FB2025_01 , released February 20, 2025
Gene: Dmel\Prm
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Prm
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Paramyosin
Annotation Symbol
CG5939
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0003149
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
Paramyosin (Prm) encodes a muscle protein found only in invertebrates. It dimerizes into a coiled-coil that occupies the interior of the thick filament. Its role is thought to be structural, although it can be phosphorylated and this is important for muscle function. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

l(3)10631, PM/mPM, mPM, Para, miniparamyosin

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-26
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:8732858..8745310
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (15 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Biological Process (9 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from expression pattern
involved_in myofibril assembly
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002743840
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000542090
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000542090
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000542090
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000542090
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000542090
Cellular Component (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in M band
inferred from high throughput direct assay
inferred from high throughput direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002743840
is_active_in cytoskeleton
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002743840
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002928
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the paramyosin family. (P35415P35416)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Paramyosin (Prm) encodes a muscle protein found only in invertebrates. It dimerizes into a coiled-coil that occupies the interior of the thick filament. Its role is thought to be structural, although it can be phosphorylated and this is important for muscle function. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Paramyosin is a major structural component of many thick filaments isolated from invertebrate muscles.
(UniProt, P35415P35416)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
6
Number of Unique Polypeptides
4

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Prm for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P35415)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Gene model includes transcripts encoding non-overlapping portions of the full CDS.

Gene model reviewed during 5.48

Gene model reviewed during 6.61

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0076593
3661
879
FBtr0076594
3226
879
FBtr0076595
3155
640
FBtr0076596
2720
640
FBtr0306639
1695
307
FBtr0482683
1987
477
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0076320
102.3
879
5.28
FBpp0076321
102.3
879
5.28
FBpp0076322
74.3
640
9.73
FBpp0076323
74.3
640
9.73
FBpp0297594
36.1
307
10.39
FBpp0428603
54.9
477
7.85
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

879 aa isoforms: Prm-PA, Prm-PB
640 aa isoforms: Prm-PC, Prm-PD
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Heterodimer of two isoforms.

(UniProt, P35415)
Post Translational Modification

The more-acidic and less-abundant isoform is phosphorylated.

(UniProt, P35415)

Phosphorylated.

(UniProt, P35416)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Prm using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.53

Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in M band
inferred from high throughput direct assay
inferred from high throughput direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Prm in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 9 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 15 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Prm
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Prm
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 3 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (32)
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
1  
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
0  
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2  
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
0  
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (13)
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (16)
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (12)
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (24)
2 of 14
Yes
Yes
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (15)
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (6)
10 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (17)
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (3)
2 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
1 of 12
Yes
No
1 of 12
Yes
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Prm. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (15)
3 of 13
3 of 13
3 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
    Show/hide secondary interactors 
    (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
    Select Layout:
    Legend:
    Protein
    RNA
    Selected Interactor(s)
    Other Interaction Browsers

    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Other Interaction Browsers
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
    Heterodimer of two isoforms.
    (UniProt, P35415 )
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3L
    Recombination map
    3-26
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    66D12-66D12
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}SrpRβrK561&P{lacW}l(3)j5B6j5B6 and P{PZ}l(3)0162901629&P{PZ}mRpL1210534
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    66D14-66D15
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    66D-66D
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    66D14-66D14
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    66E1-66E1
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (9)
    Genomic Clones (25)
    cDNA Clones (207)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        ChEST reveals this is a target of Mef2.

        dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

        Relative amounts of Prm and miniparamyosin are different in different muscle types. The pattern of Prm and miniparamyosin isoforms changes with the maturation of adult musculature. Miniparamyosin has a possible role in the sequential transition of nonfunction to functional muscle, in general, while Prm transition is more specifically related to the onset of function in thoracic flight muscles.

        Prm encodes two polypeptides, paramyosin and mini-paramyosin.

        Alternate promoter selection of Prm generates two polypeptides, standard paramyosin and mini-paramyosin.

        The 60kD miniparamyosin isoform is encoded by the Prm gene. The 5' flanking regions of the Dvir\Prm gene and the D.melanogaster Prm gene have been sequenced and compared to try to identify any evolutionarily conserved sequences.

        A number of Prm cDNAs have been cloned and sequenced, and its RNA expression pattern has been analysed. The Prm gene encodes two forms of Prm protein, "standard paramyosin" and "miniparamyosin", which share the same 363 carboxy-terminal amino acids, but differ in their amino terminal regions.

        Prm cDNA clones have been isolated and sequenced. The developmental expression pattern of Prm RNA has been analysed.

        A Prm cDNA has been cloned and sequenced, Prm protein has been purified and characterised, and its expression pattern during development has been determined.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: Prm l(3)10631

        Source for merge of: l(3)S010605 Prm

        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (17)
        Reported As
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0010949
        • FBgn0028212
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 62 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        References (144)