI238293   BI242887   BI354248   BI354279   BI354398   BI358055   BI361943   BI361960   BI362449   BI366259   BI366580   BI367213   BI369160   BI371991   BI372009   BI372017   BI372018   BI372059   BI375476   BI375790   BI482770   BI485440   BI485585   BI485779   BI579197   BI580681   BI636253   BI636521   BI639157   BI639895   BI641750   BQ103713   CO154467   CO177486   CO178290   CO178750   CO185297   CO188129   CO190200   CO262969   CO263713   CO273882   CO285893   CO287853   CO287939   CO289405   CO296897   CO297436   CO298414   CO303051   CO306889   CO308854   CO312853   CO322578   CO332464   CZ471951   CZ478874   EC051034   EC053052   EC054023   EC056767   EC058006   EC058060   EC058161   EC058448   EC059510   EC064352   EC064480   EC070104   EC070672   EC070673   EC071022   EC072019   EC076990   EC077974   EC081268   EC086004   EC090637   EC195797   EC201321   EC203388   EC205285   EC205862   EC207531   EC207716   EC208401   EC211050   EC213854   EC217556   EC229286   EC234762   EC238255   EC242841   EC245234   EV579025   EV584921   EV587696   EV600250   GH944548   GH945611   GH945832   GH946459   GH946497   GH947933   GH948128   GH951217   GH951796   GH952571   GH952902   GH953992   GH957386   GH957774   GH958023   GH958440   GH960951   GH961301   GH961682   GH967978   GH971267   GH971672   GH972306   GH972628   GH973930   GH974624   GH974943   GH975923   GH977348   GH978745   GH979690   GH981332   GH982165   GH983960   GH984947   X63361 CAA44963
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	P52304
UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 4   organism | ubiquitous   (Llamazares et al., 1991) larval stage   ventral nerve cord   (Llamazares et al., 1991) northern blot Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage -- adult stage     (Llamazares et al., 1991) blastoderm stage     (Llamazares et al., 1991) larval stage   embryonic/larval optic lobe   (Llamazares et al., 1991) imaginal disc   (Llamazares et al., 1991) embryonic/larval brain   (Llamazares et al., 1991) larval stage & spermatogenesis   testis   (Llamazares et al., 1991)
Additional Descriptive Data
	polo transcripts are present throughout development and are particularly abundant in early embryos and adult females. They are observed throuhgout the syncytial embryo and in a cortical layer in the blastoderm embryo by in situ hybridization. Following cellularization, the polo transcript distribution broadly correlates with regions of the embyro undergoing divisions. polo transcripts are also found in larval tissues containing diploid cells such as testis, imaginal discs, and brain. Within these, expression is strongest in cells undergoing proliferation. In the brain, these include the proliferating centers in the optic lobes and the parts of the ventral ganglion giving rise to thoracic innervation. (Llamazares et al., 1991)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
distribution deduced from reporter or direct label Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage     • kinetochore (Maiato et al., 2002) immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference oogenesis stage S12 -- S14   oocyte   (Xiang et al., 2007) Comment:high levels
Additional Descriptive Data
	polo protein is present at low levels in the oocyte until stage S11 or S12 after which it fills the oocyte cytoplasm from stage S12 to S13 on. (Llamazares et al., 1991, Xiang et al., 2007) polo protein localizes at centrosomes early in mitosis and simultaneously, some staining is associated with metaphase chromosomes. Centrosome staining is progressively lost during anaphse-telophase with a concurrent increase in midbody staining. By the end of telophase, staining is only found in the midbody. (Adams et al., 1998) polo protein localizes to the kinetochore at nuclear envelope breakdown. (Maiato et al., 2002)
Marker for
	centrosome, spindle, kinetochore, midbody
Subcellular Localization (GO Cellular Component)
CV term Evidence References
centriole inferred from direct assay (Dobbelaere et al., 2008) centrosome inferred from direct assay (Herrmann et al., 1998, Archambault et al., 2008, Avides et al., 2001) condensed chromosome outer kinetochore inferred from direct assay (Nie et al., 2009) cytoplasm inferred from direct assay (Nie et al., 2009) kinetochore inferred from direct assay (Prigent et al., 2005, Archambault et al., 2008, Dobbelaere et al., 2008) microtubule inferred from direct assay (Archambault et al., 2008) midbody inferred from direct assay (Nie et al., 2009, Pearson et al., 2006, Dobbelaere et al., 2008) nuclear envelope inferred from direct assay (Archambault et al., 2008) spindle inferred from direct assay (Herrmann et al., 1998, Archambault et al., 2008, Pearson et al., 2006) spindle pole inferred from direct assay (Prigent et al., 2005)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools
Reference	See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
FlyAtlas Anatomy Microarray
FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (FlyAtlas-RNA.adult) (FlyAtlas-RNA.larva)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval central nervous system, adult ovary, adult testis. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval fat body, larval trachea, larval carcass. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (>999.999) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    746.125 Larval Midgut    34.1 Larval Hindgut    55 Larval Malpighian Tubules    16.6 Larval Fat Body    147.2 Larval Salivary Gland    18.6 Larval Trachea    192.575 Larval Carcass    121.175 Adult Head    1.9 Adult Eye    0.7 Adult Brain    0.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    3.8 Adult Crop    7.7 Adult Midgut    11.9 Adult Hindgut    5.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    17.3 Adult Fat Body    16.6 Adult Salivary Gland    5.9 Adult Heart    3.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    22.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    14.7 Adult Ovary    1260 Adult Testis    643 Adult Male Accessory Gland    1.7 Adult Carcass    22.7 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System  (746.125) Larval Midgut    34.1 Larval Hindgut    55 Larval Malpighian Tubules    16.6 Larval Fat Body    147.2 Larval Salivary Gland    18.6 Larval Trachea    192.575 Larval Carcass    121.175 Adult Head    1.9 Adult Eye    0.7 Adult Brain    0.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    3.8 Adult Crop    7.7 Adult Midgut    11.9 Adult Hindgut    5.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    17.3 Adult Fat Body    16.6 Adult Salivary Gland    5.9 Adult Heart    3.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    22.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    14.7 Adult Ovary  (1260) Adult Testis  (643) Adult Male Accessory Gland    1.7 Adult Carcass    22.7 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    746.125 Larval Midgut    34.1 Larval Hindgut    55 Larval Malpighian Tubules    16.6 Larval Fat Body    147.2 Larval Salivary Gland    18.6 Larval Trachea    192.575 Larval Carcass    121.175 Adult Head    1.9 Adult Eye    0.7 Adult Brain    0.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    3.8 Adult Crop    7.7 Adult Midgut    11.9 Adult Hindgut    5.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    17.3 Adult Fat Body    16.6 Adult Salivary Gland    5.9 Adult Heart    3.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    22.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    14.7 Adult Ovary  (1260) Adult Testis    643 Adult Male Accessory Gland    1.7 Adult Carcass    22.7 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    746.125 Larval Midgut    34.1 Larval Hindgut    55 Larval Malpighian Tubules    16.6 Larval Fat Body    147.2 Larval Salivary Gland    18.6 Larval Trachea    192.575 Larval Carcass    121.175 Adult Head    1.9 Adult Eye    0.7 Adult Brain    0.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    3.8 Adult Crop    7.7 Adult Midgut    11.9 Adult Hindgut    5.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    17.3 Adult Fat Body    16.6 Adult Salivary Gland    5.9 Adult Heart    3.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    22.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    14.7 Adult Ovary    1260 Adult Testis    643 Adult Male Accessory Gland    1.7 Adult Carcass    22.7 Expression Level Scale  Very high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    746.125 Larval Midgut    34.1 Larval Hindgut    55 Larval Malpighian Tubules    16.6 Larval Fat Body    147.2 Larval Salivary Gland    18.6 Larval Trachea    192.575 Larval Carcass    121.175 Adult Head    1.9 Adult Eye    0.7 Adult Brain    0.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    3.8 Adult Crop    7.7 Adult Midgut    11.9 Adult Hindgut    5.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    17.3 Adult Fat Body    16.6 Adult Salivary Gland    5.9 Adult Heart    3.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    22.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    14.7 Adult Ovary    1260 Adult Testis    643 Adult Male Accessory Gland    1.7 Adult Carcass    22.7 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System  746.125 Larval Midgut    34.1 Larval Hindgut    55 Larval Malpighian Tubules    16.6 Larval Fat Body    147.2 Larval Salivary Gland    18.6 Larval Trachea    192.575 Larval Carcass    121.175 Adult Head    1.9 Adult Eye    0.7 Adult Brain    0.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    3.8 Adult Crop    7.7 Adult Midgut    11.9 Adult Hindgut    5.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    17.3 Adult Fat Body    16.6 Adult Salivary Gland    5.9 Adult Heart    3.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    22.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    14.7 Adult Ovary  (1260) Adult Testis  643 Adult Male Accessory Gland    1.7 Adult Carcass    22.7 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    746.125 Larval Midgut    34.1 Larval Hindgut    55 Larval Malpighian Tubules    16.6 Larval Fat Body    147.2 Larval Salivary Gland    18.6 Larval Trachea    192.575 Larval Carcass    121.175 Adult Head    1.9 Adult Eye    0.7 Adult Brain    0.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    3.8 Adult Crop    7.7 Adult Midgut    11.9 Adult Hindgut    5.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    17.3 Adult Fat Body    16.6 Adult Salivary Gland    5.9 Adult Heart    3.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    22.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    14.7 Adult Ovary  1260 Adult Testis    643 Adult Male Accessory Gland    1.7 Adult Carcass    22.7 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    746.125 Larval Midgut    34.1 Larval Hindgut    55 Larval Malpighian Tubules    16.6 Larval Fat Body    147.2 Larval Salivary Gland    18.6 Larval Trachea    192.575 Larval Carcass    121.175 Adult Head    1.9 Adult Eye    0.7 Adult Brain    0.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    3.8 Adult Crop    7.7 Adult Midgut    11.9 Adult Hindgut    5.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    17.3 Adult Fat Body    16.6 Adult Salivary Gland    5.9 Adult Heart    3.15 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    22.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    14.7 Adult Ovary    1260 Adult Testis    643 Adult Male Accessory Gland    1.7 Adult Carcass    22.7 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    1.9   NA  Eye    0.7   NA  Brain    0.8   746.125  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    3.8   NA  Crop    7.7   34.1  Midgut    no informative data   55  Hindgut    5.6   no informative data  Malpighian Tubules    no informative data   147.2  Fat Body    no informative data   no informative data  Salivary Gland    5.9   NA  Heart    3.15   192.575  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    no informative data   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    no informative data   NA  Ovary    1260   NA  Testis    643   NA  Male Accessory Gland    1.7   121.175  Carcass    no informative data FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
modENCODE Anatomy RNA-Seq
modENCODE Tissue Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_tissues)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    64 central nervous system, larvae L3    28 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    0 head, mated 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day male    0 head, mated 4-day male    0 head, mated 20-day male    1 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    5 digestive system, 20-day adult    3 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    11 fat body, pupae P8    7 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    22 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    6 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female    147 ovary, mated 4-day female    105 testis, mated 4-day male    40 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    7 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering  (64) central nervous system, larvae L3  (28) central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    0 head, mated 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day male    0 head, mated 4-day male    0 head, mated 20-day male    1 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    5 digestive system, 20-day adult    3 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    11 fat body, pupae P8    7 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    22 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    6 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female  (147) ovary, mated 4-day female  (105) testis, mated 4-day male  (40) accessory gland, mated 4-day male    7 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    64 central nervous system, larvae L3    28 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    0 head, mated 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day male    0 head, mated 4-day male    0 head, mated 20-day male    1 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    5 digestive system, 20-day adult    3 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    11 fat body, pupae P8    7 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    22 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    6 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female  (147) ovary, mated 4-day female  105 testis, mated 4-day male    40 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    7 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    64 central nervous system, larvae L3    28 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    0 head, mated 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day male    0 head, mated 4-day male    0 head, mated 20-day male    1 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    5 digestive system, 20-day adult    3 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    11 fat body, pupae P8    7 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    22 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    6 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female    147 ovary, mated 4-day female    105 testis, mated 4-day male    40 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    7 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    64 central nervous system, larvae L3    28 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    0 head, mated 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day male    0 head, mated 4-day male    0 head, mated 20-day male    1 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    5 digestive system, 20-day adult    3 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    11 fat body, pupae P8    7 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    22 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    6 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female    147 ovary, mated 4-day female    105 testis, mated 4-day male    40 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    7 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering  (64) central nervous system, larvae L3  28 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    0 head, mated 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day male    0 head, mated 4-day male    0 head, mated 20-day male    1 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    5 digestive system, 20-day adult    3 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    11 fat body, pupae P8    7 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    22 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    6 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female  (147) ovary, mated 4-day female  (105) testis, mated 4-day male  (40) accessory gland, mated 4-day male    7 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    64 central nervous system, larvae L3    28 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    0 head, mated 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day male    0 head, mated 4-day male    0 head, mated 20-day male    1 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    5 digestive system, 20-day adult    3 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    11 fat body, pupae P8    7 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    22 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    6 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female  (147) ovary, mated 4-day female  105 testis, mated 4-day male    40 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    7 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    64 central nervous system, larvae L3    28 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    0 head, virgin 4-day female    0 head, virgin 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day female    1 head, mated 4-day female    0 head, mated 20-day female    0 head, mated 1-day male    0 head, mated 4-day male    0 head, mated 20-day male    1 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    2 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    3 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    5 digestive system, 20-day adult    3 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    11 fat body, pupae P8    7 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    22 carcass, 1-day adult    2 carcass, 4-day adult    6 carcass, 20-day adult    4 ovary, virgin 4-day female    147 ovary, mated 4-day female    105 testis, mated 4-day male    40 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    7 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering     central nervous system, larvae L3     central nervous system, pupae P8     head, virgin 1-day female     head, virgin 4-day female     head, virgin 20-day female     head, mated 1-day female     head, mated 4-day female     head, mated 20-day female     head, mated 1-day male     head, mated 4-day male     head, mated 20-day male     salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering     salivary gland, white prepupae     digestive system, larvae L3 wandering     digestive system, 1-day adult     digestive system, 4-day adult     digestive system, 20-day adult     fat body, larvae L3 wandering     fat body, white prepupae     fat body, pupae P8     carcass, larvae L3 wandering     carcass, 1-day adult     carcass, 4-day adult     carcass, 20-day adult     ovary, virgin 4-day female     ovary, mated 4-day female     testis, mated 4-day male     accessory gland, mated 4-day male
modENCODE Development RNA-Seq
modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_U)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of very high expression to a trough of low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-12 hour embryonic stages, in adult female stages. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    245 embryo 02-04hr    269 embryo 04-06hr    274 embryo 06-08hr    210 embryo 08-10hr    157 embryo 10-12hr    64 embryo 12-14hr    49 embryo 14-16hr    42 embryo 16-18hr    38 embryo 18-20hr    18 embryo 20-22hr    48 embryo 22-24hr    49 larva L1    2 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    20 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    33 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    39 white prepupae new    37 white prepupae 12hr    66 white prepupae 24hr    64 pupae 2d postWPP    27 pupae 3d postWPP    17 pupae 4d postWPP    15 adult male 01day    21 adult male 05day    36 adult male 30day    30 adult female 01day    56 adult female 05day    136 adult female 30day    139 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (245) embryo 02-04hr  (269) embryo 04-06hr  (274) embryo 06-08hr  (210) embryo 08-10hr  (157) embryo 10-12hr  (64) embryo 12-14hr  (49) embryo 14-16hr  (42) embryo 16-18hr  (38) embryo 18-20hr    18 embryo 20-22hr  (48) embryo 22-24hr  (49) larva L1    2 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    20 larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (33) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (39) white prepupae new  (37) white prepupae 12hr  (66) white prepupae 24hr  (64) pupae 2d postWPP  (27) pupae 3d postWPP    17 pupae 4d postWPP    15 adult male 01day    21 adult male 05day  (36) adult male 30day  (30) adult female 01day  (56) adult female 05day  (136) adult female 30day  (139) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (245) embryo 02-04hr  (269) embryo 04-06hr  (274) embryo 06-08hr  (210) embryo 08-10hr  (157) embryo 10-12hr    64 embryo 12-14hr    49 embryo 14-16hr    42 embryo 16-18hr    38 embryo 18-20hr    18 embryo 20-22hr    48 embryo 22-24hr    49 larva L1    2 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    20 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    33 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    39 white prepupae new    37 white prepupae 12hr    66 white prepupae 24hr    64 pupae 2d postWPP    27 pupae 3d postWPP    17 pupae 4d postWPP    15 adult male 01day    21 adult male 05day    36 adult male 30day    30 adult female 01day    56 adult female 05day  (136) adult female 30day  (139) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    245 embryo 02-04hr    269 embryo 04-06hr    274 embryo 06-08hr    210 embryo 08-10hr    157 embryo 10-12hr    64 embryo 12-14hr    49 embryo 14-16hr    42 embryo 16-18hr    38 embryo 18-20hr    18 embryo 20-22hr    48 embryo 22-24hr    49 larva L1    2 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    20 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    33 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    39 white prepupae new    37 white prepupae 12hr    66 white prepupae 24hr    64 pupae 2d postWPP    27 pupae 3d postWPP    17 pupae 4d postWPP    15 adult male 01day    21 adult male 05day    36 adult male 30day    30 adult female 01day    56 adult female 05day    136 adult female 30day    139 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    245 embryo 02-04hr    269 embryo 04-06hr    274 embryo 06-08hr    210 embryo 08-10hr    157 embryo 10-12hr    64 embryo 12-14hr    49 embryo 14-16hr    42 embryo 16-18hr    38 embryo 18-20hr    18 embryo 20-22hr    48 embryo 22-24hr    49 larva L1    2 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    20 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    33 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    39 white prepupae new    37 white prepupae 12hr    66 white prepupae 24hr    64 pupae 2d postWPP    27 pupae 3d postWPP    17 pupae 4d postWPP    15 adult male 01day    21 adult male 05day    36 adult male 30day    30 adult female 01day    56 adult female 05day    136 adult female 30day    139 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (245) embryo 02-04hr  (269) embryo 04-06hr  (274) embryo 06-08hr  (210) embryo 08-10hr  (157) embryo 10-12hr  (64) embryo 12-14hr  (49) embryo 14-16hr  (42) embryo 16-18hr  (38) embryo 18-20hr    18 embryo 20-22hr  (48) embryo 22-24hr  (49) larva L1    2 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    20 larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (33) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (39) white prepupae new  (37) white prepupae 12hr  (66) white prepupae 24hr  (64) pupae 2d postWPP  27 pupae 3d postWPP    17 pupae 4d postWPP    15 adult male 01day    21 adult male 05day  (36) adult male 30day  30 adult female 01day  (56) adult female 05day  (136) adult female 30day  (139) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (245) embryo 02-04hr  (269) embryo 04-06hr  (274) embryo 06-08hr  (210) embryo 08-10hr  (157) embryo 10-12hr    64 embryo 12-14hr    49 embryo 14-16hr    42 embryo 16-18hr    38 embryo 18-20hr    18 embryo 20-22hr    48 embryo 22-24hr    49 larva L1    2 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    20 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    33 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    39 white prepupae new    37 white prepupae 12hr    66 white prepupae 24hr    64 pupae 2d postWPP    27 pupae 3d postWPP    17 pupae 4d postWPP    15 adult male 01day    21 adult male 05day    36 adult male 30day    30 adult female 01day    56 adult female 05day  136 adult female 30day  139 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    245 embryo 02-04hr    269 embryo 04-06hr    274 embryo 06-08hr    210 embryo 08-10hr    157 embryo 10-12hr    64 embryo 12-14hr    49 embryo 14-16hr    42 embryo 16-18hr    38 embryo 18-20hr    18 embryo 20-22hr    48 embryo 22-24hr    49 larva L1    2 larva L2    4 larva L3 12hr old    7 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    20 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    33 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    39 white prepupae new    37 white prepupae 12hr    66 white prepupae 24hr    64 pupae 2d postWPP    27 pupae 3d postWPP    17 pupae 4d postWPP    15 adult male 01day    21 adult male 05day    36 adult male 30day    30 adult female 01day    56 adult female 05day    136 adult female 30day    139 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011)
modENCODE Cell Lines RNA-Seq
modENCODE Cell Line Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.A) (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.B)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    69 Schneider line 2 Sg4    67 embryonic 1182-4H    61 embryonic GM2    55 embryonic Kc167    22 embryonic S1    51 embryonic S3    125 leg disc CME L1    72 wing disc CME-W2    47 wing disc ML-DmD8    56 wing disc ML-DmD9    58 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    52 wing disc ML-DmD21    55 wing disc ML-DmD32    33 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    88 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    47 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    48 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    51 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    47 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    41 tumorous blood cells mbn2    38 ovary fGS/OSS    58 ovary OSC    67 ovary OSS    63 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+  (69) Schneider line 2 Sg4  (67) embryonic 1182-4H  (61) embryonic GM2  (55) embryonic Kc167    22 embryonic S1  (51) embryonic S3  (125) leg disc CME L1  (72) wing disc CME-W2  (47) wing disc ML-DmD8  (56) wing disc ML-DmD9  (58) wing disc ML-DmD16-c3  (52) wing disc ML-DmD21  (55) wing disc ML-DmD32  (33) haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3  (88) eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11  (47) antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5  (48) mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1  (51) CNS ML-DmBG1-c1  (47) CNS ML-DmBG2-c2  (41) tumorous blood cells mbn2  (38) ovary fGS/OSS  (58) ovary OSC  (67) ovary OSS  (63) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    69 Schneider line 2 Sg4    67 embryonic 1182-4H    61 embryonic GM2    55 embryonic Kc167    22 embryonic S1    51 embryonic S3  (125) leg disc CME L1    72 wing disc CME-W2    47 wing disc ML-DmD8    56 wing disc ML-DmD9    58 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    52 wing disc ML-DmD21    55 wing disc ML-DmD32    33 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    88 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    47 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    48 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    51 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    47 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    41 tumorous blood cells mbn2    38 ovary fGS/OSS    58 ovary OSC    67 ovary OSS    63 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    69 Schneider line 2 Sg4    67 embryonic 1182-4H    61 embryonic GM2    55 embryonic Kc167    22 embryonic S1    51 embryonic S3    125 leg disc CME L1    72 wing disc CME-W2    47 wing disc ML-DmD8    56 wing disc ML-DmD9    58 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    52 wing disc ML-DmD21    55 wing disc ML-DmD32    33 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    88 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    47 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    48 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    51 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    47 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    41 tumorous blood cells mbn2    38 ovary fGS/OSS    58 ovary OSC    67 ovary OSS    63 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    69 Schneider line 2 Sg4    67 embryonic 1182-4H    61 embryonic GM2    55 embryonic Kc167    22 embryonic S1    51 embryonic S3    125 leg disc CME L1    72 wing disc CME-W2    47 wing disc ML-DmD8    56 wing disc ML-DmD9    58 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    52 wing disc ML-DmD21    55 wing disc ML-DmD32    33 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    88 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    47 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    48 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    51 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    47 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    41 tumorous blood cells mbn2    38 ovary fGS/OSS    58 ovary OSC    67 ovary OSS    63 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+  (69) Schneider line 2 Sg4  (67) embryonic 1182-4H  (61) embryonic GM2  (55) embryonic Kc167    22 embryonic S1  (51) embryonic S3  (125) leg disc CME L1  (72) wing disc CME-W2  (47) wing disc ML-DmD8  (56) wing disc ML-DmD9  (58) wing disc ML-DmD16-c3  (52) wing disc ML-DmD21  (55) wing disc ML-DmD32  (33) haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3  (88) eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11  (47) antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5  (48) mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1  (51) CNS ML-DmBG1-c1  (47) CNS ML-DmBG2-c2  (41) tumorous blood cells mbn2  (38) ovary fGS/OSS  (58) ovary OSC  (67) ovary OSS  (63) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    69 Schneider line 2 Sg4    67 embryonic 1182-4H    61 embryonic GM2    55 embryonic Kc167    22 embryonic S1    51 embryonic S3  125 leg disc CME L1    72 wing disc CME-W2    47 wing disc ML-DmD8    56 wing disc ML-DmD9    58 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    52 wing disc ML-DmD21    55 wing disc ML-DmD32    33 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    88 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    47 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    48 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    51 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    47 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    41 tumorous blood cells mbn2    38 ovary fGS/OSS    58 ovary OSC    67 ovary OSS    63 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    69 Schneider line 2 Sg4    67 embryonic 1182-4H    61 embryonic GM2    55 embryonic Kc167    22 embryonic S1    51 embryonic S3    125 leg disc CME L1    72 wing disc CME-W2    47 wing disc ML-DmD8    56 wing disc ML-DmD9    58 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    52 wing disc ML-DmD21    55 wing disc ML-DmD32    33 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    88 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    47 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    48 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    51 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    47 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    41 tumorous blood cells mbn2    38 ovary fGS/OSS    58 ovary OSC    67 ovary OSS    63 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+     Schneider line 2 Sg4     embryonic 1182-4H     embryonic GM2     embryonic Kc167     embryonic S1     embryonic S3     leg disc CME L1     wing disc CME-W2     wing disc ML-DmD8     wing disc ML-DmD9     wing disc ML-DmD16-c3     wing disc ML-DmD21     wing disc ML-DmD32     haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3     eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11     antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5     mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1     CNS ML-DmBG1-c1     CNS ML-DmBG2-c2     tumorous blood cells mbn2     ovary fGS/OSS     ovary OSC     ovary OSS
modENCODE Treatments RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatment Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_treatments)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    18 cold shock, 4-day adult    12 heat shock, 4-day adult    32 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    7 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    26 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    71 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    41 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    70 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    8 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    62 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    52 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    40 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    9 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    18 cold shock, 4-day adult    12 heat shock, 4-day adult  (32) Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    7 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  26 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (71) Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (41) Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (70) Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    8 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (62) Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (52) Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (40) Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    9 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    18 cold shock, 4-day adult    12 heat shock, 4-day adult    32 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    7 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    26 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    71 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    41 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    70 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    8 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    62 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    52 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    40 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    9 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    18 cold shock, 4-day adult    12 heat shock, 4-day adult    32 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    7 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    26 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    71 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    41 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    70 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    8 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    62 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    52 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    40 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    9 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    18 cold shock, 4-day adult    12 heat shock, 4-day adult    32 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    7 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    26 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    71 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    41 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    70 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    8 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    62 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    52 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    40 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    9 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    18 cold shock, 4-day adult    12 heat shock, 4-day adult  32 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    7 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  26 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (71) Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (41) Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (70) Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    8 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (62) Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (52) Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (40) Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    9 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    18 cold shock, 4-day adult    12 heat shock, 4-day adult    32 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    7 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    26 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    71 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    41 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    70 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    8 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    62 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    52 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    40 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    9 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    18 cold shock, 4-day adult    12 heat shock, 4-day adult    32 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    7 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    13 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    26 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    71 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    41 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    70 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    7 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    8 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    62 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    52 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    40 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    9 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult     cold shock, 4-day adult     heat shock, 4-day adult     Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3     Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010, Graveley et al., 2011) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_01 mE1_20_mRNA_expression_cluster_02
External Data & Images
Linkouts	FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0003124 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG12306-RA
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele lethal poloCC01326 poloGD7563 lethal | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4Dll-md23 poloT18D.Scer\UAS lethal | larval stage polo2 lethal | larval stage | recessive polo2 poloS025604 poloS132408 lethal | pupal stage, with poloS025604 poloT:Avic\GFP lethal | pupal stage, with poloT:Avic\GFP poloS025604 lethal | pupal stage (with polopA2.T:Avic\GFP) poloS025604 lethal | pupal stage (with poloS025604) polopA2.T:Avic\GFP lethal | pupal stage | recessive poloC3 poloDD2 poloDD4 poloQ1 poloS132408 lethal | recessive polo2 polo16-1 polo01673 polo06089 poloDD1 poloDD5 poloDD6 poloS025604 poloS132408 lethal | third instar larval stage poloS025604 partially lethal - majority die | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 poloGD7563 partially lethal - majority die | recessive poloX8 viable polo1 viable (with polo1) poloS025604 viable (with poloS025604) polo1 poloS132408 viable (with poloS132408) poloS025604 viable | reduced polo1 Sterility Allele female sterile polo1 female sterile (with polo1) poloS025604 female sterile (with poloS025604) polo1 sterile polo1 polo11 poloDD2 sterile (with poloS025604) poloS132408 sterile (with poloS132408) poloS025604 Other Phenotypes Allele cell cycle defective polo1 cytokinesis defective | dominant | embryonic stage 4 | maternal effect polo11 cytokinesis defective | embryonic stage 4 poloS025604 cytokinesis defective | male | recessive polo1 hyperplasia poloS132408 hyperplasia | larval stage poloS025604 hyperplasia | larval stage | somatic clone poloS025604 increased cell death poloS132408 meiotic cell cycle defective, with Scer\GAL4nos.UTR.T:Hsim\VP16 poloScer\UAS.P\T.cXa meiotic cell cycle defective | female | recessive polo1 mitotic cell cycle defective poloS132408 mitotic cell cycle defective, with Scer\GAL4da.G32 poloD166N.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP mitotic cell cycle defective (with Df(3L)Exel9636) poloJ16 mitotic cell cycle defective | dominant | embryonic stage 4 | maternal effect polo11 mitotic cell cycle defective | recessive polo1 poloS025604 poloS132408 neuroanatomy defective poloS132408 neuroanatomy defective, with Scer\GAL4Dll-md23 poloT18D.Scer\UAS neuroanatomy defective | larval stage poloGD7563 poloS025604 neuroanatomy defective | larval stage | somatic clone poloS025604 visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 poloGD7563 wild-type polot10 poloT:Avic\GFP Phenotype manifest in Allele abdomen poloDD2 poloDD5 poloDD6 adult abdomen, with polopA1.T:Avic\GFP poloS025604 adult abdomen, with poloS025604 poloT:Avic\GFP polopA1.T:Avic\GFP adult abdomen, with poloT:Avic\GFP poloS025604 adult abdomen (with polopA1.T:Avic\GFP) poloS025604 adult abdomen (with polopA2.T:Avic\GFP) poloS025604 adult abdomen (with poloS025604) polopA1.T:Avic\GFP polopA2.T:Avic\GFP adult cuticle poloDD4 aster polo1 poloS025604 poloS132408 centrosome polo1 centrosome | embryonic stage 4 polo11 centrosome | embryonic stage 4 | maternal effect polo11 egg polo11 embryonic/larval brain polo1 poloDD1 poloDD2 poloDD3 poloDD4 poloDD5 poloDD6 embryonic/larval brain | third instar larval stage (with Df(3L)Exel9636) poloJ16 embryonic/larval cardial cell poloS025604 poloS132408 embryonic/larval neuroblast | larval stage poloGD7563 embryonic/larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage (with Df(3L)Exel9636) poloJ16 female pronucleus polo1 ganglion mother cell | larval stage poloGD7563 germarium poloT:Avic\GFP germarium region 2a, with Scer\GAL4unspecified poloScer\UAS.P\T.cMa germarium region 2a (with polo1) poloS025604 germarium region 2a (with poloS025604) polo1 germarium region 2b, with Scer\GAL4unspecified poloScer\UAS.P\T.cMa germarium region 3 (with polo1) poloS025604 germarium region 3 (with poloS025604) polo1 germline cyst poloDD2 poloDD4 poloDD5 poloDD6 macrochaeta poloDD2 male pronucleus polo1 meiosis II & aster | female polo1 meiosis II & spindle | female polo1 meiosis II | female polo1 meiotic cell cycle & spindle | male polo1 polo2 meiotic cell cycle | female (with polo1) poloDD6 meiotic cell cycle | female (with poloDD6) polo1 meiotic metaphase II & spindle | female polo1 meiotic telophase II & contractile ring | female polo1 mesothoracic tergum, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 poloGD7563 mitosis & nuclear chromosome poloS025604 poloS132408 mitotic cell cycle polo1 poloS025604 poloS132408 Nebenkern polo1 polo2 neuroblast & centrosome & larva polo1 polo2 neuroblast & larval brain poloS025604 neuroblast & larval brain | somatic clone poloS025604 neuroblast & mitotic anaphase & larva polo1 nuclear chromosome poloS025604 poloS132408 onion stage spermatid polo1 polo2 polar body nucleus polo1 polar body nucleus (with polo1) poloDD1 polar body nucleus (with poloDD1) polo1 primary spermatocyte cyst polo1 polo2 spermatid polo1 spermatocyte & midbody polo1 spermatocyte & pericentriolar material polo1 spermatocyte & spindle polo1 spindle polo1 spindle & neuroblast poloS025604 synaptonemal complex (with polo1) poloS025604 synaptonemal complex (with poloS025604) polo1 tergite, with poloS025604 poloT:Avic\GFP tergite, with poloT:Avic\GFP poloS025604 tergite (with polopA2.T:Avic\GFP) poloS025604 tergite (with poloS025604) polopA2.T:Avic\GFP testis polo1 polo2 type II neuroblast | somatic clone | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4Dll-md23 poloT18D.Scer\UAS
Classical Alleles ( 28 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of polo Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion polo01673 P-element activity 2 -- polo1 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 2 Yes poloKG03033 P-element activity 2 -- polo16-1 Delta2-3 1 -- polod00993 P-element activity 1 -- poloe01048 piggyBac transposase 1 -- polof07187 1 -- poloGS3062 1 Yes poloNP0936 1 -- polo11 amorphic allele - genetic evidence 0 -- polo06089 P-element activity 0 -- polo2 PM hybrid dysgenesis 0 Yes poloC3 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- poloCC01326 P-element activity 0 Yes poloDD1 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- poloDD2 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- poloDD3 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- poloDD4 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- poloDD5 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- poloDD6 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- poloDG12705 0 -- poloGS16634 0 -- poloJ16 0 -- poloQ1 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- poloS025604 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence Delta2-3 P-element activity 0 Yes poloS132408 Delta2-3 P-element activity 0 Yes polounspecified 0 -- poloX8 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 20 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of polo Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion poloGD7563 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes poloGL00014 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes poloGL00512 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes poloHMS00530 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes poloHMS01591 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes poloT18D.GMR gain of function allele in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 1 Yes poloT18D.Scer\UAS gain of function allele in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 1 Yes poloD166N.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes poloNIG.12306R in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes polopA1.T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes polopA2.T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - deletion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes poloScer\UAS.N.T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes poloScer\UAS.P\T.cMa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes poloScer\UAS.P\T.cXa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes poloScer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-YFP.Venus in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes poloScer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes polot10 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes poloT:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes polotCH322-104P12 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes poloUbi.T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(3L)BSC447 (Christensen et al., 2008.4.15) Df(3L)BSC734 (Christensen et al., 2009.2.28) Df(3L)Exel9636 (Slack et al., 2006) Df(3L)rdgC-co2 (Herrmann et al., 1998, Szeged Stock Center, 1998-, Spradling et al., 1999, Lukinova et al., 1999, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999, Roseman et al., 1995)
Not disrupted in	Df(3L)BSC1 (Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, 1999.2.23) Df(3L)BSC2 (Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, 1999.2.23) Df(3L)in61 (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999) Df(3L)ri-79c (Szeged Stock Center, 1998-, Lukinova et al., 1999)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data UAS construct P{GD7563} NA P{NIG.12306R} NA P{TRiP.GL00014} NA P{TRiP.GL00512} NA P{TRiP.HMS00530} NA P{TRiP.HMS01591} NA P{UAS-GFP-polo.WT} NA P{UAS-polo.T182D} NA P{UAS-polo-GFP.attB} NA P{UAS-polo-GFP.D166N.attB} NA P{UASp-polo.M} NA P{UASp-polo.X} NA characterization construct P{GFP-polo.pA1} NA P{GFP-polo.pA2} NA P{GFP-polo} NA P{GMR-polo.T182D} NA P{Ubi-GFP-polo} NA P{w.pol} NA PBac{CH322-104P12} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data miscellaneous insertions P{}polo2 NA P{PTT-GC}poloCC01326 NA P{SUPor-P}polo16-1 NA P{SUPor-P}poloKG03033 NA P{wHy}poloDG12705 NA PBac{RB}poloe01048 NA PBac{WH}polof07187 NA insertion of mobile activating element P{GSV1}CG32225GS3062 NA P{GSV6}poloGS16634 NA P{XP}polod00993 NA insertion of enhancer trap binary system P{GawB}poloNP0936 No insertion of enhancer trap P{lacW}poloS025604 No P{lacW}poloS132408 No P{PZ}polo01673 No P{PZ}polo06089 No
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 35 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 31 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
protein kinase activity inferred from direct assay (Fenton and Glover, 1993, Avides et al., 2001) protein serine/threonine kinase activity inferred from direct assay (Tavares et al., 1996)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
astral microtubule nucleation inferred from mutant phenotype (Avides et al., 2001) cell cycle inferred from mutant phenotype (Kiger et al., 2003) centrosome organization inferred from mutant phenotype (Dobbelaere et al., 2008) embryonic heart tube development inferred from mutant phenotype (Ahmad et al., 2012) female meiosis inferred from mutant phenotype (Mirouse et al., 2006) female meiosis II inferred from mutant phenotype (Riparbelli et al., 2000) male meiosis inferred from mutant phenotype (Sunkel and Glover, 1988) mitosis inferred from mutant phenotype (Sunkel and Glover, 1988, Ducat et al., 2008) mitotic cell cycle inferred from genetic interaction with Map205 (Archambault et al., 2008) inferred from mutant phenotype (Archambault et al., 2008) mitotic spindle organization inferred from mutant phenotype (Goshima et al., 2007) negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation inferred from mutant phenotype (Wang et al., 2007) neurogenesis inferred from mutant phenotype (Neumüller et al., 2011) oocyte fate commitment inferred from mutant phenotype (Pek et al., 2012) phagocytosis, engulfment inferred from mutant phenotype (Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006) pronuclear fusion inferred from mutant phenotype (Riparbelli et al., 2000) pronuclear migration inferred from mutant phenotype (Riparbelli et al., 2000) protein phosphorylation inferred from direct assay (Avides et al., 2001) sperm aster formation inferred from mutant phenotype (Riparbelli et al., 2000) spindle assembly involved in female meiosis II inferred from mutant phenotype (Riparbelli et al., 2000)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
centriole inferred from direct assay (Dobbelaere et al., 2008) centrosome inferred from direct assay (Herrmann et al., 1998, Archambault et al., 2008, Avides et al., 2001) condensed chromosome outer kinetochore inferred from direct assay (Nie et al., 2009) cytoplasm inferred from direct assay (Nie et al., 2009) kinetochore inferred from direct assay (Prigent et al., 2005, Archambault et al., 2008, Dobbelaere et al., 2008) microtubule inferred from direct assay (Archambault et al., 2008) midbody inferred from direct assay (Nie et al., 2009, Pearson et al., 2006, Dobbelaere et al., 2008) nuclear envelope inferred from direct assay (Archambault et al., 2008) spindle inferred from direct assay (Herrmann et al., 1998, Archambault et al., 2008, Pearson et al., 2006) spindle pole inferred from direct assay (Prigent et al., 2005)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 10 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
ATP binding inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000719, InterPro:IPR002290 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-) protein kinase activity non-traceable author statement (Morrison et al., 2000) protein serine/threonine kinase activity inferred from sequence or structural similarity (Llamazares et al., 1991) non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1996.10.1)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
cytokinesis traceable author statement (Glover et al., 1998) male meiosis chromosome segregation traceable author statement (Glover et al., 1998) mitosis non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1996.10.1) protein localization non-traceable author statement (Gonzalez and Bornens, 2000) protein phosphorylation non-traceable author statement (Morrison et al., 2000)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
condensed chromosome outer kinetochore non-traceable author statement (Blower and Karpen, 2001) cytoplasm non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1996.10.1)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
protein-protein
Interacting group Assay References
polo - 5-HT7 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - BubR1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG10418 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG10496 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG11107 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG11679 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG11876 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG14427 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG14508 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG15096 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG1603 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG31910 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG3224 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG3526 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG3817 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG5961 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG6073 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG6178 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG6652 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG7339 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG8671 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG8765 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG8993 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CG9062 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CalpA anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CrebA anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - CtBP anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - Drep-1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - Fmr1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - HLH54F anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - Hsp23 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - Map205 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23, Guruharsha et al., 2011) polo - Msr-110 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - N experimental knowledge based (Guruharsha et al., 2011) polo - Obp19c anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - Rbp1-like anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - Rcd-1r anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - Rsf1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - SmD3 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - Stat92E anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - Syp anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - Wbp2 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - Zn72D anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - bru-3 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - ct anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - dpn anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - grau anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - hig anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - qkr58E-3 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - roq anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - stas anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - vri anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) polo - wee anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23)
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions polo allele Gene References polo1 asp (Gonzalez et al., 1998) Cdc27 (Deak et al., 2003) lok (Xu and Du, 2003) poloS025604 Cdc27 (Deak et al., 2003) poloS132408 BubR1 (Donaldson et al., 2001) unspecified BicD (Mirouse et al., 2006) Cdc27 (Deak, 1999.9.15) gwl (Glover, 1995) Nsf2 (Laviolette et al., 2005) numb (Wang et al., 2007)
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 65494 DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0003124 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0003124 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 40232 SignaLink - A protein-protein and protein-miRNA interaction database with multi-layered structure and multiple confidence scores. • P52304
Orthologs
OrthoDB Orthologs (65) - based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 5.41
OrthoDB Ortholog Groups
	OrthoDB orthology group searches (Waterhouse et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39(Database issue): D283--D288) Drosophila inclusive ortholog search EOG6S4Q1Q Dipteran inclusive ortholog search EOG6K0QWM Insect inclusive ortholog search EOG6SQVS7 Arthropod inclusive ortholog search EOG6XKSPH Metazoa inclusive ortholog search EOG615V6D
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (EOG6S4Q1Q)
Organism Common Name Gene AAA Syntenic Ortholog Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\polo     Drosophila simulans   Dsim\GD14871 Y   Drosophila sechellia   Dsec\GM22270 Y   Drosophila erecta   Dere\GG16099 Y   Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE19659 Y   Drosophila ananassae   Dana\GF10050 Y   Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura   Dpse\GA11545 Y   Drosophila persimilis   Dper\GL25129 Y   Drosophila willistoni   Dwil\GK17233 Y   Drosophila virilis   Dvir\GJ11579 Y   Drosophila mojavensis   Dmoj\GI11323 Y   Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH14380 Y
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (EOG6K0QWM)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\AAEL013390   Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito  Agam\AGAP004239   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ006236
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (EOG6SQVS7)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\polo   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG001434   Acromyrmex echinatior Panamanian leafcutter ant  Aech\AECH25140   Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP10890   Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP19579   Camponotus floridanus Florida carpenter ant  Cflo\CFLO14834   Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL17004   Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH22564   Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB18183   Solenopsis invicta Red fire ant  Sinv\SINV13212   Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI56678   Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI009378   Bombyx mori Silkmoth  Bmor\BGIBMGA003385   Pediculus humanus Human body louse  Phum\PHUM611910   Tribolium castaneum Red flour beetle  Tcas\polo
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (EOG6XKSPH)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_237171   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\Mettl17   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_11646   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_301125   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_251822   Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_334666   Ixodes scapularis Deer tick  Isca\ISCW020269
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (EOG615V6D)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\C14B9.4   Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\plk-2   Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\plk-3   Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_009559gn   Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_000468gn   Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_017949gn   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\plk2b   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\plk3   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\CABZ01073812.1   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\plk1   Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\plk3   Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\plk1   Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\ENSXETG00000003712   Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\plk2   Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\PLK1   Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\PLK3   Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\PLK2   Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Plk3   Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Plk2   Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Plk1   Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Plk5   Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\ENSRNOG00000018815   Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Plk5   Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\ENSRNOG00000018484   Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Plk2   Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\PLK2   Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\PLK3   Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\PLK1
Human Orthologs (3)
Gene OMIM HGNC Hsap\PLK2     Hsap\PLK3     Hsap\PLK1
AAA Orthologs (11) based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 4.3
Organism Gene Drosophila simulans Dsim\GD14871 Drosophila sechellia Dsec\GM22270 Drosophila erecta Dere\GG16099 Drosophila yakuba Dyak\GE19659 Drosophila ananassae Dana\GF10050 Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura Dpse\GA11545 Drosophila persimilis Dper\GL25129 Drosophila willistoni Dwil\GK17233 Drosophila virilis Dvir\GJ11579 Drosophila mojavensis Dmoj\GI11323 Drosophila grimshawi Dgri\GH14380
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 19 )
Bloomington	4565 P{SUPor-P}polo16-1/MKRS 8434 y1 w1118; P{UAS-polo.T182D}3 8435 y1 w1118; P{GMR-polo.T182D}2 35146 y1 sc* v1; P{TRiP.GL00014}attP2 33042 y1 sc* v1; P{TRiP.HMS00530}attP2 36093 y1 sc* v1; P{TRiP.GL00512}attP40 36702 y1 sc* v1; P{TRiP.HMS01591}attP2/TM3, Sb1
Harvard	- P{XP}polod00993 - PBac{RB}poloe01048 - PBac{WH}polof07187
Kyoto	103822 w*; P{GawB}poloNP0936 / TM3, Ser1
VDRC	v20177 w1118; P{GD7563}v20177
	More stocks available...
Genomic Clones ( 1 )
	BACR16G09 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 213 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	LD11851
Other clones	DPiM_LD11851
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	AT19856 GM02827 GM03323 GM08542 GM16060 GM18736 GM25565 LD02230 LD02484 LD02543 LD02562 LD02860 LD04344 LD04381 LD04966 LD07708 LD10454 LD11578 LD11655 LD11666 LD14494 LD15538 LD16249 LD16406 LD16438 LD16876 LD17030 LD17079 LD17179 LD19924 LD20705 LD21064 LD21232 LD21876 LD24188 LD24301 LD24505 LD25809 LD27551 LD28175 LD30212 LD30403 LD31595 LD31612 LD34442 LD34857 LD38465 LD38630 LD39735 LD40519 LD40841 LD41585 LD41682 LD42126 LD44149 LD44219 LD44504 LD46451 LD46614 LD46701 LD47075 LD47435 LD47673 RE03106 RE03853 RE04084 RE05626 RE07073 RE07516 RE08113 RE09118 RE10415 RE11292 RE12454 RE13376 RE14659 RE17172 RE25817 RE34707 RE40371 RE44722 RE46370 RE46396 RE47006 RE51758 RE52153 RE52926 RE55264 RE56150 RE56504 RE56719 RE56737 RE57775 RE63303 RE63663 RE65516 RE68762 RE68946 RE69124 RE73187 RE74903 SD02893 SD05643 SD08561 SD12763 SD14356 SD17877 SD18226 SD21632 SD22602 SD25344
Other clones	11707 41432 48328 59060 62641 74468 81743 83500 105151 120231 145370 156376 161346 276662 276726 bs46b09 bs46g04 CK01.3C.G7 CK01.20D.G3 CK01.24C.C3 CK01.58B.F8 CK01.60A.C9 CK01.66A.D12 CK01.70D.G5 CK01.72C.H2 CK01.78C.E3 CK01.84A.E6 CK01.85A.D10 CK01.90B.C8 CK01.103C.D4 CK01.107A.F8 CK01.109C.G9 CK01.114D.E3 Dmel_dig_015453_0654_3027 Dmel_dig_020293_0714_2995 Dmel_neb_008626_0943_1933 Dmel_neb_014311_0183_3094 EC051034 EC053052 EC054023 EK007728 EK037604 EK046956 EK053648 EK056327 EK057461 EK061118 EK066951 EK067347 EK070944 EK086946 EK089356 EK112527 EK172941 EK188425 EK215364 EK216959 EK230243 EK239810 EK252713 EK259521 EK303531 EN04203 LD02473 RP004033630 RP004045216 RP004050362 RP004059893 RP004120792 RP004137238 RP004142494 RP004153592 RP004165840 RP004201322 RP004204145 RP004204299 RP004219244 RP004219773 RP004224043 RP004226293 RP004229150 RP004232471 RP004239646 RP004248169 RP004257153 RP004294502 RP004331641 RP004353410 RP004359417 RP004373172 RP004394564 RP004399769 RP004409105 RP004415188 RP004461052 RP004471245 RP004532645 RP004536135 RP004538710 UUGC1124
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0003124 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 40232
Antibody Information
	monoclonal, polyclonal (Llamazares et al., 1991)
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of
Source for database merge of	Source for merge of: polo anon-WO0172774.3 (FlyBase, 1996-) Source for merge of: polo l(3)77Aa (Lukinova et al., 1999) Source for merge of: polo l(3)01673 (Spradling et al., 1999) Source for merge of: polo l(3)S025604 l(3)S132408 (Donaldson, 2001.6.18)
Additional comments	Source for merge of polo anon-WO0172774.3 was sequence comparison (date:051113). (FlyBase, 1996-)
Other Comments
	polo is required for efficient recruitment of pericentriolar material. (Dobbelaere et al., 2008) RNAi screen using dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene causes decreased γ-tubulin staining at the spindle pole and detachment of the pole when assayed in S2 cells. This phenotype can be observed when the screen is performed with or without Cdc27 dsRNA. (Goshima et al., 2007) polo acts as a tumor suppressor in the larval brain. (Wang et al., 2007) S2 cells treated with dsRNA generated against this gene show reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans compared to untreated cells. (Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006) S2 cells transfected with dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene show metaphase arrest. (Bettencourt-Dias et al., 2005) When dsRNA constructs are made and transiently transfected into S2 cells in RNAi experiments, an increase in the proportion of G2/M phase cells, an increase, a decrease in cytokinetic index in mitotic index, a decrease in the ratio of cells in prometaphase and metaphase versus the total number of mitotic cells, a whole range of mitotic abnormalities, spindle abnormalities, centrosome abnormalities (no γ-tubulin at the poles) are seen. (Bettencourt-Dias et al., 2004) RNAi screen using dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene causes a phenotype when assayed in Kc167 and S2R+ cells: cell morphology is aberrant and there is an increased frequency of microtubule-based mitotic spindles, indicative of a failure in mitosis. (Kiger et al., 2003) dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology. (Kiger et al., 2003) Females homozygous for hypomorphic mutations in polo show defects both in the organisation of the central microtubule organising centre at meiosis II and in sperm aster formation. (Riparbelli et al., 2000) polo is required at multiple stages during spermatogenesis. (Herrmann et al., 1998) polo protein kinase, in embryos, has a narrow peak of activity during late anaphase-telophase, separable from the peak of cdc2 activity. (Tavares and Glover, 1997) A series of biochemical experiments demonstrate that polo is a Ser/Thr protein kinase which has to be phosphorylated to show kinase activity. Putative substrates (a β-tubulin and an 85kD microtubule-associated protein) can be specifically phosphorylated by polo. (Tavares et al., 1996) Five genes essential for cell cycle progression, polo, mgr, asp, stg and gnu, are recombined onto a single chromosome, EMS mutations are isolated that fail to complement this chromosome. Genes encoding proteins that interact with the products of any of the five genes are isolated. (White-Cooper et al., 1996) Mutations in polo lead to a variety of spindle defects including monopolar structures in larval brains and multipolar spindles in male meiosis. Embryos from mothers transheterozygous for mutations in polo and scant show bipolar spindles that have a centrosome only at one pole. (Glover, 1995) Defined by insertion of P{SUPor-P}. (Roseman et al., 1995) polo gene product immunoprecipitated from single Drosophila embryos can phosphorylate casein in vitro, and the kinase activity peaks cyclically at late anaphase/telophase. This contrasts with the cycling of CycB-associated cdc2 histone H1 kinase, which is maximal upon entry into mitosis during the rapid syncitial mitoses. The polo product may regulate microtubule behaviour. (Fenton and Glover, 1993) Immunocytological approach is used to address the behaviour of essential mitotic gene products in embryonic cell cycles. (Glover et al., 1991) polo has been cloned and sequences. It encodes a putative serine-threonine protein kinase. (Llamazares et al., 1991)
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_079455 NM_001014592 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_524179 NP_001014592 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AA392613 AAF49036 AAF49036.1 AAM11356 AAX52738 AW942205 AX260041 AY095028 BH809423 CAA44963 CZ471951 CZ478874 X63361 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 40232 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • P52304
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Protein kinase, catalytic domain (IPR000719) POLO box duplicated domain (IPR000959) Serine/threonine- / dual specificity protein kinase, catalytic domain (IPR002290) Serine/threonine-protein kinase, active site (IPR008271) Protein kinase-like domain (IPR011009)
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 65494 DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0003124 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0003124 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0003124 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0003124 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG12306-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0003124 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 40232 Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution • /newgene/polo1.htm InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 40232 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0003124 SignaLink - A protein-protein and protein-miRNA interaction database with multi-layered structure and multiple confidence scores. • P52304
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 15 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	0256/04 (Deak et al., 1997) 1324/08 (Deak et al., 1997) anon-WO0172774.3   CG12306 (Morrison et al., 2000, Laviolette et al., 2005, Goshima et al., 2007, Dobbelaere et al., 2008, Ducat et al., 2008, Liu et al., 2009, Wittkopp et al., 2008, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Azad et al., 2012) l(3)77Aa (Roseman et al., 1995, ) l(3)01673 (Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, 1999.2.23, Meister and Braun, 1995.10, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999, ) l(3)S025604   l(3)S132408   PLK1 (Carvalho-Santos et al., 2010) polo (Gilliland et al., 2007, Goshima et al., 2007, Lake and Hawley, 2005, Clarke et al., 2005, Mukai et al., 2006, Gilliland et al., 2007, Rivera, 2006, Laviolette et al., 2005, Carpenter, 2003, Mirouse et al., 2006, Foglietti et al., 2006, Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006, Stuart et al., 2007, Buszczak et al., 2007, Jang et al., 2005, Jiang et al., 2007, Wang et al., 2007, Christensen et al., 2008.4.15, Blagden and Glover, 2003, McClure and Schubiger, 2008, Chia et al., 2008, Georlette et al., 2007, Xing et al., 2007, Somma et al., 2008, Bakal et al., 2008, Yi et al., 2007, Slack et al., 2007, Von Stetina et al., 2008, Xiang et al., 2007, Gatt et al., 2005, Dobbelaere et al., 2008, Castellanos et al., 2008, Archambault et al., 2008, Basto et al., 2007, Gilliland et al., 2009, Anderson et al., 2009, Delcros et al., 2006, Cesario et al., 2006, Zhang et al., 2009, Williams et al., 2007, Christensen et al., 2009.2.28, Brittle et al., 2007, Slack et al., 2006, Mattila et al., 2008, Wittkopp et al., 2008, Leismann and Lehner, 2003, Liu et al., 2009, Szafer-Glusman et al., 2011, Venken et al., 2009, Schuldiner et al., 2008, Liebl and Featherstone, 2005, Magalhaes et al., 2007, Royou et al., 2010, Januschke and Gonzalez, 2010, Reis et al., 2011, Chang et al., 2010, Ebrahimi et al., 2010, Wang et al., 2011, Loop et al., 2004, Kaplow et al., 2007, Pearson et al., 2006, Godinho and Tavares, 2008, Michaut et al., 2011, Habermann et al., 2012, Pek et al., 2012, Korenjak et al., 2012, Azad et al., 2012, Ouyang et al., 2011, Ahmad et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Tao et al., 2012, Pinto et al., 2011) Polo (Wang et al., 2009, Pines, 2006, Xiang et al., 2007, Garcia et al., 2007, D'Avino et al., 2007, Goshima et al., 2007, Liebl et al., 2006, Martins et al., 2008, Wen et al., 2008, Cytrynbaum et al., 2005, Szafer-Glusman et al., 2011, Rusan and Peifer, 2007, Royou et al., 2008, Orr et al., 2007, Coelho et al., 2003, Wen et al., 2008, McCleland et al., 2009, McCleland and O'Farrell, 2008, Nie et al., 2009, Blagden et al., 2009, McCleland et al., 2009, Gilliland et al., 2009, Akimana et al., 2010, Carvalho-Santos et al., 2010) POLO (Erhardt et al., 2005, Olszak et al., 2011, Oliveira et al., 2005, Torras-Llort et al., 2010, Heun et al., 2006) POLO/PLK1 (Morrison et al., 2000) Polo kinase (Ebrahimi et al., 2010)
Name Synonym	polo (Gilliland et al., 2007, Xing et al., 2007, Somma et al., 2008, Damasco et al., 2011) Polo (D'Avino et al., 2005, Lin, 2008, Archambault et al., 2007, Martins et al., 2009) Polo kinase (Xiang et al., 2007, Rusan and Peifer, 2007, Blagden and Glover, 2003, Wen et al., 2008, Ducat et al., 2008, McCleland and O'Farrell, 2008, Szafer-Glusman et al., 2011, Pearson et al., 2006) Polo protein kinase (Prigent et al., 2005)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBgn0010758 FBgn0016019 FBgn0027987 FBgn0028177 FBgn0046400
References ( 242 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 242 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 143 ) Supplementary material  ( 10 ) Review  ( 35 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 19 ) Abstract  ( 23 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 3 ) Conference report  ( 3 ) Stock list  ( 2 ) Protein sequence record  ( 1 ) Patent  ( 1 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 1 ) Book  ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 22 )
	Lim et al., 2013, Nucleic Acids Res. 41(5): 2963--2980 Genome-wide localization of exosome components to active promoters and chromatin insulators in Drosophila. [FBrf0221054] Ahmad et al., 2012, Dev. Cell 23(1): 97--111 Two forkhead transcription factors regulate the division of cardiac progenitor cells by a polo-dependent pathway. [FBrf0218973] Azad et al., 2012, G3 (Bethesda) 2(10): 1169--1178 Identification of Genes Underlying Hypoxia Tolerance in Drosophila by a P-element Screen. [FBrf0219647] Carmena et al., 2012, PLoS Biol. 10(1): e1001250 The chromosomal passenger complex activates polo kinase at centromeres. [FBrf0217333] Fu and Glover, 2012, Open Biol. 2(8): 120104 Structured illumination of the interface between centriole and peri-centriolar material. [FBrf0219444] Habermann et al., 2012, Mol. Cell. Biol. 32(17): 3554--3569 Functional Analysis of Centrosomal Kinase Substrates in Drosophila melanogaster Reveals a New Function of the Nuclear Envelope Component Otefin in Cell Cycle Progression. [FBrf0219185] Henriques et al., 2012, Transcription 3(4): 198--212 Transcription termination between polo and snap, two closely spaced tandem genes of D. melanogaster. [FBrf0219483] Korenjak et al., 2012, Mol. Cell. Biol. 32(21): 4375--4387 RBF Binding to both Canonical E2F Targets and Noncanonical Targets Depends on Functional dE2F/dDP Complexes. [FBrf0219643] Moutinho-Santos et al., 2012, J. Cell Sci. 125(3): 576--583 POLO ensures chromosome bi-orientation by preventing and correcting erroneous chromosome-spindle attachments. [FBrf0217659] Pek et al., 2012, Development 139(24): 4505--4513 Polo-mediated phosphorylation of Maelstrom regulates oocyte determination during oogenesis in Drosophila. [FBrf0220058] Tao et al., 2012, Opt. Express 20(14): 15969--15982 Live imaging using adaptive optics with fluorescent protein guide-stars. [FBrf0218829] Damasco et al., 2011, PLoS ONE 6(2): e14737 A signature inferred from Drosophila mitotic genes predicts survival of breast cancer patients. [FBrf0213204] Michaut et al., 2011, Dev. Growth Differ. 53(9): 982--993 Analyzing the function of a hox gene: An evolutionary approach. [FBrf0216990] Olszak et al., 2011, Nat. Cell Biol. 13(7): 799--808 Heterochromatin boundaries are hotspots for de novo kinetochore formation. [FBrf0214065] Ouyang et al., 2011, Development 138(11): 2185--2196 Dronc caspase exerts a non-apoptotic function to restrain phospho-Numb-induced ectopic neuroblast formation in Drosophila. [FBrf0213702] Pinto et al., 2011, EMBO J. 30(12): 2431--2444 RNA polymerase II kinetics in polo polyadenylation signal selection. [FBrf0213944] Rangone et al., 2011, PLoS Genet. 7(8): e1002225 Suppression of Scant Identifies Endos as a Substrate of Greatwall Kinase and a Negative Regulator of Protein Phosphatase 2A in Mitosis. [FBrf0214749] Reis et al., 2011, PLoS ONE 6(3): e17512 Drosophila Genes That Affect Meiosis Duration Are among the Meiosis Related Genes That Are More Often Found Duplicated. [FBrf0213266] Sousa-Guimarães et al., 2011, G3 (Bethesda) 1(2): 161--169 polo Is Identified as a Suppressor of bubR1 Nondisjunction in a Deficiency Screen of the Third Chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0217640] Szafer-Glusman et al., 2011, Mol. Biol. Cell 22(20): 3779--3790 Role of Survivin in cytokinesis revealed by a separation-of-function allele. [FBrf0216422] Von Stetina et al., 2011, G3 (Bethesda) 1(7): 607--613 A Genetic Screen for Dominant Enhancers of the Cell-Cycle Regulator α-Endosulfine Identifies Matrimony as a Strong Functional Interactor in Drosophila. [FBrf0217588] Wang et al., 2011, PLoS Genet. 7(8): e1002227 PP2A-Twins Is Antagonized by Greatwall and Collaborates with Polo for Cell Cycle Progression and Centrosome Attachment to Nuclei in Drosophila Embryos. [FBrf0214683] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2011 Show reviews ...